Unit 1 A New Start Using languages Basic sentence structure 课件-2025-2026学年高中英语外研版（2019）必修第一册

Basic Sentence Structures 语法精讲 B1U1 Using Language Learning Objectives 学习目标 After this class, you will be able to... 1. Learn the basic components(n.成分) of a sentence. (Take notes) 2. Clarify the basic sentence structures. (5+2+1=8) 3. Complete some practice to strengthen your understanding. 句子的基本成分 The basic components of a sentence 根据英语词汇在句子中的地位和作用，英语的句子成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语及独立成分等。 1. 主语 (Subjective) ：表示句子说的是什么人或者什么事、物。 通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词和从句充当。 * She went out in a hurry. (代词) * To see is to believe. (动词不定式) * Smoking is bad for health. (动名词) * What he has said is true. (从句) 2. 谓语 (Verb) ：说明主语做什么或怎么样，通常由动词或者动词短语充当，位于主语之后。实义动词可以单独作谓语，连系动词需要和表语一起构成谓语；情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。 * We appreciate your help a lot. (实义动词) * The newly-baked bread tastes delicious. (连系动词+表语) * He can speak English well. (情态动词+动词原形) * She is talking with her sister. (助动词be+实义动词) 句子的基本成分 The basic components of a sentence 3. 宾语 (Objective) ：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式或相当于名词的词组和句子充当。 （1）直接宾语(DO)表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。 （2）间接宾语(IO)表示动作的接受者或指向，它位于直接宾语之前；位于直接宾语之后时，前面需要加介词to或者for。 * She didn’t say anything. (代词) * Did you write down what he said? (从句) * I succeeded in passing the exam. (相当于名词的词组) * Would you like to show me your paper? (间接宾语和直接宾语) 句子的基本成分 The basic components of a sentence 4. 表语 (Predicative) ：用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。一般位于系动词之后，由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。 * His job is taking care of children. (动名词短语) * That’s why he came here. (从句) * That remains a puzzle. (名词) * They seem to know the truth. (动词不定式) The speech is exciting. (形容词) 句子的基本成分 The basic components of a sentence 英语中常见的连系动词有哪些？ （1）be动词 （2）感官动词：look，smell，taste，sound，feel （3）变化类动词：get，become，turn，go，grow，come （4）保持类动词：keep，stay，remain （5）“似乎”“好像”：seem， appear 5. 宾语补足语 (Complement) ：补充说明宾语的成分叫宾语补足语。一般由形容词、名词、副词、不定式、分词和介词短语等充当。 * We found it necessary to study English. (形容词) * We made him monitor in our class. (名词) * We found him in trouble now. (介词短语) 【名师点津】 主动语态变为被动语态后，宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。 * The book is found very interesting. * He was last seen playing near the river. 句子的基本成分 The basic components of a sentence 请找出句子中的哪一部分是补语？ 6. 定语 (Attribute) ：修饰名词、代词的词、短语或句子成为定语。一般由冠词、形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 * There are 54 students in our class. (数词) * There is a sleeping baby in bed. (冠词+现在分词) * Tell the children playing there not to make any noise. (现在分词) * His spoken language is good. (过去分词) * That is the reason why I am against your advice. (从句) 句子的基本成分 The basic components of a sentence 【名师点津】 （1）前置定语：形容词、代词、数词、名词、动名词、分词等 （2）后置定语：不定式短语、分词短语、介词短语、副词、从句等 * Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. * The girl in white is his sister. 前置定语和后置定语 7. 状语 (Adverbial) ：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态的句子成分成为状语。一般由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句充当。可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。 * He loves science fiction in particular. (介词短语) * His parents died, leaving him an orphan. (现在分词) * Please call me if it is necessary. (从句) * Suddenly, I heard the bird sing a song. (副词) * You run into the grocery store to pick up one bottle of water. (动词不定式) 句子的基本成分 The basic components of a sentence 根据句意理解 要点微练 写出下列句子中划线部分所作的句子成分 (1) The performance on the stage is quite different from that in the ____ movie. (2) His wish is to become a scientist. ____ (3) Great changes have taken place in China since 1980. ____ (4) He noticed a man enter the room. ____ (5) Would you tell me your advice? _________________________ (6) I opened the window to let some fresh air in. ____ (7) I’ll never forget the day when I worked together with you. ____ 主语 表语 谓语 宾语补足语 me为间接宾语，your advice为直接宾语 目的状语 定语 $