Unit 4 Achievements（知识清单）英语沪教版2020必修第二册

Unit 4 Achievements 单词 1. achieve（v. 实现；取得） 2. achievement（n. 成就；功绩） 3. succeed（v. 成功） 4. success（n. 成功；成就） 5. successful（adj. 成功的） 6. devote（v. 致力于；奉献） 7. devotion（n. 奉献；热爱） 8. devoted（adj. 投入的；忠诚的） 9. honor（v./n. 尊敬；荣誉） 10. honorable（adj. 可敬的；光荣的） 11. honorary（adj. 荣誉的；名誉的） 12. struggle（v./n. 奋斗；努力；挣扎） 13. overcome（v. 克服；战胜） 14. conquer（v. 征服；攻克） 15. persist（v. 坚持；持续） 16. perseverance（n. 坚持不懈） 17. contribute（v. 贡献；促成） 18. contribution（n. 贡献；捐献） 19. potential（adj. 潜在的；n. 潜力） 20. accomplish（v. 完成；实现） 短语 1. a pile of bricks一堆砖 2. gain experience积累经验 3. gain confidence获得信心 4. attract attention引起注意 5. attract sb. to sth.吸引某人关注某物 6. shark attack鲨鱼袭击 7. meet the target达成目标 8. target audience目标受众 9. approach sb.接近某人 10. approach the problem处理问题 熟词生义 1. brick：常见意思为“砖；砖块”，如“The house is built with red bricks.”（这栋房子是用红砖建造的）。熟词生义为“砖砌的”，作形容词，例如“There is a brick wall around the school playground.”（学校操场周围有一堵砖墙）。 2. gain：常用作动词，意为“获得；赢得”，如“He gained valuable work experience during his internship.”（他在实习期间获得了宝贵的工作经验）。也可作名词，意为“好处；利益；改进”，例如“Hard work will bring you many gains in the future.”（努力工作会为你未来带来很多好处）。 3. target：常见意思是“（攻击的）目标；指标”，为名词，如“Our sales target this quarter is 500 products.”（我们本季度的销售指标是500件产品）。熟词生义为“以……为目标”，作动词，例如“The store uses targeted ads to reach young customers.”（这家商店用针对性广告触达年轻客户）。 4. approach：常见含义为“（在距离或时间上）靠近，接近”，作动词，如“As winter approaches, the temperature drops gradually.”（随着冬天临近，气温逐渐下降）。还可表示“方法；途径”，为名词，例如“We need to try a new approach to solve this math problem.”（我们需要尝试新方法解这道数学题）。 5. attack：常见意为“袭击；攻击”，可作动词和名词，如“A dog attacked a little girl in the park yesterday.”（昨天公园里有只狗袭击了一个小女孩）。熟词生义为“抨击”，作动词，例如“He publicly attacked the people who've been calling for secret ballot nominations.”（他公开抨击了那些一直要求秘密投票提名的人）。 6. sharp：常见意思是“锋利的；尖的”，如“This scissors is sharp enough to cut paper easily.”（这把剪刀很锋利，能轻松剪纸）。熟词生义有“急剧的”，如“I was approaching a fairly sharp bend that swept downhill to the left.”（我那时正接近一个朝山下向左急转的弯道）；还有“机敏的”“（说话、措辞等）严厉的”等含义。 7. skin：常见作名词，意为“皮；皮肤”，如“The cat has soft and smooth skin.”（这只猫的皮肤柔软光滑）。熟词生义为“剥皮”，作动词，例如“He skinned the rabbit quickly.”（他很快地剥了兔子的皮）。 8. wrap：常见意思为“用……缠绕（或围紧）；包，裹（礼物等）”，作动词，如“She wrapped the birthday present in pink paper and tied it with a ribbon.”（她用粉色纸包好生日礼物，再用丝带系上）。还可作名词，意为“包裹物”。 句型 1. as引导的时间状语从句：表示“随着……”，如“As the shark kept approaching, the old man began to worry that his fish couldn’t survive the attack.”（随着鲨鱼不断接近，老人开始担心自己的鱼没法儿幸存于这次攻击了）。 2. despite引导的让步状语：“despite”表示“尽管”，后接名词、动名词等，如“Despite being wrapped tightly in ropes, he still got a chance to escape.”（尽管被裹在绳子里绑得严严实实，他还是有可能逃脱）。 3. It is...that...强调句：可以强调句子的主语、宾语、状语等，如“It is because humans are intelligent that they know how to better arm themselves and defeat a variety of strong animals.”（正是因为人类是聪明的，人类才知道如何更好地武装自己并战胜强大的各种动物）。 语法 • 现在完成进行时：结构为“have/has been + 动词-ing”，表示动作从过去开始并一直延续到现在，或者动作从过去开始并且到现在这一时间段一再重复发生。例如：I have been studying for two hours and I am still tired.（我已经学习了两个小时，现在仍然很累。） • 不定式作状语：可作目的状语、结果状语和原因状语。作目的状语时，常用结构为“to do”“so as to do”（不能放句首）“in order to do”，其否定形式为“not to do”“so as not to do”“in order not to do”；作结果状语时，常用于“enough to do”“too...to do”“so...as to...”“such...as to...”等形式，“only to do”表示出乎意料之外的结果；作原因状语时，常用结构为“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”。 • 动名词：由动词原形加“-ing”构成，兼具名词和动词的特征，可在句中充当多种成分。作主语时，表示抽象或习惯性动作，如Swimming is good for your health.（游泳对健康有益。）作宾语时，跟在特定动词或介词后，如I enjoy reading books.（我喜欢读书。）作表语时，说明主语的内涵，与主语对等，可互换位置，如My hobby is collecting stamps.（我的爱好是集邮。） • 过去分词及with结构：过去分词在语法中有着重要的作用，可用于构成被动语态、完成时态等，还可以作定语、表语和宾语补足语等。此外，with结构也是该单元的一个语法点，with后面跟宾语，然后继续跟宾语补足语，可表示伴随、原因等多种情况。 一、词汇清单 知识点1 attract /əˈtrækt/ v. 吸引；使喜爱 【教材原句】The beautiful coastal scenery attracts thousands of tourists every year.（美丽的海岸风光每年吸引数千名游客。） 【拓展】 attraction n. 吸引力；景点； attractive adj. 有吸引力的 attract sb. to sth. 吸引某人关注某事； be attractive to 对……有吸引力 【写作佳句】The new shopping mall attracts a large number of customers with its diverse range of stores and excellent service.（这个新的购物中心以其多样的店铺和优质的服务吸引了大量顾客。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The Great Wall is one of the most ______ (attract) places in the world.（答案：） The concert ______ (attract) many music lovers last night.（答案：） The ______ (attract) of the city lies in its rich history and culture.（答案：） 知识点2 target /ˈtɑːɡɪt/ n. 目标；v. 以……为目标 【教材原句】Our team set a target of increasing sales by 20% this quarter.（我们团队设定了本季度销售额增长20%的目标。） 【拓展】 targeted adj. 有针对性的 set a target 设定目标； meet the target 达成目标 【写作佳句】We should set clear targets for ourselves and work hard to achieve them.（我们应该为自己设定明确的目标，并努力实现它们。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The company has set a ______ (target) of reducing costs by 10%.（答案：） They are ______ (target) the young people as their main customers.（答案：） The ______ (target) advertisement is more effective in promoting products.（答案：） 知识点3 approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/ v. 靠近；n. 方法 【教材原句】As winter approaches, the temperature drops gradually.（随着冬天临近，气温逐渐下降。） 【拓展】 approachable adj. 可接近的；亲切的 approach sb. 接近某人； approach to sth. ……的方法 【写作佳句】We need to find a new approach to solve this problem.（我们需要找到一种新的方法来解决这个问题。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The old man is very ______ (approach), and we all like to talk to him.（答案：） As the deadline ______ (approach), we are getting more and more nervous.（答案：） We should try different ______ (approach) to learning English.（答案：） 知识点4 attack /əˈtæk/ n. & v. 袭击；攻击 【教材原句】The soldier was injured in a surprise attack by the enemy.（这名士兵在敌人的突袭中受伤。） 【拓展】 attacker n. 袭击者； attacked adj. 被袭击的 make an attack on 袭击……；heart attack 心脏病发作 【写作佳句】The city was under attack by terrorists, and many people were injured.（这座城市遭到了恐怖分子的袭击，许多人受伤。） 【经典练】补全句子 The ______ (attack) was caught by the police soon after the incident.（答案：） The building ______ (attack) by a group of vandals last night.（答案：） They made a fierce ______ (attack) on the enemy's position.（答案：） 知识点5 sharp /ʃɑːp/ adj. 锋利的；尖的 【教材原句】Be careful with that sharp scissors — it can easily cut your fingers.（小心那把锋利的剪刀，很容易割到手指。） 【拓展】 sharply adv. 急剧地；尖锐地； sharpen v. 使锋利 sharp knife 锋利的刀； sharp turn 急转弯 【写作佳句】The sharp increase in the price of oil has affected the global economy.（石油价格的急剧上涨影响了全球经济。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The knife is not sharp enough. You need to ______ (sharp) it.（答案：） The price of the stock dropped ______ (sharp) yesterday.（答案：） He has a ______ (sharp) tongue and often offends people.（答案：） 知识点6 skin /skɪn/ n. 皮；皮肤 【教材原句】Excessive sun exposure can damage your skin and cause aging.（过度日晒会损伤皮肤并导致衰老。） 【拓展】 skinny adj. 极瘦的；皮包骨的 human skin 人类皮肤； skin disease 皮肤病 【写作佳句】We should protect our skin from the harmful effects of the sun.（我们应该保护我们的皮肤免受太阳的有害影响。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 She has very sensitive ______ (skin), so she needs to be careful with the products she uses.（答案：） The boy was so ______ (skin) that he looked like a skeleton.（答案：） The ______ (skin) of the apple is red and smooth.（答案：） 知识点7 strength /streŋθ/ n. 体力；力气；力量 【教材原句】It takes great strength to climb this high mountain.（攀登这座高山需要很大的体力。） 【拓展】 strong adj. 强壮的； strongly adv. 强烈地 physical strength 体力； strength of will 意志力 【写作佳句】We should build up our strength through regular exercise.（我们应该通过经常锻炼来增强体力。） 【经典练】单句语法填空/补全句子 He is a man of great ______ (strength), and he can lift heavy things easily.（答案：） The team ______ (strong) their defense by bringing in some new players.（答案：） I ______ (strong) believe that we can achieve our goals if we work hard.（答案：） 知识点8 gain /ɡeɪn/ n. 好处；利益；v. 获得 【教材原句】He gained valuable work experience during his internship.（他在实习期间获得了宝贵的工作经验。） 【拓展】 gainful adj. 有收益的； gainer n. 获得者 gain experience 获得经验； gain advantage 获得优势 【写作佳句】We should try our best to gain knowledge and skills in our study.（我们应该在学习中尽力获得知识和技能。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The ______ (gain) from this investment is quite significant.（答案：） She ______ (gain) a lot of weight after she got married.（答案：） He is a ______ (gain) in the competition, and he won a prize.（答案：） 知识点9 destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ v. 摧毁 【教材原句】The ancient temple was destroyed by a big fire 100 years ago.（这座古老的寺庙在100年前被一场大火摧毁。） 【拓展】 destruction n. 破坏；毁灭； destructive adj. 破坏性的 destroy sth. completely 彻底摧毁某物； be destroyed by 被……摧毁 【写作佳句】The war has destroyed many houses and lives, bringing great pain to the people.（战争摧毁了许多房屋和生命，给人们带来了巨大的痛苦。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The ______ (destroy) of the environment is a serious problem.（答案：） The building was ______ (destroy) in the earthquake.（答案：） The hurricane was very ______ (destructive), leaving a lot of damage.（答案：） 知识点10 intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/ adj. 有智力的；聪明的 【教材原句】Dolphins are considered one of the most intelligent animals in the ocean.（海豚被认为是海洋中最有智力的动物之一。） 【拓展】 intelligence n. 智力；智慧 intelligent student 聪明的学生； intelligent animal 有智力的动物 【写作佳句】An intelligent person can learn from others' experiences and make fewer mistakes.（一个聪明的人可以从别人的经验中学习，少犯错误。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 His ______ (intelligent) is very high, and he always does well in school.（答案：） The ______ (intelligent) robot can perform many tasks.（答案：） She is an ______ (intelligence) girl with a bright future.（答案：） 二、语法清单 动词不定式作状语 【感知·语法规律】 1. Scientists work hard to find answers.（科学家们努力工作以寻找答案。）——目的状语 2. They launched the satellite to explore the universe.（他们发射卫星以探索宇宙。）——目的状语 3. She was excited to hear the good news.（她听到这个好消息很兴奋。）——原因状语 4. He rushed to the airport, only to find the plane had taken off.（他冲到机场，结果发现飞机已经起飞了。）——结果状语 5. To achieve great success, you must work hard.（为了取得巨大成功，你必须努力工作。）——目的状语 【精讲·语法知识】 一、核心定义 动词不定式（to do 形式，否定式为 not to do）作状语，用于修饰谓语动词、形容词或整个句子，表达目的、原因、结果、方式等逻辑关系，是Unit 4重点语法（契合“成就”主题，高频用于描述动作目的、结果等场景）。 二、主要功能及用法 1. 作目的状语（高频考点） • 核心作用：说明动作的目的，回答“为什么做某事”。 • 结构特点：可位于句首（用逗号隔开）或句末；常用 in order to do / so as to do 强化语气（so as to do 不可位于句首）。 • 关键注意：不定式逻辑主语需与主句主语一致。 2. 作原因状语 • 核心作用：用于说明产生某种情绪或状态的原因，多修饰 happy, sad, excited, surprised 等形容词。 • 结构特点：常用“be + 形容词 + to do”结构，不定式逻辑主语为主句主语。 3. 作结果状语 • 核心作用：表示动作产生的结果，分两种情况： ◦ 自然结果：不定式前可加 only（强调意外结果）、never 等副词。 ◦ 预料之外的结果：常用“too + 形容词/副词 + to do”（太……而不能……）、“enough + 名词/形容词/副词 + to do”（足够……去做……）结构。 4. 作方式状语 • 核心作用：说明动作的方式，常用 as if / as though + to do 结构，相当于 as if / as though 引导的状语从句的省略形式。 三、高频考点与易错点 1. 否定式：直接在 to 前加 not，即 not to do（如：He studied hard not to fail the exam.）。 2. 逻辑主语：不定式逻辑主语需与主句主语一致，否则需用 for sb. to do 结构（如：It is important for us to achieve our goals.）。 3. “to”的省略：作目的状语时 to 不可省略；使役动词、感官动词后作宾补的不定式省略 to，但作状语时 to 必须保留。 4. 与现在分词作状语的区别：不定式作目的状语表“未发生的目的”，现在分词作状语表“伴随或主动进行的动作”。 【经典练】　 1. She stayed up late last night ______ (finish) the research report for her project. 2. To ______ (achieve) his dream of becoming a scientist, he devotes most of his time to studying. 3. The little boy was excited ______ (receive) a letter from his favorite astronaut. 4. They set up a foundation ______ (help) poor children get access to better education. 5. He ran as fast as he could ______ (catch) the last bus, but he failed. 6. The book is too difficult for middle school students ______ (understand) without teacher's guidance. 7. She has enough experience ______ (deal) with such complicated problems in work. 8. Not ______ (give) up easily is one of the key factors to success. 9. He went to the library ______ (borrow) some books about space exploration. 10. The scientist devoted his whole life to his work, only ______ (make) great contributions to human beings. 1. She stayed up late last night ______ (为了完成) her research report on scientific achievements. 2. The young athlete trained extremely hard ______ (却未能) win the gold medal in the competition. 3. We are all excited ______ (听到) that our school’s robot team has made a great breakthrough. 4. ______ (为了实现) his dream of becoming an astronaut, he has been preparing for years. 5. The new technology was developed ______ (帮助) farmers increase crop yields efficiently. 6. He is too modest ______ (炫耀) his remarkable achievements in the field of medicine. 7. They donated a large sum of money ______ (支持) the construction of rural schools in poor areas. 8. The little boy ran as fast as he could ______ (赶上) the school bus, but he still missed it. 9. She is kind enough ______ (分享) her experience and skills with young people who want to succeed. 10. ______ (避免) making the same mistake, we should learn from the failures of others. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 1. 明确立场（支持/优化PE课），紧扣“健康、品格、团队”核心。 2. 用“观点+理由+例证”结构，结合运动体验或数据增强说服力。 3. 运用不定式（to improve）、定语从句等句型，语言简洁正式，控制在100字内。 【积累·写作素材】 一、开头句式（引出话题+表明观点） 1. As an essential part of high school education, PE classes have sparked widespread discussion about their significance for students’ growth. From my perspective, they are far more than just physical training—they play a vital role in shaping well-rounded individuals. 2. There is a growing debate over whether PE classes should be given more attention in the academic-focused school system. In my opinion, investing in PE education is crucial for students’ physical health, mental resilience, and overall development. 3. When it comes to the value of PE classes, people hold diverse views. Some regard them as a waste of study time, while others emphasize their irreplaceable role. As for me, I firmly believe that PE classes are an indispensable part of students’ educational journey. 4. With the increasing emphasis on students’ comprehensive development, PE classes have gained more attention. Personally, I think they not only enhance physical fitness but also foster important qualities like teamwork and perseverance, which contribute to future achievements. 5. It is undeniable that PE classes are a key component of high school education. From my standpoint, their importance lies in both promoting physical health and cultivating positive values, making them essential for students’ long-term success. 二、主体句式（分论点+论证+举例） 1. 分论点1：促进身体健康（Physical Health） • Firstly, PE classes provide students with regular physical exercise, which is essential for maintaining good health. In an era where many teenagers are glued to electronic devices, these classes encourage them to move their bodies, strengthen their muscles, and improve cardiovascular function. • One of the primary benefits of PE classes is that they help students build a strong physique. Through activities like running, swimming, and ball games, students can enhance their stamina, flexibility, and coordination, reducing the risk of obesity and chronic diseases. • Moreover, consistent physical activity in PE classes boosts students’ immune systems, enabling them to better resist illnesses. This not only ensures they attend school regularly but also lays a solid foundation for their future physical well-being. 2. 分论点2：培养综合素质（Comprehensive Qualities） • Secondly, PE classes are effective in fostering teamwork and cooperation. Team sports such as basketball, volleyball, and soccer require students to communicate, support each other, and work together to achieve a common goal—skills that are invaluable in future studies and careers. • In addition, PE classes help students develop perseverance and resilience. When facing challenges like long-distance running or difficult sports skills, students learn to overcome difficulties, never give up, and stay focused—qualities that are crucial for achieving success in any field. • Furthermore, PE classes provide opportunities for students to learn how to handle victory and defeat gracefully. Winning teaches them to stay humble, while losing encourages them to reflect on their mistakes and strive for improvement, shaping a positive mindset. 3. 分论点3：缓解学业压力（Stress Relief） • Besides, PE classes serve as an effective way to relieve academic pressure. High school students often face heavy study burdens, and physical exercise in PE classes can help them relax their minds, reduce anxiety, and improve their mood. • Physical activity releases endorphins, which are known as “happy hormones.” This not only makes students feel more energetic but also enhances their concentration and learning efficiency, enabling them to perform better in academic subjects. • What’s more, PE classes offer a chance for students to step away from textbooks and enjoy themselves. This change of pace helps them recharge their batteries, making them more motivated and productive when they return to their studies. 4. 反驳对立观点（Counterargument） • Some people argue that PE classes take up time that could be spent on academic subjects. However, this view ignores the fact that good physical health is a prerequisite for effective learning. A healthy body allows students to study more efficiently, leading to better academic performance. • Opponents may claim that PE classes are not as important as core subjects like math and English. Nevertheless, the qualities fostered in PE classes—such as teamwork, perseverance, and stress management—are just as essential for students’ future achievements as academic knowledge. 三、结尾句式（总结观点+升华主题） 1. In conclusion, PE classes are an indispensable part of high school education. They not only promote physical health but also foster important qualities like teamwork, perseverance, and resilience. Therefore, schools should continue to attach great importance to PE classes and provide students with more diverse and high-quality physical education opportunities. 2. To sum up, the value of PE classes extends far beyond physical training. They contribute to students’ physical health, mental well-being, and comprehensive development, laying a solid foundation for their future achievements. It is crucial for both schools and students to recognize their importance and make the most of PE education. 3. In summary, PE classes play a vital role in shaping well-rounded individuals. From enhancing physical fitness to cultivating essential life skills, they offer numerous benefits that are essential for students’ growth and success. We should therefore advocate for the development of PE classes and ensure that every student can benefit from them. 4. Ultimately, PE classes are not just about exercise—they are about nurturing healthy, resilient, and cooperative individuals who are capable of achieving great things in the future. By investing in PE education, we are investing in the next generation’s success and well-being. 5. To conclude, the significance of PE classes in high school cannot be overstated. They provide students with the physical strength, mental resilience, and social skills needed to overcome challenges and achieve their goals. As we pursue academic excellence, we should never overlook the importance of physical education in shaping a bright future. 【示例·分步写作】 假设你是高中生李明，你非常喜欢小动物，很想领养一只小狗。可你的父母认为养狗会影响你的学习，坚决不同意，为此你们已经争执过几次。你很想说服你的父母，又不想再次冲突，于是给他们写了一封信。你在信中提到了： 父母的顾虑有哪些? 你坚持的理由是什么? 如果能如愿，你会怎么做? (信中不要提及真实姓名及个人信息) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Achievements 单词 1. achieve（v. 实现；取得） 2. achievement（n. 成就；功绩） 3. succeed（v. 成功） 4. success（n. 成功；成就） 5. successful（adj. 成功的） 6. devote（v. 致力于；奉献） 7. devotion（n. 奉献；热爱） 8. devoted（adj. 投入的；忠诚的） 9. honor（v./n. 尊敬；荣誉） 10. honorable（adj. 可敬的；光荣的） 11. honorary（adj. 荣誉的；名誉的） 12. struggle（v./n. 奋斗；努力；挣扎） 13. overcome（v. 克服；战胜） 14. conquer（v. 征服；攻克） 15. persist（v. 坚持；持续） 16. perseverance（n. 坚持不懈） 17. contribute（v. 贡献；促成） 18. contribution（n. 贡献；捐献） 19. potential（adj. 潜在的；n. 潜力） 20. accomplish（v. 完成；实现） 短语 1. a pile of bricks一堆砖 2. gain experience积累经验 3. gain confidence获得信心 4. attract attention引起注意 5. attract sb. to sth.吸引某人关注某物 6. shark attack鲨鱼袭击 7. meet the target达成目标 8. target audience目标受众 9. approach sb.接近某人 10. approach the problem处理问题 熟词生义 1. brick：常见意思为“砖；砖块”，如“The house is built with red bricks.”（这栋房子是用红砖建造的）。熟词生义为“砖砌的”，作形容词，例如“There is a brick wall around the school playground.”（学校操场周围有一堵砖墙）。 2. gain：常用作动词，意为“获得；赢得”，如“He gained valuable work experience during his internship.”（他在实习期间获得了宝贵的工作经验）。也可作名词，意为“好处；利益；改进”，例如“Hard work will bring you many gains in the future.”（努力工作会为你未来带来很多好处）。 3. target：常见意思是“（攻击的）目标；指标”，为名词，如“Our sales target this quarter is 500 products.”（我们本季度的销售指标是500件产品）。熟词生义为“以……为目标”，作动词，例如“The store uses targeted ads to reach young customers.”（这家商店用针对性广告触达年轻客户）。 4. approach：常见含义为“（在距离或时间上）靠近，接近”，作动词，如“As winter approaches, the temperature drops gradually.”（随着冬天临近，气温逐渐下降）。还可表示“方法；途径”，为名词，例如“We need to try a new approach to solve this math problem.”（我们需要尝试新方法解这道数学题）。 5. attack：常见意为“袭击；攻击”，可作动词和名词，如“A dog attacked a little girl in the park yesterday.”（昨天公园里有只狗袭击了一个小女孩）。熟词生义为“抨击”，作动词，例如“He publicly attacked the people who've been calling for secret ballot nominations.”（他公开抨击了那些一直要求秘密投票提名的人）。 6. sharp：常见意思是“锋利的；尖的”，如“This scissors is sharp enough to cut paper easily.”（这把剪刀很锋利，能轻松剪纸）。熟词生义有“急剧的”，如“I was approaching a fairly sharp bend that swept downhill to the left.”（我那时正接近一个朝山下向左急转的弯道）；还有“机敏的”“（说话、措辞等）严厉的”等含义。 7. skin：常见作名词，意为“皮；皮肤”，如“The cat has soft and smooth skin.”（这只猫的皮肤柔软光滑）。熟词生义为“剥皮”，作动词，例如“He skinned the rabbit quickly.”（他很快地剥了兔子的皮）。 8. wrap：常见意思为“用……缠绕（或围紧）；包，裹（礼物等）”，作动词，如“She wrapped the birthday present in pink paper and tied it with a ribbon.”（她用粉色纸包好生日礼物，再用丝带系上）。还可作名词，意为“包裹物”。 句型 1. as引导的时间状语从句：表示“随着……”，如“As the shark kept approaching, the old man began to worry that his fish couldn’t survive the attack.”（随着鲨鱼不断接近，老人开始担心自己的鱼没法儿幸存于这次攻击了）。 2. despite引导的让步状语：“despite”表示“尽管”，后接名词、动名词等，如“Despite being wrapped tightly in ropes, he still got a chance to escape.”（尽管被裹在绳子里绑得严严实实，他还是有可能逃脱）。 3. It is...that...强调句：可以强调句子的主语、宾语、状语等，如“It is because humans are intelligent that they know how to better arm themselves and defeat a variety of strong animals.”（正是因为人类是聪明的，人类才知道如何更好地武装自己并战胜强大的各种动物）。 语法 • 现在完成进行时：结构为“have/has been + 动词-ing”，表示动作从过去开始并一直延续到现在，或者动作从过去开始并且到现在这一时间段一再重复发生。例如：I have been studying for two hours and I am still tired.（我已经学习了两个小时，现在仍然很累。） • 不定式作状语：可作目的状语、结果状语和原因状语。作目的状语时，常用结构为“to do”“so as to do”（不能放句首）“in order to do”，其否定形式为“not to do”“so as not to do”“in order not to do”；作结果状语时，常用于“enough to do”“too...to do”“so...as to...”“such...as to...”等形式，“only to do”表示出乎意料之外的结果；作原因状语时，常用结构为“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”。 • 动名词：由动词原形加“-ing”构成，兼具名词和动词的特征，可在句中充当多种成分。作主语时，表示抽象或习惯性动作，如Swimming is good for your health.（游泳对健康有益。）作宾语时，跟在特定动词或介词后，如I enjoy reading books.（我喜欢读书。）作表语时，说明主语的内涵，与主语对等，可互换位置，如My hobby is collecting stamps.（我的爱好是集邮。） • 过去分词及with结构：过去分词在语法中有着重要的作用，可用于构成被动语态、完成时态等，还可以作定语、表语和宾语补足语等。此外，with结构也是该单元的一个语法点，with后面跟宾语，然后继续跟宾语补足语，可表示伴随、原因等多种情况。 一、词汇清单 知识点1 attract /əˈtrækt/ v. 吸引；使喜爱 【教材原句】The beautiful coastal scenery attracts thousands of tourists every year.（美丽的海岸风光每年吸引数千名游客。） 【拓展】 attraction n. 吸引力；景点； attractive adj. 有吸引力的 attract sb. to sth. 吸引某人关注某事； be attractive to 对……有吸引力 【写作佳句】The new shopping mall attracts a large number of customers with its diverse range of stores and excellent service.（这个新的购物中心以其多样的店铺和优质的服务吸引了大量顾客。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The Great Wall is one of the most ______ (attract) places in the world.（答案：） The concert ______ (attract) many music lovers last night.（答案：） The ______ (attract) of the city lies in its rich history and culture.（答案：） 答案：attractive attracted attraction 知识点2 target /ˈtɑːɡɪt/ n. 目标；v. 以……为目标 【教材原句】Our team set a target of increasing sales by 20% this quarter.（我们团队设定了本季度销售额增长20%的目标。） 【拓展】 targeted adj. 有针对性的 set a target 设定目标； meet the target 达成目标 【写作佳句】We should set clear targets for ourselves and work hard to achieve them.（我们应该为自己设定明确的目标，并努力实现它们。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The company has set a ______ (target) of reducing costs by 10%.（答案：） They are ______ (target) the young people as their main customers.（答案：） The ______ (target) advertisement is more effective in promoting products.（答案：） 答案：target targeting targeted 知识点3 approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/ v. 靠近；n. 方法 【教材原句】As winter approaches, the temperature drops gradually.（随着冬天临近，气温逐渐下降。） 【拓展】 approachable adj. 可接近的；亲切的 approach sb. 接近某人； approach to sth. ……的方法 【写作佳句】We need to find a new approach to solve this problem.（我们需要找到一种新的方法来解决这个问题。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The old man is very ______ (approach), and we all like to talk to him.（答案：） As the deadline ______ (approach), we are getting more and more nervous.（答案：） We should try different ______ (approach) to learning English.（答案：） 答案：approachable approaches approaches 知识点4 attack /əˈtæk/ n. & v. 袭击；攻击 【教材原句】The soldier was injured in a surprise attack by the enemy.（这名士兵在敌人的突袭中受伤。） 【拓展】 attacker n. 袭击者； attacked adj. 被袭击的 make an attack on 袭击……；heart attack 心脏病发作 【写作佳句】The city was under attack by terrorists, and many people were injured.（这座城市遭到了恐怖分子的袭击，许多人受伤。） 【经典练】补全句子 The ______ (attack) was caught by the police soon after the incident.（答案：） The building ______ (attack) by a group of vandals last night.（答案：） They made a fierce ______ (attack) on the enemy's position.（答案：） 答案：attacker was attacked attack 知识点5 sharp /ʃɑːp/ adj. 锋利的；尖的 【教材原句】Be careful with that sharp scissors — it can easily cut your fingers.（小心那把锋利的剪刀，很容易割到手指。） 【拓展】 sharply adv. 急剧地；尖锐地； sharpen v. 使锋利 sharp knife 锋利的刀； sharp turn 急转弯 【写作佳句】The sharp increase in the price of oil has affected the global economy.（石油价格的急剧上涨影响了全球经济。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The knife is not sharp enough. You need to ______ (sharp) it.（答案：） The price of the stock dropped ______ (sharp) yesterday.（答案：） He has a ______ (sharp) tongue and often offends people.（答案：） 答案：sharpen sharply sharp 知识点6 skin /skɪn/ n. 皮；皮肤 【教材原句】Excessive sun exposure can damage your skin and cause aging.（过度日晒会损伤皮肤并导致衰老。） 【拓展】 skinny adj. 极瘦的；皮包骨的 human skin 人类皮肤； skin disease 皮肤病 【写作佳句】We should protect our skin from the harmful effects of the sun.（我们应该保护我们的皮肤免受太阳的有害影响。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 She has very sensitive ______ (skin), so she needs to be careful with the products she uses.（答案：） The boy was so ______ (skin) that he looked like a skeleton.（答案：） The ______ (skin) of the apple is red and smooth.（答案：） 答案：skin skinny skin 知识点7 strength /streŋθ/ n. 体力；力气；力量 【教材原句】It takes great strength to climb this high mountain.（攀登这座高山需要很大的体力。） 【拓展】 strong adj. 强壮的； strongly adv. 强烈地 physical strength 体力； strength of will 意志力 【写作佳句】We should build up our strength through regular exercise.（我们应该通过经常锻炼来增强体力。） 【经典练】单句语法填空/补全句子 He is a man of great ______ (strength), and he can lift heavy things easily.（答案：） The team ______ (strong) their defense by bringing in some new players.（答案：） I ______ (strong) believe that we can achieve our goals if we work hard.（答案：） 答案：strength strengthened strongly 知识点8 gain /ɡeɪn/ n. 好处；利益；v. 获得 【教材原句】He gained valuable work experience during his internship.（他在实习期间获得了宝贵的工作经验。） 【拓展】 gainful adj. 有收益的； gainer n. 获得者 gain experience 获得经验； gain advantage 获得优势 【写作佳句】We should try our best to gain knowledge and skills in our study.（我们应该在学习中尽力获得知识和技能。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The ______ (gain) from this investment is quite significant.（答案：） She ______ (gain) a lot of weight after she got married.（答案：） He is a ______ (gain) in the competition, and he won a prize.（答案：） 答案：gain gained gainer 知识点9 destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ v. 摧毁 【教材原句】The ancient temple was destroyed by a big fire 100 years ago.（这座古老的寺庙在100年前被一场大火摧毁。） 【拓展】 destruction n. 破坏；毁灭； destructive adj. 破坏性的 destroy sth. completely 彻底摧毁某物； be destroyed by 被……摧毁 【写作佳句】The war has destroyed many houses and lives, bringing great pain to the people.（战争摧毁了许多房屋和生命，给人们带来了巨大的痛苦。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 The ______ (destroy) of the environment is a serious problem.（答案：） The building was ______ (destroy) in the earthquake.（答案：） The hurricane was very ______ (destructive), leaving a lot of damage.（答案：） 答案：destruction destroyed destructive 知识点10 intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/ adj. 有智力的；聪明的 【教材原句】Dolphins are considered one of the most intelligent animals in the ocean.（海豚被认为是海洋中最有智力的动物之一。） 【拓展】 intelligence n. 智力；智慧 intelligent student 聪明的学生； intelligent animal 有智力的动物 【写作佳句】An intelligent person can learn from others' experiences and make fewer mistakes.（一个聪明的人可以从别人的经验中学习，少犯错误。） 【经典练】单句语法填空 His ______ (intelligent) is very high, and he always does well in school.（答案：） The ______ (intelligent) robot can perform many tasks.（答案：） She is an ______ (intelligence) girl with a bright future.（答案：） 答案：intelligence intelligent intelligent 二、语法清单 动词不定式作状语 【感知·语法规律】 1. Scientists work hard to find answers.（科学家们努力工作以寻找答案。）——目的状语 2. They launched the satellite to explore the universe.（他们发射卫星以探索宇宙。）——目的状语 3. She was excited to hear the good news.（她听到这个好消息很兴奋。）——原因状语 4. He rushed to the airport, only to find the plane had taken off.（他冲到机场，结果发现飞机已经起飞了。）——结果状语 5. To achieve great success, you must work hard.（为了取得巨大成功，你必须努力工作。）——目的状语 【精讲·语法知识】 一、核心定义 动词不定式（to do 形式，否定式为 not to do）作状语，用于修饰谓语动词、形容词或整个句子，表达目的、原因、结果、方式等逻辑关系，是Unit 4重点语法（契合“成就”主题，高频用于描述动作目的、结果等场景）。 二、主要功能及用法 1. 作目的状语（高频考点） • 核心作用：说明动作的目的，回答“为什么做某事”。 • 结构特点：可位于句首（用逗号隔开）或句末；常用 in order to do / so as to do 强化语气（so as to do 不可位于句首）。 • 关键注意：不定式逻辑主语需与主句主语一致。 2. 作原因状语 • 核心作用：用于说明产生某种情绪或状态的原因，多修饰 happy, sad, excited, surprised 等形容词。 • 结构特点：常用“be + 形容词 + to do”结构，不定式逻辑主语为主句主语。 3. 作结果状语 • 核心作用：表示动作产生的结果，分两种情况： ◦ 自然结果：不定式前可加 only（强调意外结果）、never 等副词。 ◦ 预料之外的结果：常用“too + 形容词/副词 + to do”（太……而不能……）、“enough + 名词/形容词/副词 + to do”（足够……去做……）结构。 4. 作方式状语 • 核心作用：说明动作的方式，常用 as if / as though + to do 结构，相当于 as if / as though 引导的状语从句的省略形式。 三、高频考点与易错点 1. 否定式：直接在 to 前加 not，即 not to do（如：He studied hard not to fail the exam.）。 2. 逻辑主语：不定式逻辑主语需与主句主语一致，否则需用 for sb. to do 结构（如：It is important for us to achieve our goals.）。 3. “to”的省略：作目的状语时 to 不可省略；使役动词、感官动词后作宾补的不定式省略 to，但作状语时 to 必须保留。 4. 与现在分词作状语的区别：不定式作目的状语表“未发生的目的”，现在分词作状语表“伴随或主动进行的动作”。 【经典练】　 1. She stayed up late last night ______ (finish) the research report for her project. 2. To ______ (achieve) his dream of becoming a scientist, he devotes most of his time to studying. 3. The little boy was excited ______ (receive) a letter from his favorite astronaut. 4. They set up a foundation ______ (help) poor children get access to better education. 5. He ran as fast as he could ______ (catch) the last bus, but he failed. 6. The book is too difficult for middle school students ______ (understand) without teacher's guidance. 7. She has enough experience ______ (deal) with such complicated problems in work. 8. Not ______ (give) up easily is one of the key factors to success. 9. He went to the library ______ (borrow) some books about space exploration. 10. The scientist devoted his whole life to his work, only ______ (make) great contributions to human beings. 答案： 1. to finish 解析：此处为不定式作目的状语，说明“熬夜”的目的是“完成研究报告”，故填 to finish。 2. achieve 解析：固定结构“To + 动词原形”位于句首作目的状语，to 后接动词原形，故填 achieve。 3. to receive 解析：“be + 形容词（excited）+ to do”为固定结构，不定式作原因状语，说明“兴奋”的原因，故填 to receive。 4. to help 解析：不定式作目的状语，“成立基金会”的目的是“帮助贫困儿童”，故填 to help。 5. to catch 解析：不定式作目的状语，“跑得快”的目的是“赶上末班车”，故填 to catch。 6. to understand 解析：固定结构“too + 形容词（difficult）+ for sb. + to do”，表示“太……而不能……”，不定式作结果状语，故填 to understand。 7. to deal 解析：固定结构“enough + 名词（experience）+ to do”，表示“足够……去做……”，不定式作结果状语，故填 to deal。 8. to give 解析：此处为不定式的否定式作主语，否定词 not 需放在 to 前，故填 to give。 9. to borrow 解析：不定式作目的状语，“去图书馆”的目的是“借关于太空探索的书”，故填 to borrow。 10. to make 解析：不定式前加 only 作结果状语，表示“意料之外的结果”，此处指“毕生致力于工作，结果为人类做出巨大贡献”，故填 to make。 1. She stayed up late last night ______ (为了完成) her research report on scientific achievements. 2. The young athlete trained extremely hard ______ (却未能) win the gold medal in the competition. 3. We are all excited ______ (听到) that our school’s robot team has made a great breakthrough. 4. ______ (为了实现) his dream of becoming an astronaut, he has been preparing for years. 5. The new technology was developed ______ (帮助) farmers increase crop yields efficiently. 6. He is too modest ______ (炫耀) his remarkable achievements in the field of medicine. 7. They donated a large sum of money ______ (支持) the construction of rural schools in poor areas. 8. The little boy ran as fast as he could ______ (赶上) the school bus, but he still missed it. 9. She is kind enough ______ (分享) her experience and skills with young people who want to succeed. 10. ______ (避免) making the same mistake, we should learn from the failures of others. 答案： 1. to finish ◦ 解析：此处为不定式作目的状语，“为了完成”直接用 to do 结构，契合单元“成就”主题中“为目标付出努力”的语境。 2. only to fail to ◦ 解析：“only to do”表意外结果，“未能”用 fail to do，整体结构体现“努力却未达预期”的逻辑，符合不定式作结果状语的用法。 3. to hear ◦ 解析：“be + 形容词（excited）+ to do”为不定式作原因状语，说明情绪产生的缘由，是本单元高频句型。 4. To achieve ◦ 解析：不定式位于句首作目的状语，强调“实现梦想”的目标，句首需用逗号隔开，符合语法规则。 5. to help ◦ 解析：不定式作目的状语，说明“研发新技术”的目的是“帮助农民”，贴合单元“科技成就服务社会”的主题。 6. to show off ◦ 解析：“too + 形容词（modest）+ to do”为固定结构，表“太……而不能……”，不定式作结果状语，符合语法要求。 7. to support ◦ 解析：不定式作目的状语，“捐赠资金”的目的是“支持农村学校建设”，体现“成就背后的社会责任”，与单元主题呼应。 8. to catch up with ◦ 解析：不定式作目的状语，“尽全力奔跑”的目的是“赶上校车”，“catch up with”为固定搭配，符合语境逻辑。 9. to share ◦ 解析：“be + 形容词（kind）+ enough + to do”为固定结构，表“足够……去做……”，不定式作结果状语，体现人物品质与成就的关联。 10. To avoid ◦ 解析：不定式位于句首作目的状语，“为了避免犯错”用 To avoid doing 结构，“avoid”后接动名词，需注意不定式符号 to 后的动词形式，符合语法规则。 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 1. 明确立场（支持/优化PE课），紧扣“健康、品格、团队”核心。 2. 用“观点+理由+例证”结构，结合运动体验或数据增强说服力。 3. 运用不定式（to improve）、定语从句等句型，语言简洁正式，控制在100字内。 【积累·写作素材】 一、开头句式（引出话题+表明观点） 1. As an essential part of high school education, PE classes have sparked widespread discussion about their significance for students’ growth. From my perspective, they are far more than just physical training—they play a vital role in shaping well-rounded individuals. 2. There is a growing debate over whether PE classes should be given more attention in the academic-focused school system. In my opinion, investing in PE education is crucial for students’ physical health, mental resilience, and overall development. 3. When it comes to the value of PE classes, people hold diverse views. Some regard them as a waste of study time, while others emphasize their irreplaceable role. As for me, I firmly believe that PE classes are an indispensable part of students’ educational journey. 4. With the increasing emphasis on students’ comprehensive development, PE classes have gained more attention. Personally, I think they not only enhance physical fitness but also foster important qualities like teamwork and perseverance, which contribute to future achievements. 5. It is undeniable that PE classes are a key component of high school education. From my standpoint, their importance lies in both promoting physical health and cultivating positive values, making them essential for students’ long-term success. 二、主体句式（分论点+论证+举例） 1. 分论点1：促进身体健康（Physical Health） • Firstly, PE classes provide students with regular physical exercise, which is essential for maintaining good health. In an era where many teenagers are glued to electronic devices, these classes encourage them to move their bodies, strengthen their muscles, and improve cardiovascular function. • One of the primary benefits of PE classes is that they help students build a strong physique. Through activities like running, swimming, and ball games, students can enhance their stamina, flexibility, and coordination, reducing the risk of obesity and chronic diseases. • Moreover, consistent physical activity in PE classes boosts students’ immune systems, enabling them to better resist illnesses. This not only ensures they attend school regularly but also lays a solid foundation for their future physical well-being. 2. 分论点2：培养综合素质（Comprehensive Qualities） • Secondly, PE classes are effective in fostering teamwork and cooperation. Team sports such as basketball, volleyball, and soccer require students to communicate, support each other, and work together to achieve a common goal—skills that are invaluable in future studies and careers. • In addition, PE classes help students develop perseverance and resilience. When facing challenges like long-distance running or difficult sports skills, students learn to overcome difficulties, never give up, and stay focused—qualities that are crucial for achieving success in any field. • Furthermore, PE classes provide opportunities for students to learn how to handle victory and defeat gracefully. Winning teaches them to stay humble, while losing encourages them to reflect on their mistakes and strive for improvement, shaping a positive mindset. 3. 分论点3：缓解学业压力（Stress Relief） • Besides, PE classes serve as an effective way to relieve academic pressure. High school students often face heavy study burdens, and physical exercise in PE classes can help them relax their minds, reduce anxiety, and improve their mood. • Physical activity releases endorphins, which are known as “happy hormones.” This not only makes students feel more energetic but also enhances their concentration and learning efficiency, enabling them to perform better in academic subjects. • What’s more, PE classes offer a chance for students to step away from textbooks and enjoy themselves. This change of pace helps them recharge their batteries, making them more motivated and productive when they return to their studies. 4. 反驳对立观点（Counterargument） • Some people argue that PE classes take up time that could be spent on academic subjects. However, this view ignores the fact that good physical health is a prerequisite for effective learning. A healthy body allows students to study more efficiently, leading to better academic performance. • Opponents may claim that PE classes are not as important as core subjects like math and English. Nevertheless, the qualities fostered in PE classes—such as teamwork, perseverance, and stress management—are just as essential for students’ future achievements as academic knowledge. 三、结尾句式（总结观点+升华主题） 1. In conclusion, PE classes are an indispensable part of high school education. They not only promote physical health but also foster important qualities like teamwork, perseverance, and resilience. Therefore, schools should continue to attach great importance to PE classes and provide students with more diverse and high-quality physical education opportunities. 2. To sum up, the value of PE classes extends far beyond physical training. They contribute to students’ physical health, mental well-being, and comprehensive development, laying a solid foundation for their future achievements. It is crucial for both schools and students to recognize their importance and make the most of PE education. 3. In summary, PE classes play a vital role in shaping well-rounded individuals. From enhancing physical fitness to cultivating essential life skills, they offer numerous benefits that are essential for students’ growth and success. We should therefore advocate for the development of PE classes and ensure that every student can benefit from them. 4. Ultimately, PE classes are not just about exercise—they are about nurturing healthy, resilient, and cooperative individuals who are capable of achieving great things in the future. By investing in PE education, we are investing in the next generation’s success and well-being. 5. To conclude, the significance of PE classes in high school cannot be overstated. They provide students with the physical strength, mental resilience, and social skills needed to overcome challenges and achieve their goals. As we pursue academic excellence, we should never overlook the importance of physical education in shaping a bright future. 【示例·分步写作】 假设你是高中生李明，你非常喜欢小动物，很想领养一只小狗。可你的父母认为养狗会影响你的学习，坚决不同意，为此你们已经争执过几次。你很想说服你的父母，又不想再次冲突，于是给他们写了一封信。你在信中提到了： 父母的顾虑有哪些? 你坚持的理由是什么? 如果能如愿，你会怎么做? (信中不要提及真实姓名及个人信息) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Dear parents,       I know you oppose my idea of adopting a puppy, and I understand your concerns. You think that having a dog will distract me from my study, and you’re afraid that I’ll spend too much time on it instead of focusing on schoolwork.       But I love animals deeply. A dog can bring so much joy and comfort to my life. When I feel stressed during my study, playing with it can be a great relaxation. Also, having a dog will teach me how to be responsible.       If you allow me to have a dog, I will make a strict schedule. I’ll ensure that I finish all my study tasks first and then take care of the dog. I’ll make sure that having a dog will not have a negative impact on my study. I hope you can understand me. Yours, Li Ming 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生就自己想领养一只小狗这件事给父母写了一封信，其内容包括：父母的顾虑、你坚持的理由和如果能如愿，你会怎么做。 【详解】1.词汇积累 反对： oppose → be against 专注于：focus on → concentrate on 快乐：joy → happiness 完成：finish → accomplish 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句： A dog can bring so much joy and comfort to my life. 拓展句：It is obvious that a dog can bring so much joy and comfort to my life. 【点睛】 【高分句型1】When I feel stressed during my study, playing with it can be a great relaxation. （运用when引导的时间状语从句以及动名词短语作主语） 【高分句型2】 I’ll ensure that I finish all my study tasks first and then take care of the dog. （运用了that引导的宾语从句） 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $