第05讲 阅读理解之词义猜测题（专项训练）（天津专用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

第05讲 阅读理解之词义猜测题 目录 01 课标达标练 考向 词义猜测题 02 真题溯源练 考向 词义猜测题 Passage 1 （2025·天津·二模）Do you think cookies can tell stories? Jasmine Cho, 35, does. A baker, artist, entrepreneur and activist, Cho tries to spread knowledge about social justice issues and diversity through the delicious medium of cookies. It was in high school that she discovered her love of baking. At a sleepover a friend taught her how to make a dessert, “sort of demystifying baking and that whole process”. Later, Cho realized her second passion: learning more about her Asian, American culture. An elective in college that taught Asian-American immigrant experiences brought an emotional moment for her. “So many emotions came up that I just couldn’t articulate. It was like this mix of anger, relief, empowerment, sadness...” Cho said. Cho realized she could combine these two passions to educate others about influential Asian-American people and showcase matters that were important to her. With her online bakery, she designed cookie portraits about people she admired and posted the images on Instagram. “I don’t think I ever really knew how to communicate these stories until I found cookies,” Cho said. “Cookies are just so disarming. Who doesn’t like cookies?” One cookie that Cho has identified with deeply is one she made of George Helm, a Hawaiian activist in the 1970s. “It’s insane the amount of injustice that the native Hawaiian population has faced as well through the whole annexation (吞并) of the kingdom. There were so many horrific stories that I heard about nuclear testing and the fallout (核爆炸后的沉降物) impacting native Hawaiian populations in all of this,” Cho said, “George Helm was one of those activists who really represented the spirituality of the native Hawaiians and the connection to their land, to nature.” Among her amazing cookie art are other political figures such as Larry Itliong, a Filipino-American labor organizer, and pop culture figures such as Keanu Reeves, a Canadian actor. Cho hopes her cookie art continues to inspire people to be creative and think positively. “Instead of trying to think of something new and original, just look inward and see, maybe there’s already a passion or a love that you have,” Cho said. “Use that for something that will serve the world in a better way.” 1．What inspired Cho to take an interest in Asian-American culture? A．One of her sleepover experiences. B．One elective she took at college. C．The process of learning baking from her friend. D．A book she read about Asian-American immigrant experiences. 2．The underlined word “articulate” in Paragraph 4 probably mean _________. A．get rid of B．put up with C．express in words D．stay focused 3．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning George Helm in the passage? A．To inform the reader of Helm’s contributions to Hawaii. B．To show what knowledge Cho focuses on with her cookies. C．To introduce the spirituality of native Hawaiians. D．To explain why Cho is interested in political activists. 4．What approach does Cho recommend to make a difference? A．Making use of your passion. B．Turning to political figures for help C．Trying to do something creative and special. D．Asking people around to work along with you. 5．What can best summarize the message contained in the passage? A．Think outside the box to break new ground. B．Spread something original to one’s heart content. C．Hold your horses for a better self. D．Throw yourself into your inner world for a better one. Passage 2 （2025·天津武清·模拟预测）The TV room at the south end of our house is like a black hole: It’s the place where things often end up if there’s no other place to put them, or if I can’t decide whether to throw them away. As such, it’s a land of perfectly serviceable cardboard boxes, old magazines saved for the recipes I will never try, shoes that are just about but not quite worn out, a wood stove I rarely light and other odds and ends. Just the other night, I heard a scratching sound coming from the TV room. I went out to have a look, but of course there was no sound when I got there. Yet after I had gone to bed, it was loud enough to wake me. The next morning at breakfast the scratching continued even as I entered the room, long enough for me to identify the source, which was the stovepipe leading from the wood stove. Ever so carefully, I approached and opened the stove’s front doors. There it was — a surprised, little squirrel, looking straight up at me. I immediately shut the stove doors and considered what to do. I didn’t want to kill it, so I decided I would give it an easy escape route. I closed the door to the kitchen and opened the outside door. It was a windy, freezing day, and the cold air immediately rushed in. I threw the stove doors open, stepped back and waited — but not for long. The squirrel jumped out of the stove, but it was upset and didn’t head outside. Instead, it tore through my magazines in piles, ran up the curtains, and then broke my collection of soda bottles, sending several crashing to the floor. The animal was in a complete panic, and all I could do was stand back and hope it would leave. It finally dawned on me that I was probably the thing scaring it into a panic. So, I quickly left the room. When I returned it had gone. Job done. All in all, two jobs were done that day. Not only did I evacuate a squirrel, but the animal did me a big favor: it made the TV room into more of a mess than it was before, to the point where I could stand it no longer. I made a great effort in making the room tidy. Finally, I had the clean, inviting space I had planned to have all along. 1．What does the author mean by describing the TV room as “a black hole”? A．The author cannot find anything in the TV room except a hole. B．The TV room contains various things that the author rarely uses. C．The TV room is too dark to see things as clear as possible. D．There is no space to put anything in the TV room. 2．What did the author do when he/she first saw the squirrel? A．The author attempted to catch it immediately. B．The author ignored the squirrel and left. C．The author closed the stove’s front doors. D．The author caught it without any hesitation. 3．What does the word “panic” mean in Para.5? A．A state of excitement and joy B．A state of standing still without moving C．A feeling of fear and anxiety D．A feeling of being embarrassed 4．According to the last paragraph, what is the author’s attitude towards the squirrel? A．The author was annoyed with the squirrel. B．The author was upset about the squirrel’s leaving. C．The author doesn’t like the squirrel. D．The author felt grateful to the squirrel. 5．What might the best title of the passage? A．A Squirrel’s Chaos Leads to an Unexpected Cleanup. B．A Squirrel’s Escape from a Wood Stove. C．Saving a Squirrel: A Lesson in Kindness. D．Trapped in the Stove: A Rescue Mission in Winter. Passage 3 （2025·天津·三模）“Keep your eyes on the road ahead,” my driving instructor said. “You go in the direction you look.”I remembered the remark several years later, when my mom and I reached a crossroads in our writing careers. We’d been writing separately, not making much progress toward our goal of getting published. One day, Mom suggested we write a romance novel together. She thought it would be fun and less tiring if we took turns, since there’d always be something to build from. The idea was appealing and we decided to give it a try. Working together made the process much easier and a lot more fun. We both looked forward to getting to the computer to see what twists(转折)and turns had taken place while we were gone. We both also wanted to make sure the work we left during our respective time was as interesting as we could make it. We finished the first book and began sending it to publishers. Though we got some good comments, rejections piled up(堆积)：Where’s the romance? Sorry, not for us. From experience, we knew the best way to keep from brooding over disappointment: Start a second book. Once finished, we bravely sent off our second effort—and did no better. Then the third…After yet another rejection, Mom grew disheartened, wondering if we should give up. Suddenly my driving instructor’s words came back to me. I said, “Maybe we ought to look where we’re going.” I continued, “It’s like driving. We’ve taken our eyes off the reason we started writing together. We want to be published, sure, but the main reason was to have fun doing what we both enjoy.” “You’re right.” Mom let out a long breath. “I haven’t been having fun for quite a while. Maybe we should write something we truly love. You know, we only started writing romances because they’re popular. There’s no real heart in our stories. ” The SkyHorse, our young adult novel, was published last year. 1．How did the author feel about writing with her mother? A．Wonderful. B．Nervous. C．Amused. D．Embarrassed. 2．What does the underlined part “brooding over” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Preparing fully for. B．Learning quickly from. C．Worrying deeply about. D．Complaining openly about. 3．What role did the driving instructor’s words play in the author and her mother’s writing career? A．They gave them inspiration of their next book. B．They stopped them from writing a book together. C．They reminded them of their original intention of writing. D．They encouraged them not to give up writing despite criticism. 4．What led to the author and her mother successfully publishing The SkyHorse? A．Writing for young adults. B．Choosing a popular theme. C．Improving their editing process. D．Focusing on their genuine interests. 5．What can be the best title for the text? A．A journey to romance B．Benefits of potential cowriting C．Going where you look D．Spreading joy through writing Passage 4 （2025·天津河西·二模）Suzanne Heywood was just seven years old when her parents told her she, along with her younger brother Jonathan, would be pulled out of school to go on a three-year voyage around the world. The family of four from the UK set out on their exploration to recreate Captain Cook’s voyage around the globe, which ended up taking a decade instead of the promised three years. Now 55 years old, Suzanne has shared her tale of survival on TikTok, and recalled her 10 years at sea in her tell-all memoir Wave Walker. “I spent that time trapped on a boat, unable to go to school or have normal friendships.” Despite her father assuring her the trip would be safe, Suzanne claimed it was “incredibly dangerous but great as well”, sharing details of a risky journey from South Africa to Australia where the boat hit an enormous storm. In order to get through her very strange childhood, Suzanne recalled how she was determined to get an education to live a normal life. “As it became clear my parents had no intention of going back, I decided I had to educate myself as it was the only lifeline that I had,” she told the hosts of The Morning Show. She began studying in the small cabin of the boat, which she found challenging both practically and academically, as she “had missed a lot of education”. Then, when she was 16, and her brother 15, her parents enrolled the two teenagers into a school in New Zealand while they continued sailing. Despite the gaps in her education, Suzanne landed a spot at Oxford University, and after saving up money she had earned working on a farm, Suzanne bought a one-way plane ticket back to the UK Since going public with her story, Suzanne’s book instantly became a bestseller, and she continues to work through the trauma (创伤) caused by her “unstable” childhood. Suzanne’s extraordinary tale has captured the hearts of millions, with thousands of online fans applauding her for her bravery. 1．Why did Suzanne’s family set out their voyage? A．To meet the challenges of their life. B．To realize the dream of family traveling. C．To admire the beauty of great oceans. D．To follow in the footsteps of a great explorer. 2．What does the underlined word “memoir” mean in English? A．Personal experiences. B．Scientific research. C．Extraordinary tales. D．Offshore exploration. 3．What did education mean to Suzanne during the voyage? A．An approach to pleasing her parents. B．A tool for killing time on the vast sea. C．A means of struggling for a better future. D．A support of her admission into Oxford University. 4．What message does Suzanne’s experience convey? A．A strong will can free a person from family support. B．A lack of education can affect a person’s intelligence. C．A unique life can equip a person with special qualities. D．A crazy upbringing always leads to greater achievements. 5．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the text? A．To analyze the impact of family decisions and give warnings. B．To record Suzanne’s remarkable life journey and inspire others. C．To evaluate Suzanne’s educational achievements and praise her. D．To promote Suzanne’s memoir Wave Walker and excite readers. Passage 5 （2025·天津南开·一模）Larry was a truck driver, but his lifelong dream was to fly. When he graduated from high school, he joined the Air Force in hopes of becoming a pilot. Unfortunately, poor eyesight disqualified him. So, when he finally left the service, he had to satisfy himself with watching others fly the fighter jets that criss-crossed (纵横交错) the skies over his backyard. As he sat there in his lawn chair, he dreamed about the magic of flying. Then one day, Larry Walters got an idea. He went down to the local store and bought a tank of helium (氦气) and forty-five weather balloons. Back in his yard, Larry used straps to attach the balloons to his lawn chair, the kind you might have in your own back yard. He anchored the chair to the bumper of his jeep and inflated (充气) the balloons with helium. Then he packed some sandwiches and drinks and loaded a BB gun, figuring he could pop a few of those balloons when it was time to return to earth. His preparations complete, Larry Walters sat in his chair and cut the anchoring cord. His plan was to lazily float up a ways, and then lazily back down to ground. But, things didn’t quite work out that way. When Larry cut the cord, he didn’t float lazily up-he shot up as if fired from a cannon! Nor did he go up a couple hundred feet. He climbed and climbed, until he finally leveled off at eleven THOUSAND feet! At that height, he could hardly risk deflating any of the balloons, lest he unbalance the load and really experience flying! So, he stayed up there, sailing around for fourteen hours, totally at a loss as to how to get down. Eventually, Larry drifted into the approach corridor for Los Angeles International Airport. A Pan Am (泛美航空公司) pilot radioed the tower about passing a guy in a lawn chair at eleven thousand feet... with a gun in his lap! At that point, the Navy sent a helicopter to rescue him. But, the rescue team had a hard time getting to him, because the draft from their propeller (螺旋桨) kept pushing his home-made machine farther and farther away. Eventually they were able to hover over him and drop a rescue line with which they gradually pulled him back to earth. As soon as Larry hit the ground, he was arrested. But as he was being led away in handcuffs (手铐), a television reporter called out to ask, “Mr. Walters, why did you do it?” Larry stopped, eyed the man for a moment and replied casually, “A man can’t just sit around.” 1．What caused Larry to be kept away from his dream? A．Strict Air Force rules. B．His identity as a truck driver. C．His lawn chair. D．His poor eyesight. 2．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．Larry’s successful attempt to fly a fighter jet using helium balloons. B．Larry’s successful flying with helium balloons and a lawn chair. C．Larry’s invention of a new type of weather balloon for scientific research. D．Larry’s preparations and plan to float using helium balloons. 3．How did the Pan Am pilot feel when he saw Larry? A．Regretful. B．Surprised. C．Grateful. D．Thrilled. 4．Why didn’t he deflate any of the balloons? A．Because he wanted to stay in the air longer to enjoy the view. B．Because he was worried about unbalancing the load and causing an accident. C．Because he forgot to fire his BB gun. D．Because he was afraid the balloons would explode at high altitude. 5．By saying “A man can’t just sit around” in the last paragraph, the author means ______. A．Larry wanted to avoid physical activity and preferred sitting in his lawn chair B．Larry believed in taking action and pursuing his dreams rather than doing nothing C．Larry was tired of flying and decided to give up on his dream D．Larry was criticizing others for not sitting around like him Passage 6 （2025·天津·模拟预测）In the scientific history, few rivalries have captured the imagination like the one between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. These two inventors, each with their unique approaches and visions, engaged in a fierce competition that forever transformed the world of electricity and innovation. The paths of Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison first crossed in the late 1800s when Tesla arrived in the United States with his boundless enthusiasm and inventive spirit. Tesla, a young Serbian engineer, sought opportunities to work on his ambitious ideas. Edison, already an established inventor and entrepreneur, recognised Tesla’s talent and employed him at his company, the Edison Machine Works. It was during Tesla’s time working for Edison that the seeds of rivalry were sown. Edison advocated direct current (DC) as the dominant approach to electrical distribution, while Tesla saw the potential of alternating current (AC) systems, which offered greater efficiency over longer distances. The turning point in their rivalry occurred with the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893. Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse, successfully showcased the superiority of AC by lighting the fairgrounds with his AC-powered system. This success crushed Edison’s claims of DC’s superiority, leading to the widespread adoption of AC as the standard for electrical power transmission. However, due to Edison’s influence, AC power was initially dismissed as dangerous and unreliable. In order to demonstrate its safety, Tesla held a public demonstration where he famously lit up a string of lights using his AC motor powered by Niagara Falls, proving once and for all that AC power was safe for use in homes and businesses around the world. While both sides fought fiercely for control of electricity distribution networks across America, it was ultimately Tesla’s AC system that won out due to its greater efficiency over long distances compared with DC systems which quickly lost voltage (电压) as distance increased from their source point. Eventually even Edison himself came around and accepted defeat when he finally admitted that “Tesla has solved an extremely difficult problem”. Despite their differences, the two men had an unwilling respect for each other. Edison was known to refer to Tesla as “one of the greatest electrical geniuses the world has ever seen” while Tesla praised Edison’s contributions to the field of electricity. Though their rivalry defined the development of electricity in the late 19th century, its impact still resonates (回响) today. 1．In which aspect did Tesla’s and Edison’s views on electrical systems differ? A．The source of electrical power. B．The invention of electrical devices. C．The efficiency of power generation. D．The method of electrical transmission. 2．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Defended. B．Recognised. C．Defeated. D．Demonstrated. 3．How did Tesla prove the reliability of AC power? A．By displaying AC-powered lighting in a community. B．By conducting a public experiment at Niagara Falls. C．By getting support from George Westinghouse. D．By highlighting the limitations of DC power. 4．Why did Tesla’s AC system finally achieve success? A．It provided higher voltage outputs. B．It was easier to operate and maintain. C．It had superior long-range performance. D．It received more financial backing. 5．What message does the author want to convey in the text? A．Every cloud has a silver lining. B．Real knowledge comes from practice. C．A rising tide lifts all boats. D．Rivalry fuels progress. Passage 7 （2025·天津滨海新·模拟预测）Making decisions under uncertainty is a problem we all face. Imagine you are looking for a parking spot at a crowded event. You find one far from your destination. Do you decide to take it, or invest more time into hunting for a better spot which may or may not exist? You might resolve this decision by “budgeting”: limiting the resources (time) you will spend looking for a better option. This strategy allows us to cut our losses when things don’t turn out as we hoped. In our research, we show how weaver ants — much like humans — budget their investment into a task with an uncertain payoff. Weaver ants link their bodies together to form bridge-like structures called “hanging chains”, which they use for crossing gaps they encounter. Building a chain comes at a cost to the colony (蚁群). Ants in the chain can’t participate in important colony tasks such as defending the nest and searching for food. The cost of the chain is proportional (成比例) to its length: longer chains are more costly, as they keep more ants occupied. Chains provide a major benefit too: they allow ants to explore areas that would otherwise be inaccessible, which may offer food sources to the colony. Whether an area contains a profitable resource, however, is unknown to the ants. This means the colony must invest capital (a number of ants) into forming a chain which may or may not pay off. We expected ants would stop forming a chain when the gap to be bridged became too tall, as the cost would become too great. We initially challenged ants to bridge vertical gaps of 25mm, 35mm and 50mm in height. Ants could comfortably form chains within this range, which allowed us to precisely determine the rules they use to build chains. We found ants decide how long to stay in a chain by visually assessing their distance from the ground below. The closer to the ground, the longer an ant remains in the chain. Can this predict a distance beyond which ants stop forming chains? We answered this question using a mathematical model, which predicted ants should stop forming chains when the gap is taller than 89mm.We challenged ants to form chains over gaps of 110mm, well beyond the distance predicted by our model. As expected, the ants never formed chains over these gaps. Similar to when we set ourselves a time limit for finding parking, ants set a distance limit by budgeting before giving up. 1．What does the underlined word “investment” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．The food found by ants. B．The chain built by ants. C．The time ants spend on a chain. D．The number of ants needed to build a chain. 2．What does the author say about ants’ chain-building? A．It involves risk. B．It’s unique. C．It’s a mistake. D．It’s incredible. 3．Why were gaps of 110mm set for ants? A．To clarify a misconception. B．To make a comparison. C．To confirm a prediction. D．To challenge an argument. 4．In what way are ants similar to humans? A．In building something necessary. B．In achieving success by budgeting. C．In setting a time limit for a task. D．In making decisions under uncertainty. 5．Which of the following is the passage probably taken from? A．A book review. B．A technical instruction book. C．A science magazine. D．A travel book. Passage 8 （2025·天津宝坻·二模）In modern society, people often measure life value through material achievements: high salaries, prestigious job titles, or luxurious possessions. However, ancient philosophers like Socrates argued that “the unexamined life is not worth living,” suggesting true value lies in continuous self-reflection and intellectual growth. Recent studies reveal an intriguing paradox: individuals who prioritize personal fulfillment over external validation report 37% higher life satisfaction. Take Dr. Maya Lin for an example: she was a scientist who abandoned a lucrative corporate career to research renewable energy in rural communities. Though her income dropped significantly, she described her work as “a daily discovery of purpose.” This aligns with psychologist Abraham Maslow’s theory that self-actualization — not basic needs — defines peak human experiences. Cultural perspectives further complicate this discussion. In Eastern traditions, Confucianism emphasizes contributing to societal harmony. A 2024 survey showed 68% of Japanese youth view “fulfilling family duties” as central to life value, contrasting with Western emphasis on individualism. Yet Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous words —“Life’s most urgent question is: what are you doing for others?” — bridge this gap, proposing that personal growth and social responsibility are inseparable. Ultimately, defining life value requires balancing three elements: self-awareness, contribution to others, and adaptability in changing circumstances. As technology accelerates societal shifts, the ability to redefine one’s purpose may become humanity’s greatest wealth. 1．What is the main topic discussed in the passage? A．Various perspectives on life value. B．Cultural differences in educational systems. C．Historical views on wealth accumulation. D．Psychological theories of happiness. 2．According to the author, what brings genuine fulfillment? A．High social status. B．Luxurious possessions. C．Self-awareness and purpose. D．Technological advancements. 3．Why does the author mention Martin Luther King Jr.? A．To contrast Eastern and Western values. B．To demonstrate universal aspects of life value. C．To criticize materialistic lifestyles. D．To explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. 4．The word “aligns” most likely means __________. A．Conflicts B．measures C．complicates D．agrees 5．Which statement would the author most likely agree with? A．Adaptability enhances life’s meaningfulness. B．Social media popularity reflects true self-worth. C．Life value should be measured by material achievements levels. D．Traditional values are outdated in modern society. Passage 9 （2025·天津·一模）It is widely recognized that self-discipline gives us freedom. Those who can control themselves have the ability to make the best use of their time, thus lost in the joy of freedom while other people suffer from “painful self-discipline”, stuck in a difficult situation where they feel guilty for not being able to complete the missions on their never-ending to-do lists. But do these pains come from self-discipline? Not exactly. The people who are anxious about being so-called self-disciplined masters are actually missing the point of this virtue. It’s not a “the more the better” kind of thing. Rather, it’s the capability to find a complicated balance between work and entertainment, which enables you to work more efficiently and to take control of your life. Thus, there’s no need to push yourself too hard. As a self-disciplined student, I think I understand the key to easing the sometime painful learning process with all kinds of after-school activities. Self-discipline urges me to set aside adequate time for all of my required schoolwork and to efficiently finish it. What’s more, having a high learning efficiency means that if I am interested in a certain topic in my textbook or the knowledge of a specific field, I can spend more time exploring it in depth, while devoting myself to my own interests. However, each time the bell for the end of class rings, I’m always the first to grab the basketball and dash to the court to enjoy the thrill of a ball game with my friends until the sun sinks below the horizon. As I said, the real freedom to enjoy a wonderful life is based on self-discipline. And the final aim of self-discipline is to enjoy a wonderful life. Being self-disciplined is about doing the proper thing at the proper time. You have to push yourself under the guidance of self-discipline to achieve high efficiency in your daily routine. But don’t be too tough on yourself because unreasonable time management may drain you of the energy and passion you need to struggle on. Fit in adequate diversions from work within your carefully designed schedule, and I’m sure you can remove the obstacles that stand in your path to the ultimate freedom. 1．How does the author develop Paragraph 1? A．By giving an example. B．By making a comparison. C．By analyzing a reason. D．By presenting a result. 2．What can we know about self-disciplined students in Paragraph 3? A．They have great trouble casing the painful learning process. B．They can hardly spare time to finish their assignments. C．They can pursue their hobbies with high learning efficiency. D．They spend most time enjoying ball games with their friends. 3．What is the ultimate goal of self-discipline in the author ‘s view? A．To suffer mental pain. B．To enjoy a happy life. C．To manage time scientifically. D．To achieve high efficiency. 4．What does the underlined word “drain” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Exhaust. B．Increase. C．Provide. D．Preserve. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Self-discipline is the key to achieving high efficiency. B．People should be strict with themselves to be self-disciplined. C．The pursuit of self-discipline is a painful process. D．Self-discipline is about finding a balance and leading to real freedom. Passage 10 （2024·天津南开·二模）Many animals and plants are endangered in the world today. These endangered species are threatened with becoming extinct, meaning they will no longer exist on Earth. Examples include the Cuban Macaw and the Sri Lankan Legume Tree. Hunting, and collecting of the Macaw bird for pets, led to its extinction. Whilst the main reason the native Sri Lankan Legume Tree went extinct was due to habitat loss from development in the 20h century. The main cause for animals and plants disappearing is often a disruption (扰乱) to the food chain due to hunting, habitat loss or even the introduction of invasive (入侵的) species. Every living thing from one-celled animals to a blue whale needs to eat. Nature is connected and controlled by many fragile (脆弱的) food chains. A food chain describes who eats whom in a habitat. When one of the links in a food chain is no longer present — for example, a species goes extinct — the food chain breaks and sometimes this can cause other animals to disappear and the whole system can become imbalanced or even collapsed. Humans can have disastrous effects on food chains. When people first explored the world, they took animal and plant species from their home countries to the places they explored and settled in. They did not realise the consequences of introducing invasive species. By doing so, they were disrupting the natural food chains of the areas they explored. Nowadays there are strict rules controlling the movement of animals and plants between countries. But some parts of the world are still experiencing problems with invasive species introduced hundreds of years ago. With rising awareness of how we affect the natural environment, hopefully we can learn to protect these food chains and help them to thrive. Otherwise the continued loss of species will eventually mean our own extinction. 1．What could be inferred from Paragraph 1? A．Macaws are extinct because of habitat loss B．Sri Lankan Legume Tree became extinct because of seed collecting. C．The invasive species may lead to the extinction of the native species. D．The main cause of plants extinction is hunting. 2．What can we learn about food chain from Paragraph 2? A．It only affects one-celled animals. B．It decides the balance of the whole system. C．It is always broken by invasive species. D．It is controlled by fragile nature. 3．According to Paragraph 3, how did humans affect food chains in areas they explored? A．By settling in. B．By taking away native species. C．By hunting local animals. D．By introducing foreign species. 4．The underlined word “thrive” in Paragraph 5 probably means ________. A．to continue to live or exist B．to grow toward full stature or physical or mental maturity C．to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc. D．to get away from an unpleasant or dangerous situation 5．According to the author, which of the following is correct? A．The food chain will always find a way to be balanced. B．The natural world experiences times of damage but it always can recover. C．Human activity, in all forms, tends to cause great destruction to the natural world. D．Despite the climate change caused by humans, plants and animals will go extinct naturally. Passage 1 （2024·天津·高考真题）Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. 1．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A．Some people are born physically weaker than others. B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically. C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise. D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure. 2．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing. 3．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition. C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point. 4．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species? A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future. B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences. C．Humans care more about immediate rewards. D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers. 5．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self? A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star. B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV. C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre. D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal. Passage 2 （2023·天津·高考真题）I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly? According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”. The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response. Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks. The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them. Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created. 1．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A beautiful painting or sculpture. B．The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C．An advanced brain imaging technology. D．The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 2．What effect does movement in art produce on the viewers? A．Certain part of their brain is activated. B．Their experience of pain is reduced. C．Their aesthetic sense is sharpened. D．Their body reactions are delayed. 3．The application of TMS to the brain described in Paragraph 5 leads to__________. A．raised memory capacity B．enhanced painting skills C．changed artistic taste D．improved decision-making ability 4．According to the author, what increases our enjoyment of a piece of art? A．Knowing how it is created. B．Having a pleasant personality. C．Learning how science develops. D．Understanding the meaning of life. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To propose an abstract theory of art making. B．To reveal the beauty of science in an artistic way. C．To share some personal understanding of artworks. D．To introduce a new research field for art appreciation. Passage 3 （2017·天津·高考真题）Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a new research has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people's personalities. While genetics still forms the central part of the human psyche (心理), the research finds that personality traits (特征) are "contagious" (传染的) among children. "Our finding flies in the face of common assumptions that personality can't be changed," said Dr. Jennifer Neal, co-author of the study. The researchers studied the personalities and social networks of two pre-school classes for a full school year. One of the classes was a set of three-year-olds, and the other a set of four-year-olds. Children whose friends were hard-working or outgoing gradually took on these personality traits over time. Psychology expert Dr. Emily Dublin said kids are having a far bigger effect on each other than people may realize. The new study is not the first to explore the contagious effects of personality traits. A 2015 psychology study found that rudeness at work can be contagious as it travels from person to person "like a disease". The study found that seeing a boss being rude to an employee was enough to cause people to be rude to those around them. The researchers questioned 6,000 people on the social "climate" in their workplaces, which included offices, hotels and restaurants. They found 75 percent of those who took part said they had been treated rudely at least once in the past year. And the study also suggests that merely seeing other people being subjected to rudeness made it more likely that a person would treat their colleagues in the same way. Rudeness could include leaving someone off an invite to a company event, sending unkind emails, finding fault with others or failing to give praise. Dr. Torkelson believes companies need to be more aware of the harm that rudeness in the workplace can do as it can damage the working environment. She said better training could help to fight against the problem. 1．What does the underlined part "flies in the face of" in Paragraph1mean? A．Leads to. B．Results from. C．Goes against. D．Agrees with. 2．According to Paragraph 2, who have the greatest impact on children's personality? A．Their parents. B．Their friends. C．The researchers. D．The psychologists. 3．Which of the following is considered rude at the workplace? A．Ignoring the faults of co-workers. B．Not sending emails to workmates. C．Seeking praise from colleagues and bosses. D．Not inviting a colleague to a company party. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．One's personality is hard to change. B．One's personality is shaped by genes. C．One's personality traits can spread to others. D．One's personality traits can change overnight. 5．This passage is most probably taken from ________. A．a science report B．a study guide C．a school textbook D．a technical journal Passage 4 （2021·天津·高考真题）About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it. I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months. The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special. “Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried. My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table! Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday. Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance. The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind. Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new. Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin. 1．What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1? A．Its tank grew dirty. B．Its old skin came off. C．It got a skin disease. D．It went missing. 2．Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday? A．The birthday cake was ruined. B．The author made good puddings. C．Pudding was his favorite dessert. D．They couldn't afford a birthday cake. 3．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage? A．To prove a theory. B．To define a concept. C．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background. 4．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as . A．letting go of the past B．looking for a new job C．getting rid of a bad habit D．giving up an opportunity 5．What does the author most likely want to tell us? A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships. B．It's not the end of the world if we break things. C．We should move on no matter what happens. D．Past experiences should be treasured. Passage 5 （2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life. History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us. History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives. 1．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________. A．the turning point in our history B．the present state of our nation C．the location of our homeland D．the total area of our country 2．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life? A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past. B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today. C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors. D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems. 3．What can be concluded from Para.4? A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers. B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures. C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore. D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness. 4．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________. A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature. B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets. C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period. D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．How to Build Cultural Identity B．Why Studying History Matters C．Know the Past, Know the Present D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons Passage 6 （2019·天津·高考真题）Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before? We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. Many of us equate(视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, or running a store—make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson. 1．The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ________. A．loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity B．age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal C．misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D．disability cannot stop a man’s pursuit of success 2．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．End one’s struggle for liberty. B．Waste one’s energy taking risks. C．Miss the opportunity to succeed. D．Lose the interest to continue learning. 3．What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？ A．Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B．Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C．Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D．Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 4．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？ A．A tough man can tolerate suffering. B．A wise man can live without self-pity. C．A man should try to satisfy people around him. D．A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage？ A．To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B．To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C．To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D．To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. Passage 7 （2020·天津·高考真题）Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries. Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric engine. Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $8-12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There's also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet. While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone's feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can't just be ignored. The transition （过渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing. It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years. 1．According to Para. l, what is happening in air transport? A．New explorations of the sky are being launched. B．Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled. C．Efforts are being made to make air travel greener. D．Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively. 2．Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights? A．It runs short route B．It has a strong partner. C．Its planes can land on the sea. D．It has planes with powerful engines. 3．The expression "added bonus" refers to the fact that electric planes___________. A．give passengers more pleasant views B．bring airlines more financial benefits C．offer more enjoyable flying experiences D．cost less in maintenance than traditional ones 4．What might be the biggest challenge of electric flying? A．To improve the ground service for e-planes. B．To find qualified technicians for e-plane industry. C．To calculate the energy needed to power e-planes. D．To balance power and weight of batteries in e-planes. 5．What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight? A．To produce new electric components. B．To increase battery consumption. C．To use mixed-power technology. D．To expand the landing field. 6．What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of electric flying? A．Short-sighted. B．Wait-and-see. C．Optimistic. D．Skeptical. 20 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第05讲 阅读理解之词义猜测题 目录 01 课标达标练 考向 词义猜测题 02 真题溯源练 考向 词义猜测题 Passage 1 （2025·天津·二模）Do you think cookies can tell stories? Jasmine Cho, 35, does. A baker, artist, entrepreneur and activist, Cho tries to spread knowledge about social justice issues and diversity through the delicious medium of cookies. It was in high school that she discovered her love of baking. At a sleepover a friend taught her how to make a dessert, “sort of demystifying baking and that whole process”. Later, Cho realized her second passion: learning more about her Asian, American culture. An elective in college that taught Asian-American immigrant experiences brought an emotional moment for her. “So many emotions came up that I just couldn’t articulate. It was like this mix of anger, relief, empowerment, sadness...” Cho said. Cho realized she could combine these two passions to educate others about influential Asian-American people and showcase matters that were important to her. With her online bakery, she designed cookie portraits about people she admired and posted the images on Instagram. “I don’t think I ever really knew how to communicate these stories until I found cookies,” Cho said. “Cookies are just so disarming. Who doesn’t like cookies?” One cookie that Cho has identified with deeply is one she made of George Helm, a Hawaiian activist in the 1970s. “It’s insane the amount of injustice that the native Hawaiian population has faced as well through the whole annexation (吞并) of the kingdom. There were so many horrific stories that I heard about nuclear testing and the fallout (核爆炸后的沉降物) impacting native Hawaiian populations in all of this,” Cho said, “George Helm was one of those activists who really represented the spirituality of the native Hawaiians and the connection to their land, to nature.” Among her amazing cookie art are other political figures such as Larry Itliong, a Filipino-American labor organizer, and pop culture figures such as Keanu Reeves, a Canadian actor. Cho hopes her cookie art continues to inspire people to be creative and think positively. “Instead of trying to think of something new and original, just look inward and see, maybe there’s already a passion or a love that you have,” Cho said. “Use that for something that will serve the world in a better way.” 1．What inspired Cho to take an interest in Asian-American culture? A．One of her sleepover experiences. B．One elective she took at college. C．The process of learning baking from her friend. D．A book she read about Asian-American immigrant experiences. 2．The underlined word “articulate” in Paragraph 4 probably mean _________. A．get rid of B．put up with C．express in words D．stay focused 3．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning George Helm in the passage? A．To inform the reader of Helm’s contributions to Hawaii. B．To show what knowledge Cho focuses on with her cookies. C．To introduce the spirituality of native Hawaiians. D．To explain why Cho is interested in political activists. 4．What approach does Cho recommend to make a difference? A．Making use of your passion. B．Turning to political figures for help C．Trying to do something creative and special. D．Asking people around to work along with you. 5．What can best summarize the message contained in the passage? A．Think outside the box to break new ground. B．Spread something original to one’s heart content. C．Hold your horses for a better self. D．Throw yourself into your inner world for a better one. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了35 岁的 Jasmine Cho是面包师、艺术家、企业家和活动家，她通过饼干这一美味媒介传播社会正义和多元文化知识。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段中“An elective in college that taught Asian-American immigrant experiences brought an emotional moment for her.( 大学里一门教授亚裔美国移民经历的选修课给她带来了一个激动人心的时刻)”可知，Cho 对亚裔美国文化的兴趣源于大学的一门选修课。故选B项。 2．词义猜测题。根据第四段中““So many emotions came up that I just couldn’t... It was like this mix of anger, relief, empowerment, sadness...” Cho said.( 太多的情绪涌上心头，我无法……。这是一种愤怒、解脱、赋权、悲伤的混合体……” Cho说)”结合语境可知，Cho在学习亚裔移民经历时产生了复杂情绪，却无法“用语言表达”（articulate）。选项 C“express in words(用语言表达)”符合文意。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“With her online bakery, she designed cookie portraits about people she admired and posted the images on Instagram. “I don’t think I ever really knew how to communicate these stories until I found cookies,” Cho said. “Cookies are just so disarming. Who doesn’t like cookies?” One cookie that Cho has identified with deeply is one she made of George Helm, a Hawaiian activist in the 1970s.( 在她的网上面包店，她设计了她崇拜的人的饼干肖像，并将这些照片发布在Instagram上。“在我发现饼干之前，我一直不知道如何传达这些故事，”Cho说。“饼干真的很让人放松。谁不喜欢饼干？”有一种饼干让Cho产生了深刻的共鸣，那就是她在20世纪70年代为夏威夷活动家乔治·赫尔姆（George Helm）制作的饼干)”可推知，作者在文中提到乔治·赫尔姆的目的是用她的饼干来展示Cho专注于什么知识。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““Instead of trying to think of something new and original, just look inward and see, maybe there’s already a passion or a love that you have,” Cho said.( “不要试图去想一些新的和原创的东西，只要向内看，看看，也许你已经有了一种激情或爱，”Cho说)”可推知，Cho建议利用自身热情（passion）带来改变。故选A项。 5．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段““Instead of trying to think of something new and original, just look inward and see, maybe there’s already a passion or a love that you have,” Cho said. “Use that for something that will serve the world in a better way.”(“不要试图去想一些新的和原创的东西，只要向内看，看看，也许你已经有了一种激情或爱，”Cho说。“用它来做一些能更好地为世界服务的事情。”)”可知，全文围绕Cho将内心热爱（烘焙与文化）结合，通过饼干艺术影响世界展开。D 选项“Throw yourself into your inner world for a better one”（投身内心热爱，创造更好世界）概括了“从内心热情出发，服务世界”的主旨。故选D项。 Passage 2 （2025·天津武清·模拟预测）The TV room at the south end of our house is like a black hole: It’s the place where things often end up if there’s no other place to put them, or if I can’t decide whether to throw them away. As such, it’s a land of perfectly serviceable cardboard boxes, old magazines saved for the recipes I will never try, shoes that are just about but not quite worn out, a wood stove I rarely light and other odds and ends. Just the other night, I heard a scratching sound coming from the TV room. I went out to have a look, but of course there was no sound when I got there. Yet after I had gone to bed, it was loud enough to wake me. The next morning at breakfast the scratching continued even as I entered the room, long enough for me to identify the source, which was the stovepipe leading from the wood stove. Ever so carefully, I approached and opened the stove’s front doors. There it was — a surprised, little squirrel, looking straight up at me. I immediately shut the stove doors and considered what to do. I didn’t want to kill it, so I decided I would give it an easy escape route. I closed the door to the kitchen and opened the outside door. It was a windy, freezing day, and the cold air immediately rushed in. I threw the stove doors open, stepped back and waited — but not for long. The squirrel jumped out of the stove, but it was upset and didn’t head outside. Instead, it tore through my magazines in piles, ran up the curtains, and then broke my collection of soda bottles, sending several crashing to the floor. The animal was in a complete panic, and all I could do was stand back and hope it would leave. It finally dawned on me that I was probably the thing scaring it into a panic. So, I quickly left the room. When I returned it had gone. Job done. All in all, two jobs were done that day. Not only did I evacuate a squirrel, but the animal did me a big favor: it made the TV room into more of a mess than it was before, to the point where I could stand it no longer. I made a great effort in making the room tidy. Finally, I had the clean, inviting space I had planned to have all along. 1．What does the author mean by describing the TV room as “a black hole”? A．The author cannot find anything in the TV room except a hole. B．The TV room contains various things that the author rarely uses. C．The TV room is too dark to see things as clear as possible. D．There is no space to put anything in the TV room. 2．What did the author do when he/she first saw the squirrel? A．The author attempted to catch it immediately. B．The author ignored the squirrel and left. C．The author closed the stove’s front doors. D．The author caught it without any hesitation. 3．What does the word “panic” mean in Para.5? A．A state of excitement and joy B．A state of standing still without moving C．A feeling of fear and anxiety D．A feeling of being embarrassed 4．According to the last paragraph, what is the author’s attitude towards the squirrel? A．The author was annoyed with the squirrel. B．The author was upset about the squirrel’s leaving. C．The author doesn’t like the squirrel. D．The author felt grateful to the squirrel. 5．What might the best title of the passage? A．A Squirrel’s Chaos Leads to an Unexpected Cleanup. B．A Squirrel’s Escape from a Wood Stove. C．Saving a Squirrel: A Lesson in Kindness. D．Trapped in the Stove: A Rescue Mission in Winter. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．A 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自家电视房因堆放杂物而混乱不堪。一天，一只松鼠被困在房内的木炉里。作者打开门窗试图让松鼠逃走，但松鼠惊慌失措，制造了更大混乱。最终松鼠离开，作者趁机清理了房间。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The TV room at the south end of our house is like a black hole: It’s the place where things often end up if there’s no other place to put them, or if I can’t decide whether to throw them away. As such, it’s a land of perfectly serviceable cardboard boxes, old magazines saved for the recipes I will never try, shoes that are just about but not quite worn out, a wood stove I rarely light and other odds and ends.(我们家南端的电视房就像一个黑洞：如果找不到其他地方放东西，或者我拿不定主意要不要扔掉，东西最终都会堆到那里。因此，这里成了完好无损的纸板箱、为我永远不会尝试的食谱而保存的旧杂志、快要穿坏但还没完全穿坏的鞋子、我很少生火的木炉以及其他各种零碎物品的天下)”可知，作者说自家电视房就像一个黑洞，指她一旦有用不着又舍不得扔的东西都放那里，导致那里放着各种各样的很少用到的杂物。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“I immediately shut the stove doors and considered what to do.(我立刻关上了炉子的门，考虑接下来该怎么办)”可知，作者发现炉子里有一只松鼠的第一反应就是把炉子前门关住。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第五段“The squirrel jumped out of the stove, but it was upset and didn’t head outside. Instead, it tore through my magazines in piles, ran up the curtains, and then broke my collection of soda bottles, sending several crashing to the floor.(松鼠从炉子里跳了出来，但它很不安，并没有朝外面去。相反，它在一堆堆杂志里撕扯着，爬上窗帘，然后打碎了我的汽水瓶收藏，好几个瓶子摔到地上碎了)”可知，小松鼠的表现说明它很恐惧慌乱，由此推测panic的意思是“恐慌”。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“All in all, two jobs were done that day. Not only did I evacuate a squirrel, but the animal did me a big favor: it made the TV room into more of a mess than it was before, to the point where I could stand it no longer. I made a great effort in making the room tidy. Finally, I had the clean, inviting space I had planned to have all along.(总的来说，那天完成了两项工作。我不仅把松鼠赶走了，而且这个动物还帮我做了一件大事：它把电视房弄得比以前更乱了，乱到我再也无法忍受。我费了好大一番功夫才把房间整理干净。最后，我得到了我一直计划要的那个干净、吸引人的空间)”推测，最后作者对小松鼠的出现是感激的，此事促使她把电视房清理干净了，做了她一直想做去没做的事情。故选D项。 5．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“All in all, two jobs were done that day. Not only did I evacuate a squirrel, but the animal did me a big favor: it made the TV room into more of a mess than it was before, to the point where I could stand it no longer. I made a great effort in making the room tidy. Finally, I had the clean, inviting space I had planned to have all along.(总的来说，那天完成了两项工作。我不仅把松鼠赶走了，而且这个动物还帮我做了一件大事：它把电视房弄得比以前更乱了，乱到我再也无法忍受。我费了好大一番功夫才把房间整理干净。最后，我得到了我一直计划要的那个干净、吸引人的空间)”可知，本文主要讲述了一只小松鼠的意外出现把作者家原本就乱糟糟装满杂物的电视房弄得更糟，促使她对电视房做了大清理，得到了一个干净整洁的屋子，做了她一直想做去没做的事情。所以短文的最佳标题为“A Squirrel’s Chaos Leads to an Unexpected Cleanup.翻译 一只松鼠引发混乱，带来意外的大扫除”。故选A项。 Passage 3 （2025·天津·三模）“Keep your eyes on the road ahead,” my driving instructor said. “You go in the direction you look.”I remembered the remark several years later, when my mom and I reached a crossroads in our writing careers. We’d been writing separately, not making much progress toward our goal of getting published. One day, Mom suggested we write a romance novel together. She thought it would be fun and less tiring if we took turns, since there’d always be something to build from. The idea was appealing and we decided to give it a try. Working together made the process much easier and a lot more fun. We both looked forward to getting to the computer to see what twists(转折)and turns had taken place while we were gone. We both also wanted to make sure the work we left during our respective time was as interesting as we could make it. We finished the first book and began sending it to publishers. Though we got some good comments, rejections piled up(堆积)：Where’s the romance? Sorry, not for us. From experience, we knew the best way to keep from brooding over disappointment: Start a second book. Once finished, we bravely sent off our second effort—and did no better. Then the third…After yet another rejection, Mom grew disheartened, wondering if we should give up. Suddenly my driving instructor’s words came back to me. I said, “Maybe we ought to look where we’re going.” I continued, “It’s like driving. We’ve taken our eyes off the reason we started writing together. We want to be published, sure, but the main reason was to have fun doing what we both enjoy.” “You’re right.” Mom let out a long breath. “I haven’t been having fun for quite a while. Maybe we should write something we truly love. You know, we only started writing romances because they’re popular. There’s no real heart in our stories. ” The SkyHorse, our young adult novel, was published last year. 1．How did the author feel about writing with her mother? A．Wonderful. B．Nervous. C．Amused. D．Embarrassed. 2．What does the underlined part “brooding over” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Preparing fully for. B．Learning quickly from. C．Worrying deeply about. D．Complaining openly about. 3．What role did the driving instructor’s words play in the author and her mother’s writing career? A．They gave them inspiration of their next book. B．They stopped them from writing a book together. C．They reminded them of their original intention of writing. D．They encouraged them not to give up writing despite criticism. 4．What led to the author and her mother successfully publishing The SkyHorse? A．Writing for young adults. B．Choosing a popular theme. C．Improving their editing process. D．Focusing on their genuine interests. 5．What can be the best title for the text? A．A journey to romance B．Benefits of potential cowriting C．Going where you look D．Spreading joy through writing 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者和母亲在写作生涯中遇到的困境以及他们如何通过合作和调整方向来克服这些困难，最终成功出版小说的经历，传达了坚持初心、享受过程的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Working together made the process much easier and a lot more fun. We both looked forward to getting to the computer to see what twists(转折)and turns had taken place while we were gone.(合作让写作过程轻松了许多，也有趣得多。我们都盼着坐到电脑前，看看自己不在时故事发生了什么曲折变化。)”可知，作者认为与母亲合作写作的过程轻松且有趣，并期待继续创作。故选A。 2．词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在语境“From experience, we knew the best way to keep from brooding over disappointment: Start a second book.(根据经验，我们知道避免因失望而……的最好办法是：开始写下一本书。)”可推测，面对拒绝时人们容易陷入过度担忧或沮丧。因此，“brooding over”意为“沉思、担忧”。选项C“Worrying deeply about(深深担忧)”与此相符。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Suddenly my driving instructor’s words came back to me. I said, “Maybe we ought to look where we’re going.” I continued, “It’s like driving. We’ve taken our eyes off the reason we started writing together. We want to be published, sure, but the main reason was to have fun doing what we both enjoy.”(突然，教练的话在我耳边响起。我说：“也许我们该看看自己要驶向哪里。”我接着说：“这就像开车。我们忘了一起写作的初衷。我们当然想出版，但主要原因是想在共同热爱的事情中找到乐趣。”)”可知，驾驶教练的话让作者和母亲意识到她们偏离了写作的初衷——享受共同创作的乐趣，而非单纯追求出版。这一反思促使她们调整方向，最终写出真正热爱的作品。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据文章第五段““You’re right.” Mom let out a long breath. “I haven’t been having fun for quite a while. Maybe we should write something we truly love. You know, we only started writing romances because they’re popular. There’s no real heart in our stories. ”(“你说得对。”妈妈长舒一口气，“我已经很久没感受到乐趣了。也许我们该写真正热爱的东西。你知道吗，我们当初写爱情小说只是因为它们流行，但我们的故事里没有真正的灵魂。”)”以及最后一段“The SkyHorse, our young adult novel, was published last year.(去年，我们的青少年小说《天马》出版了。)”可知，她们成功的关键在于放弃迎合流行的爱情小说题材，转而创作真正热爱的内容。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，全文以驾驶教练的话“你看向哪里，就会驶向哪里”为核心隐喻，讲述作者和母亲在写作中因偏离初衷而受挫，最终通过回望初心（聚焦热爱）获得成功的故事。选项C“Going where you look(看向哪里，驶向哪里)”直接引用教练的话，呼应全文“目标与方向”的主题，隐喻坚持初衷的重要性，最贴切。故选C。 Passage 4 （2025·天津河西·二模）Suzanne Heywood was just seven years old when her parents told her she, along with her younger brother Jonathan, would be pulled out of school to go on a three-year voyage around the world. The family of four from the UK set out on their exploration to recreate Captain Cook’s voyage around the globe, which ended up taking a decade instead of the promised three years. Now 55 years old, Suzanne has shared her tale of survival on TikTok, and recalled her 10 years at sea in her tell-all memoir Wave Walker. “I spent that time trapped on a boat, unable to go to school or have normal friendships.” Despite her father assuring her the trip would be safe, Suzanne claimed it was “incredibly dangerous but great as well”, sharing details of a risky journey from South Africa to Australia where the boat hit an enormous storm. In order to get through her very strange childhood, Suzanne recalled how she was determined to get an education to live a normal life. “As it became clear my parents had no intention of going back, I decided I had to educate myself as it was the only lifeline that I had,” she told the hosts of The Morning Show. She began studying in the small cabin of the boat, which she found challenging both practically and academically, as she “had missed a lot of education”. Then, when she was 16, and her brother 15, her parents enrolled the two teenagers into a school in New Zealand while they continued sailing. Despite the gaps in her education, Suzanne landed a spot at Oxford University, and after saving up money she had earned working on a farm, Suzanne bought a one-way plane ticket back to the UK Since going public with her story, Suzanne’s book instantly became a bestseller, and she continues to work through the trauma (创伤) caused by her “unstable” childhood. Suzanne’s extraordinary tale has captured the hearts of millions, with thousands of online fans applauding her for her bravery. 1．Why did Suzanne’s family set out their voyage? A．To meet the challenges of their life. B．To realize the dream of family traveling. C．To admire the beauty of great oceans. D．To follow in the footsteps of a great explorer. 2．What does the underlined word “memoir” mean in English? A．Personal experiences. B．Scientific research. C．Extraordinary tales. D．Offshore exploration. 3．What did education mean to Suzanne during the voyage? A．An approach to pleasing her parents. B．A tool for killing time on the vast sea. C．A means of struggling for a better future. D．A support of her admission into Oxford University. 4．What message does Suzanne’s experience convey? A．A strong will can free a person from family support. B．A lack of education can affect a person’s intelligence. C．A unique life can equip a person with special qualities. D．A crazy upbringing always leads to greater achievements. 5．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the text? A．To analyze the impact of family decisions and give warnings. B．To record Suzanne’s remarkable life journey and inspire others. C．To evaluate Suzanne’s educational achievements and praise her. D．To promote Suzanne’s memoir Wave Walker and excite readers. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Suzanne七岁时随家人进行本以为三年实际长达十年的环球航行，在航行中她努力自我教育，后来进入牛津大学，她将自己的经历写成回忆录并分享出来，其非凡故事吸引了很多人的关注。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The family of four from the UK set out on their exploration to recreate Captain Cook’s voyage around the globe, which ended up taking a decade instead of the promised three years. (来自英国的一家四口踏上了他们的探索之旅，想要重现库克船长的环球航行，结果这次航行最终花了十年时间，而不是当初承诺的三年)” 可知，Suzanne一家开始航行是为了重现库克船长的环球航行，也就是追随这位伟大探险家的脚步。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Now 55 years old, Suzanne has shared her tale of survival on TikTok, and recalled her 10 years at sea in her tell-all memoir Wave Walker. “I spent that time trapped on a boat, unable to go to school or have normal friendships.(现在55岁的Suzanne在TikTok上分享了她的生存故事，并在她的详尽讲述的memoir《Wave Walker》中回忆了她在海上的10年时光。“我那段时间被困在船上，无法上学，也无法拥有正常的友谊。”)” 可知，《Wave Walker》回忆了她在海上的10年时光，所以“memoir”指的是她个人的经历。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“As it became clear my parents had no intention of going back, I decided I had to educate myself as it was the only lifeline that I had (当很明显我的父母没有回去的打算时，我决定我必须自学，因为这是我唯一的生命线)” 以及她想要过上正常生活的想法可推知，教育对Suzanne来说是为更好未来而奋斗的一种手段。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Suzanne’s extraordinary tale has captured the hearts of millions, with thousands of online fans applauding her for her bravery.(Suzanne非凡的故事俘获了数百万人的心，成千上万的网友称赞她的勇敢)”以及前文提到她在独特的海上生活经历中努力自学并取得成就可推知，独特的生活经历可以赋予一个人特殊的品质，使她能够克服困难并取得成就。故选C。 5．推理判断题。文章主要讲述了Suzanne从七岁开始随家人航海，在航行中自学，进入牛津大学，分享自己的故事并获得成功等经历。作者写这篇文章的目的是记录她非凡的人生旅程并激励他人。故选B。 Passage 5 （2025·天津南开·一模）Larry was a truck driver, but his lifelong dream was to fly. When he graduated from high school, he joined the Air Force in hopes of becoming a pilot. Unfortunately, poor eyesight disqualified him. So, when he finally left the service, he had to satisfy himself with watching others fly the fighter jets that criss-crossed (纵横交错) the skies over his backyard. As he sat there in his lawn chair, he dreamed about the magic of flying. Then one day, Larry Walters got an idea. He went down to the local store and bought a tank of helium (氦气) and forty-five weather balloons. Back in his yard, Larry used straps to attach the balloons to his lawn chair, the kind you might have in your own back yard. He anchored the chair to the bumper of his jeep and inflated (充气) the balloons with helium. Then he packed some sandwiches and drinks and loaded a BB gun, figuring he could pop a few of those balloons when it was time to return to earth. His preparations complete, Larry Walters sat in his chair and cut the anchoring cord. His plan was to lazily float up a ways, and then lazily back down to ground. But, things didn’t quite work out that way. When Larry cut the cord, he didn’t float lazily up-he shot up as if fired from a cannon! Nor did he go up a couple hundred feet. He climbed and climbed, until he finally leveled off at eleven THOUSAND feet! At that height, he could hardly risk deflating any of the balloons, lest he unbalance the load and really experience flying! So, he stayed up there, sailing around for fourteen hours, totally at a loss as to how to get down. Eventually, Larry drifted into the approach corridor for Los Angeles International Airport. A Pan Am (泛美航空公司) pilot radioed the tower about passing a guy in a lawn chair at eleven thousand feet... with a gun in his lap! At that point, the Navy sent a helicopter to rescue him. But, the rescue team had a hard time getting to him, because the draft from their propeller (螺旋桨) kept pushing his home-made machine farther and farther away. Eventually they were able to hover over him and drop a rescue line with which they gradually pulled him back to earth. As soon as Larry hit the ground, he was arrested. But as he was being led away in handcuffs (手铐), a television reporter called out to ask, “Mr. Walters, why did you do it?” Larry stopped, eyed the man for a moment and replied casually, “A man can’t just sit around.” 1．What caused Larry to be kept away from his dream? A．Strict Air Force rules. B．His identity as a truck driver. C．His lawn chair. D．His poor eyesight. 2．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．Larry’s successful attempt to fly a fighter jet using helium balloons. B．Larry’s successful flying with helium balloons and a lawn chair. C．Larry’s invention of a new type of weather balloon for scientific research. D．Larry’s preparations and plan to float using helium balloons. 3．How did the Pan Am pilot feel when he saw Larry? A．Regretful. B．Surprised. C．Grateful. D．Thrilled. 4．Why didn’t he deflate any of the balloons? A．Because he wanted to stay in the air longer to enjoy the view. B．Because he was worried about unbalancing the load and causing an accident. C．Because he forgot to fire his BB gun. D．Because he was afraid the balloons would explode at high altitude. 5．By saying “A man can’t just sit around” in the last paragraph, the author means ______. A．Larry wanted to avoid physical activity and preferred sitting in his lawn chair B．Larry believed in taking action and pursuing his dreams rather than doing nothing C．Larry was tired of flying and decided to give up on his dream D．Larry was criticizing others for not sitting around like him 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．B 5．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Larry Walters试图用氦气球和草坪椅实现飞行梦想的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“When he graduated from high school, he joined the Air Force in hopes of becoming a pilot. Unfortunately, poor eyesight disqualified him.(当他高中毕业时，他加入了空军，希望能成为一名飞行员。不幸的是，糟糕的视力使他失去了资格)”可知，Larry无法成为飞行员的原因是糟糕的视力。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Then one day, Larry Walters got an idea.(然后有一天，Larry Walters有了一个想法)”和“His preparations complete, Larry Walters sat in his chair and cut the anchoring cord. His plan was to lazily float up a ways, and then lazily back down to ground.(准备工作完成后，拉里·沃尔特斯坐在椅子上，割断了锚索。他的计划是懒洋洋地浮上一段路，然后懒洋洋地回到地面)”可知，本段主要讲述了Larry为了实现用氦气球漂浮的计划而做的准备。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“A Pan Am (泛美航空公司) pilot radioed the tower about passing a guy in a lawn chair at eleven thousand feet…with a gun in his lap.(一名泛美航空公司的飞行员用无线电通知塔台，说在11000英尺的高空看到一个人坐在草坪椅上……腿上还放着一把枪)”可知，泛美航空的飞行员看到Larry时，一定是非常惊讶的。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段“At that height, he could hardly risk deflating any of the balloons, lest he unbalance the load and really experience flying.(在那个高度，他几乎不敢冒放气任何一个气球的风险，以免失去平衡，真正体验到飞行的感觉)”可知，Larry没有放掉任何一个气球是因为他担心会失去平衡并导致事故。故选B。 5．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“As soon as Larry hit the ground, he was arrested.(Larry一落地就被逮捕了)”可知，虽然Larry的行动导致了他被逮捕，但他仍然坚持自己的信念，即要采取行动并追求梦想，而不是无所事事。由此可知，“A man can’t just sit around”这句话的意思是“一个人不能只是闲着”，它表达了Larry相信要采取行动并追求梦想的观点。故选B。 Passage 6 （2025·天津·模拟预测）In the scientific history, few rivalries have captured the imagination like the one between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. These two inventors, each with their unique approaches and visions, engaged in a fierce competition that forever transformed the world of electricity and innovation. The paths of Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison first crossed in the late 1800s when Tesla arrived in the United States with his boundless enthusiasm and inventive spirit. Tesla, a young Serbian engineer, sought opportunities to work on his ambitious ideas. Edison, already an established inventor and entrepreneur, recognised Tesla’s talent and employed him at his company, the Edison Machine Works. It was during Tesla’s time working for Edison that the seeds of rivalry were sown. Edison advocated direct current (DC) as the dominant approach to electrical distribution, while Tesla saw the potential of alternating current (AC) systems, which offered greater efficiency over longer distances. The turning point in their rivalry occurred with the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893. Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse, successfully showcased the superiority of AC by lighting the fairgrounds with his AC-powered system. This success crushed Edison’s claims of DC’s superiority, leading to the widespread adoption of AC as the standard for electrical power transmission. However, due to Edison’s influence, AC power was initially dismissed as dangerous and unreliable. In order to demonstrate its safety, Tesla held a public demonstration where he famously lit up a string of lights using his AC motor powered by Niagara Falls, proving once and for all that AC power was safe for use in homes and businesses around the world. While both sides fought fiercely for control of electricity distribution networks across America, it was ultimately Tesla’s AC system that won out due to its greater efficiency over long distances compared with DC systems which quickly lost voltage (电压) as distance increased from their source point. Eventually even Edison himself came around and accepted defeat when he finally admitted that “Tesla has solved an extremely difficult problem”. Despite their differences, the two men had an unwilling respect for each other. Edison was known to refer to Tesla as “one of the greatest electrical geniuses the world has ever seen” while Tesla praised Edison’s contributions to the field of electricity. Though their rivalry defined the development of electricity in the late 19th century, its impact still resonates (回响) today. 1．In which aspect did Tesla’s and Edison’s views on electrical systems differ? A．The source of electrical power. B．The invention of electrical devices. C．The efficiency of power generation. D．The method of electrical transmission. 2．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Defended. B．Recognised. C．Defeated. D．Demonstrated. 3．How did Tesla prove the reliability of AC power? A．By displaying AC-powered lighting in a community. B．By conducting a public experiment at Niagara Falls. C．By getting support from George Westinghouse. D．By highlighting the limitations of DC power. 4．Why did Tesla’s AC system finally achieve success? A．It provided higher voltage outputs. B．It was easier to operate and maintain. C．It had superior long-range performance. D．It received more financial backing. 5．What message does the author want to convey in the text? A．Every cloud has a silver lining. B．Real knowledge comes from practice. C．A rising tide lifts all boats. D．Rivalry fuels progress. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 5．D 【导语】本文是记叙文。通过讲述尼古拉·特斯拉（Nikola Tesla）和托马斯·爱迪生（Thomas Edison）之间的竞争故事，详细说明了这两位发明家在电力和创新领域所产生的影响以及他们各自的技术观点。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“It was during Tesla’s time working for Edison that the seeds of rivalry were sown. Edison advocated direct current (DC) as the dominant approach to electrical distribution, while Tesla saw the potential of alternating current (AC) systems, which offered greater efficiency over longer distances.(正是在特斯拉为爱迪生工作的那段时间里，竞争的种子播下了。爱迪生主张将直流电（DC）作为主要的配电方式，而特斯拉则看到了交流电（AC）系统的潜力，交流电可以在更远的距离上提供更高的效率)”可知，特斯拉和爱迪生在电传输的方法有所不同。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse, successfully showcased the superiority of AC by lighting the fairgrounds with his AC-powered system.(特斯拉在乔治·威斯汀豪斯的支持下，成功地通过其交流电供电系统点亮了博览会的场地，从而展示了交流电的优越性)”以及后文“Edison’s claims of DC’s superiority(爱迪生关于直流电优越性的主张)”可知，特斯拉展示了交流电的优越性，这一成功击败了爱迪生关于直流电优越性的主张，可知，故划线词意思是“击败”。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“However, due to Edison’s influence, AC power was initially dismissed as dangerous and unreliable. In order to demonstrate its safety, Tesla held a public demonstration where he famously lit up a string of lights using his AC motor powered by Niagara Falls, proving once and for all that AC power was safe for use in homes and businesses around the world.(然而，由于爱迪生的影响，交流电最初被认为是危险和不可靠的。为了证明它的安全性，特斯拉举行了一次公开演示，他用尼亚加拉大瀑布供电的交流电机点亮了一串灯，从而彻底证明了交流电在世界各地的家庭和企业中使用是安全的)”可知，特斯拉通过在尼亚加拉大瀑布进行公开实验来证明交流电的可靠性。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“While both sides fought fiercely for control of electricity distribution networks across America, it was ultimately Tesla’s AC system that won out due to its greater efficiency over long distances compared with DC systems which quickly lost voltage (电压) as distance increased from their source point. Eventually even Edison himself came around and accepted defeat when he finally admitted that “Tesla has solved an extremely difficult problem”.(虽然双方都在为控制美国各地的配电网络而激烈竞争，但最终特斯拉的交流系统胜出，因为与直流系统相比，它在长距离上的效率更高，而直流系统随着距离源点的增加而迅速失去电压。最后，连爱迪生自己也接受了失败，他终于承认“特斯拉解决了一个极其困难的问题”)”可知，因为交流系统具有优越的远程性能，所以最终取得了成功。故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“In the scientific history, few rivalries have captured the imagination like the one between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. These two inventors, each with their unique approaches and visions, engaged in a fierce competition that forever transformed the world of electricity and innovation.(在科学史上，很少有竞争能像尼古拉·特斯拉和托马斯·爱迪生之间的竞争那样引人入胜。这两位发明家，各有其独特的方法和愿景，从事激烈的竞争，永远改变了世界的电力和创新)”以及最后一段“Despite their differences, the two men had an unwilling respect for each other. Edison was known to refer to Tesla as “one of the greatest electrical geniuses the world has ever seen” while Tesla praised Edison’s contributions to the field of electricity. Though their rivalry defined the development of electricity in the late 19th century, its impact still resonates (回响) today.(尽管他们有分歧，这两个人还是不情愿地互相尊重。爱迪生称特斯拉是“世界上最伟大的电气天才之一”，而特斯拉则称赞爱迪生对电学领域的贡献。尽管他们的竞争决定了19世纪后期电力的发展，但其影响至今仍在产生共鸣)”可知，文章主要讲述了尼古拉·特斯拉和托马斯·爱迪生之间的竞争改变世界的电力和创新，所以作者想在文章中传达竞争推动进步的观点。故选D。 Passage 7 （2025·天津滨海新·模拟预测）Making decisions under uncertainty is a problem we all face. Imagine you are looking for a parking spot at a crowded event. You find one far from your destination. Do you decide to take it, or invest more time into hunting for a better spot which may or may not exist? You might resolve this decision by “budgeting”: limiting the resources (time) you will spend looking for a better option. This strategy allows us to cut our losses when things don’t turn out as we hoped. In our research, we show how weaver ants — much like humans — budget their investment into a task with an uncertain payoff. Weaver ants link their bodies together to form bridge-like structures called “hanging chains”, which they use for crossing gaps they encounter. Building a chain comes at a cost to the colony (蚁群). Ants in the chain can’t participate in important colony tasks such as defending the nest and searching for food. The cost of the chain is proportional (成比例) to its length: longer chains are more costly, as they keep more ants occupied. Chains provide a major benefit too: they allow ants to explore areas that would otherwise be inaccessible, which may offer food sources to the colony. Whether an area contains a profitable resource, however, is unknown to the ants. This means the colony must invest capital (a number of ants) into forming a chain which may or may not pay off. We expected ants would stop forming a chain when the gap to be bridged became too tall, as the cost would become too great. We initially challenged ants to bridge vertical gaps of 25mm, 35mm and 50mm in height. Ants could comfortably form chains within this range, which allowed us to precisely determine the rules they use to build chains. We found ants decide how long to stay in a chain by visually assessing their distance from the ground below. The closer to the ground, the longer an ant remains in the chain. Can this predict a distance beyond which ants stop forming chains? We answered this question using a mathematical model, which predicted ants should stop forming chains when the gap is taller than 89mm.We challenged ants to form chains over gaps of 110mm, well beyond the distance predicted by our model. As expected, the ants never formed chains over these gaps. Similar to when we set ourselves a time limit for finding parking, ants set a distance limit by budgeting before giving up. 1．What does the underlined word “investment” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．The food found by ants. B．The chain built by ants. C．The time ants spend on a chain. D．The number of ants needed to build a chain. 2．What does the author say about ants’ chain-building? A．It involves risk. B．It’s unique. C．It’s a mistake. D．It’s incredible. 3．Why were gaps of 110mm set for ants? A．To clarify a misconception. B．To make a comparison. C．To confirm a prediction. D．To challenge an argument. 4．In what way are ants similar to humans? A．In building something necessary. B．In achieving success by budgeting. C．In setting a time limit for a task. D．In making decisions under uncertainty. 5．Which of the following is the passage probably taken from? A．A book review. B．A technical instruction book. C．A science magazine. D．A travel book. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了织叶蚁在不确定性下通过“预算”策略做决策的研究，揭示了其与人类决策行为的相似性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Weaver ants link their bodies together to form bridge-like structures called “hanging chains”, which they use for crossing gaps they encounter. Building a chain comes at a cost to the colony (蚁群). Ants in the chain can’t participate in important colony tasks such as defending the nest and searching for food. The cost of the chain is proportional (成比例) to its length: longer chains are more costly, as they keep more ants occupied. (织叶蚁将它们的身体连接在一起，形成被称为“悬挂链”的桥状结构，用于跨越它们遇到的间隙。建造一条链对蚁群来说是有代价的。链中的蚂蚁不能参与蚁群的重要任务，如保卫蚁巢和寻找食物。链的成本与其长度成正比：链越长，成本越高，因为它们占用了更多的蚂蚁。)”可知，织叶蚁建造链桥需要付出代价，且链的长度与成本成正比，即需要更多的蚂蚁参与。因此，这里的“investment”指的是建造链桥所需的蚂蚁数量，也就是蚁群为完成任务所投入的资源。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Chains provide a major benefit too: they allow ants to explore areas that would otherwise be inaccessible, which may offer food sources to the colony. Whether an area contains a profitable resource, however, is unknown to the ants. This means the colony must invest capital (a number of ants) into forming a chain which may or may not pay off. (链桥也提供了一个主要的好处：它们允许蚂蚁探索否则无法到达的区域，这些区域可能为蚁群提供食物来源。然而，蚂蚁并不知道一个区域是否包含有价值的资源。这意味着蚁群必须投入资源（一定数量的蚂蚁）来形成链桥，这可能会带来回报，也可能不会。)”可知，织叶蚁建造链桥的行为存在风险，因为它们无法确定所探索的区域是否包含有价值的资源。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“We answered this question using a mathematical model, which predicted ants should stop forming chains when the gap is taller than 89mm.We challenged ants to form chains over gaps of 110mm, well beyond the distance predicted by our model. As expected, the ants never formed chains over these gaps. (我们使用一个数学模型来回答这个问题，该模型预测当间隙高于89mm时，蚂蚁应该停止形成链桥。我们挑战蚂蚁在110mm的间隙上形成链桥，这远远超出了我们模型预测的距离。不出所料，蚂蚁从未在这些间隙上形成链桥。)”可知，设置110mm的间隙是为了验证数学模型的预测是否正确，即蚂蚁是否会在间隙高于89mm时停止形成链桥。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In our research, we show how weaver ants — much like humans — budget their investment into a task with an uncertain payoff. (在我们的研究中，我们展示了织叶蚁 —— 与人类非常相似 —— 如何在一项回报不确定的任务中预算它们的投入。)”以及最后一段“Similar to when we set ourselves a time limit for finding parking, ants set a distance limit by budgeting before giving up. (就像我们为自己设定寻找停车位的时间限制一样，蚂蚁在放弃之前也会通过预算来设定距离限制。)”可知，织叶蚁和人类在面对不确定性时都会做出决策，并设定一定的限制来避免过度投入。故选D项。 5．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段第一句“Making decisions under uncertainty is a problem we all face.(在不确定的情况下做出决定是我们都会面临的问题。)”可知，文章主要探讨了织叶蚁在不确定回报的情况下如何决定建造链桥的长度，以及这种行为与人类在面对不确定性时做出决策的相似性。这属于科学研究的范畴，因此文章可能来自一本科学杂志。故选C项。 Passage 8 （2025·天津宝坻·二模）In modern society, people often measure life value through material achievements: high salaries, prestigious job titles, or luxurious possessions. However, ancient philosophers like Socrates argued that “the unexamined life is not worth living,” suggesting true value lies in continuous self-reflection and intellectual growth. Recent studies reveal an intriguing paradox: individuals who prioritize personal fulfillment over external validation report 37% higher life satisfaction. Take Dr. Maya Lin for an example: she was a scientist who abandoned a lucrative corporate career to research renewable energy in rural communities. Though her income dropped significantly, she described her work as “a daily discovery of purpose.” This aligns with psychologist Abraham Maslow’s theory that self-actualization — not basic needs — defines peak human experiences. Cultural perspectives further complicate this discussion. In Eastern traditions, Confucianism emphasizes contributing to societal harmony. A 2024 survey showed 68% of Japanese youth view “fulfilling family duties” as central to life value, contrasting with Western emphasis on individualism. Yet Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous words —“Life’s most urgent question is: what are you doing for others?” — bridge this gap, proposing that personal growth and social responsibility are inseparable. Ultimately, defining life value requires balancing three elements: self-awareness, contribution to others, and adaptability in changing circumstances. As technology accelerates societal shifts, the ability to redefine one’s purpose may become humanity’s greatest wealth. 1．What is the main topic discussed in the passage? A．Various perspectives on life value. B．Cultural differences in educational systems. C．Historical views on wealth accumulation. D．Psychological theories of happiness. 2．According to the author, what brings genuine fulfillment? A．High social status. B．Luxurious possessions. C．Self-awareness and purpose. D．Technological advancements. 3．Why does the author mention Martin Luther King Jr.? A．To contrast Eastern and Western values. B．To demonstrate universal aspects of life value. C．To criticize materialistic lifestyles. D．To explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. 4．The word “aligns” most likely means __________. A．Conflicts B．measures C．complicates D．agrees 5．Which statement would the author most likely agree with? A．Adaptability enhances life’s meaningfulness. B．Social media popularity reflects true self-worth. C．Life value should be measured by material achievements levels. D．Traditional values are outdated in modern society. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了不同视角下的人生价值。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In modern society, people often measure life value through material achievements: high salaries, prestigious job titles, or luxurious possessions. However, ancient philosophers like Socrates argued that “the unexamined life is not worth living,” suggesting true value lies in continuous self-reflection and intellectual growth. (在现代社会，人们常常通过物质成就来衡量人生价值：高薪、声望高的职位或奢侈的财产。然而，像苏格拉底这样的古代哲学家认为，“未经审视的人生不值得过”，这表明真正的价值在于不断的自我反思和智力成长。)”、第三段中“Cultural perspectives further complicate this discussion. (文化视角使这一讨论更加复杂。)”以及最后一段中“Ultimately, defining life value requires balancing three elements: self-awareness, contribution to others, and adaptability in changing circumstances. (最终，定义人生价值需要平衡三个要素：自我意识、对他人的贡献以及在变化环境中的适应能力。)”可知，文章主要讨论了关于人生价值的不同观点。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Recent studies reveal an intriguing paradox: individuals who prioritize personal fulfillment over external validation report 37% higher life satisfaction. (最近的研究揭示了一个有趣的悖论：那些将个人成就感置于外部认可之上的人，其生活满意度要高出37%。)”以及“Though her income dropped significantly, she described her work as “a daily discovery of purpose.” (尽管收入大幅下降，但她将自己的工作描述为 “每天都在发现目标”。)”可知，作者认为自我意识和目标能带来真正的满足感。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Cultural perspectives further complicate this discussion. In Eastern traditions, Confucianism emphasizes contributing to societal harmony. A 2024 survey showed 68% of Japanese youth view “fulfilling family duties” as central to life value, contrasting with Western emphasis on individualism. Yet Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous words —“Life’s most urgent question is: what are you doing for others?” — bridge this gap, proposing that personal growth and social responsibility are inseparable. (文化视角使这一讨论更加复杂。在东方传统中，儒家思想强调为社会和谐做贡献。2024年的一项调查显示，68%的日本年轻人将“履行家庭责任”视为人生价值的核心，这与西方强调个人主义形成对比。然而，马丁・路德・金的名言——“生命最紧迫的问题是：你为他人做了什么？”—— 弥合了这一差距，提出个人成长与社会责任不可分割。)”可知，作者提到马丁·路德·金是为了展示人生价值的普遍方面。故选B。 4．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Though her income dropped significantly, she described her work as “a daily discovery of purpose.” This aligns with psychologist Abraham Maslow’s theory that self-actualization—not basic needs—defines peak human experiences. (尽管收入大幅下降，但她将自己的工作描述为“每天都在发现目标”。这aligns心理学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛的理论，即自我实现——而非基本需求——定义了人类的巅峰体验。)”可知，尽管收入大幅下降，但她将自己的工作描述为“每天都在发现目标”，这与心理学家亚伯拉罕・马斯洛的理论一致，所以aligns意为“符合”。与agrees意思相近。故选D。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Ultimately, defining life value requires balancing three elements: self-awareness, contribution to others, and adaptability in changing circumstances. As technology accelerates societal shifts, the ability to redefine one’s purpose may become humanity’s greatest wealth. (最终，定义人生价值需要平衡三个要素：自我认知、对他人的贡献，以及在变化环境中的适应能力。随着技术加速社会变革，重新定义个人目标的能力可能成为人类最宝贵的财富。)”可知，作者认为适应能力增强生活的意义。故选A。 Passage 9 （2025·天津·一模）It is widely recognized that self-discipline gives us freedom. Those who can control themselves have the ability to make the best use of their time, thus lost in the joy of freedom while other people suffer from “painful self-discipline”, stuck in a difficult situation where they feel guilty for not being able to complete the missions on their never-ending to-do lists. But do these pains come from self-discipline? Not exactly. The people who are anxious about being so-called self-disciplined masters are actually missing the point of this virtue. It’s not a “the more the better” kind of thing. Rather, it’s the capability to find a complicated balance between work and entertainment, which enables you to work more efficiently and to take control of your life. Thus, there’s no need to push yourself too hard. As a self-disciplined student, I think I understand the key to easing the sometime painful learning process with all kinds of after-school activities. Self-discipline urges me to set aside adequate time for all of my required schoolwork and to efficiently finish it. What’s more, having a high learning efficiency means that if I am interested in a certain topic in my textbook or the knowledge of a specific field, I can spend more time exploring it in depth, while devoting myself to my own interests. However, each time the bell for the end of class rings, I’m always the first to grab the basketball and dash to the court to enjoy the thrill of a ball game with my friends until the sun sinks below the horizon. As I said, the real freedom to enjoy a wonderful life is based on self-discipline. And the final aim of self-discipline is to enjoy a wonderful life. Being self-disciplined is about doing the proper thing at the proper time. You have to push yourself under the guidance of self-discipline to achieve high efficiency in your daily routine. But don’t be too tough on yourself because unreasonable time management may drain you of the energy and passion you need to struggle on. Fit in adequate diversions from work within your carefully designed schedule, and I’m sure you can remove the obstacles that stand in your path to the ultimate freedom. 1．How does the author develop Paragraph 1? A．By giving an example. B．By making a comparison. C．By analyzing a reason. D．By presenting a result. 2．What can we know about self-disciplined students in Paragraph 3? A．They have great trouble casing the painful learning process. B．They can hardly spare time to finish their assignments. C．They can pursue their hobbies with high learning efficiency. D．They spend most time enjoying ball games with their friends. 3．What is the ultimate goal of self-discipline in the author ‘s view? A．To suffer mental pain. B．To enjoy a happy life. C．To manage time scientifically. D．To achieve high efficiency. 4．What does the underlined word “drain” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Exhaust. B．Increase. C．Provide. D．Preserve. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Self-discipline is the key to achieving high efficiency. B．People should be strict with themselves to be self-disciplined. C．The pursuit of self-discipline is a painful process. D．Self-discipline is about finding a balance and leading to real freedom. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是自律与自由之间的关系，以及如何通过自律实现真正的自由。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Those who can control themselves have the ability to make the best use of their time, thus lost in the joy of freedom while other people suffer from “painful self-discipline”, stuck in a difficult situation where they feel guilty for not being able to complete the missions on their never-ending to-do lists.(那些能控制自己的人有能力充分利用他们的时间，因此迷失在自由的喜悦中，而其他人则遭受“痛苦的自律”，陷入困境，因为他们无法完成没完没了的任务而感到内疚。)”可知，第一段是通过对比展开的，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Self-discipline urges me to set aside adequate time for all of my required schoolwork and to efficiently finish it.  What’s more, having a high learning efficiency means that if I am interested in a certain topic in my textbook or the knowledge of a specific field, I can spend more time exploring it in depth, while devoting myself to my own interests.(自律促使我为所有要求的作业留出足够的时间，并有效地完成它。更重要的是，学习效率高意味着如果我对教科书中的某个主题或某个领域的知识感兴趣，我可以花更多的时间深入探索，同时全身心地投入到自己的兴趣中。)”可知，自律的学生可以追求自己的爱好，学习效率高。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“And the final aim of self-discipline is to enjoy a wonderful life.(自律的最终目的是享受美好的生活。)”可知，自律的最终目的是享受幸福的生活。故选B。 4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“unreasonable time management(不合理的时间管理)”和“of the energy and passion you need to struggle on(你所需要的继续拼搏的能量与激情)”可知，不合理的时间管理可能会耗尽你继续奋斗所需的能量和激情，drain的意思是“消耗”，和Exhaust意思相近，故选A。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“But do these pains come from self-discipline? Not exactly. The people who are anxious about being so-called self-disciplined masters are actually missing the point of this virtue. It’s not a “the more the better” kind of thing. Rather, it’s the capability to find a complicated balance between work and entertainment, which enables you to work more efficiently and to take control of your life. Thus, there’s no need to push yourself too hard.(但这些痛苦来自自律吗？不完全是。那些急于成为所谓自律大师的人，实际上没有抓住这种美德的要点。这并不是“越多越好”的事情。相反，它是一种在工作和娱乐之间找到复杂平衡的能力，它能让你更有效地工作，掌控你的生活。因此，没有必要把自己逼得太紧。)”可知，本文主要讲的是自律与自由之间的关系，以及如何通过自律实现真正的自由，因此主旨是D选项“Self-discipline is about finding a balance and leading to real freedom.(自律就是找到一种平衡，走向真正的自由。)”。故选D。 Passage 10 （2024·天津南开·二模）Many animals and plants are endangered in the world today. These endangered species are threatened with becoming extinct, meaning they will no longer exist on Earth. Examples include the Cuban Macaw and the Sri Lankan Legume Tree. Hunting, and collecting of the Macaw bird for pets, led to its extinction. Whilst the main reason the native Sri Lankan Legume Tree went extinct was due to habitat loss from development in the 20h century. The main cause for animals and plants disappearing is often a disruption (扰乱) to the food chain due to hunting, habitat loss or even the introduction of invasive (入侵的) species. Every living thing from one-celled animals to a blue whale needs to eat. Nature is connected and controlled by many fragile (脆弱的) food chains. A food chain describes who eats whom in a habitat. When one of the links in a food chain is no longer present — for example, a species goes extinct — the food chain breaks and sometimes this can cause other animals to disappear and the whole system can become imbalanced or even collapsed. Humans can have disastrous effects on food chains. When people first explored the world, they took animal and plant species from their home countries to the places they explored and settled in. They did not realise the consequences of introducing invasive species. By doing so, they were disrupting the natural food chains of the areas they explored. Nowadays there are strict rules controlling the movement of animals and plants between countries. But some parts of the world are still experiencing problems with invasive species introduced hundreds of years ago. With rising awareness of how we affect the natural environment, hopefully we can learn to protect these food chains and help them to thrive. Otherwise the continued loss of species will eventually mean our own extinction. 1．What could be inferred from Paragraph 1? A．Macaws are extinct because of habitat loss B．Sri Lankan Legume Tree became extinct because of seed collecting. C．The invasive species may lead to the extinction of the native species. D．The main cause of plants extinction is hunting. 2．What can we learn about food chain from Paragraph 2? A．It only affects one-celled animals. B．It decides the balance of the whole system. C．It is always broken by invasive species. D．It is controlled by fragile nature. 3．According to Paragraph 3, how did humans affect food chains in areas they explored? A．By settling in. B．By taking away native species. C．By hunting local animals. D．By introducing foreign species. 4．The underlined word “thrive” in Paragraph 5 probably means ________. A．to continue to live or exist B．to grow toward full stature or physical or mental maturity C．to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc. D．to get away from an unpleasant or dangerous situation 5．According to the author, which of the following is correct? A．The food chain will always find a way to be balanced. B．The natural world experiences times of damage but it always can recover. C．Human activity, in all forms, tends to cause great destruction to the natural world. D．Despite the climate change caused by humans, plants and animals will go extinct naturally. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先介绍了一些濒危物种的例子，然后解释了食物链的重要性和人类活动对食物链的破坏，最后呼吁人们提高保护意识，以防止物种灭绝。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The main cause for animals and plants disappearing is often a disruption (扰乱) to the food chain due to hunting, habitat loss or even the introduction of invasive (入侵的) species.(动植物消失的主要原因通常是由于狩猎、栖息地丧失甚至引入入侵物种而扰乱食物链)”可知，入侵物种可能导致本地物种的灭绝。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“When one of the links in a food chain is no longer present—for example, a species goes extinct—the food chain breaks and sometimes this can cause other animals to disappear and the whole system can become imbalanced or even collapsed.(当食物链中的一个环节不再存在时——例如，一个物种灭绝——食物链就会断裂，有时这会导致其他动物消失，整个系统可能会变得不平衡甚至崩溃)”可知，食物链决定着整个系统的平衡。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“When people first explored the world, they took animal and plant species from their home countries to the places they explored and settled in. They did not realise the consequences of introducing invasive species. By doing so, they were disrupting the natural food chains of the areas they explored.(当人们第一次探索世界时，他们把动植物物种从自己的国家带到他们探索和定居的地方。他们没有意识到引入入侵物种的后果。通过这样做，他们扰乱了他们探索的地区的自然食物链)”可知，人类在他们探索的地区通过引入外来物种来对食物链产生影响。故选D。 4．词义猜测题。根据最后一段“With rising awareness of how we affect the natural environment, hopefully we can learn to protect these food chains and help them to…. Otherwise the continued loss of species will eventually mean our own extinction.(随着我们对如何影响自然环境的意识不断提高，希望我们能学会保护这些食物链，并帮助它们……。否则，物种的持续丧失最终将意味着我们自己的灭绝)”可知，划线词thrive的意思是“繁荣，茁壮成长”。故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据最后一段“With rising awareness of how we affect the natural environment, hopefully we can learn to protect these food chains and help them to thrive. Otherwise the continued loss of species will eventually mean our own extinction.(随着我们对如何影响自然环境的意识不断提高，希望我们能学会保护这些食物链，并帮助它们繁荣发展。否则，物种的持续丧失最终将意味着我们自己的灭绝)可知，作者认为各种形式的人类活动会给自然世界造成巨大破坏。故选C。 Passage 1 （2024·天津·高考真题）Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. 1．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A．Some people are born physically weaker than others. B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically. C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise. D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure. 2．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing. 3．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition. C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point. 4．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species? A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future. B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences. C．Humans care more about immediate rewards. D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers. 5．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self? A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star. B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV. C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre. D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了并非人人都喜欢体育锻炼的原因，指出这是因为人脑对无谓的努力很抵触且锻炼本身的回报不确定，不过大脑能形成长期目标、处理动机，我们能学会延时满足，为目标不懈努力。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? (但是为什么不是每个人都喜欢锻炼呢？)”和第二段中“While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. (虽然体育锻炼并没有那么糟糕，但它通常还是令人不愉快的。这是必然的：你正在把你的身体推向它的身体极限，这导致了明显的不适)”可知，有些人不喜欢锻炼是身体被迫达到体能极限时会感到明显不适。由此可知，有些人不喜欢对自己的身体施加太大的压力。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感。研究表明，它可以计算出行动所需的努力)”可知，人脑对无谓的努力很抵触。由此可知，此处指“它会阻止我们将重要资源浪费在无效的努力上”，画线词意思应该是“浪费，滥用”，与Misusing意思相近。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。第三段中的“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感)”指出人脑对无谓的努力很抵触，第四段“The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward (问题是，有规律的锻炼来保持“身材”需要持续和相当大的努力——所有这些都是渐进的，回报是不确定的。所以，你的大脑问“这值得吗？”问题的倾向将很难平息。这个特殊的特征也意味着我们通常更喜欢那些付出最少努力却获得最大回报的东西)”用规律锻炼以保持身材的例子具体说明人脑的这种工作机制。由此可知，作者写第四段的目的是进一步解释上文的观点。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中“While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. (虽然许多物种的思维过程仅限于“食物，吃它！”、“危险，快跑！”、“痛苦，躲避！”，我们已经超越了这一点。我们的大脑可以形成多个长期目标和抱负。我们可以想象一个理想的未来场景，弄清楚我们如何实现它，然后去做)”可知，人类与许多其他物种的不同之处在于，人类能够想象一个美好的未来。故选A项。 5．推理判断题。根据第六段中“And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. (你的“应该”自我就是做你应该做的事情来成为你的“理想”自我的那个自我。所以，如果你的“理想”自我是一名职业足球运动员，而你的“实际”自我不是，那么你的“应该”自我就是花大量时间训练、锻炼，并在足球方面做得更好的那个人)”可知，“自我差异”理论认为“应该”自我会使人为奋斗目标持续努力。由此可知，为赢得奥运奖牌而训练的游泳运动员表现出最活跃的“应该”自我。故选D项。 Passage 2 （2023·天津·高考真题）I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly? According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”. The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response. Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks. The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them. Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created. 1．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A beautiful painting or sculpture. B．The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C．An advanced brain imaging technology. D．The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 2．What effect does movement in art produce on the viewers? A．Certain part of their brain is activated. B．Their experience of pain is reduced. C．Their aesthetic sense is sharpened. D．Their body reactions are delayed. 3．The application of TMS to the brain described in Paragraph 5 leads to__________. A．raised memory capacity B．enhanced painting skills C．changed artistic taste D．improved decision-making ability 4．According to the author, what increases our enjoyment of a piece of art? A．Knowing how it is created. B．Having a pleasant personality. C．Learning how science develops. D．Understanding the meaning of life. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To propose an abstract theory of art making. B．To reveal the beauty of science in an artistic way. C．To share some personal understanding of artworks. D．To introduce a new research field for art appreciation. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经美学这一学科领域，以及它如何解释我们为何会从艺术中获得愉悦感。 1．词义猜测题。划线短语上文“Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful.(神经美学是一个相对年轻的研究领域，研究的是当我们进行审美评估时大脑会发生什么。研究人员使用脑成像技术来观察当我们看到我们认为美丽的画作时，大脑的哪些区域会发光。)”提出当进行审美评估，看到时美丽的画作时，我们大脑的一些区域会“发光”。划线词所在句“Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks ” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc.(类似的研究已经完成，以了解当我们看到鼓舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时发生的“神经元烟花”。)”提出类似研究发现，人们在看到鼓舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时会产生“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”。文中将两种情况进行了类比，由此推知，“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”与上文中的“大脑的一些区域会‘发光’”是同一个意思，即指上文中的“The lighting-up of specific brain areas.”。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response.(运动在艺术中起着有趣的作用。如果你看到一幅描绘一个动作的画，比如一个人被狗咬了后把胳膊抽走，你会觉得自己也有类似的经历。你大脑中控制你自己动作的部分会相应地亮起来。)”可知，当人们看到艺术中的运动时，人们会觉得自己也有类似的经历，大脑中控制自己动作的部分会相应地亮起来，也就是该部分被激活了。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)(经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks.(通过使用经颅磁刺激(TMS)的研究发现，该系统可以以令人着迷的方式受到影响。如果颅磁刺激应用于前额后大脑中对决策特别重要的特定部位，你就会突然喜欢上不同种类的艺术。这种刺激使人们对面孔、身体和艺术品的审美发生了重大变化。)”可推知，颅磁刺激会使人们的审美发生变化。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them.(我们也从了解事物的制作过程中获得乐趣。对于艺术家创作的图像，一旦观众了解了创作过程，他们可能会获得更多的乐趣。)”可知，如果我们知道了创作过程，我们就会更加欣赏这件艺术品。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据全文内容可知，文章介绍了神经美学这一学科领域，以及它如何解释我们为何会从艺术中获得愉悦感，因此作者的目的是介绍一个新的研究领域，即神经美学，以帮助人们更好地欣赏艺术。故选D。 Passage 3 （2017·天津·高考真题）Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a new research has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people's personalities. While genetics still forms the central part of the human psyche (心理), the research finds that personality traits (特征) are "contagious" (传染的) among children. "Our finding flies in the face of common assumptions that personality can't be changed," said Dr. Jennifer Neal, co-author of the study. The researchers studied the personalities and social networks of two pre-school classes for a full school year. One of the classes was a set of three-year-olds, and the other a set of four-year-olds. Children whose friends were hard-working or outgoing gradually took on these personality traits over time. Psychology expert Dr. Emily Dublin said kids are having a far bigger effect on each other than people may realize. The new study is not the first to explore the contagious effects of personality traits. A 2015 psychology study found that rudeness at work can be contagious as it travels from person to person "like a disease". The study found that seeing a boss being rude to an employee was enough to cause people to be rude to those around them. The researchers questioned 6,000 people on the social "climate" in their workplaces, which included offices, hotels and restaurants. They found 75 percent of those who took part said they had been treated rudely at least once in the past year. And the study also suggests that merely seeing other people being subjected to rudeness made it more likely that a person would treat their colleagues in the same way. Rudeness could include leaving someone off an invite to a company event, sending unkind emails, finding fault with others or failing to give praise. Dr. Torkelson believes companies need to be more aware of the harm that rudeness in the workplace can do as it can damage the working environment. She said better training could help to fight against the problem. 1．What does the underlined part "flies in the face of" in Paragraph1mean? A．Leads to. B．Results from. C．Goes against. D．Agrees with. 2．According to Paragraph 2, who have the greatest impact on children's personality? A．Their parents. B．Their friends. C．The researchers. D．The psychologists. 3．Which of the following is considered rude at the workplace? A．Ignoring the faults of co-workers. B．Not sending emails to workmates. C．Seeking praise from colleagues and bosses. D．Not inviting a colleague to a company party. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．One's personality is hard to change. B．One's personality is shaped by genes. C．One's personality traits can spread to others. D．One's personality traits can change overnight. 5．This passage is most probably taken from ________. A．a science report B．a study guide C．a school textbook D．a technical journal 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了一项新研究发现，学龄前儿童在一起的时间会呈现出彼此的性格。 研究表明，环境在塑造人的个性方面起着关键作用。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a new research has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people's personalities. While genetics still forms the central part of the human psyche (心理), the research finds that personality traits (特征) are "contagious" (传染的) among children. "”（一项新研究发现，学龄前儿童在一起的时间会呈现出彼此的性格。 研究表明，环境在塑造人的个性方面起着关键作用。 虽然基因仍然是人类心理的核心部分，但研究发现，个性特征在儿童中是“传染的”）可知划线词所在的句子意思是该研究的合著者詹妮弗尼尔博士说:“我们的发现与人们通常认为性格无法改变的假设相悖” ，即“flies in the face of”意思是“违反”，A. Leads to.导致；B. Results from.由……造成；C. Goes against.违反；D. Agrees with.同意。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Children whose friends were hard-working or outgoing gradually took on these personality traits over time. Psychology expert Dr. Emily Dublin said kids are having a far bigger effect on each other than people may realize.”（随着时间的推移，那些有勤奋或外向的朋友的孩子逐渐具有这些性格特征。 心理学专家Emily Dublin博士说，孩子们对彼此的影响比人们可能意识到的要大得多）可知根据第二段，孩子们的朋友对孩子的性格影响最大。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Rudeness could include leaving someone off an invite to a company event, sending unkind emails, finding fault with others or failing to give praise.”（粗鲁可能包括不邀请某人参加公司活动，发送不友好的电子邮件，指责他人或不给予赞扬）可知在工作场合，不邀请同事参加公司派对被认为是不礼貌的。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a new research has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people's personalities.”（一项新研究发现，学龄前儿童在一起的时间会呈现出彼此的性格。 研究表明，环境在塑造人的个性方面起着关键作用）结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要讲了研究表明，一个人的个性特征可以传给其他人。故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a new research has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people's personalities.”（一项新研究发现，学龄前儿童在一起的时间会呈现出彼此的性格。 研究表明，环境在塑造人的个性方面起着关键作用）结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要讲了研究表明，一个人的个性特征可以传给其他人。这篇文章很可能摘自一份科学报告。故选A。 Passage 4 （2021·天津·高考真题）About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it. I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months. The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special. “Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried. My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table! Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday. Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance. The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind. Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new. Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin. 1．What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1? A．Its tank grew dirty. B．Its old skin came off. C．It got a skin disease. D．It went missing. 2．Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday? A．The birthday cake was ruined. B．The author made good puddings. C．Pudding was his favorite dessert. D．They couldn't afford a birthday cake. 3．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage? A．To prove a theory. B．To define a concept. C．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background. 4．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as . A．letting go of the past B．looking for a new job C．getting rid of a bad habit D．giving up an opportunity 5．What does the author most likely want to tell us? A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships. B．It's not the end of the world if we break things. C．We should move on no matter what happens. D．Past experiences should be treasured. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．C 【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.(第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来)”可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第六段“Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.(就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁)”可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.( Jordan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者在文章中提到The Last Dance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选C。 4．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是“放开过去”。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选C。 Passage 5 （2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life. History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us. History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives. 1．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________. A．the turning point in our history B．the present state of our nation C．the location of our homeland D．the total area of our country 2．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life? A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past. B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today. C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors. D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems. 3．What can be concluded from Para.4? A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers. B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures. C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore. D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness. 4．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________. A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature. B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets. C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period. D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．How to Build Cultural Identity B．Why Studying History Matters C．Know the Past, Know the Present D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．D 5．B 【分析】本文是议论文。开头提出问题为什么历史重要。然后分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。 1．猜测词义题。根据上句learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse(一瞥 )into our ancestral pasts.,可知学习我们祖国的历史能更深、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去。此处指学历史着眼于大局，是从国家层面讲的，与之一致，可推知画线的where we are today指的是我们国家的现状。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.可知专家认为，无论过去和现在，人们面临的问题都是一样的。有了祖先的信息，我们在处理生活中的挑战时会更有经验。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures和History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.可知历史为跨文化的同理心提供了一个相当坚实的基础，历史有可能打破对未知事物的恐惧和憎恨，为我们提供洞悉整个世界的机会。由此推之历史帮助我们提高跨文化意识。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段标题是 History can inspire us to learn more:(历史可以激励我们学习更多),下面列举了阅读Oliver Twist的例子,通过Oliver Twist我们能去了解作者 Charles Dickens,还可能会学到一些关于现实主义的东西，会发现英国浪漫主义诗人的历史。作者通过这个例子是为了说明学习历史可以引起人们对其他领域的兴趣。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段If you're studying history, asking yourself the question" why is history important" is a very good first step.提到学历史前先问自己为什么历史重要。下文分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后一段总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。故Why Studying History Matters?能概括全文内容。故选B。 Passage 6 （2019·天津·高考真题）Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before? We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. Many of us equate(视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, or running a store—make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson. 1．The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ________. A．loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity B．age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal C．misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D．disability cannot stop a man’s pursuit of success 2．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．End one’s struggle for liberty. B．Waste one’s energy taking risks. C．Miss the opportunity to succeed. D．Lose the interest to continue learning. 3．What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？ A．Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B．Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C．Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D．Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 4．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？ A．A tough man can tolerate suffering. B．A wise man can live without self-pity. C．A man should try to satisfy people around him. D．A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage？ A．To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B．To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C．To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D．To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 5．A 【分析】这是一篇议论文，本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。 1．推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《堂吉诃德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.（我说的不是那些没能到达顶峰的人。我们不可能都到达那里。我说的是那些停止在成长中学习的人，因为他们采取了一成不变的态度和观点，而这些态度和观点往往是随着时间的流逝而出现的）可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，“run out of steam”意义为“失去动力”。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知机会总是留给那些有好奇心的人，故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。 5．主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。 Passage 7 （2020·天津·高考真题）Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries. Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric engine. Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $8-12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There's also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet. While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone's feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can't just be ignored. The transition （过渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing. It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years. 1．According to Para. l, what is happening in air transport? A．New explorations of the sky are being launched. B．Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled. C．Efforts are being made to make air travel greener. D．Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively. 2．Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights? A．It runs short route B．It has a strong partner. C．Its planes can land on the sea. D．It has planes with powerful engines. 3．The expression "added bonus" refers to the fact that electric planes___________. A．give passengers more pleasant views B．bring airlines more financial benefits C．offer more enjoyable flying experiences D．cost less in maintenance than traditional ones 4．What might be the biggest challenge of electric flying? A．To improve the ground service for e-planes. B．To find qualified technicians for e-plane industry. C．To calculate the energy needed to power e-planes. D．To balance power and weight of batteries in e-planes. 5．What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight? A．To produce new electric components. B．To increase battery consumption. C．To use mixed-power technology. D．To expand the landing field. 6．What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of electric flying? A．Short-sighted. B．Wait-and-see. C．Optimistic. D．Skeptical. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C 6．C 【分析】本文是说明文。为了使航空旅行更环保,出现了电动飞行。文章介绍了电动飞行的特点、优点、面临的挑战、解决措施和前景。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中 If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking. Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries(如果我们想要大的绿色天空解决方案，就需要蓝天思维。幸运的是，现在有很多这样的情况发生，尤其是靠电池供电的短途飞行)由此判断出，人们正在努力使航空旅行更加环保。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying30000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less uan30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines.可知，Harbour Air是北美最大的水上飞机航空公司，每年有40架水上飞机搭载3万次商业航班。值得注意的是，所有港口航线的飞行时间都不到30分钟，这使得它完全适合于电动引擎。也就是说 Harbour Air的飞行航线短使电动飞行成了可能。故选A。 3．猜测词义题。根据下文that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.可知，电动飞机没有发动机的噪音，没有燃油的味道，只有环保的宁静等优点，因此为乘坐电动飞机的乘客提供更愉快的飞行体验。所以added bonus指的是乘客获得的更愉快飞行体验的额外收获。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段 A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft., where every bit of weight counts, this can' t just be ignored.可知电池不能提供足够的燃料, 而携带足够的电池会使飞机太重而无法起飞。在飞机上，每一点重量都很重要，不能忽视。由此推知平衡电动飞机电池的功率和重量是电动飞机面临的最大挑战。故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段The transition(过渡) from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity.可知从燃料飞行到电动飞行过渡过程中，可以使用燃料和电力混合动力技术。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据最后一段It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to come a reality in the next few years.可知电动飞行无疑是激动人心的，电动飞行短途旅行将在 未来几年内成为现实。由此判断出作者对电动飞行的前景是乐观的。故选C。 20 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $