Unit 4 Achievements to do作状语（单元核心语法精练）英语沪教版2020必修第二册

Unit 4 Achievements 核心语法精练（to do作状语） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 4 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 4 二、句型转换 8 三、翻译句子 11 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 13 题型一 语篇语法填空（课文改编） 13 题型二 语篇语法填空（最新真题） 14 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 1. She stayed up late last night ______ (finish) her scientific research report. 2. ______ (achieve) his dream of becoming a doctor, he has been studying hard for ten years. 3. The team worked day and night ______ (win) the championship in the international competition. 4. He ran as fast as he could ______ (catch) the last bus to the training base. 5. ______ (solve) the difficult problem, the engineer spent three months doing experiments. 6. They donated a large sum of money ______ (help) the poor children receive better education. 7. ______ (improve) his communication skills, he joined the English corner every weekend. 8. The scientist devoted his whole life ______ (explore) the mysteries of the universe. 9. She took extra courses after school ______ (prepare) for the college entrance examination. 10. ______ (avoid) making the same mistake, he kept a diary to record his experiences. 11. The government launched a new project ______ (protect) the endangered wild animals. 12. He practiced playing the piano for four hours a day ______ (become) a famous pianist. 13. ______ (complete) the task on time, all members of the group cooperated closely. 14. They went to the remote mountain area ______ (teach) the local children. 15. ______ (master) advanced technology, the company sent its employees to study abroad. 16. She saved every penny ______ (buy) a computer for her research work. 17. ______ (reduce) air pollution, more and more people choose to go to work by bike. 18. The student asked the teacher for help ______ (understand) the difficult knowledge point. 19. ______ (realize) his lifelong ambition, he never gave up even in the face of difficulties. 20. They organized a charity event ______ (raise) money for the homeless people. 21. ______ (learn) from successful people, he read a lot of biographies in his spare time. 22. The athlete trained extremely hard ______ (break) the world record. 23. ______ (promote) cultural exchange between the two countries, an art exhibition was held. 24. She took part in various competitions ______ (prove) her ability. 25. ______ (build) a better future for their children, parents work hard every day. 26. The scientist invented a new device ______ (make) people's life more convenient. 27. ______ (pass) the driving test, he practiced driving under the guidance of his coach. 28. They set up a scholarship ______ (encourage) outstanding students to pursue further study. 29. ______ (enhance) the company's competitiveness, the manager introduced a new management system. 30. She spent a lot of time ______ (learn) a second language ______ (broaden) her horizons. 二、句型转换 1. He works hard. He wants to support his family. 2. She practices playing the piano every day. She hopes to win the competition. 3. We should study hard. We aim to make great achievements in the future. 4. They saved money for years. They planned to buy a new house. 5. The scientist did thousands of experiments. He tried to find the solution. 6. Tom learns three languages. He intends to work in an international company. 7. My sister stays up late. She wants to finish her thesis on time. 8. The government built more schools. It hoped to improve education in rural areas. 9. He exercises regularly. He wishes to keep healthy for his career. 10. We collect old books. We want to help children in poor areas. 11. He hurried to the station. He found the train had left.（用only to do） 12. The boy is very tall. He can reach the top shelf.（用enough to do） 13. She is too young. She can’t understand the complex problem.（用too...to do） 14. They searched for the missing dog for hours. They didn’t find it.（用only to do） 15. The movie was very moving. It made many audience cry.（用enough to do） 16. The task is too difficult. We can’t finish it in one day.（用too...to do） 17. He studied day and night. He passed the exam finally.（用only to do） 18. The water is warm. We can swim in it.（用enough to do） 19. She was too nervous. She forgot her speech on the stage.（用too...to do） 20. They invested a lot of money in the project. They got great profits.（用only to do） 21. She was excited. She accepted the invitation to the award ceremony. 22. He was ashamed. He lied to his teacher about his achievement. 23. They were surprised. They heard the news of his success. 24. I was glad. I helped my friend achieve his dream. 25. The team was proud. They won the national championship. 26. She was sad. She failed the important exam. 27. He was eager. He wanted to share his achievements with his family. 28. We were worried. We might miss the opportunity to cooperate. 29. The scientist was delighted. His research made a breakthrough. 30. They were determined. They would overcome all difficulties to succeed. 三、翻译句子 1. 她努力学习，为了在高考中取得优异成绩。（in order to） 2. 他牺牲了休息时间，以便完成这个重要的项目。（so as to） 3. 为了实现自己的梦想，他付出了常人难以想象的努力。（to） 4. 他们筹集资金，是为了帮助贫困地区的孩子上学。（in order that替换验证） 5. 她早起了半小时，以免错过早班车。（so as not to） 6. 科学家们日夜钻研，为了找到治疗这种疾病的方法。（to） 7. 他努力工作，希望给家人更好的生活。（hoping to 表目的延伸） 8. 为了提高英语口语，她每天坚持和外教交流。（in order to） 9. 他们决定搬到大城市，为了寻求更多的发展机会。（to） 10. 我们应该珍惜时间，以便在有限的生命里实现更多价值。（so as to） 11. 他拒绝了邀请，因为不想卷入不必要的麻烦。（to 表原因） 12. 这本书写得太精彩了，让人忍不住一口气读完。（to 表结果） 13. 她太激动了，说不出话来。（too...to...） 14. 这个问题足够简单，我们能轻松解决。（enough to...） 15. 他努力练习钢琴，为了在音乐比赛中获奖。（in order to） 16. 政府采取了一系列措施，为了稳定物价。（to） 17. 她选择主修经济学，希望未来能进入金融行业。（to） 18. 天气太冷了，不适合户外活动。（too...to...） 19. 他花了三年时间学习编程，为了开发出自己的软件。（so as to） 20. 这些志愿者无私奉献，是为了让世界变得更美好。（in order to） 题型一 语篇语法填空（课文改编） 1. An excerpt from The Old Man and the Sea Santiago, an old fisherman who had gone eighty-four days without catching a fish, set out early one morning **1.______ (hunt) in the Gulf Stream. Though tired and lonely, he refused 2.______ (give) up his dream of catching a big fish. He believed that with patience and courage, he could achieve what he 3.______ (long) for. As the sun rose, Santiago noticed a large marlin swimming near his boat. He quickly cast his line, and the fish bit. For hours, he fought against the marlin, his hands 4.______ (cut) by the rough line. But he refused 5.______ (let) go, thinking of the pride and respect he would gain. "A man can be destroyed but not defeated," he told 6.______ (he) firmly. The marlin pulled the boat farther out to sea, and Santiago endured hunger and exhaustion. However, his determination never wavered. He kept 7.______ (hold) the line, using all his strength to tire the fish. On the third day, the marlin finally weakened. Santiago managed 8.______ (kill) it and tied it to the side of the boat. Though sharks later attacked and ate most of the marlin, Santiago returned to the shore with the fish’s skeleton. People who had once laughed at him now looked at him with admiration. His achievement was not just catching the fish, but 9.______ (prove) that a person’s spirit can never be broken. Santiago’s story teaches us that 10.______ (persevere) in the face of difficulties is the key to success. 2. A false start As a young athlete, Li Hua had always dreamed of **1.______ (win) a gold medal in the national track and field championship. He spent years training hard, 2.______ (devote) almost all his free time to running. His coach believed in him, saying he had the talent 3.______ (become) a top runner. However, Li Hua’s first major competition turned out to be a false start. On the day of the race, he was too nervous 4.______ (focus) on his performance. When the starting gun fired, he rushed forward, only 5.______ (find) himself disqualified for jumping the gun. He felt heartbroken, 6.______ (realize) all his efforts seemed to be in vain. After the competition, Li Hua wanted 7.______ (give up) running. But his coach encouraged him, telling him that failures are necessary steps to 8.______ (achieve) success. "To make progress, you need 9.______ (learn) from your mistakes and keep trying," the coach said. Inspired by these words, Li Hua decided to keep going. He adjusted his training plan, 10.______ (pay) more attention to mental preparation. Finally, in the next championship, he won the gold medal he had been dreaming of. 题型二 语篇语法填空（最新真题） A (24-25高二上·上海七宝中学·期中) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word, for the other blanks, use one word that best fit s each blank. Messaging the stars If there are intelligent aliens out there, should we try to communicate with them? And who should speak for Earth? For 75 years, astronomers have been searching for extraterrestrial intelligence, often shortened to SETI. SETI involves listening for radio or optical signals sent by intelligent civilizations. But, so far, no artificial signals have been detected. The failure of SETI is called “The Great Silence”, but 1 this, many scientists are confident that intelligent aliens do exist. There are thought to be at least 10 billion habitable worlds in our galaxy, and billions of years have passed during which any life on them 2 have developed intelligence and technology. METI, or messaging extraterrestrial intelligence, has been 3 (common). It involves talking rather than listening. To some, it is a controversial activity. The first attempts at communication were imaginative “messages in a bottle”. In 1972, NASA launched the Pioneer 10 spacecraft towards Jupiter, which carried a plaque (牌匾) with a line drawing of a man and a woman as well as symbols to show 4 the craft originated. In1977, NASA followed this up with a golden record 5 (attach) to the Voyager 1 craft. The 12-inch record held sounds and images chosen to convey the diversity of life on Earth. Both spacecraft have since left the solar system. At their current speeds, it will be tens of thousands of years 6 they reach another star system. In the immensity of space, the odds 7 they will be found are extremely tiny. In 1974, a radio message was beamed from the Arecibo Observatory. A series of on-off radio pulses, designed to convey simple information about humanity, 8 (send) towards the globular cluster (球状星团) M13. Since M13 is 25,000 light years away, we shouldn’t hold our breath for a reply. Now, an international team of astronomers plans to use the world’s largest radio telescope, FAST, located in China, to beam a message towards millions of stars that are 10,000 to 20,000 light years away. The new message is 9 amalgam (组合) of previous ones. It contains 25,000 bytes of information, 100 times more than the Arecibo message, but 100 times less than a photo from a smartphone. NASA signals to its remote spacecraft, meanwhile, 10 (reach) four nearby stars so far. A reply from aliens living in the nearby place could reach us by 2029. B (24-25高二上·上海七宝中学·期中) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word, for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Better out than in? As I weave through the traffic on my bike, I always worry about the dirty air I am breathing. It is a relief to get back to the inside, 1 the air is sweeter and, you might think, better for me. But that turns out to be a false sense of security. “People don’t imagine that there is pollution indoors; it is perceived as a protective place,” says Corinne Mandin at France’s Scientific and Technical Building Centre, “But there are more pollutants in buildings 2 in outdoor air.” Thanks in no small part to Covid-19, which focused minds on air quality and ventilation (通风) of enclosed spaces, the long-neglected issue of indoor pollution 3 (finally take) seriously. Deadly seriously, in fact, as it dawns on scientists that the pollutants we encounter in our homes, workplaces and schools are probably a major cause of illness and death. It is tempting to conclude that there is nowhere safe 4 (leave) to breathe. But the good news is that we can all cut exposure to indoor pollution by making a few simple changes. First up is cooking, which is called “one of the most notable sources of indoor chemicals”. The exact composition of the fumes depends on what you cook and 5 you cook it. Gas burners are the most polluting heat source, 6 (release) carbon monoxide and dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which can accumulate 7 adequate ventilation. As a rule, frying is more polluting than boiling or steaming, which produce mostly water vapour. Frying releases toxic chemicals from the cooking oil and particulates from whatever you are frying. Meat can be an especially rich source of particulates. There are some signs 8 fumes from cooking meat could do more than just make us wheeze. Researchers at Nazarbayav University in Kazakhstan exposed volunteers to fumes from a chicken leg fried on a gas stove. At peak exposure, measurement of their brain activity resembled what was seen in people with 9 neuro-condition. Activity did return to normal after 30 minutes, but the researchers warned that chronic exposure 10 cause long-term damage. C (23-24高二下·上海华二附中·期末) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fit s each blank. The future is grey An aging world will oblige us to change how we live Much is made of intergenerational conflicts, with baby boomers competing against millennials or Gen Zers. But however these competing needs are resolved today, younger people will become a 1 (prized) resource in the future, because there will be fewer of them. Populations are slowly growing older than ever before due to two seemingly unstoppable demographic (人口的) forces. One is 2 , as countries become more prosperous, there is a decline in the number of children that people have. When that figure drops below the population replacement level of 2.1 children per woman—— 3 it is offset (抵消) by immigration—the head count shrinks as well as becoming more senior-heavy. If this trend continues, 97 percent of countries are forecast 4 (have) birthrates below the replacement level by the year 2100. The other key factor is that people are living longer in nearly every country in the world, a trend 5 has continued for decades. This 6 (drive) by multiple factors over the past century, including improvements in sanitation (公共卫生), the spread of vaccines and antibiotics, and, later on, by better treatments for heart disease and the decline of smoking. The next reshaping of life expectancy curves could come from the widespread use of weight- 7 (reduce) drugs such as Ozempic, or indeed medicines already in wide use today. These ageing populations present many challenges, forcing countries to rethink their systems of pensions, healthcare and so on. The risk is that there will be too few people of working age to help provide care for 8 who are older. But we 9 not necessarily be too pessimistic. Just like in medicine, advances in artificial intelligence and robotics are continuing rapidly. Could the potential demographic crisis be prevented by a workforce of intelligent machines? If so, 10 having to be worried about robots taking our jobs, we might one day welcome them with open arms. 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Achievements 核心语法精练（to do作状语） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 4 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 4 二、句型转换 8 三、翻译句子 11 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 13 题型一 语篇语法填空（课文改编） 13 题型二 语篇语法填空（最新真题） 14 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 1. She stayed up late last night ______ (finish) her scientific research report. 2. ______ (achieve) his dream of becoming a doctor, he has been studying hard for ten years. 3. The team worked day and night ______ (win) the championship in the international competition. 4. He ran as fast as he could ______ (catch) the last bus to the training base. 5. ______ (solve) the difficult problem, the engineer spent three months doing experiments. 6. They donated a large sum of money ______ (help) the poor children receive better education. 7. ______ (improve) his communication skills, he joined the English corner every weekend. 8. The scientist devoted his whole life ______ (explore) the mysteries of the universe. 9. She took extra courses after school ______ (prepare) for the college entrance examination. 10. ______ (avoid) making the same mistake, he kept a diary to record his experiences. 11. The government launched a new project ______ (protect) the endangered wild animals. 12. He practiced playing the piano for four hours a day ______ (become) a famous pianist. 13. ______ (complete) the task on time, all members of the group cooperated closely. 14. They went to the remote mountain area ______ (teach) the local children. 15. ______ (master) advanced technology, the company sent its employees to study abroad. 16. She saved every penny ______ (buy) a computer for her research work. 17. ______ (reduce) air pollution, more and more people choose to go to work by bike. 18. The student asked the teacher for help ______ (understand) the difficult knowledge point. 19. ______ (realize) his lifelong ambition, he never gave up even in the face of difficulties. 20. They organized a charity event ______ (raise) money for the homeless people. 21. ______ (learn) from successful people, he read a lot of biographies in his spare time. 22. The athlete trained extremely hard ______ (break) the world record. 23. ______ (promote) cultural exchange between the two countries, an art exhibition was held. 24. She took part in various competitions ______ (prove) her ability. 25. ______ (build) a better future for their children, parents work hard every day. 26. The scientist invented a new device ______ (make) people's life more convenient. 27. ______ (pass) the driving test, he practiced driving under the guidance of his coach. 28. They set up a scholarship ______ (encourage) outstanding students to pursue further study. 29. ______ (enhance) the company's competitiveness, the manager introduced a new management system. 30. She spent a lot of time ______ (learn) a second language ______ (broaden) her horizons. 答案： 1. to finish（目的状语：为了完成研究报告） 2. To achieve（句首目的状语：为了实现梦想，注意大写首字母） 3. to win（目的状语：为了赢得冠军） 4. to catch（目的状语：为了赶上末班车） 5. To solve（句首目的状语：为了解决难题） 6. to help（目的状语：为了帮助贫困儿童） 7. To improve（句首目的状语：为了提升沟通能力） 8. to explore（固定搭配：devote one's life to do sth 致力于做某事） 9. to prepare（目的状语：为了备战高考） 10. To avoid（句首目的状语：为了避免犯同样的错误） 11. to protect（目的状语：为了保护濒危动物） 12. to become（目的状语：为了成为著名钢琴家） 13. To complete（句首目的状语：为了按时完成任务） 14. to teach（目的状语：为了教当地孩子） 15. To master（句首目的状语：为了掌握先进技术） 16. to buy（目的状语：为了买一台电脑） 17. To reduce（句首目的状语：为了减少空气污染） 18. to understand（目的状语：为了理解难点知识） 19. To realize（句首目的状语：为了实现毕生抱负） 20. to raise（目的状语：为了为无家可归者筹款） 21. To learn（句首目的状语：为了向成功人士学习） 22. to break（目的状语：为了打破世界纪录） 23. To promote（句首目的状语：为了促进两国文化交流） 24. to prove（目的状语：为了证明自己的能力） 25. To build（句首目的状语：为了给孩子创造更好的未来） 26. to make（目的状语：为了让人们的生活更便利） 27. To pass（句首目的状语：为了通过驾照考试） 28. to encourage（目的状语：为了鼓励优秀学生深造） 29. To enhance（句首目的状语：为了提升公司竞争力） 30. learning; to broaden（第一空：spend time doing sth 固定搭配；第二空：目的状语，为了拓宽视野） 二、句型转换 1. He works hard. He wants to support his family. 2. She practices playing the piano every day. She hopes to win the competition. 3. We should study hard. We aim to make great achievements in the future. 4. They saved money for years. They planned to buy a new house. 5. The scientist did thousands of experiments. He tried to find the solution. 6. Tom learns three languages. He intends to work in an international company. 7. My sister stays up late. She wants to finish her thesis on time. 8. The government built more schools. It hoped to improve education in rural areas. 9. He exercises regularly. He wishes to keep healthy for his career. 10. We collect old books. We want to help children in poor areas. 11. He hurried to the station. He found the train had left.（用only to do） 12. The boy is very tall. He can reach the top shelf.（用enough to do） 13. She is too young. She can’t understand the complex problem.（用too...to do） 14. They searched for the missing dog for hours. They didn’t find it.（用only to do） 15. The movie was very moving. It made many audience cry.（用enough to do） 16. The task is too difficult. We can’t finish it in one day.（用too...to do） 17. He studied day and night. He passed the exam finally.（用only to do） 18. The water is warm. We can swim in it.（用enough to do） 19. She was too nervous. She forgot her speech on the stage.（用too...to do） 20. They invested a lot of money in the project. They got great profits.（用only to do） 21. She was excited. She accepted the invitation to the award ceremony. 22. He was ashamed. He lied to his teacher about his achievement. 23. They were surprised. They heard the news of his success. 24. I was glad. I helped my friend achieve his dream. 25. The team was proud. They won the national championship. 26. She was sad. She failed the important exam. 27. He was eager. He wanted to share his achievements with his family. 28. We were worried. We might miss the opportunity to cooperate. 29. The scientist was delighted. His research made a breakthrough. 30. They were determined. They would overcome all difficulties to succeed. 答案： 1. He works hard to support his family. ◦ 解析：to do 表“努力工作”的目的是“养家”，逻辑主语一致（均为he），直接用to连接目标动作。 2. She practices playing the piano every day to win the competition. ◦ 解析：hope to do 转化为目的状语to do，简洁表达“练习钢琴”的目的是“赢得比赛”。 3. We should study hard to make great achievements in the future. ◦ 解析：aim to do 对应目的状语to do，贴合单元“追求成就”的主题。 4. They saved money for years to buy a new house. ◦ 解析：plan to do 转化为目的状语，表“多年存钱”的目标是“买房”。 5. The scientist did thousands of experiments to find the solution. ◦ 解析：try to do 对应目的状语，体现“科学家做实验”的核心目的。 6. Tom learns three languages to work in an international company. ◦ 解析：intend to do 转化为目的状语，表“学语言”的职业目标。 7. My sister stays up late to finish her thesis on time. ◦ 解析：want to do 转化为目的状语，强调“熬夜”的目的是“按时完成论文”。 8. The government built more schools to improve education in rural areas. ◦ 解析：hope to do 转化为目的状语，体现“建学校”的社会目标。 9. He exercises regularly to keep healthy for his career. ◦ 解析：wish to do 转化为目的状语，表“锻炼”与“职业发展”的关联。 10. We collect old books to help children in poor areas. ◦ 解析：want to do 转化为目的状语，表“收集旧书”的公益目的。 11. He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. ◦ 解析：only to do 表“出乎意料的结果”，符合“匆忙赶车却错过”的语境。 12. The boy is tall enough to reach the top shelf. ◦ 解析：enough to do 表“足够……能做某事”，enough需置于形容词后。 13. She is too young to understand the complex problem. ◦ 解析：too...to do 表“太……而不能做某事”，否定含义，贴合“年龄小无法理解”的逻辑。 14. They searched for the missing dog for hours, only to not find it. ◦ 解析：only to do 的否定式为only to not do，表“长时间寻找却未找到”的意外结果。 15. The movie was moving enough to make many audience cry. ◦ 解析：enough to do 表“足够感人以至于让人落泪”，修饰形容词moving。 16. The task is too difficult for us to finish in one day. ◦ 解析：too...to do 后若需补充逻辑主语，加for sb，表“任务太难我们一天完不成”。 17. He studied day and night, only to pass the exam finally. ◦ 解析：only to do 此处表“努力后达成的结果”（可表积极结果），呼应单元“成就”主题。 18. The water is warm enough for us to swim in. ◦ 解析：enough to do 后接不及物动词时，需补充介词in，表“水足够暖和能游泳”。 19. She was too nervous to remember her speech on the stage. ◦ 解析：too...to do 表“太紧张而记不住演讲稿”，否定含义，符合情境。 20. They invested a lot of money in the project, only to get great profits. ◦ 解析：only to do 表“投资后获得丰厚利润”的积极结果，贴合“成就”主题。 21. She was excited to accept the invitation to the award ceremony. ◦ 解析：be excited to do 表“因兴奋而接受邀请”，to do 作原因状语，修饰形容词excited。 22. He was ashamed to have lied to his teacher about his achievement. ◦ 解析：be ashamed to do 表“因羞愧而撒谎”，lie动作发生在ashamed之前，用to have done形式。 23. They were surprised to hear the news of his success. ◦ 解析：be surprised to do 表“因惊讶而听到消息”，to do 作原因状语。 24. I was glad to help my friend achieve his dream. ◦ 解析：be glad to do 表“因高兴而帮助朋友”，贴合“助力他人成就”的语境。 25. The team was proud to win the national championship. ◦ 解析：be proud to do 表“因自豪而赢得冠军”，直接呼应单元“成就”主题。 26. She was sad to fail the important exam. ◦ 解析：be sad to do 表“因难过而考试失利”，to do 作原因状语。 27. He was eager to share his achievements with his family. ◦ 解析：be eager to do 表“因渴望而分享成就”，贴合“成就分享”的情境。 28. We were worried to miss the opportunity to cooperate. ◦ 解析：be worried to do 表“因担心而错过合作机会”，to do 作原因状语。 29. The scientist was delighted to make a breakthrough in his research. ◦ 解析：be delighted to do 表“因高兴而取得研究突破”，呼应“科研成就”主题。 30. They were determined to overcome all difficulties to succeed. ◦ 解析：be determined to do 表“因坚定而克服困难”，to do 作原因状语，体现“成就背后的坚持”。 三、翻译句子 1. 她努力学习，为了在高考中取得优异成绩。（in order to） 2. 他牺牲了休息时间，以便完成这个重要的项目。（so as to） 3. 为了实现自己的梦想，他付出了常人难以想象的努力。（to） 4. 他们筹集资金，是为了帮助贫困地区的孩子上学。（in order that替换验证） 5. 她早起了半小时，以免错过早班车。（so as not to） 6. 科学家们日夜钻研，为了找到治疗这种疾病的方法。（to） 7. 他努力工作，希望给家人更好的生活。（hoping to 表目的延伸） 8. 为了提高英语口语，她每天坚持和外教交流。（in order to） 9. 他们决定搬到大城市，为了寻求更多的发展机会。（to） 10. 我们应该珍惜时间，以便在有限的生命里实现更多价值。（so as to） 11. 他拒绝了邀请，因为不想卷入不必要的麻烦。（to 表原因） 12. 这本书写得太精彩了，让人忍不住一口气读完。（to 表结果） 13. 她太激动了，说不出话来。（too...to...） 14. 这个问题足够简单，我们能轻松解决。（enough to...） 15. 他努力练习钢琴，为了在音乐比赛中获奖。（in order to） 16. 政府采取了一系列措施，为了稳定物价。（to） 17. 她选择主修经济学，希望未来能进入金融行业。（to） 18. 天气太冷了，不适合户外活动。（too...to...） 19. 他花了三年时间学习编程，为了开发出自己的软件。（so as to） 20. 这些志愿者无私奉献，是为了让世界变得更美好。（in order to） 答案： 1. She studies hard in order to get excellent grades in the college entrance examination. 2. He sacrificed his rest time so as to complete this important project. 3. To realize his dream, he has made unimaginable efforts. 4. They raised funds to help children in poor areas go to school.（替换：in order that they could help...） 5. She got up half an hour early so as not to miss the early bus. 6. Scientists worked day and night to find a cure for this disease. 7. He works hard hoping to give his family a better life. 8. In order to improve her oral English, she insists on communicating with foreign teachers every day. 9. They decided to move to a big city to seek more development opportunities. 10. We should cherish time so as to realize more values in our limited life. 11. He refused the invitation not to get involved in unnecessary troubles.（表原因） 12. This book is so wonderful to make people can't help finishing it in one go. 13. She was too excited to speak. 14. This problem is easy enough to solve for us. 15. He practiced the piano hard in order to win a prize in the music competition. 16. The government has taken a series of measures to stabilize prices. 17. She chose to major in economics to enter the financial industry in the future. 18. The weather is too cold to do outdoor activities. 19. He spent three years learning programming so as to develop his own software. 20. These volunteers dedicate themselves selflessly in order to make the world a better place. 题型一 语篇语法填空（课文改编） 1. An excerpt from The Old Man and the Sea Santiago, an old fisherman who had gone eighty-four days without catching a fish, set out early one morning **1.______ (hunt) in the Gulf Stream. Though tired and lonely, he refused 2.______ (give) up his dream of catching a big fish. He believed that with patience and courage, he could achieve what he 3.______ (long) for. As the sun rose, Santiago noticed a large marlin swimming near his boat. He quickly cast his line, and the fish bit. For hours, he fought against the marlin, his hands 4.______ (cut) by the rough line. But he refused 5.______ (let) go, thinking of the pride and respect he would gain. "A man can be destroyed but not defeated," he told 6.______ (he) firmly. The marlin pulled the boat farther out to sea, and Santiago endured hunger and exhaustion. However, his determination never wavered. He kept 7.______ (hold) the line, using all his strength to tire the fish. On the third day, the marlin finally weakened. Santiago managed 8.______ (kill) it and tied it to the side of the boat. Though sharks later attacked and ate most of the marlin, Santiago returned to the shore with the fish’s skeleton. People who had once laughed at him now looked at him with admiration. His achievement was not just catching the fish, but 9.______ (prove) that a person’s spirit can never be broken. Santiago’s story teaches us that 10.______ (persevere) in the face of difficulties is the key to success. 答案： 1. to hunt（to do作目的状语） • 解析：set out to do sth是固定搭配，表“动身去做某事”，此处to hunt说明老人出海的目的（去捕鱼），贴合“achievements”主题中“为目标行动”的核心。 • 拓展：类似搭配“set out to achieve one’s goal”（着手实现目标）。 2. to give（to do作宾语） • 解析：refuse后接不定式作宾语，即refuse to do sth（拒绝做某事），表老人拒绝放弃梦想。 • 语法关联：常见接to do作宾语的动词（refuse, decide, hope, manage等）。 3. had longed（过去完成时） • 解析：long for（渴望）的动作发生在could achieve（能实现）之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时had longed。 • 语境提示：强调老人对捕鱼的长期渴望，为后续坚持奋斗铺垫。 4. cut（独立主格结构中v-ed形式作伴随状语） • 解析：独立主格“his hands cut by the rough line”中，hands与cut是被动关系（手被粗糙的鱼线割伤），cut的过去式和过去分词同形，故填cut。 • 作用：生动刻画老人捕鱼的艰辛，突出其坚韧品质。 5. to let（to do作宾语） • 解析：refuse to do sth再次出现，此处to let与前文refuse to give up形成呼应，表“拒绝放手”。 • 主题关联：体现老人为实现目标而坚持不懈的精神，契合单元“成就源于坚持”的理念。 6. himself（反身代词作宾语） • 解析：主语he与宾语是同一人，用反身代词himself，表老人坚定地告诉自己“人可以被摧毁但不能被打败”。 • 语境作用：强化人物内心的信念感，推动情节发展。 7. holding（v-ing形式作宾语） • 解析：keep后接动词-ing形式作宾语，即keep doing sth（持续做某事），表老人一直握着鱼线。 • 语法对比：keep doing（持续做同一动作）与keep to do（无此用法），需注意区分。 8. to kill（to do作宾语） • 解析：manage后接不定式作宾语，即manage to do sth（设法做成某事），表老人最终成功杀死马林鱼。 • 主题升华：“设法做成”对应单元“achievements（成就）”，体现努力后的成果。 9. proving（v-ing形式作表语） • 解析：not just...but...连接并列结构，前文是catching（v-ing形式），此处需保持形式一致，故填proving。 • 语法逻辑：表语从句中，“证明精神不可摧毁”与“捕鱼”同为老人的成就。 10. persevering（v-ing形式作主语） • 解析：句子缺少主语，用v-ing形式persevering（坚持）作主语，表“在困难面前坚持”这一抽象动作。 2. A false start As a young athlete, Li Hua had always dreamed of **1.______ (win) a gold medal in the national track and field championship. He spent years training hard, 2.______ (devote) almost all his free time to running. His coach believed in him, saying he had the talent 3.______ (become) a top runner. However, Li Hua’s first major competition turned out to be a false start. On the day of the race, he was too nervous 4.______ (focus) on his performance. When the starting gun fired, he rushed forward, only 5.______ (find) himself disqualified for jumping the gun. He felt heartbroken, 6.______ (realize) all his efforts seemed to be in vain. After the competition, Li Hua wanted 7.______ (give up) running. But his coach encouraged him, telling him that failures are necessary steps to 8.______ (achieve) success. "To make progress, you need 9.______ (learn) from your mistakes and keep trying," the coach said. Inspired by these words, Li Hua decided to keep going. He adjusted his training plan, 10.______ (pay) more attention to mental preparation. Finally, in the next championship, he won the gold medal he had been dreaming of. 答案： 1. winning（v-ing形式作介词宾语） • 解析：dream of 中of是介词，后接动词-ing形式，win的-ing形式为winning。 • 主题关联：体现李华对“成就（achievements）”的最初梦想，贴合单元主题。 2. devoting（v-ing形式作伴随状语） • 解析：training hard与devoting his free time是同时进行的动作，逻辑主语Li Hua与devote是主动关系，故填devoting。 • 语法拓展：伴随状语用v-ing形式，强调“一边训练，一边投入时间”的专注状态。 3. to become（to do形式作后置定语） • 解析：talent后接不定式作定语，表“成为顶尖跑步选手的天赋”，固定搭配为have the talent to do sth。 • 语境提示：呼应教练对他的认可，为后文“失败”形成对比。 4. to focus（too...to...结构中to do作结果状语） • 解析：固定句型too + 形容词 + to do sth（太……而不能……），表否定结果，此处指“太紧张而无法专注”。 • 语法关联：贴合本单元“to do作状语”核心考点，体现情绪对行为的影响。 5. to find（only to do结构作结果状语） • 解析：only to do 表“出乎意料的结果”，此处指“冲出去后，却发现自己因抢跑被取消资格”。 • 情感表达：突出“false start”的意外性，强化故事的转折张力。 6. realizing（v-ing形式作伴随状语） • 解析：felt heartbroken与realizing是同时发生的心理活动，逻辑主语Li Hua与realize是主动关系，故填realizing。 • 作用：生动描绘他失败后的失落情绪，让情节更具感染力。 7. to give up（to do形式作宾语） • 解析：want后接不定式作宾语，固定搭配为want to do sth，表“想要放弃跑步”。 • 情节铺垫：为后文教练的鼓励和他的坚持埋下伏笔。 8. achieving（v-ing形式作介词宾语） • 解析：steps to 中to是介词，后接动词-ing形式，achieve的-ing形式为achieving。 • 主题升华：教练的话点出“失败是通往成就的必要步骤”，呼应单元核心观点。 9. to learn（to do形式作宾语） • 解析：need后接不定式作宾语，固定搭配为need to do sth，表“需要从错误中学习”。 • 语法功能：强调“学习”是“取得进步”的必要动作，符合“to do表目的”的用法。 10. paying（v-ing形式作伴随状语） • 解析：adjusted his training plan与paying attention to mental preparation是同时进行的动作，逻辑主语Li Hua与pay是主动关系，故填paying。 • 情节衔接：体现他为了实现目标所做的改变，为最终“获得金牌”的成就做铺垫。 题型二 语篇语法填空（最新真题） A (24-25高二上·上海七宝中学·期中) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word, for the other blanks, use one word that best fit s each blank. Messaging the stars If there are intelligent aliens out there, should we try to communicate with them? And who should speak for Earth? For 75 years, astronomers have been searching for extraterrestrial intelligence, often shortened to SETI. SETI involves listening for radio or optical signals sent by intelligent civilizations. But, so far, no artificial signals have been detected. The failure of SETI is called “The Great Silence”, but 1 this, many scientists are confident that intelligent aliens do exist. There are thought to be at least 10 billion habitable worlds in our galaxy, and billions of years have passed during which any life on them 2 have developed intelligence and technology. METI, or messaging extraterrestrial intelligence, has been 3 (common). It involves talking rather than listening. To some, it is a controversial activity. The first attempts at communication were imaginative “messages in a bottle”. In 1972, NASA launched the Pioneer 10 spacecraft towards Jupiter, which carried a plaque (牌匾) with a line drawing of a man and a woman as well as symbols to show 4 the craft originated. In1977, NASA followed this up with a golden record 5 (attach) to the Voyager 1 craft. The 12-inch record held sounds and images chosen to convey the diversity of life on Earth. Both spacecraft have since left the solar system. At their current speeds, it will be tens of thousands of years 6 they reach another star system. In the immensity of space, the odds 7 they will be found are extremely tiny. In 1974, a radio message was beamed from the Arecibo Observatory. A series of on-off radio pulses, designed to convey simple information about humanity, 8 (send) towards the globular cluster (球状星团) M13. Since M13 is 25,000 light years away, we shouldn’t hold our breath for a reply. Now, an international team of astronomers plans to use the world’s largest radio telescope, FAST, located in China, to beam a message towards millions of stars that are 10,000 to 20,000 light years away. The new message is 9 amalgam (组合) of previous ones. It contains 25,000 bytes of information, 100 times more than the Arecibo message, but 100 times less than a photo from a smartphone. NASA signals to its remote spacecraft, meanwhile, 10 (reach) four nearby stars so far. A reply from aliens living in the nearby place could reach us by 2029. 【答案】 1．despite 2．could 3．less common 4．where 5．attached 6．before 7．that 8．was sent 9．an 10．have reached 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类与外星智慧生物交流的历史、现状及其潜在的争议和挑战。 1．考查介词。句意：SETI的失败被称为“大沉默”，但尽管如此，许多科学家仍然相信有智慧的外星人确实存在。空后为代词this，结合“many scientists are confident that intelligent aliens do exist”可知，此处和上文是让步关系，应用介词despite表示“尽管”。故填despite。 2．考查情态动词。句意：据认为，在我们的银河系中至少有100亿个宜居星球，数十亿年过去了，这些星球上的任何生命都可能发展出智慧和技术。空处和have developed构成定语从句的谓语，结合“billions of years have passed”可推知，此处指这些星球上的生命有可能在这么长的时间中发展出智慧和技术，是对已经发生动作进行主观推测，应用情态动词could表示“可能”。故填could。 3．考查形容词比较级。句意：METI，即向外星智慧生物发送信息，则不那么常见。空处作表语，上一段在介绍SETI，本段介绍METI，结合下文“To some, it is a controversial activity.”可推知，此处在进行比较，指“不那么常见”，应用比较级less common表示“不常见的”。故填less common。 4．考查宾语从句。句意：1972年，美国国家航空航天局向木星发射了“先驱者10号”宇宙飞船，飞船上有一块牌子，上面画着一男一女的线条，还有一些符号表明飞船的起源地。空处引导名词性从句作show的宾语，结合“the craft originated”可知，从句中缺少地点状语，空处需表达“何地”，应用连接副词where作引导词。故填where。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：1977年，美国国家航空航天局又给“旅行者1号”飞船贴上了一张金唱片。句子已有谓语，空处是非谓语，attach“附上”和record逻辑上是被动关系，应用attach的过去分词形式，作record的后置定语。故填attached。 6．考查连词。句意：以它们目前的速度，它们将需要数万年才能到达另一个恒星系统。结合“it will be tens of thousands of years”可推知，固定句型“It will be+一段时间+before…”符合题意，表示“再过多久就/才……”。故填before。 7．考查同位语从句。句意：在浩瀚的太空中，它们被发现的几率微乎其微。空处引导名词性从句作odds的同位语，同位语从句的成分和语义均完整，应用连接词that作引导词。故填that。 8．考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：一系列旨在传递人类简单信息的无线电脉冲被发送到球状星团M13。空处作句子的谓语，结合前一句中的“In 1974”可知，此处在叙述过去发生的事情，时态应用一般过去时，send“发送”和主语A series of on-off radio pulses之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语表示一系列“同一种类”的事物，be动词应用was。故填was sent。 9．考查冠词。句意：这条新消息是以前的消息的一个组合。空处表示泛指，表示“一个组合”，应用不定冠词，且amalgam的发音以元音音素开头，应用an。故填an。 10．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：与此同时，美国国家航空航天局向其远程航天器发出的信号到目前为止已经到达了附近的四颗恒星。空处作句子的谓语，根据时间状语“so far”可知，时态应用现在完成时，且主语signals为复数，助动词用have。故填have reached。 B (24-25高二上·上海七宝中学·期中) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word, for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Better out than in? As I weave through the traffic on my bike, I always worry about the dirty air I am breathing. It is a relief to get back to the inside, 1 the air is sweeter and, you might think, better for me. But that turns out to be a false sense of security. “People don’t imagine that there is pollution indoors; it is perceived as a protective place,” says Corinne Mandin at France’s Scientific and Technical Building Centre, “But there are more pollutants in buildings 2 in outdoor air.” Thanks in no small part to Covid-19, which focused minds on air quality and ventilation (通风) of enclosed spaces, the long-neglected issue of indoor pollution 3 (finally take) seriously. Deadly seriously, in fact, as it dawns on scientists that the pollutants we encounter in our homes, workplaces and schools are probably a major cause of illness and death. It is tempting to conclude that there is nowhere safe 4 (leave) to breathe. But the good news is that we can all cut exposure to indoor pollution by making a few simple changes. First up is cooking, which is called “one of the most notable sources of indoor chemicals”. The exact composition of the fumes depends on what you cook and 5 you cook it. Gas burners are the most polluting heat source, 6 (release) carbon monoxide and dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which can accumulate 7 adequate ventilation. As a rule, frying is more polluting than boiling or steaming, which produce mostly water vapour. Frying releases toxic chemicals from the cooking oil and particulates from whatever you are frying. Meat can be an especially rich source of particulates. There are some signs 8 fumes from cooking meat could do more than just make us wheeze. Researchers at Nazarbayav University in Kazakhstan exposed volunteers to fumes from a chicken leg fried on a gas stove. At peak exposure, measurement of their brain activity resembled what was seen in people with 9 neuro-condition. Activity did return to normal after 30 minutes, but the researchers warned that chronic exposure 10 cause long-term damage. 【答案】 1．where 2．than 3．is finally being taken 4．left 5．how 6．releasing 7．without 8．that 9．a 10．could 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了尽管人们通常认为室内是免受污染的安全场所，但研究表明建筑中的污染物可能多于室外，烹饪是室内化学物质的主要来源，燃气燃烧器和油炸食品尤其污染严重，长期接触烹饪烟雾可能对健康造成损害。 1．考查定语从句。句意：回到室内是一种解脱，那里的空气更甜美，你可能会认为对我更好。空处引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词the inside作补充说明，先行词在从句中表示行为发生的地点，作地点状语，应用关系副词where作引导词。故填where。 2．考查连（介）词。句意：但建筑中的污染物比室外空气中的污染物更多。根据“more pollutants in buildings”可知，此处是将筑中的污染物和室外空气中的污染物进行对比，指前者比后者更多，应用连（介）词than表示“比”。故填than。 3．考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：在很大程度上，由于新冠肺炎，人们的注意力集中在空气质量和封闭空间的通风上，长期被忽视的室内污染问题终于得到了重视。空处作句子的谓语，结合“the long-neglected issue”可推知，此处表示之前的问题现在正在得到重视，时态应用现在进行时，take seriously“重视”和主语issue之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是单数，be动词应用is。故填is finally being taken。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：人们很容易得出这样的结论：没有安全的地方可以呼吸。空处句子已有谓语，空处是非谓语，leave“剩下”和nowhere逻辑上是被动关系，应用leave的过去分词形式，作后置定语。故填left。 5．考查宾语从句。句意：烟雾的确切成分取决于你烹饪的食物和烹饪方式。空处引导名词性从句作on的宾语，结合下文比较不同烹饪方式可知，从句中缺少方式状语，空处需表达“怎样”，应用连接副词how作引导词。故填how。 6．考查非谓语动词。句意：燃气燃烧器是污染最严重的热源，会释放一氧化碳、二氧化碳和氮氧化物，在没有充分通风的情况下会积聚。句子主干成分完整，空处为非谓语，release“释放”和Gas burners逻辑上是主动关系，因此用release的现在分词形式，作状语。故填releasing。 7．考查介词。句意：燃气燃烧器是污染最严重的热源，会释放一氧化碳、二氧化碳和氮氧化物，在没有充分通风的情况下会积聚。空后为名词短语adequate ventilation，结合“accumulate”可推知，此处指这些物质会在缺乏充分通风的情况下积聚，应用介词without表示“在没有……的情况下”，构成条件状语。故填without。 8．考查同位语从句。句意：有迹象表明，烹饪肉类产生的烟雾不仅仅会让我们难以呼吸。空处引导名词性从句作signs的同位语，同位语从句的成分和语义均完整，应用连接词that作引导词。故填that。 9．考查冠词。句意：在峰值暴露时，对他们大脑活动的测量与神经系统疾病患者的相似。空处表示泛指，意为“一种”，应用不定冠词，且neuro-condition的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a。故填a。 10．考查情态动词。句意：三十分钟后，活动确实恢复正常，但研究人员警告说，长期接触可能会造成长期损害。空处和cause构成谓语，应用情态动词，结合“the researchers warned”可知，此处表示一种可能性，且主句是一般过去时，因此用could表示“可能”。故填could。 C (23-24高二下·上海华二附中·期末) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fit s each blank. The future is grey An aging world will oblige us to change how we live Much is made of intergenerational conflicts, with baby boomers competing against millennials or Gen Zers. But however these competing needs are resolved today, younger people will become a 1 (prized) resource in the future, because there will be fewer of them. Populations are slowly growing older than ever before due to two seemingly unstoppable demographic (人口的) forces. One is 2 , as countries become more prosperous, there is a decline in the number of children that people have. When that figure drops below the population replacement level of 2.1 children per woman—— 3 it is offset (抵消) by immigration—the head count shrinks as well as becoming more senior-heavy. If this trend continues, 97 percent of countries are forecast 4 (have) birthrates below the replacement level by the year 2100. The other key factor is that people are living longer in nearly every country in the world, a trend 5 has continued for decades. This 6 (drive) by multiple factors over the past century, including improvements in sanitation (公共卫生), the spread of vaccines and antibiotics, and, later on, by better treatments for heart disease and the decline of smoking. The next reshaping of life expectancy curves could come from the widespread use of weight- 7 (reduce) drugs such as Ozempic, or indeed medicines already in wide use today. These ageing populations present many challenges, forcing countries to rethink their systems of pensions, healthcare and so on. The risk is that there will be too few people of working age to help provide care for 8 who are older. But we 9 not necessarily be too pessimistic. Just like in medicine, advances in artificial intelligence and robotics are continuing rapidly. Could the potential demographic crisis be prevented by a workforce of intelligent machines? If so, 10 having to be worried about robots taking our jobs, we might one day welcome them with open arms. 【答案】 1．more prized 2．that 3．unless 4．to have 5．that/which 6．has been driven 7．reducing 8．those 9．should 10．instead of 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讨论了全球人口老龄化的现象及其对社会的影响，并提出了应对老龄化挑战的可能途径。 1．考查形容词比较级。句意：但是，无论这些相互竞争的需求如何在今天得到解决，年轻人将在未来成为更加珍贵的资源，因为他们的数量将越来越少。根据下文“because there will be fewer of them(因为他们的数量将越来越少)”可知，此处将年轻人的现在和未来进行比较，应填形容词的比较级，表示“更加珍贵的”，故填more prized。 2．考查表语从句。句意：一是，随着国家变得更加繁荣，人们拥有的孩子数量正在下降。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，从句中不缺少成分，也没有特殊含义，故用that引导，故填that。 3．考查连词。句意：当这一数字降至每位女性2.1个孩子的替代水平以下时，除非被移民抵消，否则人口数量将减少，同时也将变得更加老龄化。根据下文“it is offset (抵消) by immigration(被移民抵消)”可知，此处引出了一种例外的情况，应填连词表示“除非”，故填unless。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：如果这一趋势继续下去，预计到2100年，97%的国家的出生率将低于替代水平。be forecast to do sth为固定短语，意为“被预测做某事”，故填to have。 5．考查定语从句。句意：另一个关键因素是，世界各地几乎所有国家的人们都在活得更长，这一趋势已经持续了几十年。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为a trend，在从句中作主语，故用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，故填that/which。 6．考查时态语态。句意：在过去一个世纪里，这一趋势是由多个因素驱动的，包括公共卫生的改善、疫苗和抗生素的普及，以及后来对心脏病的更好治疗和吸烟率的下降。根据句意及时间状语over the past century可知，此处应填现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响，且主语this与drive之间为被动关系，故填has been driven。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：体重减轻药物如奥司他韦(Ozempic)的广泛使用可能会重塑预期寿命曲线，或者事实上，今天已经广泛使用的药物也可能会带来变化。根据句意及空后的drugs可知，此处应填非谓语动词作定语，因与其逻辑主语drugs之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，使用现在分词，故填reducing。 8．考查代词。句意：风险在于，工作年龄的人口太少，无法帮助照顾那些年纪较大的人。根据下文“who are older(年纪较大的人)”及空前的介词for可知，此处应填代词，指代上文提到的older people，故填those。 9．考查情态动词。句意：但我们不一定非要过于悲观。根据下文“not necessarily be too pessimistic(不一定非要过于悲观)”可知，此处给出了一个建议，应填情态动词，表示“不一定非要”，故填should。 10．考查介词短语。句意：如果这样，我们就不必担心机器人抢走我们的工作，而是张开双臂欢迎它们的到来。根据下文we might one day welcome them with open arms(而是张开双臂欢迎它们的到来)可知，此处表示两种选择或行为之间的替换关系，应填介词短语，表示“而不是”，故填instead of。 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $