第05讲 阅读理解之词义猜测题（复习讲义）（天津专用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

第05讲 阅读理解之词义猜测题 目录 01 2 02 体系构建·思维可视 2 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 3 考点一 题型特征 3 知识点1 词义猜测题的命题特征 3 知识点2 词义猜测题的设问方式 4 考点二 利用上下文线索猜测词义 4 知识点1 定义法 4 知识点2 举例法 4 知识点3 重述法 4 知识点4 同义词或近义词法 5 知识点5 反义词法 5 考向1 利用定义法解题 5 考向2 利用举例法解题 5 考向3 利用重述法解题 6 考向4 利用同义词或近义词解题 6 考向5 利用反义词解题 6 考点三 根据上下文逻辑猜测词义 6 知识点1 转折关系 7 知识点2 对比关系 7 知识点3 类比关系 7 考向1 利用转折关系解题 7 考向2 利用对比关系解题 7 考向3 利用类比关系解题 8 考点四 根据构词法猜测词义 8 考向 利用构词法解题 8 考点五 根据上下文语境猜测词义 9 考向 利用上下文语境解题 9 04 真题溯源·考向感知 9 考点要求 考察形式 2025年 2024年 2023年 词义猜测题 选择题 非选择题 3月，B篇，1道 3月，C篇，1道 3月，C篇，1道 考情分析： 猜测词义题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文章时，常常也会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。 复习目标： 1. 掌握利用上下文线索猜测词义的解题方法； 2. 掌握根据上下文逻辑猜测词义的解题方法； 3. 掌握根据构词法猜测词义的解题方法； 4. 掌握根据上下文语境猜测词义的解题方法。 考点一 题型特征 知识点1 词义猜测题的命题特征 词义猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇上下文等理解生词的能力。英语中有一句很经典的话：No context， no text. 它表达的意思是：脱离了上下文，就不能正确理解单词的意义。这充分说明上下文语境对于理解词义的重要性。词义猜测题主要考查以下两个方面：一是要求根据阅读材料，结合学生应有的常识和经验判断生词、词组或熟词在特定语境中的含义以及一些句子的意思；二是代词指代题也是词义猜测题的常考类型。 知识点2 词义猜测题的设问方式 主旨大意题常见的设问方式： ①What does the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... mean？ ②What does the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...refer to？ ③Which of the following words can replace the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...？ ④What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph ... suggest？ ⑤The underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...is closest in meaning to “　　　　”. ⑥What is the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... closest in meaning to？ 考点二 利用上下文线索猜测词义 知识点1 定义法 作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词汇有i.e.、 is、 are、 is/are called、 mean、 refer to、 known as等。 知识点2 举例法 有时，画线词后会跟一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助学生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词汇有such as、 for example、 for instance、 like、 including、 especially等。 知识点3 重述法 作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用的、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号（有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号）与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。 常见的信号词汇有or、 namely、 that is、 in other words、 that is to say、 to be more exact、 to put it another way等。 知识点4 同义词或近义词法 有时，在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的词汇，它往往暗示了该词或短语的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇有and、 or、 like、 as well、 similarly、 too、 also、 either等。 知识点5 反义词法 有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可以根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词汇有（whether ...） or、 unlike、 but、 yet、 however、 while、 although、 nevertheless、 instead、 rather than、 in contrast、 on the contrary、 on the other hand等。 考向1 利用定义法解题 例1 （2021·全国甲卷）Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don’t worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. 2. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean? A．Be careful! B．Well done! C．No way! D．Don’t worry! 考向2 利用举例法解题 例1 （2024·北京卷）Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. 1. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A．Enormous in quantity. B．Changeable daily. C．Stable in quality. D．Present everywhere. 考向3 利用重述法解题 例1 （2023·新课表I卷）Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 2. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over. 考向4 利用同义词或近义词解题 例1 （2023·浙江1月卷）Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.” 2. What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Arguments. B．Doubts. C．Errors. D．Differences. 考向5 利用反义词解题 例1 （2020·新高考I卷）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. 2. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons. C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons. 考点三 根据上下文逻辑猜测词义 知识点1 转折关系 在猜测词义时，两个分句之间的逻辑关系往往给我们一些重要暗示，比如转折关系。 知识点2 对比关系 有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，学生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。 知识点3 类比关系 作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性（共同特征），它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇有similarly、 like、 also、 just as、 as well等。 考向1 利用转折关系解题 例1 （2024·全国甲卷）Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 3. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better. 考向2 利用对比关系解题 例1 （2024·新课标II卷）In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 1. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．If read by someone poorly educated. B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C．If written by someone less competent. D．If translated by someone unacademic. 考向3 利用类比关系解题 例1 （2023·全国乙卷）In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 3. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society. 考点四 根据构词法猜测词义 很多情况下，我们在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧。 考向 利用构词法解题 例1 （2020·新课标II卷）I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit. ...... My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes. students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away—since I seldom actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the belonging. 2. What do the underlined words "the offender" in paragraph 8 refer to? A．The student's parent. B．The maker of the Grandma's Box. C．The author's grandchild. D．The owner of the forbidden fruit. 考点五 根据上下文语境猜测词义 对于词汇或短语的理解，离不开特定的语境。因此毫无疑问上下文语境是进行词义猜测最重要的线索。 考向 利用上下文语境解题 例1 （2023·全国甲卷）Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with £5 in pocket money. She says: “I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with, painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills.” 1. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A．An artist. B．A winner. C．A specialist. D．A pioneer. Passage 1 （2024·天津·高考真题）Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. 1．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A．Some people are born physically weaker than others. B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically. C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise. D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure. 2．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing. 3．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition. C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point. 4．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species? A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future. B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences. C．Humans care more about immediate rewards. D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers. 5．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self? A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star. B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV. C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre. D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal. Passage 2 （2023·天津·高考真题）I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly? According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”. The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response. Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks. The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them. Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created. 1．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A beautiful painting or sculpture. B．The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C．An advanced brain imaging technology. D．The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 2．What effect does movement in art produce on the viewers? A．Certain part of their brain is activated. B．Their experience of pain is reduced. C．Their aesthetic sense is sharpened. D．Their body reactions are delayed. 3．The application of TMS to the brain described in Paragraph 5 leads to__________. A．raised memory capacity B．enhanced painting skills C．changed artistic taste D．improved decision-making ability 4．According to the author, what increases our enjoyment of a piece of art? A．Knowing how it is created. B．Having a pleasant personality. C．Learning how science develops. D．Understanding the meaning of life. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To propose an abstract theory of art making. B．To reveal the beauty of science in an artistic way. C．To share some personal understanding of artworks. D．To introduce a new research field for art appreciation. Passage 3 （2017·天津·高考真题）Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a new research has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people's personalities. While genetics still forms the central part of the human psyche (心理), the research finds that personality traits (特征) are "contagious" (传染的) among children. "Our finding flies in the face of common assumptions that personality can't be changed," said Dr. Jennifer Neal, co-author of the study. The researchers studied the personalities and social networks of two pre-school classes for a full school year. One of the classes was a set of three-year-olds, and the other a set of four-year-olds. Children whose friends were hard-working or outgoing gradually took on these personality traits over time. Psychology expert Dr. Emily Dublin said kids are having a far bigger effect on each other than people may realize. The new study is not the first to explore the contagious effects of personality traits. A 2015 psychology study found that rudeness at work can be contagious as it travels from person to person "like a disease". The study found that seeing a boss being rude to an employee was enough to cause people to be rude to those around them. The researchers questioned 6,000 people on the social "climate" in their workplaces, which included offices, hotels and restaurants. They found 75 percent of those who took part said they had been treated rudely at least once in the past year. And the study also suggests that merely seeing other people being subjected to rudeness made it more likely that a person would treat their colleagues in the same way. Rudeness could include leaving someone off an invite to a company event, sending unkind emails, finding fault with others or failing to give praise. Dr. Torkelson believes companies need to be more aware of the harm that rudeness in the workplace can do as it can damage the working environment. She said better training could help to fight against the problem. 1．What does the underlined part "flies in the face of" in Paragraph1mean? A．Leads to. B．Results from. C．Goes against. D．Agrees with. 2．According to Paragraph 2, who have the greatest impact on children's personality? A．Their parents. B．Their friends. C．The researchers. D．The psychologists. 3．Which of the following is considered rude at the workplace? A．Ignoring the faults of co-workers. B．Not sending emails to workmates. C．Seeking praise from colleagues and bosses. D．Not inviting a colleague to a company party. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．One's personality is hard to change. B．One's personality is shaped by genes. C．One's personality traits can spread to others. D．One's personality traits can change overnight. 5．This passage is most probably taken from ________. A．a science report B．a study guide C．a school textbook D．a technical journal Passage 4 （2021·天津·高考真题）About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it. I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months. The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special. “Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried. My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table! Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday. Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance. The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind. Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new. Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin. 1．What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1? A．Its tank grew dirty. B．Its old skin came off. C．It got a skin disease. D．It went missing. 2．Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday? A．The birthday cake was ruined. B．The author made good puddings. C．Pudding was his favorite dessert. D．They couldn't afford a birthday cake. 3．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage? A．To prove a theory. B．To define a concept. C．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background. 4．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as . A．letting go of the past B．looking for a new job C．getting rid of a bad habit D．giving up an opportunity 5．What does the author most likely want to tell us? A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships. B．It's not the end of the world if we break things. C．We should move on no matter what happens. D．Past experiences should be treasured. Passage 5 （2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life. History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us. History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives. 1．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________. A．the turning point in our history B．the present state of our nation C．the location of our homeland D．the total area of our country 2．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life? A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past. B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today. C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors. D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems. 3．What can be concluded from Para.4? A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers. B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures. C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore. D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness. 4．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________. A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature. B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets. C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period. D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．How to Build Cultural Identity B．Why Studying History Matters C．Know the Past, Know the Present D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons Passage 6 （2019·天津·高考真题）Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before? We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. Many of us equate(视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, or running a store—make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson. 1．The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ________. A．loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity B．age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal C．misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D．disability cannot stop a man’s pursuit of success 2．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．End one’s struggle for liberty. B．Waste one’s energy taking risks. C．Miss the opportunity to succeed. D．Lose the interest to continue learning. 3．What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？ A．Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B．Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C．Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D．Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 4．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？ A．A tough man can tolerate suffering. B．A wise man can live without self-pity. C．A man should try to satisfy people around him. D．A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage？ A．To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B．To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C．To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D．To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. Passage 7 （2020·天津·高考真题）Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries. Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric engine. Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $8-12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There's also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet. While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone's feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can't just be ignored. The transition （过渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing. It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years. 1．According to Para. l, what is happening in air transport? A．New explorations of the sky are being launched. B．Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled. C．Efforts are being made to make air travel greener. D．Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively. 2．Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights? A．It runs short route B．It has a strong partner. C．Its planes can land on the sea. D．It has planes with powerful engines. 3．The expression "added bonus" refers to the fact that electric planes___________. A．give passengers more pleasant views B．bring airlines more financial benefits C．offer more enjoyable flying experiences D．cost less in maintenance than traditional ones 4．What might be the biggest challenge of electric flying? A．To improve the ground service for e-planes. B．To find qualified technicians for e-plane industry. C．To calculate the energy needed to power e-planes. D．To balance power and weight of batteries in e-planes. 5．What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight? A．To produce new electric components. B．To increase battery consumption. C．To use mixed-power technology. D．To expand the landing field. 6．What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of electric flying? A．Short-sighted. B．Wait-and-see. C．Optimistic. D．Skeptical. 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第05讲 阅读理解之词义猜测题 目录 01 2 02 体系构建·思维可视 2 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 3 考点一 题型特征 3 知识点1 词义猜测题的命题特征 3 知识点2 词义猜测题的设问方式 4 考点二 利用上下文线索猜测词义 4 知识点1 定义法 4 知识点2 举例法 4 知识点3 重述法 4 知识点4 同义词或近义词法 5 知识点5 反义词法 5 考向1 利用定义法解题 5 考向2 利用举例法解题 5 考向3 利用重述法解题 6 考向4 利用同义词或近义词解题 6 考向5 利用反义词解题 7 考点三 根据上下文逻辑猜测词义 8 知识点1 转折关系 8 知识点2 对比关系 8 知识点3 类比关系 8 考向1 利用转折关系解题 8 考向2 利用对比关系解题 9 考向3 利用类比关系解题 9 考点四 根据构词法猜测词义 10 考向 利用构词法解题 10 考点五 根据上下文语境猜测词义 11 考向 利用上下文语境解题 11 04 真题溯源·考向感知 12 考点要求 考察形式 2025年 2024年 2023年 词义猜测题 选择题 非选择题 3月，B篇，1道 3月，C篇，1道 3月，C篇，1道 考情分析： 猜测词义题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文章时，常常也会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。 复习目标： 1. 掌握利用上下文线索猜测词义的解题方法； 2. 掌握根据上下文逻辑猜测词义的解题方法； 3. 掌握根据构词法猜测词义的解题方法； 4. 掌握根据上下文语境猜测词义的解题方法。 考点一 题型特征 知识点1 词义猜测题的命题特征 词义猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇上下文等理解生词的能力。英语中有一句很经典的话：No context， no text. 它表达的意思是：脱离了上下文，就不能正确理解单词的意义。这充分说明上下文语境对于理解词义的重要性。词义猜测题主要考查以下两个方面：一是要求根据阅读材料，结合学生应有的常识和经验判断生词、词组或熟词在特定语境中的含义以及一些句子的意思；二是代词指代题也是词义猜测题的常考类型。 知识点2 词义猜测题的设问方式 主旨大意题常见的设问方式： ①What does the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... mean？ ②What does the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...refer to？ ③Which of the following words can replace the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...？ ④What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph ... suggest？ ⑤The underlined word “...” in Paragraph ...is closest in meaning to “　　　　”. ⑥What is the underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... closest in meaning to？ 考点二 利用上下文线索猜测词义 知识点1 定义法 作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词汇有i.e.、 is、 are、 is/are called、 mean、 refer to、 known as等。 知识点2 举例法 有时，画线词后会跟一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助学生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词汇有such as、 for example、 for instance、 like、 including、 especially等。 知识点3 重述法 作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用的、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号（有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号）与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。 常见的信号词汇有or、 namely、 that is、 in other words、 that is to say、 to be more exact、 to put it another way等。 知识点4 同义词或近义词法 有时，在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的词汇，它往往暗示了该词或短语的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇有and、 or、 like、 as well、 similarly、 too、 also、 either等。 知识点5 反义词法 有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可以根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词汇有（whether ...） or、 unlike、 but、 yet、 however、 while、 although、 nevertheless、 instead、 rather than、 in contrast、 on the contrary、 on the other hand等。 考向1 利用定义法解题 例1 （2021·全国甲卷）Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don’t worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. 2. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean? A．Be careful! B．Well done! C．No way! D．Don’t worry! 【答案】B 【详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词前文“A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting:” Safe! Safe”(几分钟后，当我学会这个技巧时，我的朋友们敲着他们的板子大声喊道：“做得好！做得好！)”以及后文“And that's what mattered— landing tricks, being a good skater.(那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。故选B。 考向2 利用举例法解题 例1 （2024·北京卷）Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. 1. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A．Enormous in quantity. B．Changeable daily. C．Stable in quality. D．Present everywhere. 【答案】D 【详解】词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的形式，for example, algorithms（算法）carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another.(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道中，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言，可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即该词与D选项“现在 everywhere.（在任何地方存在）”意思接近。故选D项。 考向3 利用重述法解题 例1 （2023·新课表I卷）Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 2. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over. 【答案】A 【详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词“下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.（这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动）”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，在对活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。 考向4 利用同义词或近义词解题 例1 （2023·浙江1月卷）Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.” 2. What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Arguments. B．Doubts. C．Errors. D．Differences. 【答案】C 【详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段的“Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weakness. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.(即项目Debater很聪明，但它也有一些弱点。它从文档库和预先构建的数据中提取句子，并将它们串在一起。这可能会导致人类不会犯的错误。)”和“will no doubt be ironed out（毫无疑问会被解决）”可知，划线词所在句子表示“这样的错误会被纠正，被解决”，划线词wrinkles的意思是“错误”，和errors意思相近，故选C。 考向5 利用反义词解题 例1 （2020·新高考I卷）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. 2. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons. C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons. 【答案】D 【详解】词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites.由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people(超重的人)相反，结合选项，D选项(瘦瘦高高的人)正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。 考点三 根据上下文逻辑猜测词义 知识点1 转折关系 在猜测词义时，两个分句之间的逻辑关系往往给我们一些重要暗示，比如转折关系。 知识点2 对比关系 有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，学生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。 知识点3 类比关系 作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性（共同特征），它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇有similarly、 like、 also、 just as、 as well等。 考向1 利用转折关系解题 例1 （2024·全国甲卷）Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 3. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better. 【答案】D 【详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit,(狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.(许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take…up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D. 考向2 利用对比关系解题 例1 （2024·新课标II卷）In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 1. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．If read by someone poorly educated. B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C．If written by someone less competent. D．If translated by someone unacademic. 【答案】C 【详解】词句猜测题。根据文章第二段 "such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as A1.(这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示“如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。 考向3 利用类比关系解题 例1 （2023·全国乙卷）In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 3. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society. 【答案】B 【详解】词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文"The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the obiects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our firsthand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of dialogue.(加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就:通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。”结合划线句"If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.(如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。 考点四 根据构词法猜测词义 很多情况下，我们在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧。 考向 利用构词法解题 例1 （2020·新课标II卷）I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit. ...... My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes. students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away—since I seldom actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the belonging. 2. What do the underlined words "the offender" in paragraph 8 refer to? A．The student's parent. B．The maker of the Grandma's Box. C．The author's grandchild. D．The owner of the forbidden fruit. 【答案】D 【详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词后文"| would return the belonging”结合上文提到作者把学生带到学校的玩具称为“禁果”，且作者的“盒子”里装的就是“禁果”，所以作者等到这些禁果的拥有者在一天结束的时候出现，然后就会归还他们的物品。由此可知，划线词意思为“禁果的拥有者”。故选D。 考点五 根据上下文语境猜测词义 对于词汇或短语的理解，离不开特定的语境。因此毫无疑问上下文语境是进行词义猜测最重要的线索。 考向 利用上下文语境解题 例1 （2023·全国甲卷）Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with £5 in pocket money. She says: “I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with, painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills.” 1. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A．An artist. B．A winner. C．A specialist. D．A pioneer. 【答案】C 【详解】词句猜测题。根据文章第一段画线短语下文"Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pay someone else to do a job she can do herself.(她擅长摆架子和拼接家具，从不付钱给别人做她自己能做的工作)”可推知，此处指Terri Boltonis是一位DIY高手。C项“A specialist(一位专业人员)”最接近画线短语“a dab hand”的意思。故选C Passage 1 （2024·天津·高考真题）Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. 1．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A．Some people are born physically weaker than others. B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically. C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise. D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure. 2．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing. 3．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition. C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point. 4．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species? A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future. B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences. C．Humans care more about immediate rewards. D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers. 5．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self? A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star. B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV. C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre. D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了并非人人都喜欢体育锻炼的原因，指出这是因为人脑对无谓的努力很抵触且锻炼本身的回报不确定，不过大脑能形成长期目标、处理动机，我们能学会延时满足，为目标不懈努力。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? (但是为什么不是每个人都喜欢锻炼呢？)”和第二段中“While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. (虽然体育锻炼并没有那么糟糕，但它通常还是令人不愉快的。这是必然的：你正在把你的身体推向它的身体极限，这导致了明显的不适)”可知，有些人不喜欢锻炼是身体被迫达到体能极限时会感到明显不适。由此可知，有些人不喜欢对自己的身体施加太大的压力。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感。研究表明，它可以计算出行动所需的努力)”可知，人脑对无谓的努力很抵触。由此可知，此处指“它会阻止我们将重要资源浪费在无效的努力上”，画线词意思应该是“浪费，滥用”，与Misusing意思相近。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。第三段中的“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感)”指出人脑对无谓的努力很抵触，第四段“The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward (问题是，有规律的锻炼来保持“身材”需要持续和相当大的努力——所有这些都是渐进的，回报是不确定的。所以，你的大脑问“这值得吗？”问题的倾向将很难平息。这个特殊的特征也意味着我们通常更喜欢那些付出最少努力却获得最大回报的东西)”用规律锻炼以保持身材的例子具体说明人脑的这种工作机制。由此可知，作者写第四段的目的是进一步解释上文的观点。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中“While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. (虽然许多物种的思维过程仅限于“食物，吃它！”、“危险，快跑！”、“痛苦，躲避！”，我们已经超越了这一点。我们的大脑可以形成多个长期目标和抱负。我们可以想象一个理想的未来场景，弄清楚我们如何实现它，然后去做)”可知，人类与许多其他物种的不同之处在于，人类能够想象一个美好的未来。故选A项。 5．推理判断题。根据第六段中“And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. (你的“应该”自我就是做你应该做的事情来成为你的“理想”自我的那个自我。所以，如果你的“理想”自我是一名职业足球运动员，而你的“实际”自我不是，那么你的“应该”自我就是花大量时间训练、锻炼，并在足球方面做得更好的那个人)”可知，“自我差异”理论认为“应该”自我会使人为奋斗目标持续努力。由此可知，为赢得奥运奖牌而训练的游泳运动员表现出最活跃的“应该”自我。故选D项。 Passage 2 （2023·天津·高考真题）I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly? According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”. The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response. Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks. The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them. Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created. 1．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A beautiful painting or sculpture. B．The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C．An advanced brain imaging technology. D．The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 2．What effect does movement in art produce on the viewers? A．Certain part of their brain is activated. B．Their experience of pain is reduced. C．Their aesthetic sense is sharpened. D．Their body reactions are delayed. 3．The application of TMS to the brain described in Paragraph 5 leads to__________. A．raised memory capacity B．enhanced painting skills C．changed artistic taste D．improved decision-making ability 4．According to the author, what increases our enjoyment of a piece of art? A．Knowing how it is created. B．Having a pleasant personality. C．Learning how science develops. D．Understanding the meaning of life. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To propose an abstract theory of art making. B．To reveal the beauty of science in an artistic way. C．To share some personal understanding of artworks. D．To introduce a new research field for art appreciation. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经美学这一学科领域，以及它如何解释我们为何会从艺术中获得愉悦感。 1．词义猜测题。划线短语上文“Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful.(神经美学是一个相对年轻的研究领域，研究的是当我们进行审美评估时大脑会发生什么。研究人员使用脑成像技术来观察当我们看到我们认为美丽的画作时，大脑的哪些区域会发光。)”提出当进行审美评估，看到时美丽的画作时，我们大脑的一些区域会“发光”。划线词所在句“Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks ” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc.(类似的研究已经完成，以了解当我们看到鼓舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时发生的“神经元烟花”。)”提出类似研究发现，人们在看到鼓舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时会产生“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”。文中将两种情况进行了类比，由此推知，“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”与上文中的“大脑的一些区域会‘发光’”是同一个意思，即指上文中的“The lighting-up of specific brain areas.”。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response.(运动在艺术中起着有趣的作用。如果你看到一幅描绘一个动作的画，比如一个人被狗咬了后把胳膊抽走，你会觉得自己也有类似的经历。你大脑中控制你自己动作的部分会相应地亮起来。)”可知，当人们看到艺术中的运动时，人们会觉得自己也有类似的经历，大脑中控制自己动作的部分会相应地亮起来，也就是该部分被激活了。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)(经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks.(通过使用经颅磁刺激(TMS)的研究发现，该系统可以以令人着迷的方式受到影响。如果颅磁刺激应用于前额后大脑中对决策特别重要的特定部位，你就会突然喜欢上不同种类的艺术。这种刺激使人们对面孔、身体和艺术品的审美发生了重大变化。)”可推知，颅磁刺激会使人们的审美发生变化。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them.(我们也从了解事物的制作过程中获得乐趣。对于艺术家创作的图像，一旦观众了解了创作过程，他们可能会获得更多的乐趣。)”可知，如果我们知道了创作过程，我们就会更加欣赏这件艺术品。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据全文内容可知，文章介绍了神经美学这一学科领域，以及它如何解释我们为何会从艺术中获得愉悦感，因此作者的目的是介绍一个新的研究领域，即神经美学，以帮助人们更好地欣赏艺术。故选D。 Passage 3 （2017·天津·高考真题）Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a new research has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people's personalities. While genetics still forms the central part of the human psyche (心理), the research finds that personality traits (特征) are "contagious" (传染的) among children. "Our finding flies in the face of common assumptions that personality can't be changed," said Dr. Jennifer Neal, co-author of the study. The researchers studied the personalities and social networks of two pre-school classes for a full school year. One of the classes was a set of three-year-olds, and the other a set of four-year-olds. Children whose friends were hard-working or outgoing gradually took on these personality traits over time. Psychology expert Dr. Emily Dublin said kids are having a far bigger effect on each other than people may realize. The new study is not the first to explore the contagious effects of personality traits. A 2015 psychology study found that rudeness at work can be contagious as it travels from person to person "like a disease". The study found that seeing a boss being rude to an employee was enough to cause people to be rude to those around them. The researchers questioned 6,000 people on the social "climate" in their workplaces, which included offices, hotels and restaurants. They found 75 percent of those who took part said they had been treated rudely at least once in the past year. And the study also suggests that merely seeing other people being subjected to rudeness made it more likely that a person would treat their colleagues in the same way. Rudeness could include leaving someone off an invite to a company event, sending unkind emails, finding fault with others or failing to give praise. Dr. Torkelson believes companies need to be more aware of the harm that rudeness in the workplace can do as it can damage the working environment. She said better training could help to fight against the problem. 1．What does the underlined part "flies in the face of" in Paragraph1mean? A．Leads to. B．Results from. C．Goes against. D．Agrees with. 2．According to Paragraph 2, who have the greatest impact on children's personality? A．Their parents. B．Their friends. C．The researchers. D．The psychologists. 3．Which of the following is considered rude at the workplace? A．Ignoring the faults of co-workers. B．Not sending emails to workmates. C．Seeking praise from colleagues and bosses. D．Not inviting a colleague to a company party. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．One's personality is hard to change. B．One's personality is shaped by genes. C．One's personality traits can spread to others. D．One's personality traits can change overnight. 5．This passage is most probably taken from ________. A．a science report B．a study guide C．a school textbook D．a technical journal 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了一项新研究发现，学龄前儿童在一起的时间会呈现出彼此的性格。 研究表明，环境在塑造人的个性方面起着关键作用。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a new research has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people's personalities. While genetics still forms the central part of the human psyche (心理), the research finds that personality traits (特征) are "contagious" (传染的) among children. "”（一项新研究发现，学龄前儿童在一起的时间会呈现出彼此的性格。 研究表明，环境在塑造人的个性方面起着关键作用。 虽然基因仍然是人类心理的核心部分，但研究发现，个性特征在儿童中是“传染的”）可知划线词所在的句子意思是该研究的合著者詹妮弗尼尔博士说:“我们的发现与人们通常认为性格无法改变的假设相悖” ，即“flies in the face of”意思是“违反”，A. Leads to.导致；B. Results from.由……造成；C. Goes against.违反；D. Agrees with.同意。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Children whose friends were hard-working or outgoing gradually took on these personality traits over time. Psychology expert Dr. Emily Dublin said kids are having a far bigger effect on each other than people may realize.”（随着时间的推移，那些有勤奋或外向的朋友的孩子逐渐具有这些性格特征。 心理学专家Emily Dublin博士说，孩子们对彼此的影响比人们可能意识到的要大得多）可知根据第二段，孩子们的朋友对孩子的性格影响最大。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Rudeness could include leaving someone off an invite to a company event, sending unkind emails, finding fault with others or failing to give praise.”（粗鲁可能包括不邀请某人参加公司活动，发送不友好的电子邮件，指责他人或不给予赞扬）可知在工作场合，不邀请同事参加公司派对被认为是不礼貌的。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a new research has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people's personalities.”（一项新研究发现，学龄前儿童在一起的时间会呈现出彼此的性格。 研究表明，环境在塑造人的个性方面起着关键作用）结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要讲了研究表明，一个人的个性特征可以传给其他人。故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a new research has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people's personalities.”（一项新研究发现，学龄前儿童在一起的时间会呈现出彼此的性格。 研究表明，环境在塑造人的个性方面起着关键作用）结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要讲了研究表明，一个人的个性特征可以传给其他人。这篇文章很可能摘自一份科学报告。故选A。 Passage 4 （2021·天津·高考真题）About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it. I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months. The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special. “Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried. My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table! Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday. Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance. The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind. Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new. Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin. 1．What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1? A．Its tank grew dirty. B．Its old skin came off. C．It got a skin disease. D．It went missing. 2．Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday? A．The birthday cake was ruined. B．The author made good puddings. C．Pudding was his favorite dessert. D．They couldn't afford a birthday cake. 3．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage? A．To prove a theory. B．To define a concept. C．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background. 4．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as . A．letting go of the past B．looking for a new job C．getting rid of a bad habit D．giving up an opportunity 5．What does the author most likely want to tell us? A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships. B．It's not the end of the world if we break things. C．We should move on no matter what happens. D．Past experiences should be treasured. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．C 【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.(第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来)”可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第六段“Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.(就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁)”可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.( Jordan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者在文章中提到The Last Dance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选C。 4．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是“放开过去”。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选C。 Passage 5 （2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life. History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us. History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives. 1．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________. A．the turning point in our history B．the present state of our nation C．the location of our homeland D．the total area of our country 2．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life? A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past. B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today. C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors. D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems. 3．What can be concluded from Para.4? A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers. B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures. C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore. D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness. 4．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________. A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature. B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets. C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period. D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．How to Build Cultural Identity B．Why Studying History Matters C．Know the Past, Know the Present D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．D 5．B 【分析】本文是议论文。开头提出问题为什么历史重要。然后分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。 1．猜测词义题。根据上句learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse(一瞥 )into our ancestral pasts.,可知学习我们祖国的历史能更深、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去。此处指学历史着眼于大局，是从国家层面讲的，与之一致，可推知画线的where we are today指的是我们国家的现状。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.可知专家认为，无论过去和现在，人们面临的问题都是一样的。有了祖先的信息，我们在处理生活中的挑战时会更有经验。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures和History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.可知历史为跨文化的同理心提供了一个相当坚实的基础，历史有可能打破对未知事物的恐惧和憎恨，为我们提供洞悉整个世界的机会。由此推之历史帮助我们提高跨文化意识。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段标题是 History can inspire us to learn more:(历史可以激励我们学习更多),下面列举了阅读Oliver Twist的例子,通过Oliver Twist我们能去了解作者 Charles Dickens,还可能会学到一些关于现实主义的东西，会发现英国浪漫主义诗人的历史。作者通过这个例子是为了说明学习历史可以引起人们对其他领域的兴趣。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段If you're studying history, asking yourself the question" why is history important" is a very good first step.提到学历史前先问自己为什么历史重要。下文分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后一段总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。故Why Studying History Matters?能概括全文内容。故选B。 Passage 6 （2019·天津·高考真题）Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before? We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. Many of us equate(视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, or running a store—make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson. 1．The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ________. A．loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity B．age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal C．misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D．disability cannot stop a man’s pursuit of success 2．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．End one’s struggle for liberty. B．Waste one’s energy taking risks. C．Miss the opportunity to succeed. D．Lose the interest to continue learning. 3．What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？ A．Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B．Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C．Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D．Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 4．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？ A．A tough man can tolerate suffering. B．A wise man can live without self-pity. C．A man should try to satisfy people around him. D．A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage？ A．To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B．To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C．To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D．To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 5．A 【分析】这是一篇议论文，本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。 1．推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《堂吉诃德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.（我说的不是那些没能到达顶峰的人。我们不可能都到达那里。我说的是那些停止在成长中学习的人，因为他们采取了一成不变的态度和观点，而这些态度和观点往往是随着时间的流逝而出现的）可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，“run out of steam”意义为“失去动力”。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知机会总是留给那些有好奇心的人，故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。 5．主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。 Passage 7 （2020·天津·高考真题）Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries. Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric engine. Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $8-12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There's also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet. While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone's feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can't just be ignored. The transition （过渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing. It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years. 1．According to Para. l, what is happening in air transport? A．New explorations of the sky are being launched. B．Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled. C．Efforts are being made to make air travel greener. D．Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively. 2．Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights? A．It runs short route B．It has a strong partner. C．Its planes can land on the sea. D．It has planes with powerful engines. 3．The expression "added bonus" refers to the fact that electric planes___________. A．give passengers more pleasant views B．bring airlines more financial benefits C．offer more enjoyable flying experiences D．cost less in maintenance than traditional ones 4．What might be the biggest challenge of electric flying? A．To improve the ground service for e-planes. B．To find qualified technicians for e-plane industry. C．To calculate the energy needed to power e-planes. D．To balance power and weight of batteries in e-planes. 5．What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight? A．To produce new electric components. B．To increase battery consumption. C．To use mixed-power technology. D．To expand the landing field. 6．What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of electric flying? A．Short-sighted. B．Wait-and-see. C．Optimistic. D．Skeptical. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C 6．C 【分析】本文是说明文。为了使航空旅行更环保,出现了电动飞行。文章介绍了电动飞行的特点、优点、面临的挑战、解决措施和前景。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中 If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking. Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries(如果我们想要大的绿色天空解决方案，就需要蓝天思维。幸运的是，现在有很多这样的情况发生，尤其是靠电池供电的短途飞行)由此判断出，人们正在努力使航空旅行更加环保。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying30000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less uan30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines.可知，Harbour Air是北美最大的水上飞机航空公司，每年有40架水上飞机搭载3万次商业航班。值得注意的是，所有港口航线的飞行时间都不到30分钟，这使得它完全适合于电动引擎。也就是说 Harbour Air的飞行航线短使电动飞行成了可能。故选A。 3．猜测词义题。根据下文that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.可知，电动飞机没有发动机的噪音，没有燃油的味道，只有环保的宁静等优点，因此为乘坐电动飞机的乘客提供更愉快的飞行体验。所以added bonus指的是乘客获得的更愉快飞行体验的额外收获。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段 A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft., where every bit of weight counts, this can' t just be ignored.可知电池不能提供足够的燃料, 而携带足够的电池会使飞机太重而无法起飞。在飞机上，每一点重量都很重要，不能忽视。由此推知平衡电动飞机电池的功率和重量是电动飞机面临的最大挑战。故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段The transition(过渡) from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity.可知从燃料飞行到电动飞行过渡过程中，可以使用燃料和电力混合动力技术。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据最后一段It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to come a reality in the next few years.可知电动飞行无疑是激动人心的，电动飞行短途旅行将在 未来几年内成为现实。由此判断出作者对电动飞行的前景是乐观的。故选C。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $