专题03 阅读理解满分技能讲练测（说明文）（技能+真题+模拟）-高三英语一轮复习提分培优赋能（天津专用）

高三英语二轮复习提分培优赋能（天津专用） 专题03 阅读理解满分技能讲练测（说明文）（技能+真题+模拟）解析版 一、阅读理解满分技能（说明文） 1 二、阅读理解真题再练（说明文） 2 三、阅读理解名校模拟（说明文） 14 一、阅读理解满分技能（说明文） 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点：文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构：特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点。 3. 设题特点：就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 4. 命题热点：科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 学生在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真确定答案 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段主旨概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 二、阅读理解真题再练（说明文） 真题专区：练真题,明方向;练技巧,提能力;练速度,提分数! 01（2024·天津·高考真题）All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO₂ from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO₂ in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood, and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO₂ to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out in free-diving. Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO₂ levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO₂ tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO₂ levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface. 1. What do most mammals rely on to determine when to take a breath? A. The growing amount of CO₂ in their blood. B. The rising level of oxygen in their lungs. C. The intensity of their physical activity. D. The blood supply to body tissues. 2. When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time? A. When they needed to take in more food at the feeder. B. When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher. C. When they familiarized themselves with the setup. D. When the CO₂ level in the chamber was raised. 3. What results in humans’ inability to notice low oxygen levels in their blood? A. The unstable CO₂ levels in the air. B. Their lack of attention to breathing. C. The constant oxygen levels on land. D. Their functionally changeable heart rate. 4. Why do accidents often occur when divers go free-diving? A. Their breath cannot be held long enough. B. They cannot adjust the consumption of oxygen. C. They may fail to notice rising CO₂ levels soon enough. D. Their breathing organs stop working properly underwater. 5. Which statement is probably supported by McKnight’s seal research? A. Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen environments. B. Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and act accordingly. C. Seals can maintain their heart rate even with low blood oxygen levels. D. Seals are more sensitive to changes in the environment than other mammals. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了海豹能感知血液中氧气量并据此改变潜水行为，人类则因陆地氧气稳定未演化出此能力。 1.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO₂ in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath.(大多数哺乳动物不能直接检测供应给组织的血液中的氧气水平。相反，它们依靠血液中二氧化碳水平的上升来发出可能需要呼吸的信号)”可知，大多数哺乳动物依靠血液中二氧化碳含量的上升来判断何时呼吸。故选A。 2.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO₂ to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder.(一旦海豹熟悉了这种设置，研究人员开始逐渐改变呼吸室中空气的成分，增加或减少氧气和二氧化碳的水平，以观察对其行为的影响。果然如此：氧气水平越高，海豹在喂食器停留的时间就越长)”可知，当呼吸室中的氧气水平升高时，海豹会在喂食器停留更长时间。故选B。 3.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’ re about to pass out in free-diving.(由于陆地上的氧气水平保持稳定，人类似乎没有进化出注意到血液中低氧水平的能力，有时甚至在自由潜水即将昏倒时也没有)”可知，人类无法察觉血液中低氧水平是因为陆地上氧气水平稳定。故选C。 4.细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface.(因为每次我们浮出水面吸气时，我们对二氧化碳的敏感性都会降低，即使其水平已经很高，这也会增加一个人在浮出水面之前无意识地昏倒的可能性)”可知，潜水员在自由潜水时经常发生事故是因为他们可能没有及时注意到二氧化碳水平的上升。故选C。 5.推理判断题。根据第一段中“But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood,and change their diving behavior in response.(但最近发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究表明，海豹可以感知血液中的氧气量，并相应地改变它们的潜水行为)”和第四段中“The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior.(这一发现表明，海豹不仅仅是通过改变心率或呼吸来对氧气水平做出身体反应，而是它们对氧气水平有足够的意识来改变它们的行为)”可知，McKnight的海豹研究表明，海豹能迅速感知氧气水平并据此采取行动。故选B。 02（2024·天津·高考真题）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss” What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world. 1．What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B．Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C．Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D．Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 2. Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________. A. a rapid rise of water surface B. the permafrost to melt faster C. many Arctic lakes to grow larger D. the disappearance of many Arctic lakes 3. The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________. A. proved with emerging lakes B. underestimated by scientists C. well predicted by researchers D. shown elsewhere in the world 4. Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A. Because of the solid ice within it. B. Because of its unique composition. C. Because it is far away from the waters. D. Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 5. What lesson can we learn from the passage? A. Direct observation is a must for scientific research. B. Scientific research is guaranteed by sufficient lab facilities. C. New evidence should be found to back up research findings. D. Scientific predictions should be mostly based on research models. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. A 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章通过对在冰冻无树的北极地区部分湖泊消失的现象这一实例的分析，表明了直接观察自然世界对科学研究是必要的。 1. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know.(研究有时会用数据证明我们或多或少已经知道的事情。)”和“Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us.(尽管如此，有时我们的假设是不正确的，科学发现让研究人员和我们其他人感到惊讶。)”可知，该段表明有时一些常识性的假设可能被证明是错误的。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing.(你可能会认为这些湖泊会扩大，而不是消失。)”和“Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away.(然而，最近科学家们不仅观察到湖泊在萎缩，而且还观察到湖泊已经完全消失。)”可知，与人们的普遍预期相反，气候变化已经引起了许多北极湖泊的消失。故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据第三段“But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted.(但现在看来，北极湖泊的消失似乎比预测的要早一个世纪。)”可知，对比之前科学家的预测，一些北极湖泊似乎消失得要快很多，可见灾难性的气候对北极地区的影响一直被科学家低估了。故选B。 4. 细节理解题。根据第四段“And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside,(因为这些空间充满了固体冰，液态水不容易进入，)”可知，因为冻土层中的空间里充满了坚实的冰，导致液体水无法进入。故选A。 5. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world.(这是一个很好的例子——说明为什么不管我们的例子有多复杂，或者有一天可能会复杂——我们都需要直接观察自然世界。)”可知，文章通过对在冰冻无树的北极地区部分湖泊消失的现象这一实例的分析，让我们学到了直接观察自然世界对科学研究是必要的。故选A。 03（2024·天津·高考真题）Staring at the bookcases in my study, packed with so many great books that had remained unread, I heard a loud voice in my head — “Shame on you! How can you leave these masterpieces unread?” The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing. So I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I also found sentences underlined. Only this time I wondered: Why did I underline this sentence? It's the next one that is important! Clearly, my way of reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed over the years. This raised the larger question of rereading. It comes in many forms. There’s voluntary rereading, the result of a willful decision to revisit a book one has admired, or a book that has left one with some unanswered questions. This kind of planned revisit could also be for confirming certain details in the text, or for checking on the moves of a given character. A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects. Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. Then there are what one might call subconscious (潜意识的) rereadings, those that occur without the specific act of reading, much as the memory of a tune can keep coming back to the mind without its actually being heard again. This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition. All of these ways of reading are valuable. Renewed contact with a novel or a poem can activate the search for a better knowledge of the self. The new reading, a form of revision, uncovers the change in us. The newness is not in the text. It is we who have evolved. In the process of rereading, our outlook has also been significantly changed. Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light. 1. What did the author find when reading Montaigne’s Essays? A. He still couldn't understand it. B. He had made notes in it. C. It was a brand new copy. D. It was his favorite work. 2. According to the author, what could be a purpose of voluntary rereading? A. To improve the quality of teaching. B. To learn from admirable characters. C. To collect details for writing novels. D. To help making important decisions. 3. According to Paragraph 4, involuntary rereading can bring about? A. Unexpected reading experience. B. Total concentration on new books. C. Changed preferences for books. D. Enhanced reading skills. 4. What can be learnt about subconscious rereading? A. It prevents memory from fading. B. It helps make who we are. C. It involves actual reading. D. It works best with poetry and music. 5. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Accessing Masterpieces through Rereading B. Rereading: Voluntary or Involuntary? C. Rereading: Pursuit of Truth D. Transformative Power of Rereading 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自己对重新阅读的感悟和想法，认为重新阅读能更好地了解自我，能让我们以新的眼光来看待周围的世界，包括自己。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing.(我拿起的第一本书就是Montaigne的散文。令我惊讶的是，我在页边空白处发现了明显是我自己褪色的笔记。)”可知，作者惊讶地发现书的空白处是自己之前的笔记，故选B。 2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects.(一位敬业的教师可能也希望重新建立与工作的亲密关系，因此避免通过具有催眠效果的相同的旧笔记来进行教学。)”可知，教师通过主动再读更新内容，提高教学质量是主动再读的目的之一，故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. (相反，有一种非主动再读。原来的阅读要么被遗忘，要么完全被吸收，以至于与文本的新的偶遇产生了惊讶和震惊。我对重新阅读的反应不再符合最初的体验，我也不再确定我是否认出自己是同一个读者。)”可知，非主动再读能让读者感到与最初体验不符合的反应，因此能带来意料之外的阅读体验，故选A。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition.(这种与书的记忆联系可以伴随我们一生，并继续加强和塑造我们。同样地，多年来，我们可能会背诵很久以前背下来的诗，这些诗已经成为我们认知的一部分。)”可知，潜意识再读有助于进一步塑造自我，是我们认知的一部分，故选B。 5. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light.(重新阅读使我们能够以新的眼光看待周围的世界，包括我们自己。)”和后文对重新阅读的介绍可知，文章主要论述了重新阅读的重要意义，即再读具有提升读者对作品、自我及世界认知的力量，故D项 “Transformative Power of Rereading(重新阅读的变革力量)” 符合文章标题，故选D。 04（2023·天津3月卷）Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. 1. What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2? A. Dogs also have “theory of mind”. B. Dogs prefer food from generous people. C. Human behaviours are mostly intentional. D. Friendly animals can get food more easily. 2. What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study? A. They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog. B. They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog. C. They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen. D. They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach. 3. How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour? A. By moving closer to the experimenter. B. By keeping wandering around. C. By ignoring the experimenter. D. By lying still on the floor 4. How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023? A. The dogs can watch the experimenter. B. The dogs can go to the other side of the screen. C. The dogs’ responses are under close observation. D. The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis. 5. What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest? A. Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean” B. Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving. C. Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified. D. Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一些新的研究发现，狗可能会判断他人的意图，可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.(判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心智理论”的一个指标，这一度被认为是人类所独有的。然而，新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。)”可知，判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心智理论”的一个指标，而新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，由此可知，新研究发现狗应该也有“心智理论”。故选A项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach.(在“不情愿”的场景中，实验人员会以“戏弄”的方式在屏幕前挂一块香肠，并接近其中一个洞。但他们不是把食物从洞里递给狗，而是把食物拉到狗够不着的地方。)”可知，在不情愿场景中，实验人员不是把实物给狗吃，而是把食物拉到一个狗够不着的地方。故选D项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out.(研究人员观察到，在“无能为力”的场景结束后，狗狗们更有耐心了，他们会进行更多的眼神交流，并离屏幕更近。)”可知，在“无能为力”的场景结束后，狗会预实验人员进行眼神交流，并且离屏幕更近，由此可知，狗对“无能为力”的行为回应是更愿意接近实验者。故选A项。 4. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour.(2021年的另一项研究以类似的方式测试了狗的“心智理论”，但狗在目睹了实验者的“不愿意”或“无能为力”行为后，能够绕着屏幕走，以获得奖励。)”可知，2021年的研究中，在狗目睹了实验者的“不愿意”或者“无能为力”后，能绕着屏幕走以获取奖励，由此可知，狗会去屏幕的另一边。故选B项。 5. 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.(然而，新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。)”可知，新研究表明，都能够读懂人类的行为，且喜欢那些更友好或者对食物更慷慨的人，进而在下文中的对该项研究过程进行阐述，由此可知，狗在“不愿意”和“无能为力”情况下的不同反应说明了狗能分辨“友善”和“刻薄”。故选A项。 05（2023·天津6月卷）I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly? According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”. The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response. Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks. The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them. Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created. 1. What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. A beautiful painting or sculpture. B. The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C. An advanced brain imaging technology. D. The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 2. What effect does movement in art produce on the viewers? A. Certain part of their brain is activated. B. Their experience of pain is reduced. C. Their aesthetic sense is sharpened. D. Their body reactions are delayed. 3. The application of TMS to the brain described in Paragraph 5 leads to__________. A. raised memory capacity B. enhanced painting skills C. changed artistic taste D. improved decision-making ability 4. According to the author, what increases our enjoyment of a piece of art? A. Knowing how it is created. B. Having a pleasant personality. C. Learning how science develops. D. Understanding the meaning of life. 5. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To propose an abstract theory of art making. B. To reveal the beauty of science in an artistic way. C. To share some personal understanding of artworks. D. To introduce a new research field for art appreciation. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经美学这一学科领域，以及它如何解释我们为何会从艺术中获得愉悦感。 1. 词义猜测题。划线短语上文“Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful.(神经美学是一个相对年轻的研究领域，研究的是当我们进行审美评估时大脑会发生什么。研究人员使用脑成像技术来观察当我们看到我们认为美丽的画作时，大脑的哪些区域会发光。)”提出当进行审美评估，看到时美丽的画作时，我们大脑的一些区域会“发光”。划线词所在句“Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks ” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc.(类似的研究已经完成，以了解当我们看到鼓舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时发生的“神经元烟花”。)”提出类似研究发现，人们在看到鼓舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时会产生“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”。文中将两种情况进行了类比，由此推知，“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”与上文中的“大脑的一些区域会‘发光’”是同一个意思，即指上文中的“The lighting-up of specific brain areas.”。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response.(运动在艺术中起着有趣的作用。如果你看到一幅描绘一个动作的画，比如一个人被狗咬了后把胳膊抽走，你会觉得自己也有类似的经历。你大脑中控制你自己动作的部分会相应地亮起来。)”可知，当人们看到艺术中的运动时，人们会觉得自己也有类似的经历，大脑中控制自己动作的部分会相应地亮起来，也就是该部分被激活了。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)(经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks.(通过使用经颅磁刺激(TMS)的研究发现，该系统可以以令人着迷的方式受到影响。如果颅磁刺激应用于前额后大脑中对决策特别重要的特定部位，你就会突然喜欢上不同种类的艺术。这种刺激使人们对面孔、身体和艺术品的审美发生了重大变化。)”可推知，颅磁刺激会使人们的审美发生变化。故选C。 4. 细节理解题。根据文章第六段“We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them.(我们也从了解事物的制作过程中获得乐趣。对于艺术家创作的图像，一旦观众了解了创作过程，他们可能会获得更多的乐趣。)”可知，如果我们知道了创作过程，我们就会更加欣赏这件艺术品。故选A。 5. 推理判断题。根据全文内容可知，文章介绍了神经美学这一学科领域，以及它如何解释我们为何会从艺术中获得愉悦感，因此作者的目的是介绍一个新的研究领域，即神经美学，以帮助人们更好地欣赏艺术。故选D。 06 (2022天津卷) Is it true that our brain alone is responsible fo human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The ECtheory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 1. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 2. Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A. Their personal looks. B. Their mental needs. C. Their inner emotions. D. Their physical feelings. 3. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A. environment impacts how we judge others B. how body temperature is related to health C. the mind and the body influence each other D. how humans interact with their surroundings 4. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A. Human speech is alive with metaphors. B. Human senses have effects on thinking. C. Human language is shaped by visual images. D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 5. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC. 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。 1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The ECtheory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明，我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的真理。故选D项。 2.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。 3.推理判断题。文章首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction.(进一步的研究支持了思想与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it works the other way too;in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。 4.推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文的陈述“A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。 5.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it?(既然您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If you’re having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。 三、阅读理解名校模拟（说明文） 模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩!练技能,补漏洞,提分数,强信心! 01（25-26高三上·天津·期中）Ten thousand years ago, as the last ice age ended, sea levels around the world were far lower than they are today. Much of the land under both the North Sea to the east of Britain and the English Channel which now separates France and Britain was part of a huge region of forests and grassy plains. Then the climate gradually became warmer and the water trapped in large masses of ice was released. Now the development of advanced sonar (声纳) technology, known as bathymetry, is making it possible to study this flooded landscape in extraordinary detail. A special echo sounder is fixed to the bottom of a survey ship and it makes wide sweeps across the seabed. While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps. For the first time, an ancient riverbed jumps out of the three-dimensional image. The site of pre-historical settlements can now be pinpointed. According to expert Linda Andrews, this technological development is of huge significance. “We now have the ability to map the seabed as accurately as we can map dry land,” she says. Once bathymetric techniques have identified sites where people might have built their homes and villages, divers can be sent down to investigate further. Robot submarines can also be used, and researchers hope they will find stone tools and wood from houses as proof of human activity. The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe. It remains to be seen how far this new awareness is taken on board, however. In fact, the use of bathymetry will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents. In addition, commercial applications are a real possibility. Aggregates (骨材) for the construction industry are becoming increasingly expensive, and bathymetry can be used to identify suitable sites for digging for this material. Mapping the seabed will also identify places where rare plants and shellfish are living. Digging at such sites should be prevented, either to work for a profit or to make deeper waterways for massive container ships. 1．How does bathymetry work? A．It makes use of a number of different devices. B．It produces two-dimensional images of the sea floor. C．It has an echo sounder placed on the seabed. D．It bases its calculations on the location of construction sites. 2．What does the underlined word “pinpointed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Occupied. B．Discovered. C．Rebuilt. D．Adjusted. 3．The author believes a better understanding of the settlements on the seabed may ________. A．attract investment in the research under the sea B．inspire people to take an interest in modern technology C．receive confirmation of rebuilding ancient man-made objects D．adapt the attitudes of the British to their country’s history 4．We can learn that the use of bathymetry will help to ________. A．provide the precise location of sunken ships B．identify new species of plants and animals C．evaluate the cost of seeking certain resources D．promote the development of deeper waterways 5．Based on the passage, which conclusion can be drawn about human habitation in Britain? A．Human activity in Britain began only after it became an island. B．The submerged landscapes were uninhabited due to harsh climatic conditions. C．Britain’s history of human habitation is longer and more complex than commonly assumed. D．Advanced sonar technology was developed to study Britain’s prehistoric settlements specifically. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍测深技术的工作原理及其在研究沉没地貌、历史遗迹等方面的应用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A special echo sounder is fixed to the bottom of a survey ship and it makes wide sweeps across the seabed. While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps.(一种特殊的回声测深仪被固定在调查船的底部，它可以在海床上进行大范围的扫描。虽然之前的技术只能生成二维图像，但现在测深技术可以利用计算机、卫星定位设备和专用软件绘制出精确且极其详细的地图)”可知，测深技术运用了回声测深仪、计算机、卫星定位设备等多种设备。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“For the first time, an ancient riverbed jumps out of the three-dimensional image. The site of pre-historical settlements can now be pinpointed.(一个古老的河床第一次从三维图像中清晰呈现出来。史前聚居地的遗址现在可以被pinpointed)”可知，三维图像让古老河床显现，由此史前聚居地遗址也能被找到。结合选项，pinpointed的意思应为“发现；精准定位”，与discovered含义相近。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe.(许多英国人认为自己的国家是一个天然的岛屿王国，这一观点将受到这些发现的挑战：英国已经有大约50万年的人类居住史，而且在这段时间的大部分时间里，它与欧洲大陆时断时续地相连)”可知，这些海底聚居地的发现会挑战英国人对本国历史的固有认知，进而改变他们的态度。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“In fact, the use of bathymetry will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents.(事实上，测深技术的应用不仅限于研究消失的地貌和古代聚居地。它在寻找因事故沉没的船只方面也至关重要)”可知，测深技术能够帮助确定沉船的精确位置。故选A项。 5．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe.(许多英国人认为自己的国家是一个天然的岛屿王国，这一观点将受到这些发现的挑战：英国已经有大约50万年的人类居住史，而且在这段时间的大部分时间里，它与欧洲大陆时断时续地相连)”可知，英国的人类居住史比人们普遍认为的更悠久、更复杂。故选C项。 02（25-26高三上·天津滨海新·期中）A study of school design has discovered that school design can influence a child’s development by as much as 25 percent over the course of an academic year. The 751 pupils using 34 classrooms across seven primary schools in Blackpool were studied by the University of Salford. Standardized data, such as age, gender (性别) and academic performance,were collected on each child at the start and end of the year, while each classroom was evaluated for quality on ten different environmental factors, such as direction for natural light, shape, color and temperature. The results, published in Building and the Environment, showed that the architecture and design of classrooms has an important role to play in influencing academic performance. Six of the environmental factors — color, choice, connection, complexity, flexibility and light — were clearly correlated with grade scores. Architect Peter Barrett, the study’s lead author, said, “This is the first time a whole assessment has been made that successfully links the overall impact directly to learning rates in schools. The impact identified is in fact greater than we imagined.” According to the results, once the differences between the “worst” and “best” designed classrooms in the study were taken into account, it was found that the influence that “best” designed classrooms bring is equivalent (相等的) to the progress that a typical pupil would be expected to make over a year. The results are particularly interesting as the government has introduced a controversial series of standardized templates (模板) for new school buildings, with the purpose of reducing the costs of hiring architects. The opinion on a range of strictly-defined design features replaces the previous Labour government’s more architecturally luxurious Building Schools for the Future Program, which was canceled by education secretary Michael Gove. He has claimed that his department’s new Priority School Building Program, and its basic plans, will put an end to a situation which he believes existed only to “make architects richer”. 1．It can be inferred that the standardized data ________. A．were based on ten environmental factors B．were collected twice in an academic year C．were collected by the University of Salford in person D．were changeable because of the school environment 2．The underlined phrase “correlated with”has the closest meaning to “________”. A．associated with B．compared to C．unconcerned with D．based on 3．What did Peter Barrett think of the results of the study? A．They were not believable. B．They were wonderful. C．They were arguable. D．They were against his expectations. 4．Why did Michael Gove cancel the program? A．Because the program didn’t reach the standard. B．Because standardized templates were not finally decided. C．Because the program was made by the previous government. D．Because it was against the government’s demand for cost saving. 5．What’s the best title for the passage? A．School Design Can Greatly Affect Teachers’ Life B．School Design Can Greatly Affect Teachers’ Work C．School Design Can Greatly Affect Children’s Interest D．School Design Can Greatly Affect Children’s Grades 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了学校设计对孩子学业成绩有显著影响，部分环境因素与成绩紧密相关。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Standardized data, such as age, gender (性别) and academic performance,were collected on each child at the start and end of the year, while each classroom was evaluated for quality on ten different environmental factors, such as direction for natural light, shape, color and temperature.(研究人员在学年伊始和年末收集了每名儿童的标准化数据（包括年龄、性别和学业成绩），同时从10个不同的环境因素（如自然光朝向、教室形状、色彩和温度等）对每间教室的质量进行了评估。)”可知，标准化数据一学年收集两次。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“The results, published in Building and the Environment, showed that the architecture and design of classrooms has an important role to play in influencing academic performance. Six of the environmental factors — color, choice, connection, complexity, flexibility and light — were clearly correlated with grade scores.(这项发表于《建筑与环境》期刊的研究结果表明，教室的建筑结构与设计在影响学业成绩方面发挥着重要作用。六个环境因素——颜色、选择、联系、复杂性、灵活性和光线——与成绩分数明显correlated with。)”可知，教室的建筑结构与设计在影响学业成绩方面发挥着重要作用，由此推知六个环境因素与成绩分数有明显的联系，correlated with意为“与……相关”，与A选项associated with“与……相关”意思相近。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Architect Peter Barrett, the study’s lead author, said, “This is the first time a whole assessment has been made that successfully links the overall impact directly to learning rates in schools. The impact identified is in fact greater than we imagined.”(该研究的首席作者、建筑师Peter Barrett表示：“这是首次开展全面评估，成功将学校设计的整体影响与学习效率直接关联起来。事实上，我们发现的影响程度比预想中更大。”)”可知，Peter Barrett认为研究结果很棒。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The opinion on a range of strictly-defined design features replaces the previous Labour government’s more architecturally luxurious Building Schools for the Future Program, which was canceled by education secretary Michael Gove. He has claimed that his department’s new Priority School Building Program, and its basic plans, will put an end to a situation which he believes existed only to “make architects richer”.(关于一系列严格定义的设计特征的意见取代了前工党政府在建筑上更为奢华的“未来学校建设计划”，该计划被教育部长Michael Gove取消。他声称，他的部门新的优先学校建设计划及其基本计划，将结束一种他认为只存在于“让建筑师更富有”的情况。)”可知，Michael Gove取消该计划是因为它违背了政府节约成本的要求。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“A study of school design has discovered that school design can influence a child’s development by as much as 25 percent over the course of an academic year.(一项关于学校设计的研究发现，在一个学年中，学校设计可以对孩子的发展产生高达25%的影响。)”以及下文对学校设计对孩子成绩的影响的描述可知，本文主要讲述了学校设计对孩子成绩的影响。故D选项“School Design Can Greatly Affect Children’s Grades(学校设计会极大地影响孩子的成绩)”最符合文章标题。故选D。 03（25-26高三上·天津静海·期中）Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something. For instance: lawyers have to study and learn every established law on their specific branches. Sometimes the law changes according to people’s needs. A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court. A doctor has to be informed of the latest advances in medicine. Reading is very important for all mankind. Everything is relative in this world, especially reading. Reading can open many doors and it can lead you into a path of success. Studies have confirmed that reading to your unborn child is very good. This way your child will develop a passion for reading later on. How do you develop a passion for reading? There is only one way you can boost your passion for reading. Let me explain this to you. If you want to learn how to ride a bike, you have to get on the bike as many times as possible until you have learned. It works the same way with reading. If you want to boost your passion for reading, take a book and read it all the way through. When you finish reading your first book, take another book and do the same. Try to read as much as you can. If you are going out, grab a magazine, a book, an article or something to read. There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text. Let’s assume that you read a document and you are supposed to explain the meaning of the document. How would you explain the document if you couldn’t capture the message of the author? 1．The first two paragraphs mainly talk about _________. A．the key to success B．how to develop a passion for reading C．what reading comprehension is D．the importance of reading 2．We can define reading comprehension as _________. A．a very important factor behind the reading B．something that makes people understand what they read C．the latest information in reading D．a strong passion for reading 3．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A．A good lawyer should update his knowledge timely. B．Reading is important only to those working in offices. C．Reading to an unborn child doesn’t make any sense. D．You can develop a passion for reading by reading on bike. 4．The author develops the passage mainly by _________. A．comparing the opinions of different people B．following the natural time order C．presenting opinions and giving examples D．presenting a cause and analyzing its effects 5．What do you suppose the following paragraph will talk about? A．Famous people who love reading. B．Popular reading websites. C．The importance of reading at school. D．Ways to improve reading comprehension. 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了阅读的重要性并分析了阅读对我们的重要影响。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something.(阅读是通往成功的关键。显然，每一个成功人士都对阅读有着浓厚的兴趣。这是因为阅读是获取理解所需信息的关键要素)”可知，第一段主要介绍的是阅读的重要性。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据最后一段“There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text.(阅读背后有一个非常重要的因素——那就是阅读理解。它能帮助你领会文章的深层含义)”可知，阅读能够让我们理解所阅读内容。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段“A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court.(一位优秀的律师必须了解法庭方面的最新动态)”可知，A选项“一位优秀的律师应当及时更新自己的知识”正确。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something. For instance: lawyers have to study and learn every established law on their specific branches. Sometimes the law changes according to people’s needs. A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court. A doctor has to be informed of the latest advances in medicine.(阅读是通往成功的关键。显然，每一个成功人士都对阅读有着浓厚的兴趣。这是因为阅读是获取理解所需信息的关键要素。例如：律师必须研究并学习其特定领域内的所有已确立的法律。有时法律会根据人们的需求而发生变化。一位优秀的律师必须了解法院的最新动态。医生则必须了解医学领域的最新进展)”，第二段“Reading can open many doors and it can lead you into a path of success. Studies have confirmed that reading to your unborn child is very good.(阅读能够开启许多可能性，还能引领你踏上成功的道路。研究已经证实，为未出生的宝宝朗读是非常有益的)”和第三段的“How do you develop a passion for reading? There is only one way you can boost your passion for reading. Let me explain this to you.(你是如何培养对阅读的热情的？只有一种方法可以激发你对阅读的热情。让我给你解释一下)”可知，作者通过表达观点并举例来展开文章，故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text. Let’s assume that you read a document and you are supposed to explain the meaning of the document. How would you explain the document if you couldn’t capture the message of the author?(阅读背后有一个非常重要的因素 —— 阅读理解。正是它让你理解文本背后的含义。假设你阅读了一份文件，并且需要对其内容进行解释。但如果你无法理解作者所要表达的意思，你会如何进行解释呢？)”可知，文章接下来会说明提高阅读理解能力的方法。故选D。 04（25-26高三上·天津和平·期中）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.” Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 1．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand. C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition. 2．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey. C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test. 3．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task. C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. 5．What is an example of breaking stereotypes through anthropomorphized products? A．A genderless voice assistant with a neutral name. B．A male robot designed for nursing work. C．A female self-driving car named Miuu. D．A digital assistant with traditional female traits. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B 5．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁的相关研究。研究探讨了让科技产品无性别化的初衷、性别设定对用户的影响、无性别化产品研发的困难，以及通过拟人化产品打破刻板印象的可能性，呈现了科技产品性别设定与刻板印象之间的复杂关联。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“‘People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授Ashley Martin说，‘人们以非常传统的方式对他们的性别对象形成刻板印象。将性别从画面中完全移除似乎是解决这个问题的一个简单方法。’)”可知，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少刻板印象。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，Martin让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性版、女性版和无性别版的依恋程度进行评分。)”可知，参与者可能需要填写调查问卷来反馈对不同版本产品的评价。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ (Martin的研究还发现，打造无性别化物品并非易事。例如，即使一个物品的名字刻意设计得无性别倾向，比如‘Miuu’，参与者仍会给它赋予性别属性——他们会认为‘Miuu’是‘他’或‘她’。)”可知，无性别化产品难以研发是因为性别观念已根植于人们的思想中，人们会不自觉地给物品赋予性别。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’(然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘为改变刻板印象提供了机会。’)以及后文举例可知，该段主要讲述给产品赋予性别属性的积极面——借助拟人化的产品打破刻板印象。故选B。 5．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. (同样地，我们可以打造承担与刻板印象不符角色的拟人化产品——例如，一个从事护理辅助工作的男性机器人，或者一个协助计算的女性机器人。)”可知，从事护理工作的男性机器人打破了“护理工作由女性承担”的传统刻板印象。故选B。 05（25-26高三上·天津西青·期中）The “Black Summer” bushfires of 2019 — 2020 killed or displayed nearly 3 billion animals in Australia. To understand how wildlife would recover, project “Eyes on Recovery” was launched More than 1,100 motion-activated cameras were placed across the country’s bushfire-affected regions. And researchers also applied Wildlife Insights — a platform powered by AI models developed at Google. Collectively, more than 7 million photos have been gathered and processed, giving researchers an unequal view of wildlife recovery. Without the AI technology, researchers would have had to review millions of images one by one — a boring and time-consuming task. Wildlife Insights processed the images captured by motion-activated cameras five to ten times faster than a human-thanks in large part to its ability to filter (过滤) out blanks, which can account for the vast majority of images. The analysis not only proves the presence of delicate species — it also provides information on their recovery. Koalas, for example, were among the hardest hit species. An estimated 60,000 were killed, injured or displaced as wildfires tore through the forests where they live. The damage was so destructive that the Australian government declared koalas endangered across much of eastern Australia. Field cameras captured koalas wandering the forest floor, which is unusual for species that spends most of its time in trees. It's an indication that the forest is still recovering, but wildlife is returning. “Eyes on Recovery” has offered new data into nature’s resilience (恢复力) and where native species need additional support recovering. This could inform investment priorities and more effective measures like protecting areas where fires are less likely to occur so that they can serve as habitat shelters or setting up food and water stations after a fire for species that are slower to return to their natural habitats. “We talk about resilience in nature frequently, and how we must increase it in the face of climate change and more frequent natural disasters,” said Conservation International wildlife scientist Jorge Ahumada. “But what exactly does that mean? These cameras — and the AI we’ve developed — are giving us clues that can support species' survival in future wildfires.” 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．The introduction of Wildlife Insights. B．The function of motion-activated cameras. C．The purpose and tasks of “Eyes on Recovery”. D．The impact of bushfires on Australia’s wildlife. 2．How did Wildlife Insights help researchers? A．By conducting on-site surveys. B．By gathering millions of images. C．By using motion-activated cameras. D．By efficiently processing photos. 3．What can we know about Koalas from the text? A．Nearly 60,000 Koalas were killed in the fires. B．Their habitats have fully recovered. C．They used to live mainly in trees. D．They are endangered across Australia. 4．What insight can the data from “Eyes on Recovery” provide? A．The patterns of wildfire occurrence. B．The strategies for conservation efforts. C．The effects of climate change on wildlife. D．The measures to find proper habitat shelters 5．What does Ahumada think of the cameras and AI? A．They can reduce scientists’ workload. B．They are an answer to climate issues. C．They help increase resiliency in nature. D．They are making wildlife more adaptable. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章以澳大利亚山林大火对野生动物的影响为导入，引出文章主题“Eyes on Recovery”项目，然后从工作原理、重要性和前景三个方面介绍了该项目。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The “Black Summer” bushfires of 2019 — 2020 killed or displayed nearly 3 billion animals in Australia. To understand how wildlife would recover, project “Eyes on Recovery” was launched More than 1,100 motion-activated cameras were placed across the country’s bushfire-affected regions. And researchers also applied Wildlife Insights — a platform powered by AI models developed at Google. Collectively, more than 7 million photos have been gathered and processed, giving researchers an unequal view of wildlife recovery. (2019-2020年澳大利亚“黑色夏季”丛林大火导致近30亿只动物死亡或流离失所。为了解野生动物的恢复情况，“恢复观察”项目正式启动：研究人员在该国受火灾影响的区域部署了超过 1100 台感应式摄像机，并运用了“野生动物洞察”平台——这是一个由谷歌开发的人工智能模型驱动的平台。截至目前，项目已累计收集并处理了超过 700 万张照片，为研究人员提供了前所未有的野生动物恢复观测视角。)”可知，第一段主要讲了“Eyes on Recovery”项目的目的和任务。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Without the AI technology, researchers would have had to review millions of images one by one — a boring and time-consuming task. Wildlife Insights processed the images captured by motion-activated cameras five to ten times faster than a human-thanks in large part to its ability to filter out blanks, which can account for the vast majority of images.(如果没有人工智能技术，研究人员将不得不逐一审查数百万张图像——这是一项枯燥且耗时的任务。Wildlife Insights处理运动激活摄像头捕捉到的图像的速度比人类快五到十倍——这在很大程度上归功于它能够过滤掉空白图像，空白图像占图像的绝大多数。)”可知，Wildlife Insights通过高效处理照片来帮助研究人员。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Field cameras captured koalas wandering the forest floor, which is unusual for species that spends most of its time in trees.(现场摄像机捕捉到考拉在森林地面上游荡的画面，这对大部分时间都待在树上的物种来说是不寻常的。)”可知，考拉过去主要生活在树上。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段““Eyes on Recovery” has offered new data into nature’s resilience and where native species need additional support recovering. This could inform investment priorities and more effective measures like protecting areas where fires are less likely to occur so that they can serve as habitat shelters or setting up food and water stations after a fire for species that are slower to return to their natural habitats.(“Eyes on Recovery”项目提供了关于自然恢复力和本地物种需要额外支持恢复的新数据。这可以为投资优先事项和更有效的措施提供信息，比如保护不太可能发生火灾的地区，使其成为栖息地避难所，或者在火灾后为那些返回自然栖息地较慢的物种建立食物和水站。)”可知，“Eyes on Recovery”项目的数据能提供保护工作的策略。故选B。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段““We talk about resilience in nature frequently, and how we must increase it in the face of climate change and more frequent natural disasters,” said Conservation International wildlife scientist Jorge Ahumada. “But what exactly does that mean? These cameras — and the AI we’ve developed — are giving us clues that can support species’ survival in future wildfires.”(国际自然保护联盟野生动物科学家豪尔赫・阿胡马达表示：“我们经常探讨自然的恢复力，以及面对气候变化和日益频繁的自然灾害，我们该如何增强这种能力。但这究竟意味着什么？这些摄像机——以及我们研发的人工智能——正为我们提供线索，助力物种在未来的野火中存续。”)”可知，Ahumada认为这些摄像机和人工智能有助于增强自然的恢复力。故选C。 06（25-26高三上·天津西青·期中）Globally, 14% of new cars (sold in 2022) were electric — up from 9% in 2021 and just 5% in 2020 — and sales rose 25% in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period the year before. China leads with 60% of global Electric Vehicle (EV) sales, followed by Europe and the U.S. Newer markets like India and Thailand are also seeing growth, and in Norway over 80% of new cars are electric, though the U.S. only hit 4.6% in 2022 (20% in California) with analysts predicting 45% in a little over a decade. EVs have clear advantages: they run without gas or ethanol (乙醇), producing zero tailpipe emissions, and they are quiet, requiring less maintenance than gas-powered vehicles. Some can even supply electricity to homes in emergencies. Fred Lambert (lead writer for EV news site Electrek, adds, “they’re so much more fun to drive,” a less obvious but notable benefit. A major concern for buyers is “range anxiety” — fear of running out of charge — worsened by just around 46,000 U.S. charging stations (vs, 150000 gas stations) and some unreliable chargers. However, Tesla is opening its reliable superchargers to other brands, the Biden Administration is providing $7.5 billion to expand the U.S. charger network, and many EVs now have longer ranges (the Lucid Air claims 500 miles, with several options over 300 miles); plus; the U.S. average daily commute is only 30 miles. Jim Motavalli, auto columnist for Barron’s, adds, “when people buy EVs, they’ll find that 85 percent of their charging is at home anyway. You’re not actually going to need or want to use public charger s most of the time.” While EVs have environmental costs from emissions of battery production, lithium mining and transportation, traditional cars release far more emissions generated by fuel consumption over their lifetime. Solutions like better mining tech, longer-lasting batteries, and growing battery recycling can reduce these issues. Critics argue EVs don’t solve too many cars or gridlock, but Lambert sums up: “Go drive one, do the math, and let your logic take over. When you do, you’ll always end up with electric vehicles — it’s the more logical solution every time.” 1．Which statement is true according to the passage? A．China sells over half of the world’s EVs. B．Europe leads in global electric vehicle sales. C．The U.S. has more EV charger s than gas stations. D．Norway has the world’s highest EV adoption rate. 2．Which of the following is not a advantage of EVs? A．No gas needed and zero tailpipe emissions. B．Cheaper to purchase than traditional gas-powered cars. C．Quiet operation with lower maintenance requirements. D．Capable of powering homes during emergency situations. 3．What is a solution to ease “range anxiety” for EV owners? A．Reducing EV battery charging costs. B．Decreasing daily commuting distances. C．Expanding unreliable charging networks. D．Popularizing the installation of home chargers. 4．What can we infer about the environmental impact of EVs? A．Lithium mining issues are unsolvable for EVs. B．EVs are pollution-free due to zero tailpipe emissions. C．Battery production makes EVs worse than gasoline cars. D．EVs beat gas vehicles on environmental costs long-termly. 5．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To promote EV sales globally. B．To compare EVs in different countries. C．To justify EVs as a logically better choice. D．To discuss EVs’ advantages over gas vehicles. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．D 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了电动汽车在全球市场的增长、优势、面临的挑战及环境影响，并论证其作为更合理选择的理由。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“China leads with 60% of global Electric Vehicle (EV) sales, followed by Europe and the U.S.(中国以全球60%的电动汽车销量领先，其次是欧洲和美国。)”可知，中国销售的电动汽车占全球一半以上。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“EVs have clear advantages: they run without gas or ethanol (乙醇), producing zero tailpipe emissions, and they are quiet, requiring less maintenance than gas-powered vehicles. Some can even supply electricity to homes in emergencies.(电动汽车有明显的优势：它们不用汽油或乙醇驱动，零尾气排放，而且安静，比汽油驱动的汽车需要的维护更少。有些甚至可以在紧急情况下为家庭供电。)”可知，电动汽车的优势包括不用汽油，零尾气排放，安静，维护少，有些甚至可以在紧急情况下为家庭供电，文中并未提及电动汽车比传统汽油车便宜。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Jim Motavalli, auto columnist for Barron’s, adds, “when people buy EVs, they’ll find that 85 percent of their charging is at home anyway. You’re not actually going to need or want to use public charger s most of the time.”(《巴伦周刊》汽车专栏作家吉姆·莫塔瓦利补充说：“当人们购买电动汽车时，他们会发现85%的充电都是在家里进行的。大多数时候你实际上并不需要或不想使用公共充电器。”)”可知，普及家用充电器的安装可以缓解电动汽车车主的“里程焦虑”。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中“While EVs have environmental costs from emissions of battery production, lithium mining and transportation, traditional cars release far more emissions generated by fuel consumption over their lifetime.(虽然电动汽车在电池生产、锂矿开采和运输过程中会产生环境成本，但传统汽车在其使用寿命内因燃料消耗而产生的排放要远多于电动汽车。)”可知，从长远来看，电动汽车在环境成本上优于汽油车。故选D。 5．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“Critics argue EVs don’t solve too many cars or gridlock, but Lambert sums up: “Go drive one, do the math, and let your logic take over. When you do, you’ll always end up with electric vehicles — it’s the more logical solution every time.”(批评者认为电动汽车并不能解决太多汽车或交通堵塞问题，但兰伯特总结道：“去开一辆，算一算，让你的逻辑占上风。当你这样做的时候，你最终总会选择电动汽车——每次它都是更合理的解决方案。”)”可知，文章的主要目的是论证电动汽车作为更合理选择的理由。故选C。 07（25-26高三上·天津·期中）In our daily lives, we often hear about the benefits of exercise for our physical health. But have you ever wondered about its effect on our memory? Well, a recent study from University College London has some interesting findings. The researchers discovered that 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, along with at least six hours of sleep at night, could potentially lead to an improvement in cognitive performance the following day. This means that activities like cycling to work or going for a brisk walk in the morning might not only make you feel good for the day but also have a positive impact on your memory the next day. Previous studies on the short-term effects of physical activity were mostly done in laboratories and focused on short time frames. However, this new study observed the real-life physical activity of 76 adults aged 50 — 83, who did not have cognitive impairment or dementia. These participants wore an accelerometer for eight days to track their sleep and physical activity. They also took simple online cognitive tests daily to measure their attention, memory, and processing speed. The results showed that each 30-minute increase in physical activity corresponded to a 2% — 5% increase in episodic and working memory scores the next day. But when sleep data was considered, only the working memory score improvement remained significant. The study also found that more sedentary behavior was associated with a drop in working memory scores, while getting enough sleep led to better scores in episodic memory and other aspects. Despite these findings, the study had its limitations. The participants were generally well-educated and had good health and high levels of daily physical activity, which might not represent the entire population. Also, the exact reason why exercise affects memory the next day is still unclear, as the benefits from neurotransmitters are thought to be short-lived. In conclusion, while we still have more to learn, this study suggests that staying active and getting enough sleep could be beneficial for our brain health and memory. So, let’s put on our running shoes and hit the sack early to give our brains a boost!(362) 1．What did the University College London study find? A．Any amount of exercise improves memory immediately. B．Thirty minutes of exercise and proper sleep may enhance next-day cognitive ability. C．Only intense exercise affects memory. D．Sleep has no connection to memory improvement. 2．How was this study different from previous ones? A．It involved a larger number of participants. B．It focused only on the long-term effects. C．It only studied younger people. D．It was based on real-life activity tracking. 3．What were the participants asked to do in the study? A．Exercise for a fixed time every day. B．Wear a device and do cognitive tests. C．Change their diet drastically. D．Avoid all sedentary activities. 4．What are the limitations of the study? A．The participants were all athletes. B．It didn’t consider the role of diet. C．The participants had specific characteristics. D．It was too expensive to conduct. 5．What is the main purpose of the last paragraph? A．To suggest practical applications of the findings. B．To criticize the study's limitations. C．To propose directions for future research. D．To explain the physiological mechanisms. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍伦敦大学学院关于运动与睡眠对认知能力（尤其是记忆力）影响的最新研究发现、研究方式及局限性。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The researchers discovered that 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, along with at least six hours of sleep at night, could potentially lead to an improvement in cognitive performance the following day.(研究人员发现，30分钟的中高强度体育活动，加上每晚至少6小时的睡眠，可能会在第二天改善认知表现)”可知，该研究发现30分钟运动加充足睡眠可能提升次日认知能力。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Previous studies on the short-term effects of physical activity were mostly done in laboratories and focused on short time frames. However, this new study observed the real-life physical activity of 76 adults...(以往关于体育活动短期影响的研究大多在实验室进行，且聚焦于短时间范围。然而，这项新研究观察了76名成年人的真实生活中的体育活动……)”可知，新研究与以往研究的不同之处在于它基于真实生活中的活动追踪。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“These participants wore an accelerometer for eight days to track their sleep and physical activity. They also took simple online cognitive tests daily...(这些参与者连续八天佩戴加速度计以追踪他们的睡眠和体育活动。他们还每天进行简单的在线认知测试……)”可知，参与者需要佩戴设备并完成认知测试。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The participants were generally well-educated and had good health and high levels of daily physical activity, which might not represent the entire population.(参与者普遍受过良好教育、身体健康且日常体育活动水平较高，这可能无法代表全体人群)”可知，该研究的局限性在于参与者具有特定特征，不具备广泛代表性。故选C项。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In conclusion, while we still have more to learn, this study suggests that staying active and getting enough sleep could be beneficial for our brain health and memory. So, let’s put on our running shoes and hit the sack early to give our brains a boost!(总之，尽管我们还有很多东西要学，但这项研究表明，保持活跃和充足睡眠可能对我们的大脑健康和记忆力有益。所以，让我们穿上跑鞋，早点睡觉，给大脑充充电吧！)”可知，最后一段旨在将研究发现转化为实际建议，指导人们践行健康习惯。故选A项。 08（25-26高三上·天津·期中）If you love it when a musician strikes the unexpected but perfect chord (和弦), you are not alone. Researchers led by Ben Gold, a PhD candidate in the lab of Robert Zatorre at The Neuro of McGill University, put 20 volunteers through a musical reward learning task. Each participant chose a color. Each choice came with a certain probability of leading to either a pleasurable musical piece or an unpleasurable one. Over time the participants learned which choices were more likely to produce both pleasurable and unpleasurable music. The test was designed to create an expectation of either musical enjoyment or dissatisfaction. Participants performed this task while their brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI磁共振成像). Using an algorithm (算法), the researchers then determined the reward prediction error for each choice — the difference between an expected reward and the actual reward received. They compared that data to the MRI data, and found that reward prediction errors linked with activity in the nucleus accumbens. It is a brain area that has been shown to become active when the participant is experiencing musical pleasure in previous studies. The new study shows the musically unexpected errors make the reward center of our brains active, and enables us to learn about the music as we listen. This is the first evidence that musically caused reward prediction errors lead to musical pleasure. It is also the first time music as a reward has been shown to create such a response. Previous studies have focused on such rewards as food or money which can be seen or touched. Participants whose reward prediction errors most closely matched activity in the nucleus accumbens also showed the most progress in learning the choices that led to the pleasurable tones. This shows music as a neurobiological (神经生物学) reward is capable of motivating learning. It also shows how an abstract stimulus (刺激) can play a role in producing potentially pleasurable effect in the brain’s reward system and motivate us to listen again and again. 1．Why was the test designed in the study? A．To increase the participants’ musical enjoyment B．To make the participants expect the effect of music. C．To create an expectation of an enjoyable reward. D．To guide the participants to select enjoyable music. 2．The nucleus accumbens will become active when the music ________. A．is as good as expected B．causes some dissatisfaction C．has some unexpected notes D．causes no reward prediction errors 3．What makes the new study different from the previous ones? A．The results of the study. B．The importance of the study. C．The stimulus causing the reward in the study. D．The equipment in measuring the brain activity. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．People improve their moods by listening to music. B．The abstract stimulus can benefit the decision-making process C．People can make progress in learning while listening to nice music. D．The brain’s reward system can be motivated by an abstract stimulus. 5．What’s the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A．explain a scientific breakthrough. B．describe a detailed experimental procedure. C．argue that musical pleasure is a more effective motivator. D．introduce the concept of “reward prediction error”. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了麦吉尔大学研究通过音乐奖励学习任务与fMRI扫描，发现音乐带来的奖励预测误差会激活大脑伏隔核，证实音乐作为抽象刺激可引发愉悦感并促进学习，填补了相关研究空白。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“The test was designed to create an expectation of either musical enjoyment or dissatisfaction.(该测试旨在营造出要么是愉悦的音乐体验，要么是不满的音乐体验的预期效果)”可知，该研究中的测试设计初衷是旨在让参与者预期音乐的效果。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“The new study shows the musically unexpected errors make the reward center of our brains active, and enables us to learn about the music as we listen.(这项新研究表明，那些出乎音乐预期的错误会激活我们大脑中的奖赏中枢，从而让我们在聆听音乐时能够更好地理解音乐内容)”可知，当音乐出现一些意外的音符时，伏隔核就会变得活跃起来。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Previous studies have focused on such rewards as food or money which can be seen or touched.(以往的研究主要关注那些能够被看见或触摸到的物质奖励，比如食物或金钱)”可知，与之前的研究相比，该研究差异在于“引发奖励的刺激物”。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It also shows how an abstract stimulus (刺激) can play a role in producing potentially pleasurable effect in the brain’s reward system and motivate us to listen again and again.(它还表明，一种抽象的刺激能够对大脑的奖赏系统产生影响，从而引发潜在的愉悦感，并促使我们不断地重复聆听)”可知，大脑的奖赏系统能够被抽象的刺激所激发。故选D。 5．推理判断题。根据第二段“Researchers led by Ben Gold, a PhD candidate in the lab of Robert Zatorre at The Neuro of McGill University, put 20 volunteers through a musical reward learning task. Each participant chose a color. Each choice came with a certain probability of leading to either a pleasurable musical piece or an unpleasurable one. Over time the participants learned which choices were more likely to produce both pleasurable and unpleasurable music.(由本·戈尔德领导的研究团队（他是麦吉尔大学神经科学实验室罗伯特·扎托雷的博士生）对20名志愿者进行了音乐奖励学习任务。每位参与者都选择了一种颜色。每次的选择都有一定的概率会带来愉悦的音乐片段或不愉悦的音乐片段。随着时间的推移，参与者逐渐了解到哪些选择更有可能同时产生愉悦和不愉悦的音乐)”结合文章主要说明了麦吉尔大学研究通过音乐奖励学习任务与fMRI扫描，发现音乐带来的奖励预测误差会激活大脑伏隔核，证实音乐作为抽象刺激可引发愉悦感并促进学习，填补了相关研究空白。可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是解释一项科学突破。故选A。 09（25-26高三上·天津和平·期中）Is the time coming soon when we will all have chips put in our brains? The sci-fi future may seem one step closer now that the first patient of Elon Musk’s Neuralink start-up can play chess online using only his brain. Set up in 2016, Neuralink is a newcomer in the world of brain-machine interface (BMI脑机接口). The key technology has been around for decades, and its principles are fairly straightforward. A BMI consists of probes — usually very thin wires — that are inserted into the brain at specific locations. These probes eavesdrop (监听) on the activity of nearby brain cells and transmit the information they gather to a computer. The computer then processes this information in order to do something useful—perhaps control a robot, or a voice synthesizer (合成器). BMIs can also work the other way round. They may drive neural activity through electrical stimulation carried out by the probes potentially changing what we think, feel, and do. BMI technology is developing rapidly and for good reason. There’s the potential to help paralyzed people to walk again and blind people to see. That’s Neuralink’s first stated goal, and it’s possible that it’ll make rapid progress. However, BMI development is as much a scientific problem as it is an engineering challenge. Unlike electric cars and space rockets, how the brain works remains something that science understands to a fairly limited degree. Medical research of any kind has to be carried out slowly to minimize the suffering of any animals involved and to ensure human safety. Beyond medical applications, there’s the chance that BMIs may give us — or some of us, at least — new cognitive capabilities. Musk paints a picture of a future in which all of us may use brain chips for self-improvement. While most of us might agree that treating neurological disorders is a good thing, the ethics of the latter are far more controversial. First, there are questions of feasibility (可行性). BMIs still face a series of scientific challenges. This means that the first non-medical applications will probably be limited to things such as controlling apps on our phones. Will people really have high-risk brain surgery just to scroll social media with their minds? Then there is concern about algorithmic bias (算法偏差). If BMIs are trained on data from only a group of people, then getting them to work properly may require us to think in ways typical of that group. This would put social biases directly into our minds, potentially leading to the loss of cultural diversity. Finally, we should consider what might happen if we allow companies like Neuralink to obtain our neural data. When we lose control over our own mental states, we may arrive at a place where what it means to be a human being hangs in the balance. Whatever the benefits, this is a high price to pay. Certainly, we should think twice before connecting our brains directly to the brain-chip products — while we still can. 1．Which of the following best describes the current application of BMI technology? A．It has overcome major hurdles in understanding brain functions. B．It is widely used for enhancing cognitive abilities in healthy people. C．Its primary success lies in helping paralyzed individuals regain movement. D．It remains largely a field facing significant challenges despite its potential. 2．Which of the following is a major challenge for non-medical BMI applications? A．High cost and risks of brain surgery. B．Limited understanding of brain functions. C．Lack of data from diverse ethnic groups. D．Ethical concerns about cognitive enhancement. 3．According to the whole passage, Paragraph 4 serves to ________. A．propose practical solutions to technical problems. B．transition from medical benefits to ethical debates. C．illustrate the success of Neuralink’s first goal. D．explain how BMI changes cultural diversity. 4．What does the author likely imply with the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5? A．Chances are that human beings will be under possible threat. B．Humans might evolve into a new species due to genetic changes. C．The physical risks of brain surgery threaten human survival. D．Cultural diversity will be lost in future without intervention. 5．What is the author’s overall attitude towards BMI technology? A．Worried about its non-medical daily uses. B．Fully supportive of its rapid development. C．Cautious about its application in our life. D．Confident in its ability to enhance humanity. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是脑机接口（BMI）技术的潜力和存在的挑战。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“BMI technology is developing rapidly and for good reason. There’s the potential to help paralyzed people to walk again and blind people to see. That’s Neuralink’s first stated goal, and it’s possible that it’ll make rapid progress. However, BMI development is as much a scientific problem as it is an engineering challenge. Unlike electric cars and space rockets, how the brain works remains something that science understands to a fairly limited degree.(BMI技术发展迅速，这是有充分理由的。它有可能帮助瘫痪的人重新行走，帮助盲人重见光明。这是Neuralink的第一个既定目标，它可能会取得快速进展。然而，BMI的发展既是一个工程挑战，也是一个科学问题。与电动汽车和太空火箭不同，大脑的工作原理在科学上的理解仍然相当有限。)”可知，目前BMI技术的应用尽管潜力巨大，但该领域在很大程度上仍面临着重大挑战。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“First, there are questions of feasibility. BMIs still face a series of scientific challenges. This means that the first non-medical applications will probably be limited to things such as controlling apps on our phones. Will people really have high-risk brain surgery just to scroll social media with their minds?(首先，存在可行性问题。BMI仍然面临一系列科学挑战。这意味着第一批非医疗应用可能仅限于控制我们手机上的应用程序等。人们真的会为了用大脑滚动社交媒体而进行高风险的脑部手术吗？)”可知，非医疗BMI应用的主要挑战是脑部手术的高成本和高风险。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Beyond medical applications, there’s the chance that BMIs may give us—or some of us, at least—new cognitive capabilities. Musk paints a picture of a future in which all of us may use brain chips for self-improvement. While most of us might agree that treating neurological disorders is a good thing, the ethics of the latter are far more controversial.(除了医疗应用之外，脑机接口（BMI）技术还有可能为我们——至少是我们中的一部分人——带来新的认知能力。马斯克描绘了一幅这样的未来图景：我们所有人都可能使用脑芯片进行自我提升。尽管我们大多数人可能都认同治疗神经系统疾病是一件好事，但后一种（使用脑芯片自我提升）做法的伦理问题则要争议得多。)”可知，第四段的作用是从医疗益处过渡到伦理辩论。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“BMIs still face a series of scientific challenges. This means that the first non-medical applications will probably be limited to things such as controlling apps on our phones. Will people really have high-risk brain surgery just to scroll social media with their minds?(脑机接口（BMI）技术仍面临一系列科学挑战。这意味着首批非医疗应用可能仅限于诸如操控我们手机上的应用程序这类事情。人们真的会仅仅为了用大脑刷社交媒体就去接受高风险的脑部手术吗？)”可知，作者在第5段的划线句子中可能暗示了人类很有可能会受到威胁。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Certainly, we should think twice before connecting our brains directly to the brain-chip products—while we still can.(当然，在我们仍有选择余地之时，将大脑与脑机芯片产品直接相连前，确实应当三思而后行。)”可知，作者对BMI技术在我们生活中的应用持谨慎态度。故选C。 10（25-26高三上·天津·期中）Pick up any packaged processed food, and there’s a decent chance that one of its listed ingredients will be “natural flavor”. The ingredient sounds good, particularly in contrast to “artificial flavors” since there is a common belief that ingredients from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made. But it’s not true: Then what exactly does the natural flavor mean? It refers to extracts (提取物) got from natural sources like plants, meat or seafood. When consumers see the “natural flavor” on a label, they are unlikely to assume that someone is squeezing the juice from oranges into their bottles. They know even though natural flavor must come from natural sources, it needn’t all come from the plant or meat. For example, orange flavors might contain not only orange extracts, but also extracts from bark and grass. So if flavors like orange are needed, why not just use oranges? The answer comes down to “availability, cost, and sustainability”, according to flavor chemist Gary Reineccius of the University of Minnesota. “If you’re going to use all your grapes on grape soda,” Reincccius says, “you don’t have any grapes for wine making; the products are going to be exorbitant; besides, what do you do with the by-products you create after you’ve squeezed all the juice out of the grapes?” Actually, while chemists make natural flavors by extracting chemicals from natural ingredients, artificial flavors are made by creating the same chemicals artificially. The reason why companies bother to use natural flavors rather than artificial flavors is simple: marketing. “Many of these products have health titles,” says Platkin, professor from Hunter College. “Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavors are healthier, though they are nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavors. Natural flavors may involve more forest clear-cutting and carbon emissions from transport than flavors created in the lab.” Platkin suggests getting more transparent labeling on packaging that describes exactly what the natural or artificial flavors are, so consumers are not misled into buying one product over another because of “natural flavors”. Reineccius also offers simple guidance: “Don’t buy anything because it says ‘natural flavors’. Buy it because you like it.” 1．Which is misunderstanding about the “natural flavor” juice according to Paragraph 1? A．It comes from 100% natural sources. B．It is nothing but advertising tricks. C．It certainly contains extracts made in the lab. D．It is absolutely safer than juice with artificial flavors. 2．What does the underlined word “exorbitant” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Popular. B．Pricey. C．Favorable. D．Innovative. 3．Why do companies use natural flavors in the products? A．To cut the costs. B．To promote the sales. C．To advocate a healthy diet. D．To avoid food safety issues. 4．What are the suggestions from the experts at the end of the passage? A．Consumers had befter take natural flavors into account. B．Extracting chemicals from natural ingredients ought to be promoted. C．Consumers should base their choice of flavors on preference. D．The public must raise their awareness of caring for the planet. 5．What can we conclude from the text? A．Gary and Platkin hold opposite perspectives. B．Natural flavors are more environmentally friendly. C．Customers are misled for ignoring labels on packaging. D．Natural and artificial flavors are more alike than you think. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了天然香料并不一定比人工香料更安全，公司使用天然香料主要是出于营销目的，专家给出了相关建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The ingredient sounds good, particularly in contrast to ‘artificial flavors’ since there is a common belief that ingredients from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made. But it’s not true(这配料听起来不错，特别是与“人工香料”形成对比，因为人们普遍认为，天然成分必然比人工制造的成分更安全。但事实并非如此)”可知，人们误以为天然香料绝对比含有人工香料的果汁更安全，故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“If you’re going to use all your grapes on grape soda, you don’t have any grapes for wine making; the products are going to be exorbitant; besides, what do you do with the by-products you create after you’ve squeezed all the juice out of the grapes?(如果你要把所有的葡萄都用来做葡萄汽水，那你就没有葡萄来酿酒了；产品将会exorbitant；此外，你把葡萄榨完汁后产生的副产品怎么办？)”可知，如果将所有的葡萄都用于制作葡萄汽水，就没有葡萄用于酿酒，而且处理完榨汁后的副产品也会有问题，这样会导致产品价格变得很高。“exorbitant”所在句子表达的就是产品价格会很高，所以“exorbitant”意思是“昂贵的”，与“Pricey”意思相近，故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The reason why companies bother to use natural flavors rather than artificial flavors is simple: marketing.(公司之所以不厌其烦地使用天然香料而不是人工香料，原因很简单。营销)”可知，公司使用天然香料是为了促进销售，故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Reineccius also offers simple guidance: “Don’t buy anything because it says ‘natural flavors’. Buy it because you like it.”(Reineccius也给出了简单的建议：“不要因为上面写着‘天然香料’就买任何东西。买它是因为你喜欢它。”)”可知，专家建议消费者应该根据自己对香料的喜好来选择，故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Actually, while chemists make natural flavors by extracting chemicals from natural ingredients, artificial flavors are made by creating the same chemicals artificially.(事实上，化学家通过从天然成分中提取化学物质来制造天然风味，而人工风味则是通过人工制造相同的化学物质来制成)”和“Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavors are healthier, though they are nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavors.(消费者可能会被说服相信含有天然香料的产品更健康，尽管它们在营养上与含有人工香料的产品没有区别)”以及全文内容可知，天然香料和人工香料比人们想象的更相似，故选D。 试卷第20页，共32页 试卷第21页，共32页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 高三英语二轮复习提分培优赋能（天津专用） 专题03 阅读理解满分技能讲练测（说明文）（技能+真题+模拟）原卷版 一、阅读理解满分技能（说明文） 1 二、阅读理解真题再练（说明文） 2 三、阅读理解名校模拟（说明文） 9 一、阅读理解满分技能（说明文） 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点：文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构：特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点。 3. 设题特点：就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 4. 命题热点：科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 学生在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真确定答案 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段主旨概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 二、阅读理解真题再练（说明文） 真题专区：练真题,明方向;练技巧,提能力;练速度,提分数! 01（2024·天津·高考真题）All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO₂ from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO₂ in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood, and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO₂ to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out in free-diving. Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO₂ levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO₂ tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO₂ levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface. 1. What do most mammals rely on to determine when to take a breath? A. The growing amount of CO₂ in their blood. B. The rising level of oxygen in their lungs. C. The intensity of their physical activity. D. The blood supply to body tissues. 2. When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time? A. When they needed to take in more food at the feeder. B. When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher. C. When they familiarized themselves with the setup. D. When the CO₂ level in the chamber was raised. 3. What results in humans’ inability to notice low oxygen levels in their blood? A. The unstable CO₂ levels in the air. B. Their lack of attention to breathing. C. The constant oxygen levels on land. D. Their functionally changeable heart rate. 4. Why do accidents often occur when divers go free-diving? A. Their breath cannot be held long enough. B. They cannot adjust the consumption of oxygen. C. They may fail to notice rising CO₂ levels soon enough. D. Their breathing organs stop working properly underwater. 5. Which statement is probably supported by McKnight’s seal research? A. Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen environments. B. Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and act accordingly. C. Seals can maintain their heart rate even with low blood oxygen levels. D. Seals are more sensitive to changes in the environment than other mammals. 02（2024·天津·高考真题）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss” What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world. 1．What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B．Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C．Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D．Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 2. Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________. A. a rapid rise of water surface B. the permafrost to melt faster C. many Arctic lakes to grow larger D. the disappearance of many Arctic lakes 3. The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________. A. proved with emerging lakes B. underestimated by scientists C. well predicted by researchers D. shown elsewhere in the world 4. Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A. Because of the solid ice within it. B. Because of its unique composition. C. Because it is far away from the waters. D. Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 5. What lesson can we learn from the passage? A. Direct observation is a must for scientific research. B. Scientific research is guaranteed by sufficient lab facilities. C. New evidence should be found to back up research findings. D. Scientific predictions should be mostly based on research models. 03（2024·天津·高考真题）Staring at the bookcases in my study, packed with so many great books that had remained unread, I heard a loud voice in my head — “Shame on you! How can you leave these masterpieces unread?” The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing. So I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I also found sentences underlined. Only this time I wondered: Why did I underline this sentence? It's the next one that is important! Clearly, my way of reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed over the years. This raised the larger question of rereading. It comes in many forms. There’s voluntary rereading, the result of a willful decision to revisit a book one has admired, or a book that has left one with some unanswered questions. This kind of planned revisit could also be for confirming certain details in the text, or for checking on the moves of a given character. A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects. Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. Then there are what one might call subconscious (潜意识的) rereadings, those that occur without the specific act of reading, much as the memory of a tune can keep coming back to the mind without its actually being heard again. This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition. All of these ways of reading are valuable. Renewed contact with a novel or a poem can activate the search for a better knowledge of the self. The new reading, a form of revision, uncovers the change in us. The newness is not in the text. It is we who have evolved. In the process of rereading, our outlook has also been significantly changed. Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light. 1. What did the author find when reading Montaigne’s Essays? A. He still couldn't understand it. B. He had made notes in it. C. It was a brand new copy. D. It was his favorite work. 2. According to the author, what could be a purpose of voluntary rereading? A. To improve the quality of teaching. B. To learn from admirable characters. C. To collect details for writing novels. D. To help making important decisions. 3. According to Paragraph 4, involuntary rereading can bring about? A. Unexpected reading experience. B. Total concentration on new books. C. Changed preferences for books. D. Enhanced reading skills. 4. What can be learnt about subconscious rereading? A. It prevents memory from fading. B. It helps make who we are. C. It involves actual reading. D. It works best with poetry and music. 5. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Accessing Masterpieces through Rereading B. Rereading: Voluntary or Involuntary? C. Rereading: Pursuit of Truth D. Transformative Power of Rereading 04（2023·天津3月卷）Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. 1. What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2? A. Dogs also have “theory of mind”. B. Dogs prefer food from generous people. C. Human behaviours are mostly intentional. D. Friendly animals can get food more easily. 2. What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study? A. They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog. B. They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog. C. They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen. D. They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach. 3. How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour? A. By moving closer to the experimenter. B. By keeping wandering around. C. By ignoring the experimenter. D. By lying still on the floor 4. How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023? A. The dogs can watch the experimenter. B. The dogs can go to the other side of the screen. C. The dogs’ responses are under close observation. D. The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis. 5. What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest? A. Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean” B. Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving. C. Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified. D. Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals. 05（2023·天津6月卷）I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly? According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”. The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response. Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks. The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them. Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created. 1. What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. A beautiful painting or sculpture. B. The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C. An advanced brain imaging technology. D. The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 2. What effect does movement in art produce on the viewers? A. Certain part of their brain is activated. B. Their experience of pain is reduced. C. Their aesthetic sense is sharpened. D. Their body reactions are delayed. 3. The application of TMS to the brain described in Paragraph 5 leads to__________. A. raised memory capacity B. enhanced painting skills C. changed artistic taste D. improved decision-making ability 4. According to the author, what increases our enjoyment of a piece of art? A. Knowing how it is created. B. Having a pleasant personality. C. Learning how science develops. D. Understanding the meaning of life. 5. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To propose an abstract theory of art making. B. To reveal the beauty of science in an artistic way. C. To share some personal understanding of artworks. D. To introduce a new research field for art appreciation. 06 (2022天津卷) Is it true that our brain alone is responsible fo human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The ECtheory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 1. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 2. Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A. Their personal looks. B. Their mental needs. C. Their inner emotions. D. Their physical feelings. 3. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A. environment impacts how we judge others B. how body temperature is related to health C. the mind and the body influence each other D. how humans interact with their surroundings 4. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A. Human speech is alive with metaphors. B. Human senses have effects on thinking. C. Human language is shaped by visual images. D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 5. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC. 三、阅读理解名校模拟（说明文） 模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩!练技能,补漏洞,提分数,强信心! 01（25-26高三上·天津·期中）Ten thousand years ago, as the last ice age ended, sea levels around the world were far lower than they are today. Much of the land under both the North Sea to the east of Britain and the English Channel which now separates France and Britain was part of a huge region of forests and grassy plains. Then the climate gradually became warmer and the water trapped in large masses of ice was released. Now the development of advanced sonar (声纳) technology, known as bathymetry, is making it possible to study this flooded landscape in extraordinary detail. A special echo sounder is fixed to the bottom of a survey ship and it makes wide sweeps across the seabed. While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps. For the first time, an ancient riverbed jumps out of the three-dimensional image. The site of pre-historical settlements can now be pinpointed. According to expert Linda Andrews, this technological development is of huge significance. “We now have the ability to map the seabed as accurately as we can map dry land,” she says. Once bathymetric techniques have identified sites where people might have built their homes and villages, divers can be sent down to investigate further. Robot submarines can also be used, and researchers hope they will find stone tools and wood from houses as proof of human activity. The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe. It remains to be seen how far this new awareness is taken on board, however. In fact, the use of bathymetry will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents. In addition, commercial applications are a real possibility. Aggregates (骨材) for the construction industry are becoming increasingly expensive, and bathymetry can be used to identify suitable sites for digging for this material. Mapping the seabed will also identify places where rare plants and shellfish are living. Digging at such sites should be prevented, either to work for a profit or to make deeper waterways for massive container ships. 1．How does bathymetry work? A．It makes use of a number of different devices. B．It produces two-dimensional images of the sea floor. C．It has an echo sounder placed on the seabed. D．It bases its calculations on the location of construction sites. 2．What does the underlined word “pinpointed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Occupied. B．Discovered. C．Rebuilt. D．Adjusted. 3．The author believes a better understanding of the settlements on the seabed may ________. A．attract investment in the research under the sea B．inspire people to take an interest in modern technology C．receive confirmation of rebuilding ancient man-made objects D．adapt the attitudes of the British to their country’s history 4．We can learn that the use of bathymetry will help to ________. A．provide the precise location of sunken ships B．identify new species of plants and animals C．evaluate the cost of seeking certain resources D．promote the development of deeper waterways 5．Based on the passage, which conclusion can be drawn about human habitation in Britain? A．Human activity in Britain began only after it became an island. B．The submerged landscapes were uninhabited due to harsh climatic conditions. C．Britain’s history of human habitation is longer and more complex than commonly assumed. D．Advanced sonar technology was developed to study Britain’s prehistoric settlements specifically. 02（25-26高三上·天津滨海新·期中）A study of school design has discovered that school design can influence a child’s development by as much as 25 percent over the course of an academic year. The 751 pupils using 34 classrooms across seven primary schools in Blackpool were studied by the University of Salford. Standardized data, such as age, gender (性别) and academic performance,were collected on each child at the start and end of the year, while each classroom was evaluated for quality on ten different environmental factors, such as direction for natural light, shape, color and temperature. The results, published in Building and the Environment, showed that the architecture and design of classrooms has an important role to play in influencing academic performance. Six of the environmental factors — color, choice, connection, complexity, flexibility and light — were clearly correlated with grade scores. Architect Peter Barrett, the study’s lead author, said, “This is the first time a whole assessment has been made that successfully links the overall impact directly to learning rates in schools. The impact identified is in fact greater than we imagined.” According to the results, once the differences between the “worst” and “best” designed classrooms in the study were taken into account, it was found that the influence that “best” designed classrooms bring is equivalent (相等的) to the progress that a typical pupil would be expected to make over a year. The results are particularly interesting as the government has introduced a controversial series of standardized templates (模板) for new school buildings, with the purpose of reducing the costs of hiring architects. The opinion on a range of strictly-defined design features replaces the previous Labour government’s more architecturally luxurious Building Schools for the Future Program, which was canceled by education secretary Michael Gove. He has claimed that his department’s new Priority School Building Program, and its basic plans, will put an end to a situation which he believes existed only to “make architects richer”. 1．It can be inferred that the standardized data ________. A．were based on ten environmental factors B．were collected twice in an academic year C．were collected by the University of Salford in person D．were changeable because of the school environment 2．The underlined phrase “correlated with”has the closest meaning to “________”. A．associated with B．compared to C．unconcerned with D．based on 3．What did Peter Barrett think of the results of the study? A．They were not believable. B．They were wonderful. C．They were arguable. D．They were against his expectations. 4．Why did Michael Gove cancel the program? A．Because the program didn’t reach the standard. B．Because standardized templates were not finally decided. C．Because the program was made by the previous government. D．Because it was against the government’s demand for cost saving. 5．What’s the best title for the passage? A．School Design Can Greatly Affect Teachers’ Life B．School Design Can Greatly Affect Teachers’ Work C．School Design Can Greatly Affect Children’s Interest D．School Design Can Greatly Affect Children’s Grades 03（25-26高三上·天津静海·期中）Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something. For instance: lawyers have to study and learn every established law on their specific branches. Sometimes the law changes according to people’s needs. A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court. A doctor has to be informed of the latest advances in medicine. Reading is very important for all mankind. Everything is relative in this world, especially reading. Reading can open many doors and it can lead you into a path of success. Studies have confirmed that reading to your unborn child is very good. This way your child will develop a passion for reading later on. How do you develop a passion for reading? There is only one way you can boost your passion for reading. Let me explain this to you. If you want to learn how to ride a bike, you have to get on the bike as many times as possible until you have learned. It works the same way with reading. If you want to boost your passion for reading, take a book and read it all the way through. When you finish reading your first book, take another book and do the same. Try to read as much as you can. If you are going out, grab a magazine, a book, an article or something to read. There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text. Let’s assume that you read a document and you are supposed to explain the meaning of the document. How would you explain the document if you couldn’t capture the message of the author? 1．The first two paragraphs mainly talk about _________. A．the key to success B．how to develop a passion for reading C．what reading comprehension is D．the importance of reading 2．We can define reading comprehension as _________. A．a very important factor behind the reading B．something that makes people understand what they read C．the latest information in reading D．a strong passion for reading 3．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A．A good lawyer should update his knowledge timely. B．Reading is important only to those working in offices. C．Reading to an unborn child doesn’t make any sense. D．You can develop a passion for reading by reading on bike. 4．The author develops the passage mainly by _________. A．comparing the opinions of different people B．following the natural time order C．presenting opinions and giving examples D．presenting a cause and analyzing its effects 5．What do you suppose the following paragraph will talk about? A．Famous people who love reading. B．Popular reading websites. C．The importance of reading at school. D．Ways to improve reading comprehension. 04（25-26高三上·天津和平·期中）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.” Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 1．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand. C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition. 2．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey. C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test. 3．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task. C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. 5．What is an example of breaking stereotypes through anthropomorphized products? A．A genderless voice assistant with a neutral name. B．A male robot designed for nursing work. C．A female self-driving car named Miuu. D．A digital assistant with traditional female traits. 05（25-26高三上·天津西青·期中）The “Black Summer” bushfires of 2019 — 2020 killed or displayed nearly 3 billion animals in Australia. To understand how wildlife would recover, project “Eyes on Recovery” was launched More than 1,100 motion-activated cameras were placed across the country’s bushfire-affected regions. And researchers also applied Wildlife Insights — a platform powered by AI models developed at Google. Collectively, more than 7 million photos have been gathered and processed, giving researchers an unequal view of wildlife recovery. Without the AI technology, researchers would have had to review millions of images one by one — a boring and time-consuming task. Wildlife Insights processed the images captured by motion-activated cameras five to ten times faster than a human-thanks in large part to its ability to filter (过滤) out blanks, which can account for the vast majority of images. The analysis not only proves the presence of delicate species — it also provides information on their recovery. Koalas, for example, were among the hardest hit species. An estimated 60,000 were killed, injured or displaced as wildfires tore through the forests where they live. The damage was so destructive that the Australian government declared koalas endangered across much of eastern Australia. Field cameras captured koalas wandering the forest floor, which is unusual for species that spends most of its time in trees. It's an indication that the forest is still recovering, but wildlife is returning. “Eyes on Recovery” has offered new data into nature’s resilience (恢复力) and where native species need additional support recovering. This could inform investment priorities and more effective measures like protecting areas where fires are less likely to occur so that they can serve as habitat shelters or setting up food and water stations after a fire for species that are slower to return to their natural habitats. “We talk about resilience in nature frequently, and how we must increase it in the face of climate change and more frequent natural disasters,” said Conservation International wildlife scientist Jorge Ahumada. “But what exactly does that mean? These cameras — and the AI we’ve developed — are giving us clues that can support species' survival in future wildfires.” 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．The introduction of Wildlife Insights. B．The function of motion-activated cameras. C．The purpose and tasks of “Eyes on Recovery”. D．The impact of bushfires on Australia’s wildlife. 2．How did Wildlife Insights help researchers? A．By conducting on-site surveys. B．By gathering millions of images. C．By using motion-activated cameras. D．By efficiently processing photos. 3．What can we know about Koalas from the text? A．Nearly 60,000 Koalas were killed in the fires. B．Their habitats have fully recovered. C．They used to live mainly in trees. D．They are endangered across Australia. 4．What insight can the data from “Eyes on Recovery” provide? A．The patterns of wildfire occurrence. B．The strategies for conservation efforts. C．The effects of climate change on wildlife. D．The measures to find proper habitat shelters 5．What does Ahumada think of the cameras and AI? A．They can reduce scientists’ workload. B．They are an answer to climate issues. C．They help increase resiliency in nature. D．They are making wildlife more adaptable. 06（25-26高三上·天津西青·期中）Globally, 14% of new cars (sold in 2022) were electric — up from 9% in 2021 and just 5% in 2020 — and sales rose 25% in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period the year before. China leads with 60% of global Electric Vehicle (EV) sales, followed by Europe and the U.S. Newer markets like India and Thailand are also seeing growth, and in Norway over 80% of new cars are electric, though the U.S. only hit 4.6% in 2022 (20% in California) with analysts predicting 45% in a little over a decade. EVs have clear advantages: they run without gas or ethanol (乙醇), producing zero tailpipe emissions, and they are quiet, requiring less maintenance than gas-powered vehicles. Some can even supply electricity to homes in emergencies. Fred Lambert (lead writer for EV news site Electrek, adds, “they’re so much more fun to drive,” a less obvious but notable benefit. A major concern for buyers is “range anxiety” — fear of running out of charge — worsened by just around 46,000 U.S. charging stations (vs, 150000 gas stations) and some unreliable chargers. However, Tesla is opening its reliable superchargers to other brands, the Biden Administration is providing $7.5 billion to expand the U.S. charger network, and many EVs now have longer ranges (the Lucid Air claims 500 miles, with several options over 300 miles); plus; the U.S. average daily commute is only 30 miles. Jim Motavalli, auto columnist for Barron’s, adds, “when people buy EVs, they’ll find that 85 percent of their charging is at home anyway. You’re not actually going to need or want to use public charger s most of the time.” While EVs have environmental costs from emissions of battery production, lithium mining and transportation, traditional cars release far more emissions generated by fuel consumption over their lifetime. Solutions like better mining tech, longer-lasting batteries, and growing battery recycling can reduce these issues. Critics argue EVs don’t solve too many cars or gridlock, but Lambert sums up: “Go drive one, do the math, and let your logic take over. When you do, you’ll always end up with electric vehicles — it’s the more logical solution every time.” 1．Which statement is true according to the passage? A．China sells over half of the world’s EVs. B．Europe leads in global electric vehicle sales. C．The U.S. has more EV charger s than gas stations. D．Norway has the world’s highest EV adoption rate. 2．Which of the following is not a advantage of EVs? A．No gas needed and zero tailpipe emissions. B．Cheaper to purchase than traditional gas-powered cars. C．Quiet operation with lower maintenance requirements. D．Capable of powering homes during emergency situations. 3．What is a solution to ease “range anxiety” for EV owners? A．Reducing EV battery charging costs. B．Decreasing daily commuting distances. C．Expanding unreliable charging networks. D．Popularizing the installation of home chargers. 4．What can we infer about the environmental impact of EVs? A．Lithium mining issues are unsolvable for EVs. B．EVs are pollution-free due to zero tailpipe emissions. C．Battery production makes EVs worse than gasoline cars. D．EVs beat gas vehicles on environmental costs long-termly. 5．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To promote EV sales globally. B．To compare EVs in different countries. C．To justify EVs as a logically better choice. D．To discuss EVs’ advantages over gas vehicles. 07（25-26高三上·天津·期中）In our daily lives, we often hear about the benefits of exercise for our physical health. But have you ever wondered about its effect on our memory? Well, a recent study from University College London has some interesting findings. The researchers discovered that 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, along with at least six hours of sleep at night, could potentially lead to an improvement in cognitive performance the following day. This means that activities like cycling to work or going for a brisk walk in the morning might not only make you feel good for the day but also have a positive impact on your memory the next day. Previous studies on the short-term effects of physical activity were mostly done in laboratories and focused on short time frames. However, this new study observed the real-life physical activity of 76 adults aged 50 — 83, who did not have cognitive impairment or dementia. These participants wore an accelerometer for eight days to track their sleep and physical activity. They also took simple online cognitive tests daily to measure their attention, memory, and processing speed. The results showed that each 30-minute increase in physical activity corresponded to a 2% — 5% increase in episodic and working memory scores the next day. But when sleep data was considered, only the working memory score improvement remained significant. The study also found that more sedentary behavior was associated with a drop in working memory scores, while getting enough sleep led to better scores in episodic memory and other aspects. Despite these findings, the study had its limitations. The participants were generally well-educated and had good health and high levels of daily physical activity, which might not represent the entire population. Also, the exact reason why exercise affects memory the next day is still unclear, as the benefits from neurotransmitters are thought to be short-lived. In conclusion, while we still have more to learn, this study suggests that staying active and getting enough sleep could be beneficial for our brain health and memory. So, let’s put on our running shoes and hit the sack early to give our brains a boost!(362) 1．What did the University College London study find? A．Any amount of exercise improves memory immediately. B．Thirty minutes of exercise and proper sleep may enhance next-day cognitive ability. C．Only intense exercise affects memory. D．Sleep has no connection to memory improvement. 2．How was this study different from previous ones? A．It involved a larger number of participants. B．It focused only on the long-term effects. C．It only studied younger people. D．It was based on real-life activity tracking. 3．What were the participants asked to do in the study? A．Exercise for a fixed time every day. B．Wear a device and do cognitive tests. C．Change their diet drastically. D．Avoid all sedentary activities. 4．What are the limitations of the study? A．The participants were all athletes. B．It didn’t consider the role of diet. C．The participants had specific characteristics. D．It was too expensive to conduct. 5．What is the main purpose of the last paragraph? A．To suggest practical applications of the findings. B．To criticize the study's limitations. C．To propose directions for future research. D．To explain the physiological mechanisms. 08（25-26高三上·天津·期中）If you love it when a musician strikes the unexpected but perfect chord (和弦), you are not alone. Researchers led by Ben Gold, a PhD candidate in the lab of Robert Zatorre at The Neuro of McGill University, put 20 volunteers through a musical reward learning task. Each participant chose a color. Each choice came with a certain probability of leading to either a pleasurable musical piece or an unpleasurable one. Over time the participants learned which choices were more likely to produce both pleasurable and unpleasurable music. The test was designed to create an expectation of either musical enjoyment or dissatisfaction. Participants performed this task while their brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI磁共振成像). Using an algorithm (算法), the researchers then determined the reward prediction error for each choice — the difference between an expected reward and the actual reward received. They compared that data to the MRI data, and found that reward prediction errors linked with activity in the nucleus accumbens. It is a brain area that has been shown to become active when the participant is experiencing musical pleasure in previous studies. The new study shows the musically unexpected errors make the reward center of our brains active, and enables us to learn about the music as we listen. This is the first evidence that musically caused reward prediction errors lead to musical pleasure. It is also the first time music as a reward has been shown to create such a response. Previous studies have focused on such rewards as food or money which can be seen or touched. Participants whose reward prediction errors most closely matched activity in the nucleus accumbens also showed the most progress in learning the choices that led to the pleasurable tones. This shows music as a neurobiological (神经生物学) reward is capable of motivating learning. It also shows how an abstract stimulus (刺激) can play a role in producing potentially pleasurable effect in the brain’s reward system and motivate us to listen again and again. 1．Why was the test designed in the study? A．To increase the participants’ musical enjoyment B．To make the participants expect the effect of music. C．To create an expectation of an enjoyable reward. D．To guide the participants to select enjoyable music. 2．The nucleus accumbens will become active when the music ________. A．is as good as expected B．causes some dissatisfaction C．has some unexpected notes D．causes no reward prediction errors 3．What makes the new study different from the previous ones? A．The results of the study. B．The importance of the study. C．The stimulus causing the reward in the study. D．The equipment in measuring the brain activity. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．People improve their moods by listening to music. B．The abstract stimulus can benefit the decision-making process C．People can make progress in learning while listening to nice music. D．The brain’s reward system can be motivated by an abstract stimulus. 5．What’s the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A．explain a scientific breakthrough. B．describe a detailed experimental procedure. C．argue that musical pleasure is a more effective motivator. D．introduce the concept of “reward prediction error”. 09（25-26高三上·天津和平·期中）Is the time coming soon when we will all have chips put in our brains? The sci-fi future may seem one step closer now that the first patient of Elon Musk’s Neuralink start-up can play chess online using only his brain. Set up in 2016, Neuralink is a newcomer in the world of brain-machine interface (BMI脑机接口). The key technology has been around for decades, and its principles are fairly straightforward. A BMI consists of probes — usually very thin wires — that are inserted into the brain at specific locations. These probes eavesdrop (监听) on the activity of nearby brain cells and transmit the information they gather to a computer. The computer then processes this information in order to do something useful—perhaps control a robot, or a voice synthesizer (合成器). BMIs can also work the other way round. They may drive neural activity through electrical stimulation carried out by the probes potentially changing what we think, feel, and do. BMI technology is developing rapidly and for good reason. There’s the potential to help paralyzed people to walk again and blind people to see. That’s Neuralink’s first stated goal, and it’s possible that it’ll make rapid progress. However, BMI development is as much a scientific problem as it is an engineering challenge. Unlike electric cars and space rockets, how the brain works remains something that science understands to a fairly limited degree. Medical research of any kind has to be carried out slowly to minimize the suffering of any animals involved and to ensure human safety. Beyond medical applications, there’s the chance that BMIs may give us — or some of us, at least — new cognitive capabilities. Musk paints a picture of a future in which all of us may use brain chips for self-improvement. While most of us might agree that treating neurological disorders is a good thing, the ethics of the latter are far more controversial. First, there are questions of feasibility (可行性). BMIs still face a series of scientific challenges. This means that the first non-medical applications will probably be limited to things such as controlling apps on our phones. Will people really have high-risk brain surgery just to scroll social media with their minds? Then there is concern about algorithmic bias (算法偏差). If BMIs are trained on data from only a group of people, then getting them to work properly may require us to think in ways typical of that group. This would put social biases directly into our minds, potentially leading to the loss of cultural diversity. Finally, we should consider what might happen if we allow companies like Neuralink to obtain our neural data. When we lose control over our own mental states, we may arrive at a place where what it means to be a human being hangs in the balance. Whatever the benefits, this is a high price to pay. Certainly, we should think twice before connecting our brains directly to the brain-chip products — while we still can. 1．Which of the following best describes the current application of BMI technology? A．It has overcome major hurdles in understanding brain functions. B．It is widely used for enhancing cognitive abilities in healthy people. C．Its primary success lies in helping paralyzed individuals regain movement. D．It remains largely a field facing significant challenges despite its potential. 2．Which of the following is a major challenge for non-medical BMI applications? A．High cost and risks of brain surgery. B．Limited understanding of brain functions. C．Lack of data from diverse ethnic groups. D．Ethical concerns about cognitive enhancement. 3．According to the whole passage, Paragraph 4 serves to ________. A．propose practical solutions to technical problems. B．transition from medical benefits to ethical debates. C．illustrate the success of Neuralink’s first goal. D．explain how BMI changes cultural diversity. 4．What does the author likely imply with the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5? A．Chances are that human beings will be under possible threat. B．Humans might evolve into a new species due to genetic changes. C．The physical risks of brain surgery threaten human survival. D．Cultural diversity will be lost in future without intervention. 5．What is the author’s overall attitude towards BMI technology? A．Worried about its non-medical daily uses. B．Fully supportive of its rapid development. C．Cautious about its application in our life. D．Confident in its ability to enhance humanity. 10（25-26高三上·天津·期中）Pick up any packaged processed food, and there’s a decent chance that one of its listed ingredients will be “natural flavor”. The ingredient sounds good, particularly in contrast to “artificial flavors” since there is a common belief that ingredients from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made. But it’s not true: Then what exactly does the natural flavor mean? It refers to extracts (提取物) got from natural sources like plants, meat or seafood. When consumers see the “natural flavor” on a label, they are unlikely to assume that someone is squeezing the juice from oranges into their bottles. They know even though natural flavor must come from natural sources, it needn’t all come from the plant or meat. For example, orange flavors might contain not only orange extracts, but also extracts from bark and grass. So if flavors like orange are needed, why not just use oranges? The answer comes down to “availability, cost, and sustainability”, according to flavor chemist Gary Reineccius of the University of Minnesota. “If you’re going to use all your grapes on grape soda,” Reincccius says, “you don’t have any grapes for wine making; the products are going to be exorbitant; besides, what do you do with the by-products you create after you’ve squeezed all the juice out of the grapes?” Actually, while chemists make natural flavors by extracting chemicals from natural ingredients, artificial flavors are made by creating the same chemicals artificially. The reason why companies bother to use natural flavors rather than artificial flavors is simple: marketing. “Many of these products have health titles,” says Platkin, professor from Hunter College. “Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavors are healthier, though they are nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavors. Natural flavors may involve more forest clear-cutting and carbon emissions from transport than flavors created in the lab.” Platkin suggests getting more transparent labeling on packaging that describes exactly what the natural or artificial flavors are, so consumers are not misled into buying one product over another because of “natural flavors”. Reineccius also offers simple guidance: “Don’t buy anything because it says ‘natural flavors’. Buy it because you like it.” 1．Which is misunderstanding about the “natural flavor” juice according to Paragraph 1? A．It comes from 100% natural sources. B．It is nothing but advertising tricks. C．It certainly contains extracts made in the lab. D．It is absolutely safer than juice with artificial flavors. 2．What does the underlined word “exorbitant” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Popular. B．Pricey. C．Favorable. D．Innovative. 3．Why do companies use natural flavors in the products? A．To cut the costs. B．To promote the sales. C．To advocate a healthy diet. D．To avoid food safety issues. 4．What are the suggestions from the experts at the end of the passage? A．Consumers had befter take natural flavors into account. B．Extracting chemicals from natural ingredients ought to be promoted. C．Consumers should base their choice of flavors on preference. D．The public must raise their awareness of caring for the planet. 5．What can we conclude from the text? A．Gary and Platkin hold opposite perspectives. B．Natural flavors are more environmentally friendly. C．Customers are misled for ignoring labels on packaging. D．Natural and artificial flavors are more alike than you think. 试卷第20页，共20页 试卷第19页，共20页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $