Unit 5 Into the unknown Using language 语法 课件-2024-2025学年高二英语外研版选择性必修第四册

新外研社高中英语选择性必修四Unit 5 Into the Unknown Using Language Grammar 2 省略that的宾语从句 that引导的宾语从句 含what引导的主语从句 和how引导的表语从句 that引导的同位语从句 that引导的宾语从句 what引导的主语从句 Presentation a Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people. b But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities. c Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery. 1 Which sentence contains a clause that serves as the subject of the sentence? 2 Which sentence contains a clause that serves as the object of the sentence? 3 Which sentence contains a clause that gives further information about the subject in the sentence? Look at the sentences and answer the questions. Sentence c. Sentence a. Sentence b. Presentation a Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people. b But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities. c Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery. 4 What do “how”, “what” and “why” in each sentence refer to? In sentence a, “how” refers to the extent of power of Ancient Maya civilisation’s secrets; In sentence b, “what” refers to the thing that caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities; In sentence c, “why” refers to the reason that Maya civilisation collapsed. Look at the sentences and answer the questions. 名词性从句知识体系讲解 I. Definition 定义 A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun. 在句中起名词作用的从句 II. Types 分类 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 What’s past is prologue. Tomorrow or an accident-- you never know which will come first. That it will never come again is what makes life so sweet. I have a dream that one day little black boys and girls will be holding hands with little white boys and girls. Noun clauses 名词性从句 III. Subordinating conjunctions 连接词 分类 在从句中的作用 常见词 连接词 连接作用，不充当成分 that, whether, if 连接代词 连接作用 + 充当n.成分 what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever.... 连接副词 连接作用+ 充当状语 when, where, why, how I don’t know what you’re talking about. That I miss you is obvious. Do you know why you’re learning English? 从句成分： 1）不缺任何成分—— 连接词 2）缺主宾表—— 连接代词 3）缺状语意义——连接副词 一、主语从句 在句中作主语的从句叫主语从句。1、连接词引导 u_____ he is still alive is a wonder. uIt suddenly occurred to him ____ he had left his key in the office. uThe earth became so violent that it was not clear ____ the shape would last or not. 2、连接代词引导u ____ broke the glass yesterday is not clear.u ____ it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.3、连接副词引导u ____the dinosaurs disappeared suddenly still remains a puzzle. That that whether Who What Why 用it作形式主语的主语从句 ①It＋be＋形容词(necessary/likely/important/certain等)＋that从句 ②It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/no wonder等)＋that从句 ③It＋be＋过去分词(said/told/reported等)＋that从句 ④It＋不及物动词(seem, occur, appear, happen, matter等)＋that从句 (湖北卷)It occurred to him ______ he had an important conference to attend the next morning. (天津卷)It is obvious to the students _______they should get well prepared for their future.　 在“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required...＋that从句”结构中，从句谓语应用“(should＋)动词原形”。 It is suggested that you(should) spend more time in studying English.　 that that 二、宾语从句 在句中充当宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。 1. 由连接词引导 I think _____ women can reach very high achievements in many fields of science. He told me (that) he had two sons and _____they both had gone to college. 2. 由连接代词引导 We don’t know ____ will take his place. Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on _____ could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised. 3. 由连接副词引导 Could you tell me ____ you were late for the meeting this morning? that that who what why that引导宾语从句时，常被省去，但下列情况下不能省略： ①that从句作介词的宾语时； He is a good student except that he is a little careless. ②动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略； He said (that) he would attend the party and that he would announce a piece of inspiring news. ③that引导的从句位于句首时。 That different countries have different cultures is natural. it作形式宾语的宾语从句 ①动词find/feel/think/consider/make＋it＋宾补(形容词或名词)＋不定式/that从句 ②动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoy＋it＋that从句 ③短语动词see to/depend on/rely on＋it＋that从句 ④固定搭配take it for granted/owe it to sb.＋that从句 I shall see to it ________ he is taken good care of when you are absent.　 I think it necessary ________we take plenty of boiled water every day.　 that that see to it that 一定注意到...; 务必... 三、表语从句 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。1、连接词引导 The question is _______ it is worth doing. The reason why he came late was ______ he got up late. 2、连接代词引导 The problem is ______ will take charge of this shop. This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. 3、连接副词引导 Without his support, we wouldn’t be _________ we are now. that whether who what where 其他连接词引导的表语从句 (1)as if/as though引导表语从句 as if/as though意为“好像，仿佛”，其引导的表语从句常跟在系动词(be动词， seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel, smell等)之后。若表语从句所述的是非真实的情况，从句用虚拟语气；若所述的是事实或是极可能发生的情况，从句用陈述语气。 The thick smog covered the whole city.It was as if a great black blanket _________(be) thrown over it. (2)because，why引导的表语从句 ①This/That/It is why＋表语从句(表结果)，意为“这/那就是……的原因” ②This/That/It is because＋表语从句(表原因)，意为“这/那是因为……” ③The reason why...is that＋表语从句，意为“……的原因是……” (安徽卷)From space, the earth looks blue.This is _________ about seventy­one percent of its surface is covered by water.　 He didn’t work hard.That’s ______ he was fired. had been because why 四、同位语从句 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。可用于同位语从句的名词有fact、idea、news、word（消息）、information、truth、doubt、wish、hope、promise、message、advice、suggestion、request、demand、order、problem、question、evidence、proof、sign等。例如：1. 由连接词引导 Do you have any idea _________he is coming or not? Scientists have obtained more evidence _______ plastic is finding its way into the human body. 2. 由连接代词引导 I have no idea ______ he’s talking about. 3. 由连接副词引导 We haven’t yet settled the question ______ we are going to spend the holiday. whether that what where whether和if的用法 (1) 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般用whether，不用if。 It’s doubtful ________there will be any seats left. (2) whether和if引导宾语从句大多数情况下可以互换，但以下情况宜用whether： ①后面直接跟or not时 It remains to be seen _________ or not this idea can be put into practice. ②用于介词后引导宾语从句 It depends on ________ he will help us.　 ③ 动词doubt后接宾语从句，肯定句用whether或if，否定句常用that I never doubted ________she would come. The doctor really doubts __________ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. whether whether whether that whether/if Summary 名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子，在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 Noun Clauses 名词性从句 Complete the passage using noun clauses with words in brackets. 2 Practice 1. what we think 2. what they looked like/ how they looked 3. whether they had 4. that depended on Talk about what caused the disappearance of dinosaurs using noun clauses where appropriate. 3 Production Facing the Unknown 22 Read the passage and answer the questions. Pay attention to the words and expressions in bold. Facing the unknown When something strange or unfamiliar happens, the flight instinct can kick in. Often, making a quick getaway is a sensible and understandable natural response, dating back to a time when our ancestors were running for their lives from dangers, such as wild animals, lightning and fire. So while you may be tempted to check out a strange object or to test the waters of a new situation, it can be safer to steer clear of the unfamiliar. 迅速逃走 避开，绕开 23 Facing the unknown However, not everyone chooses to follow this instinct. Instead of retreating to their caves, some of our ancestors chose to subdue their fears and pursue the unknown - and this curiosity led them to, for instance, discover the use of fire. 撤退到 征服 24 Facing the unknown In more recent times, Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen endured one of the most hostile environments on Earth when he set out into uncharted territory to reach the South Pole. These reactions help humankind delve into the unknown and advance towards a more progressive and civilised society. Of course, exploration doesn’t have to mean blindly throwing ourselves into the unknown, and it’s never wrong to think twice before taking action. While there is no need for us to shrink from new situations,we should always look into things first and consider our options. 忍耐，忍受 打算，着手 钻研，探究 三思而后行 退避 调查 考虑我们的选择 25 5 Read the passage below and answer the questions. What is the flight instinct? Why do some people react that way in the face of the unknown? What other reactions could people have when facing the unknown?  What is the flight instinct? Why do some people react that way in the face of the unknown?  What other reactions could people have when facing the unknown? ➊ ➋ Avoiding making a quick getaway 迅速逃离 running for their lives from 拼命逃跑 steer clear of 避开；绕开 retreating to 撤退到 shrink from 回避；避免 Exploring check out 借出 test the waters of 试水 set out into 开始进入 delve into 深入探究；翻找 taking action 采取行动 Overcoming subdue 克制，抑制 endured 忍耐 Hesitating think twice 再三考虑 look into 调查；研究 consider our options 考虑我们的选择 7 Read the passage and answer the questions. What functions of the brain are mentioned in the passage? What is the current research situation concerning the brain? Do you know any other interesting facts about the brain? Share them with the class. 7 Read the passage and answer the questions. What functions of the brain are mentioned in the passage? What is the current research situation concerning the brain? Do you know any other interesting facts about the brain? Share them with the class. 7 Read the passage and answer the questions. What functions of the brain are mentioned in the passage? What is the current research situation concerning the brain? Do you know any other interesting facts about the brain? Share them with the class. 8 Listen to the interview and choose the topic discussed. 1 Methods to keep the brain healthy and active. 2 Sleep-related mysteries. 3 Ways of improving sleep quality. 4 Methods of interpreting dreams. 9 Listen again & complete the table. Now use the information in the table to give a lecture to the class. Do further research if necessary. rest and do maintenance remain active makes lots of poisonous chemicals remove these chemicals enough data the most important reason New connections are formed between different parts uses them to form new memories sleep is necessary to this function Why do some people dream in colour and others don’t? Interviewer: Welcome to Science Matters. My guest today is brain scientist Dr Janice Long. Dr Long, could you tell us something about your research? Janice Long: Of course. One of my research areas is sleep, surrounding which there are still many mysteries. For example, we spend one third of our lives sleeping, but still don’t fully understand why we need sleep. Interviewer: It’s because our brains need time to rest and do maintenance, right? Janice Long: Certainly, that is believed by some researchers. But actually, more recent studies prove that our brains remain active during sleep. Interviewer: Really? If sleep is not for rest, what other reasons could there be for it? 听力文本 Asking for more information Explaining Janice Long: Another theory says we sleep due to the brain making lots of poisonous chemicals when we’re awake. It can only remove these chemicals when we’re asleep. But so far, there isn’t enough data to prove it. Personally, I think it might be one reason for sleep, but not the most important one. Interviewer: I see. So what factor do you believe to be the main cause of sleep? Janice Long: Well, most scientists, including myself, believe that sleep, especially dreams, can aid learning and help us make memories. Interviewer: Make memories? Would you tell us more about this? Janice Long: You see, while we’re awake, new connections are formed between different parts of the brain. Sleep gives our brains the opportunity to reflect on those connections and use them to form new memories in dreams. Interviewer: That’s fascinating. So, I guess sleep isn’t quite as mysterious anymore? Asking for more information Janice Long: Oh, I wouldn’t say that. Though we’ve conducted a lot of research, we still can’t prove that sleep is necessary to this function. Hopefully we’ll figure it out eventually! Interviewer: Good luck with that! And what other mysteries are there surrounding sleep? Janice Long: Well, there are many unanswered questions: why do we “see” our dreams? Why do some people dream in colour and others don’t? The list goes on, and there is a lot of research still to be done... [fade out] 听力文本 Asking for more information 10 Complete the boxes with the expressions from the interview. Asking for more information Explaining Could you tell us something about…? What other reasons could there be for it? Would you tell us more about…? It’s because… … prove that… $