专题3 阅读理解-【高考密码】备战2026高考英语2016-2025高考真题分类汇编（北京专版）

十年高考真题分类汇编 北京卷（2016—2025） 2025 01-2024北京，A Join us for TransForm, the interactive summer camp that helps you teens find your passion by participating in various activities and connecting with others. Experience TransForm TransForm allows you to get to focus on your chosen track through subject matter talks, hands-on workshops, and off-site experiences. However, if you are unsure what track you want, you still get to explore any workshop you want as part of our Explore Workshops. Besides, your parents will also be able to participate in workshops selected just for them to learn about cutting-edge science. Schedule of Programming 17 JulyTime                 Activities 14:00-15:00      Lead to Change Kick-off 15:00-16:30      Programme Showcase 16:30-18:00      Track Workshops 18 JulyTime                 Activities 9:30-11:00        Career Fireside Chats 13:00-14:15       Youth Panel 14:15-16:20       Track Keynotes 19 JulyTime                 Activities 8:00-12:00       Off-site Experiences 13:00-15:00      Gallery Viewing 15:15-16:45      Adult Workshops 20 JulyTime                 Activities 9:00-11:15         Explore Workshops 13:30-16:00        Keynote Speech 16:15-17:00        Celebration Programming Tracks ·Agricultural Science: Introducing you to areas such as biology, urban farming, and environmental science so that you can explore the field of agriculture ·Community Booster: Guiding you to develop innovative solutions for real-world challenges and create transformative progress to benefit all communities ·Healthy Living: Empowering you to make healthy decisions in such areas as nutrition and emotional well-being, and lead healthy lifestyles ·Science Lab: Leading you to explore the skills you need to succeed in life in key areas like computer science, robotics, and physics 1．TransForm allows the teens to____________. A．select workshops for their parents B．prepare track topics for the camp C．design programme activities D．attend hands-on sessions 2．According to the schedule, which activity can the teens participate in? A．Keynote Speech on 17 July. B．Youth Panel on 18 July. C．Celebration on 19 July. D．Programme Showcase on 20 July. 3．What can the teens do in the Programming Tracks? A．Build urban communities. B．Serve as guides on a farm. C．Learn about healthy living. D．Volunteer in a science lab. [语篇解读] 本文是一篇应用文，介绍了青少年互动夏令营 TransForm 的相关信息，包括活动体验、日程安排以及课程方向等内容。 1．细节理解题。根据“Experience TransForm”部分“TransForm allows you to get to focus on your chosen track through subject matter talks, hands-on workshops, and off - site experiences.(TransForm 让你通过主题演讲、实践工作坊和实地体验，专注于你选择的方向)” 可知，TransForm 允许青少年参加实践课程。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Schedule of Programming”中的安排，18 July 的活动安排里有“13:00 - 14:15 Youth Panel(13:00 - 14:15 青少年小组讨论)”，所以青少年可以在 18 日参加青少年小组讨论活动。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Programming Tracks”部分 “Healthy Living: Empowering you to make healthy decisions in such areas as nutrition and emotional well-being, and lead healthy lifestyles(健康生活：让你在营养和心理健康等方面做出健康的决定，并引领健康的生活方式)” 可知，青少年在Programming Tracks中可以学习关于健康生活的知识。故选C。 02-2024北京，B Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay. Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements? Or will they see the big word “fail” in red? The shadow of this mysterious (神秘的) institution steals away what success means to us. My first step of redefining success began with course registrations. It is a well-known fact, especially in my school, that Junior year is the time of packing many AP classes into the schedule. When asked why they chose so many AP classes, my friends responded: “I don’t know.” They themselves don’t know why they are following the crowd and longing for the pressures of academic difficulty. Therefore, they do not feel the satisfaction of being academically challenged. Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. The feeling of success was no longer attached to what grade I received but to the pure joy of learning. Even my failures are attached to a feeling of success; after I take a step back and look at the big picture, I see them as a launching pad (平台) for my next big achievement. In the ninth grade, I went in for my first group interview for a leadership position as a shy girl. Not standing a chance against competitive applicants, I came out of the interview with an upset look. Nevertheless, this interview wasn’t a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself. This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. 4．Throughout the Junior year, what was the author’s major concern? A．Pressure from choosing AP classes. B．Performance in group interviews. C．Competition with seniors. D．Recognition by colleges. 5．The author chose fewer AP classes because of _______. A．her own understanding of success B．her desire for academic challenges C．her strong urge to follow the crowd D．her dream of entering a top university 6．Which would best describe the author’s first group interview? A．Dignifying. B．Rewarding. C．Engaging. D．Relaxing. 7．What can we learn from this passage? A．Everyone is the maker of their own success. B．Success favours those with a golden heart. C．Success knocks at your door only once. D．A college holds the key to success. [语篇解读]本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者在高三时对大学申请和成功定义的反思，不再盲目追随他人选择大量AP课程，而是基于个人兴趣选课，并从失败的小组面试中学习，通过自我调整最终获得领导职位。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay. Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements? Or will they see the big word “fail” in red? (在整个高三期间，我和我的同学们一直担心，当大学将我们的整个人生故事浓缩成一篇200字的短文时，他们会看到什么。当他们回顾我们的成就时，脑海中会浮现出‘成功’这个金灿灿的词汇吗？还是会看到用红色标注的‘失败’这个醒目的大字？)”可知，作者在高三年级主要担心的是大学对他们的认可。故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. (我决心追随自己对成功的直觉理解，只选择了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”可知，作者选择较少的AP课程是因为她自己对成功的理解。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Nevertheless, this interview wasn’t a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself. (然而，这次面试并不是一次浪费的机会。我和一位高年级的申请者交谈，她回答问题的方式反映了她对自己的信心。)”以及最后一段中“This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. (今年，我带着开放的心态和新的知识，再次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学生。最终，我成功获得了一个领导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者认为第一次面试是有收获的，因为它让作者从中学到了东西，并影响了她后来的面试表现。故选B。 7．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. (我决心追随自己对成功的直觉理解，只选择了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”以及最后一段中“This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. (今年，我带着开放的心态和新的知识，再次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学生。最终，我成功获得了一个领导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者通过自己的经历表明，成功并非由大学或外界标准定义，而是源于自我认知与努力。“Everyone is the maker of their own success. (每个人都是自己成功的创造者。)” 符合题意。故选A。 03-2024北京，C Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 8．How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Energized. D．Relieved. 9．What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Major achievements. B．Complex feelings. C．Significant impacts. D．Fine differences. 10．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C．Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D．Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science [语篇解读]本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。 8．推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 9．词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。 10．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 04-2024北京，D The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 11．What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 12．What can we learn from this passage? A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received. C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted. 13．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 14．What is the passage mainly about? A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made. C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系及如何改变个人故事。 11．细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 12．推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.  (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可推知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 13．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 14．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合文意。故选A。 2024 01-2024北京，A The Language Exchange Programme allows students in pairs to communicate in two different languages they wish to share and learn each week. Students record short entries after each partner meeting noting the language skills practised and the topics discussed. Each pair of students meets three times throughout the term with a teacher who decides if the exchange is effective. Students who successfully complete the programme will receive one credit each. Requirements for completion: ·One welcoming session on the second Friday of the term ·18 weekly one-hour pair meetings ·Weekly progress reports for all pair meetings ·At least three pair-teacher meetings ·One five-minute final video Sign up! The sign-up and registration process is as follows: ·Students sign up and indicate the languages they can share and languages they are interested in learning. ·Based on the information entered by each student, potential pairs are identified. ·Proficiency(熟练) levels are confirmed through coursework or placement tests. ·Once a pair has been determined to be suitable, the students will be contacted individually with a special permission number to register for the programme. Reminders: Signing up for the programme does not automatically mean that you will be able to register and participate. Pairs are matched by languages of interest and proficiency levels. Since there are many factors involved in the pairing process, not all students who sign up will be matched with a partner and be able to register for the programme. 1.In the programme, students will . A. chair daily meetings B. evaluate the exchange C. meet teachers each week D. practise their language skills 2. To complete the programme, students are required to . A. develop placement tests B. participate in pair meetings C. welcome new students D. work on weekly videos 3. What do students need to do during the registration? A. Indicate their languages of interest. B. Select their own coursework. C. Make individual contact. D. Choose their partners. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文是应用文，主要介绍了一个语言交流项目，包括项目的完成要求、报名和注册流程以及注意事项。 1. D细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The Language Exchange Programme allows students in pairs to communicate in two different languages they wish to share and learn each week.”以及“Students record...noting the language skills practised and the topics discussed.”可知，学生每周用两种不同的语言交流，并且记录练习的语言技能和讨论的话题。故选D。 2. B细节理解题。根据题干关键词complete the programme定位到第一个小标题。根据18 weekly one-hour pair meetings可知，要完成该项目，学生需要参加双人会议。故选B。 3.A细节理解题。根据题干关键词registration定位到第二个小标题下。根据“Students sign up and indicate the... languages they are interested in learning.”可知，注册的时候，学生需要表明他们感兴趣的语言。故选A。 重点词汇placement test分级考试；定位测试 熟词生义credit 熟义：n.信用生义：n.学分 02-2024北京，B When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. But other channels of creativity stayed open:I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling(乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo(禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practise. One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments. 1. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A. Scared. B. Worried. C. Discouraged. D. Wronged. 2. In her 30s, the author . A. avoided oil painting practice B. sought for a painting career C. fancied abstract painting D. exhibited child paintings 3. Which word would best describe the author’s dream? A. Confusing. B. Empowering. C. Disturbing. D. Entertaining. 4. What can we learn from this passage? A. Actions speak louder than words. B. Hard work is the mother of success. C. Dreams are the reflections of realities. D. Creative activities involve being confident. 答案 [语篇解读]本文是记叙文，主要讲述了作者的绘画经历：作者从小喜欢画画，但在一次考试中受挫，决定不再尝试油画。40岁出头时的一个梦让作者意识到恐惧和欲望可以鼓励她冒险和尝试。 1. C推理判断题。根据题干关键词the art exam可定位到第二段。根据“I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless.”可知，作者普通证书考试没及格且分数很低，这让她觉得自己没有天赋。由此可推知考试结果让她丧失信心（discouraged）。故选C。 2. A细节理解题。根据题干关键词In her 30s可定位到第三段。根据“However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it.”以及“I took oil painting as the taboo high form I wasn’t allowed to practise”可知，在作者30多岁时，作者把油画当成禁忌，不去尝试和练习。故选A。 3. B推理判断题。根据题干关键词the author’s dream可定位到第四段。根据“The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost.”可知，作者感到这个梦很权威，是一种力量，让她找回失去的东西，也就是信心。故选B。confusing令人困惑的；empowering给予力量的；disturbing令人不安的；entertaining使人愉快的。 4. D主旨要义题。通读全文可知，作者从小喜欢画画，但在一次考试中受挫，从而失去信心，决定不再尝试油画。40岁出头时的一个梦让作者意识到恐惧和欲望可以鼓励她冒险和尝试，最终作者开始积极探索。由此可推知，从这篇文章我们可以了解到创意活动需要自信。故选D。Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于言语；Hard work is the mother of success.努力是成功之母；Dreams are the reflections of realities.梦是现实的反映。 熟词生义channel 熟义：n.频道 生义：n. （表达的）方式，方法，手段 03-2024北京，C The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term“simulation hypothesis”(模拟假说)returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation—a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive(认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical(实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation?” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors(隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle(粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 1. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 2. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 3. As for Kant’s argument, the author is . A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 4. It is implied in this passage that we should . A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities 答案 [语篇解读]本文为议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对“宇宙是不是一种计算机模拟”这一争论的看法。一些人怀疑自己生活在模拟的世界中。然而，事实上世界上有些东西是不可知的，其不可知性决定了此怀疑的无解。因此有意义的做法是利用模拟模型来了解世界，发现新现象，从而使人对世界的理解更加高效、深入。 1. C推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.”可知，作者质疑该假说的目的在于指出具有科学意义的做法应该是利用这个想法推进科学发展，故作者的目的是提出建议。故正确答案为C。 2. B推测词义题。根据画线短语所在句 “If empirical experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories.”可知，如果实证经验无法揭示现实，那么推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于概念和文字。此处that引导定语从句，指代concepts and words，作主语；根据画线短语后的our social, cultural and psychological histories可知，此处指推理所依赖的这些概念和文字由我们的社会、文化和心理学的历史决定。由此可推知，contingent on意为“取决于”，与 B 项意思相近。 故正确答案为B。 3. A推理判断题，考查观点态度推断。康德的观点为宇宙归根结底由本身不可知的物质组成（the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable）,主观意识影响认知的建立 （our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions），且由“Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive functions in the brain.”可知现代科学显示感官系统和大脑的认知功能决定了人对于世界的认知，因此康德的部分观点已被科学证实；再由第三段首句中“if we accept that the universe is unknowable”可知作者也采用了康德的部分观点，故A项（赞赏的）为正确答案。doubtful怀疑的；unconcerned不感兴趣的；disapproving反对的。 4. C推理判断题。由第一段的“Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true.” 可知此问题不科学且无解。此外，根据第四段第四句“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation.”可知，争论宇宙是不是一个时钟，是不是一组粒子或是不是一个计算输出物没有意义，又由第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the ‘computer simulation’ metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.”可知，与构建以往的科学模型的过程相似，发展基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项极具价值的工作，综上可知，我们应该停止争论宇宙是不是模拟这一问题。 04-2024北京，D Franz Boas’s description of Inuit(因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms(规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of;leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts(本能)include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving;we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands:we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 1. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 2. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 3. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues:Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains:Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 答案 [语篇解读]本文为说明文。文章通过Franz Boas对19世纪因纽特人生活的介绍引入主题，探讨了道德规范的根源。作者认为不同文化间美德的相似性令人瞩目，它们根植于人类的基本需求以及学习和解决问题的共通机制。 1. A推理判断题。根据题干关键词Inuit和moral code定位到文章首段。根据最后一句“With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.”可知，在加拿大背部这样一个生活条件艰苦的地方，因纽特人对道德问题的实际处理办法十分合理。由此可以推知，生活条件驱动了因纽特人的道德准则的形成。 2. B细节理解题。根据第二段中的“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.（这些普遍规范远远早于任何进行道德说教的宗教理念或成文法律的概念。相反，它们源于人类基本需求的相似性和我们共有的学习和问题解决的机制）”可知，普遍规范的建立源于人类的基本需求。故选B。 3. D主旨要义题。 通读全文可知，文章通过 Franz Boas对19世纪因纽特人生活的介绍引入主题，探讨了道德规范的根源。因此，D项（道德的起源）符合文章主旨，是本文的最佳标题。故选D。 2023 01-2023北京，A programme empowers talents to make a positive difference in their communities through sport. Twenty-five Young Leaders are being selected every two years for a four-year period. They promote the Olympic values, spreading the message of sport for good. To be an IOC Young Leader, you need to first complete the 4-Week Learning Sprint(冲刺). 4-Week Learning Sprint The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel. Each week, participants will be asked to complete a topic-specific reflection task. The 4-Week Learning Sprint is open to anyone, with the target audience aged between 20 and 28. After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport-based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader. Requirements for the Applicants ·You have successfully completed the 4-Week Learning Sprint. ·You have completed your high school studies. ·You have at least one year of work experience. ·You have strong public speaking skills. ·You are self-motivated and committed. ·You are passionate about creating positive change in your community. ·You are open to being coached and advised by experts and peers(同伴). ·You are able to work with people from different backgrounds. 1. In the 4-Week Learning Sprint, participants will . A. create change in their community B. attend a virtual learning programme C. meet people from different backgrounds D. promote the IOC Young Leaders project 2. If selected as an IOC Young Leader, one will need to . A. complete a reflection task each week B. watch sports on the IOC channel C. work on a sport-based project D. coach and advise their peers 3. Which is a requirement for the applicants? A. Spreading the message of sport for good. B. Having at least one-year work experience. C. Showing great passion for project planning. D. Committing themselves to becoming an expert. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文是应用文，主要介绍了国际奥林匹克委员会青年领袖计划的相关事宜。 1. B细节理解题。根据4-Week Learning Sprint部分中的“The 4-Week Learning Sprint...is a virtual learning programme.”可知，参与者可以参加一个虚拟学习课程。故选B。 2. C细节理解题。根据题干关键信息If selected as an IOC Young Leader可定位到4-Week Learning Sprint部分第三段。根据“...you will need to submit a plan for a sport-based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader.”可知，如果你被选为青年领袖，你需要提交一个以运动为基础的项目计划。故选C。 3. B细节理解题。根据Requirements for the Applicants部分中的第三点要求“You have at least one year of work experience.”可知，至少要有一年的工作经验。故选B。 02-2023北京，B Sitting in the garden for my friend's birthday, I felt a buzz(振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender's name. The email started off:“Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you...” and my vision blurred(模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme—had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career. So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn't seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn't. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue. When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective(视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about. Rather than setting plans in stone, I've learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don't sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. 1. How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender's name? A. Anxious. B. Angry. C. Surprised. D. Settled. 2. After talking with Professor Devon, the author decided to . A. criticise the review process B. stay longer in the Sahara Desert C. apply to the original project again D. put his heart and soul into the lab work 3. According to the author, the project with the robotics professor was . A. demanding B. inspiring C. misleading D. amusing 4. What can we learn from this passage? A. An invitation is a reputation. B. An innovation is a resolution. C. A rejection can be a redirection. D. A reflection can be a restriction. 答案 [语篇解读]本文是记叙文。作者申请心仪的项目被拒，在退而求其次的选择中找到自己的兴趣点，重燃希望。这个故事告诫我们：要学会充分利用现有资源，在每一次失败中寻找新的方向与目标。 1. A细节理解题。根据题干关键信息upon seeing the email sender's name可定位答案在文章第一段开头。My heart raced体现出作者内心的紧张与不安。故选A。 2. D细节理解题。根据题干关键信息 After talking with Professor Devon可定位答案在文章第二段最后一句。“What she proposed didn't seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all.”表明作者决定加入Professor Devon的项目，并且尽其所能做好工作。故选D。 3. B推理判断题。根据题干关键信息the project with the robotics professor可定位答案在文章第三段。最后一句“In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue.”表明，这次科研经历让作者受到了鼓舞，有了新的兴趣。故选B。 4. C推理判断题。纵观全文，作者讲述了自己两次被拒的经历，因此“被拒”成为贯穿全篇的一条线。每一次被拒后，他都充分利用现有机会创造新的机遇，而新的机遇又让他燃起新的热情。故选C项（被拒绝可以让人找到新的方向）。 熟词生义 race熟义：v.（和……）比赛；参加比赛生义：v.（因为害怕、兴奋等）急速跳动，快速转动 03-2023北京，C In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world's most serious problems:climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices（牺牲） today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter's profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People's hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say:“It's cold this winter, so I needn't worry about global warming.” Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens(外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn't send ships;they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 1. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to . A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 2. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Climate change has been forgotten. B. Lessons of history are highly valued. C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 3. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文为论说文。文章指出西方社会在工业化进程中因短视而带来的种种问题，倡导有远见的思考和长远的观点。 1. D推理判断题。根据题干关键词Francis Cole可定位到第一段。段首点出本文的话题——短期主义(short-termism)。然后引用Francis Cole的话来强调短期主义的问题——无法考虑长期的目标和后果。 2. C推理判断题。最后一段第二句表明，当涉及环境变化时，人类会形成一种集体的“记忆力差”，并且每一代人都认为他们所经历的环境状态是正常的。由此可推知，人类的大脑并不善于感知渐进变化。 3. A主旨要义题。通读全文可知，作者认为，短期主义导致了像气候变化这样的严重问题，而人们重眼前轻未来的心理偏向助长了这种短视的思维。由此可推知，作者想要通过文章传达的信息是，有远见的思考和长远的观点对人类非常重要。 长难句Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. 译文 的确，当涉及环境变化时，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆力差”，每一代新人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不寻常。 分析 when it comes to意为“当涉及……时”，用作状语。and连接两个并列分句，在第二个分句中，they encounter是定语从句。 04-2023北京，D What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it's challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life—called ALife for short—is the systematic attempt to spell out life's fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything,” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what's the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasising their research's applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution(演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth's biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognise. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept—life itself—is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled(混乱的) progression is a striking parallel(平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth's biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generate novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren't in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 1. Regarding Alan Smith's defence of ALife, the author is . A.supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful 2. What does the word “enamoured” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged. 3. What can we learn from this passage? A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature. C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 答案 [语篇解读] 本文是说明文，主要介绍了人工生命研究的现状和发展前景。 1. A推理判断题。根据题干中的Regarding Alan Smith's defence of ALife可知是在问作者对艾伦·史密斯维护人工生命的态度，定位到第二段。由“This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism,such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value.”以及“Alan Smith...is tired of such complaints.”可知艾伦对于人工生命遭受的批评是厌烦的，第二段最后艾伦以“你的奶奶有什么价值”反问，认可人工生命存在的必要性。由文章最后一段的“the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable（人工生命的出现将被证实是不可避免的）”可知作者对人工生命的发展是持支持态度的，故作者是支持艾伦对于人工生命的维护的，故选A。 2. C推测词义题。分析画线词所在句“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution.”可知人工智能和人工生命是表兄弟，in that后阐述原因：这两个领域的研究者都一种叫作“开放式演化”的概念，再由下文的“If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless ‘creativity’in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.”可知，如果人工生命领域能够在某些虚拟模型中重现生命的无尽“创造力”，那么那些相同的观念可能会产生真正的创造性机器。这是积极的。本句的those same principles指代画线词后的a concept。浏览选项可知，attracted（依恋，喜爱）符合语境。 3. B推理判断题。由第三段第二句“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution.”可知人工智能和人工生命的研究者都喜欢一种叫作“开放式演化”的概念，故选B（人工生命和人工智能有相似的特点）。A、C、D在文中无信息支撑。 4.D主旨要义题。第一段提出人工生命领域的研究目的，第二段说明人工生命遭受的批评并用艾伦的观点支持人工生命的研究，第三段以人工智能和人工生命的联系来说明人工生命应用的可能性，第四段说明人工生命难以被认可的原因，最后为主题段，表明作者的观点:也许正如宇宙中的生命本身一样，人工生命的出现也将被证实是不可避免的。由此可知，本文是在说明人工生命研究的现状况与发展前景，D项（生命在进化。创造人工生命的尝试也可以进化吗？）可总述文章，最适合做文章标题。 2022 01-2022北京，A 　　Peer(同伴) Assisted Study Sessions(PASS) is a peer⁃facilitated learning programme available to students enrolled(注册) in most core units of study in our business school. PASS involves weekly sessions where you work in groups to tackle specially prepared problem sets, based around a unit of study you're enrolled in. PASS doesn't re⁃teach or deliver new content. It's an opportunity to deepen your understanding of the key points from lecture materials while you are applying your skills to solve problems. You work interactively with your peers. As a peer group, you decide what is covered in each session. That way, PASS directly responds to your needs and feedback. Registration in Term 2 will open at 9 am, 21 September 2022. Waiting lists If a session is full, you can register for the waiting list. We will email you if a place becomes available or if a new session is to be held. When you are placed on a waiting list, we will email you a number which tells you where you are on the list. If you are close to the front of the list, you have a good chance of gaining a place in the programme in the near future. Deregistering If you miss two PASS sessions in a row, you will be deregistered and your place will be given to someone on the waiting list. Make sure you fill in the attendance sheet at each session to record your attendance. You'll be informed by email if you are being deregistered as a result of missing sessions. If you believe you have received the email in error, email the PASS office at passoffice@umbs.edu. 1.In PASS, students 　　　.  A.attend new lectures　　　 B.decide their own schedules C.prepare problem sets in groups　　　D.use their skills to solve problems 2.What can students do if a session is full? A.Fill in the attendance sheet. B.Sign up for the waiting list. C.Report their needs and feedback. D.Email the office their numbers on the list. 3.Students will be deregistered if 　　　.  A.they send emails in error　　　 B.they fail to work interactively C.they give their places to others　　　 D.they miss two sessions in a row 答案　 [语篇解读] 文章介绍了同伴辅助学习课程(PASS)的相关内容。 1.D 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“It’s an opportunity to deepen your understanding of the key points from lecture materials while you are applying your skills to solve problems.”可知，这是一个在运用技能解决问题的同时加深理解课堂内容关键点的机会。 2.B 细节理解题。根据第六段第一句“If a session is full, you can register for the waiting list.”可知，如果课程已满，可以在候补名单上登记。 3.D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句“If you miss two PASS sessions in a row, you will be deregistered and your place will be given to someone on the waiting list.”可知，如果学生连续错过两次课程，将被取消注册，故选D。 02-2022北京，B 　　My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled(削弱) my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me. My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me. One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a pre⁃presentation dinner with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak one⁃on⁃one with him—an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first contact was where my story began. A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference. Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence. I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I've realised that my biggest obstacle(障碍) this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from reaching their potential: I can't. They say good things come to those who wait; I say: grab every opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature does not require our patience, but our action. 1.What was the main cause for Alice's anxiety? A.Her inability to act her age.　　　B.Her habit of consumption. C.Her desire to be perfect.　　　D.Her lack of inspiration. 2.How did Grant Brown's presentation influence Alice? A.She decided to do something for nature. B.She tasted the sweetness of friendship. C.She learned about the harm of desire. D.She built up her courage to speak up. 3.The activities Alice joined in helped her to become more 　　　.  A.intelligent　　　B.confident C.innovative　　　D.critical 4.What can we learn from this passage? A.Practice makes perfect.　　　B.Patience is a cure of anxiety. C.Action is worry's worst enemy.　　　D.Everything comes to those who wait. 答案　 [语篇解读] 本文为记叙文。Alice通过参与活动摆脱焦虑。 1. C细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did”可知，Alice焦虑的主要原因在于她的完美主义倾向，她想把任何事情都做到完美（desire to be perfect）。 2. A推理判断题。根据第二段第一、二句和第三段中的“but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized”“I was...protect nature”可推知，Grant Brown的讲座让Alice内心产生了改变世界的渴望，她抓住了机会，加入了保护自然的组织，为保护自然做贡献。 3. B细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence.”可知，Alice参加的活动让她变得更加自信。 4. C主旨要义题。根据第一段第二句“Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled（削弱） my ability to do anything.”和最后一段最后一句“After all, nature does not require our patience, but our action.”可知，行动克服焦虑。 03-2022北京，C 　　“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It's a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn't part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.  Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect(交叉) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished(营养不良) people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress(修正) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don't produce results, but concluded that “we'll never produce results that we can't envision.” 1.The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to 　　　.  A.illustrate an argument　　　B.highlight an opinion C.introduce the topic　　　D.predict the ending 2.What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A.The first objective of systems thinking hasn't been achieved. B.The relationships among players have been clarified. C.Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D.The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 3.As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A.It may be used to justify power imbalance. B.It can be applied to tackle challenges. C.It helps to prove why hunger exists. D.It goes beyond human imagination. 答案　 [语篇解读] 本文为说明文。文章阐述了系统思维是应对全球挑战的关键。 1. C推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，本文以画线句（Crystal教授问学生的一个问题）引入，而学生们难以回答，究其原因是想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变为现实对科学家来说是一项罕见的技能。Crystal教授想改变这一现状，于是提出了“系统思维”。由此可推知，作者在第一段使用画线问句的目的是引出文章主题。说明文的首段一般起引出主题的作用，而画线问句位于首段开头，由此亦可推断出其目的。 2. A推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知系统思维对于实现零饥饿和改善营养等目标至关重要(crucial)。由第二段最后两句话可知根据系统思维，改变食品系统需要做三件事。首先，研究人员需要确定(identify)该系统中的所有参与者，而第三段提到“human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known”，由此可知第一个目标“确定该系统中的所有参与者”未能达到。 3. B推理判断题。第一段最后一句提到系统思维被认为在应对全球挑战时至关重要。根据文意可知，作者对系统思维的作用持认同态度。所以作者赞同“系统思维可用于应对挑战”的观点。 04-2022北京，D 　　Quantum(量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I've also had exchanges with two quantum⁃computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype(炒作) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can't keep. “What's new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work's potential. If researchers can't keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn't be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book,Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co⁃founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson's concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin(幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don't know. I'm certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1.Regarding Johnson's concerns, the author feels 　　　.  A.sympathetic　　　B.unconcerned C.doubtful　　　D.excited 2.What leads to Taylor's optimism about quantum computing? A.His dominance in physics.　　　B.The competition in the field. C.His confidence in PyQuantum.　　　D.The investment of tech companies. 3.What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A.Open.　　　B.Cool.　　　C.Useful.　　　D.Resistant. 4.Which would be the best title for the passage? A.Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B.Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C.Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D.Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 答案　 [语篇解读] 本文为议论文。文章阐述了针对量子计算及与其相关的炒作的不同观点与态度。 1. A推理判断题。根据第一段倒数第二句“...who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest.”和第二、三段内容可知，作者对Johnson的担心持支持与赞同的态度。 2. C细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Taylor shares...those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.”以及倒数第二段中Taylor的话和最后一段中的“by a wide margin”可知，Taylor对自己的公司充满信心，这也是他对量子计算保持乐观心态的原因。 3. A推测词义题。根据画线词所在句中的“Johnson suggests...be able to understand”可推知，借助未知的心理，量子计算的某些东西使它特别容易被炒作，由此推知这里的“prone”就是“open”的意思。 4. D主旨要义题。文章由朋友发给作者的讲述量子计算机如何帮助解决人类面临的一些最大挑战的文章，引出量子计算的话题。作者在第二段陈述了量子计算的发展现状和针对它的炒作，进而引出了Johnson和Taylor对量子计算是否能符合炒作内容的观点及作者自己的看法。由此推知，本文以“Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?”为题目最准确。 2021 01-2021北京，A If you are planning to start a career in the field of education, science, or culture, then an internship (实习) at UNESCO will be ideal for you. Who can apply? ●You have completed your full-time university studies; or ●You are studying in a graduate program for a master􀆳s degree. ●Applicants in technical assignments must have reached the last year of their studies in a technical institution. What are the requirements? ●You must be at least 20 years old. ●You should have a good command (掌握) of either English or French. ●You must have an excellent knowledge of office-related software. ●You should be able to work well in a team and adapt to an international working environment. ●You should possess strong interpersonal and communication skills. What do you need to prepare? ●Visa: You should obtain the necessary visas. ●Travel: You must arrange and finance your travel to and from the location where you will do your internship. ●Medical insurance: You must show proof of a comprehensive health insurance valid (有效的) in the target country for the entire period of the internship. UNESCO will provide limited insurance coverage up to USD30,000 for the internship period. ●Medical certificate: You must provide a medical certificate indicating you are fit to work. ●Motivation letter: You should have your motivation letter ready before filling out the application form. Your application will be accessed by UNESCO managers and will stay in our database for six months. We do not respond to every candidate. If selected, you will be contacted by a manager. If you do not receive any update within six months, it means that your application has not been successful. 1.According to this passage, applicants are required to 　　　.  A.hold a master’s degree in science B.have international work experience C.be fluent in either English or French D.present a letter from a technical institution 2.What will UNESCO provide for the internship period? A.Limited medical insurance coverage. B.Training in communication skills. C.A medical certificate for work. D.Financial support for travel. 3.What should applicants do before filling out the application form? A.Contact UNESCO managers. B.Get access to the database. C.Keep a motivation letter at hand. D.Work in a team for six months. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文为应用文。文章主要介绍了如何申请在联合国教科文组织实习。 1. C细节理解题。根据“What are the requirements?”部分中的第二点可知，申请者应该精通英语或法语。其中“have a good command of either English or French”意思与C选项相同。 2. A细节理解题。根据“What do you need to prepare?”部分中的第三点中的最后一句话可知，联合国教科文组织将在实习期间提供有限的医疗保险。文中信息与A选项表述一致。 3. C细节理解题。根据“What do you need to prepare?”部分中的第五点可知，申请者应该提前准备好动机信。其中“have your motivation letter ready”与C选项意思相吻合。 02-2021北京，B I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about our semester (学期) project of volunteering at a non-profit organization. When the teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our help, my last choice was Operation Iraqi Children (OIC). My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind. Then, an OIC representative gave us some details, which somewhat interested me. After doing some research, I believed that we could really do something for those kids. When I went online to the OIC website, I saw pictures of the Iraqi children. Their faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair (绝望) and need that I joined this project without hesitation. We decided to collect as many school supplies as possible, and make them into kits—one kit, one child. The most rewarding day for our group was project day, when all the efforts we put into collecting the items finally came together. When I saw the various supplies we had collected, it hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually be in the hands of an Iraqi child. Over the past four months, I had never imagined how I would feel once our project was completed. While making the kits, I realized that I had lost sight of the true meaning behind it. I had only focused on the fact that it was another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on. When the kits were completed, and ready to be sent overseas, the warm feeling I had was one I would never forget. In the beginning, I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another person. Now that our project is over, I realize that I have affected not only one life, but ten. With our efforts, ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education. 1.How did the author feel about joining the OIC project in the beginning? A.It would affect his/her initial plans. B.It would involve traveling overseas. C.It would not bring him/her a good grade. D.It would not live up to his/her expectations. 2.What mainly helped the author change his/her attitude toward the project? A.Images of Iraqi children. B.Research by his/her classmates. C.A teacher’s introduction. D.A representative’s comments. 3.The author’s OIC project group would help ten Iraqi children to 　　　.  A. become OIC volunteers B.further their education C.study in foreign countries D.influence other children 4.What can we conclude from this passage? A.One’s potential cannot always be underrated. B.First impression cannot always be trusted. C.Actions speak louder than words. D.He who hesitates is lost. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文为记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者参加一个帮助伊拉克儿童完成学业的志愿者活动的心路历程。 1. D细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句话可知，“我”对这个组织的第一印象是它不会对“我”心中的计划产生足够的影响。选项D“它不会达到他/她的期望”符合文意。 2. A细节理解题。根据第二段可知，“我”看到了伊拉克儿童的照片，他们的面孔如此强烈地传递出绝望和需要的信息，以至于“我”毫不犹豫地参加了这个项目。这是作者态度的一个重要转变。 3. B细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句话可知，是帮助他们继续接受教育。选项B与文中信息表述一致。 4. B主旨要义题。从整个文章，尤其是最后一段得知，最初作者对该项目的评价不高，而后来作者从中感受到温暖和意义，由此可知，不能总是相信第一印象。 03-2021北京，C Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario (情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world’s most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn’t say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories (签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity,“it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits, the December warning letter says, can we have the hope to reduce their “speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope (麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent (执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness.“Let’s look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say,“and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 1.What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A.Scientific. B.Credible. C.Original. D.Relevant. 2.As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is 　　　.  A.worried B.puzzled C.surprised D.scared 3.What can we learn from this passage? A.The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B.The author agrees with the message of the poem. C.The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D.The global collapse is well underway. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文为论说文。文章通过介绍科学家、作家和科研人员联名签署公开信一事向人类发出了警告:政策制定者和我们其他人必须公开面对全球崩溃的风险。 1. D推测词义题。根据画线单词所在句子可知，即使是在世界上技术最发达的国家，大流行病和经济危机仍未得到控制，在这种情况下，呼吁公众参与到这些以前无法想象会发生的事情中去是尤为重要的。relevant“有重大关系的，相关的”。 2. A推理判断题。根据第五段最后两句可知，公众对于即将到来的各种危机只是被动地希望糟糕的情况会自己慢慢好起来，就像诗中所说的，人类像是被毒品麻醉一样，空抱希望而不做任何处理危机的准备。由此可推知作者对于公众对全球崩溃的意识是担忧的。 3. B推理判断题。A选项根据关键词“the biophysical limits”可锁定在第五段第一句。由该句可知签署者仅仅是希望公众关注生物物理极限带来的后果，才有希望应对，并没有提到要改变生物物理极限。故A为错误选项。B选项根据关键词“poem”可知，公众只是默默地希望危机自己过去而不做准备，而文章想通过公开信警示人们面对全球崩溃的问题，故可知作者同意诗中的信息。故B为正确选项。C选项意为“崩溃的问题正在被优先考虑”。这明显与文章主旨不符，文章正是想通过公开信呼吁公众考虑全球崩溃问题。故C为错误选项。D选项意为“全球崩溃已经开始了”。根据关键词“well underway”可锁定在第二段最后一句中的“if you are a nonhuman species, collapse is well underway”，由此可知，如果你是非人类的话，那么崩溃实际上已经开始了。故D为错误选项。 04-2021北京，D Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today’s state-of-the-art atomic (原子的) clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can’t decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you’re asking. Forget about time as an absolute. What if, instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology? What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo (节奏) of human life? We’re increasingly aware of the fact that we can’t control Earth systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate(调节) our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that? Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that’s connected to circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We’re now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers, which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes. We’ve programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower, you’ll see the opposite effect. The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. It’s a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame (时间框架),and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies. Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars, early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece, for instance, people “corrected” official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems we’re developing may encourage environmental awareness. When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time, he highlighted one of time’s most noticeable qualities: Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid, and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose. 1.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A.Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature. B.Everyone can define time on their own terms. C.The qualities of time vary with how you measure it. D.Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists. 2.The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to 　　　.  A.present an assumption B.evaluate an argument C.highlight an experiment D.introduce an approach 3.What can we learn from this passage? A.Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life. B.New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems. C.Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower. D.Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame. 4.What can we infer from this passage? A.It is crucial to improve the definition of time. B.A fixed frame will make time meaningless. C.We should live in harmony with nature. D.History is a mirror reflecting reality. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文为说明文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，介绍了一种特殊的记录时间的方式。 1. B主旨要义题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can’t decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you’re asking.”以及上文列举的St. Augustine和Einstein对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的术语来定义时间。 2. D推理判断题。作者在第二段提出了三个问题：“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？” “What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo of human life？”和“What if our definition of time reflected that?”。这三个问题与人类生活和生态环境有关。接着在第三段提出了一种新的定义时间的方式，由此判断第二段提出的三个问题是为了引出新的计时方法。 3. C推理判断题。根据第三段的“If the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower, you’ll see the opposite effect.”可推知，如果河流流速更慢，原子时间（即标准时间）将超过河流时间。 4. C推理判断题。根据第二段的“...we need to moderate our actions if we hope to live in balance.”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems we’re developing may encourage environmental awareness.”可推断，我们应该与自然和谐共处。 2020 01-2020北京，A 　　Lancom is a worldwide language learning app and a leader in the online language learning industry with millions of active subscribers. We house a broad range of experts united by the common goal of creating the best language learning tools possible. With advice from AI specialists, art designers and culture researchers, our multi-language experts endow (赋予) Lancom with an enormous potential for innovation within the world of language learning. Our courses, totalling 20,000 hours of content in 20 different languages, guarantee you language skills you can use right away. At the core of Lancom is a world-class effective method that enhances language learning with advanced technology.Examples and dialogues are recorded with real native speakers instead of automatic computers. Lancom trains your brain to learn efficiently, so you absorb more information while in the app and continue learning outside of it. The app makes our practical language lessons available wherever and whenever. We work directly for our learners, not for any third party. And it's all supported by an efficient customer service team, available through telephone, email and online chat. Millions of learners have their own stories and their own reasons for learning a new language. Lancom cares about you and addresses your individual learning type. Lancom is the only product to offer courses tailored to your native language, building on grammar and words you already know. Our content is about real-life topics that are relevant because we know what matters to you is what sticks best. You will find it very rewarding to learn with Lancom. Choose Your Subscription and Get Started 1 month 3 months 6 months 12 months $12.95/m $8.95/m $7.45/m $6.95/m 　　Buy with confidence: 21-day money back guarantee! If you aren't satisfied, just write to Customer Service within 21 days. Contact & Support: customerservice@lancom.com 1.Who can provide Lancom with a huge potential for innovation in learning?　　　　　　　　　　 A.Culture researchers. B.AI specialists. C.Language experts. D.Art designers. 2.What lies at the core of the Lancom app? A.A flexible system. B.An effective method. C.The brain-training technique. D.The informative content. 3.Lancom claims that it is unique in its 　　　.   A.personalised courses B.multiple languages C.pricing policy D.service team 答案 [语篇解读]　本文为一则广告。文章向大家推荐了一个学习语言的应用程序Lancom。 1. C细节理解题。根据题干中的“a huge potential for innovation”可知第一段第三句“...our multi-language experts endow Lancom with an enormous potential for innovation within the world of language learning.”为解本题的关键语句。 2. B细节理解题。根据题干中的“at the core of the Lancom app”可知第二段第一句“At the core of Lancom is a world-class effective method...”为解本题的关键语句。 3. A细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“Lancom is the only product to offer courses tailored to your native language, building on grammar and words you already know.”可知答案为A项（个性化课程）。 02-2020北京，B Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground. Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems. Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However, since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency. The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）. Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma." “Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it." Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog, and we are all really proud of her." 1. With a monitor on her collar, Baggy can ____________. A. take pollutant readings B. record pollutant levels C. process collected data D. reduce air pollution 2. What can we learn from the Baggy data? A. High places are free of air pollution. B. Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids. C. Conventional monitors are more reliable. D. Air is more polluted closer to the ground. 3. What is Tom's purpose of doing the research? A. To wan of a health risk. B. To find out pollution sources. C. To test his new monitor. D. To prove Baggy's abilities. 4. According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt? A. Modest. B. Generous. C. Creative. D. Outgoing. [语篇解读] 本文为记叙文。本文讲述了13岁男孩Tom Hunt创造性地利用小狗Baggy测量地面附近的污染物水平的故事。 1. B细节理解题。根据第一段中的“by recording pollutant levels near the ground”可知答案为B项。 2. D细节理解题。根据第二段第二句的“Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level”可知答案为D项。 3. A细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma.”可知答案为A项（提醒存在健康风险）。 4. C推理判断题。根据倒数第二段对Tom的介绍可推知Tom很有创造性，故答案为C项。 03-2020北京，C For the past five years, Paula Smith, a historian of science, has devoted herself to re-creating long-forgotten techniques. While doing research for her new book, she came across a 16th-century French manuscript（手稿）consisting of nearly 1,000 sets of instructions, covering subjects from tool making to finding the best sand. The author's intention remains as mysterious（神秘）as his name; he may have been simply taking notes for his own records. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any of the skills the author described. "You simply can't get an understanding of that handwork by reading about it," she says. Though Smith did get her hands on the best sand, doing things the old-fashioned way isn't just about playing around with French mud. Reconstructing the work of the craftsmen（工匠）who lived centuries ago can reveal how they viewed the world, what objects filled their homes, and what went on in the workshops that produced them. It can even help solve present-day problems: In 2015, scientists discovered that a 10th-century English medicine for eve problems could kill a drug-resistant virus. The work has also brought insights for museums, Smith says. One must know how on object was made in order to preserve it. What's more, reconstructions might be the only way to know what treasures looked like before time wore them down. Scholars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Roman statues. These sculptures were painted a rainbow of striking colours. We can't appreciate these kinds of details without seeing works of art as they originally appeared-something Smith believes you can do only when you have a road map. Smith has put the manuscript's ideas into practice. Her final goal is to link the worlds of art and science back together: She believes that bringing the old recipes to life can help develop a kind of learning that highlights experimentation, teamwork, and problem solving. Back when science—then called “the new philosophy”—took shape, academics looked to craftsmen for help in understanding the natural world. Microscopes and telescopes were invented by way of artistic tinkering（修补）, as craftsmen experimented with glass to better bend light. If we can rediscover the values of hands-on experience and craftwork, Smith says, we can marry the best of our modern insights with the handiness of our ancestors. 1. How did Smith, feel after reading the French manuscript? A. Confused about the technical terms. B. Impressed with its detailed instructions. C. Discouraged by its complex structure. D. Shocked for her own lack of hand skills. 2. According to Smith, the reconstruction work is done mainly to _____________. A. restore old workshops B. understand the craftsmen C. improve visual effects D. inspire the philosophers 3. Why does the author mention museums? A. To reveal the beauty of ancient objects. B. To present the findings of old science. C. To highlight the importance of antiques. D. To emphasise the values of hand skills. 4. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Craftsmen Set the Trends for Artists B. Craftsmanship Leads to New Theories C. Craftsmanship Makes Better Scientists D. Craftsmen Reshape the Future of Science [语篇解读] 本文为说明文。作者通过科学历史学家葆拉·史密斯致力于被遗忘已久的技术这一事例来证明工艺造就了更好的科学家。 1. D细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn’t truly grasp any of the skills the author described.”可知答案为D项（她为自己缺乏手工技能而感到震惊）。 2. B细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Reconstructing the work of the craftsmen who lived centuries ago can reveal how they viewed the world, what objects filled their homes, and what went on in the workshops that produced them.”可知答案为B项（了解工匠）。 3. D推理判断题。第三段提到重现古代工匠们的作品的作用，即可以更好地了解他们的世界观，工作、生活环境；第四段指出这些作品也给博物馆带来启示：为了保护文物免受破坏，博物馆必须了解文物的创作过程，而重现作品可能是了解宝藏原本的样子的唯一方法。由此可推知，作者提及博物馆是为了进一步强调手工技术的重要性，故答案为D项。 4. C主旨要义题。本文以史密斯致力于被遗忘已久的技术为线索，介绍了工艺对科学的促进，由此可推知本文的最佳标题为C项（工艺造就了更好的科学家）。 04-2020北京，D 　　Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self⁃driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today's AI pioneers want to move on from today's world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today's powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we're successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra⁃intelligent machine...that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra⁃intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man⁃made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction—Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human⁃shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today's excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever. 1.What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A.Enormous in quantity.　　　　　 B.Changeable daily. C.Stable in quality.　　　　　 D.Present everywhere. 2.What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A.Help to tackle problems.　　　　　 B.Make brains more active. C.Benefit ambitious people.　　　　　 D.Set up powerful databases. 3.As for Irving Good's opinion on ultra⁃intelligent machines, the author is 　　　.   A.supportive　　　　　B.disapproving　　　　　C.fearful　　　　　D.uncertain 4.What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A.It may be only a dream.　　　　　 B.It will come into being soon. C.It will be controlled by humans.　　　　　 D.It may be more dangerous than ever. 答案　 [语篇解读] 本文为议论文。目前人工智能的应用随处可见，一些人工智能先锋想把人工智能发展成通用人工智能(AGI)，有些人害怕通用人工智能会给人类带来灾难，作者对通用人工智能在近期实现持怀疑态度。 1. D推测词义题。根据画线词后面的例子可推出人工智能的应用非常普遍，由此可知画线词的意思是“无处不在的”。 2. A细节理解题。根据第二段中的“AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems.”可知答案为A项。 3. B推理判断题。文章第三段作者介绍了Irving Good的预测，即人类最终将创造出一台超智能机器，无论一个人有多聪明，这种超智能机器都将远超其智力。第一台超智能机器可能会是人类需要制作的最后一个发明。但作者在本段第一句中提到一些想象是不可能出现的，由此可知本题答案为B项（不赞同的）。 4. A推理判断题。根据文章最后一句可知答案为A项（那可能只是一个梦想）。 2019 01-2019北京，A Want to explore new cultures, meet new people and do something worthwhile at the same time?You can do all the three with Global Development Association (GDA). Whatever stage of life you're at, wherever you go and whatever project you do in GDA, you'll create positive changes in a poor and remote community(社区). We work with volunteers of all ages and backgrounds. Most of our volunteers are aged 17-24. Now we need volunteer managers aged 25-75. They are extremely important in the safe and effective running of our programmes. We have such roles as project managers, mountain leaders, and communication officers. Depending on which role you choose, you could help to increase a community's access to safe drinking water, or help to protect valuable local cultures. You might also design an adventure challenge to train young volunteers. Not only will you help our young volunteers to develop personally, you'll also learn new skills and increase your cultural awareness. You may have chances to meet new people who'll become your lifelong friends. This summer we have both 4-week and 7-week programmes: Country Schedule 4-week programmes 7-week programmes Algeria 5 Jul.-1 Aug. 20 Jun.-7 Aug. Egypt 24 Jul.-20 Aug. 19 Jun.-6 Aug. Kenya 20 Jul.-16 Aug. 18 Jun.-5 Aug. South Africa 2 Aug.-29 Aug. 15 Jun.-2 Aug. GDA ensures that volunteers work with community members and local project partners where our help is needed. All our projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities. There is no other chance like a GDA programme. Join us as a volunteer manager to develop your own skills while bringing benefits to the communities. Find out more about joining a GDA programme: Website:www.glodeve.org Email:humanresources@glodeve.org 1. What is the main responsibility of volunteer managers? A. To seek local partners. B. To take in young volunteers. C. To carry out programmes. D. To foster cultural awareness. 2. The programme beginning in August will operate in . A. Egypt B. Algeria C. Kenya D. South Africa 3. The shared goal of G DA's projects is to. A. explore new cultures B. protect the environment C. gain corporate benefits D. help communities in need 答案 [语篇解读] 本文为应用文。文章介绍了一个名为Global Development Association的志愿者项目。 1. C细节理解题。根据第二段第四句“They are extremely important in the safe and effective running of our programmes.”可知答案为C项（执行项目）。 2. D细节理解题。根据题干中的“beginning in August”可知，答案在表格中，对应日期为2 Aug.-29 Aug.，对应的国家是South Africa。 3. D细节理解题。根据第六段的最后一句“All our projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities.”可知本题选择D项。 02-2019北京，B Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur(创业者), who in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy. By the time she was 13, her company was worth millions of dollars with the invention of a super-sweet treat that could save kids' teeth, instead of destroying them. It all began when Moore visited a bank with her dad. On the outing, she was offered a candy bar. However, her dad reminded her that sugary treats were bad for her teeth. But Moore was sick of missing out on candies. So she desired to get round the warning, “Why can't I make a healthy candy that's good for my teeth so that my parents can't say no to it?” With that in mind, Moore asked her dad if she could start her own candy company. He recommended that she do some research and talk to dentists about what a healthier candy would contain. With her dad's permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. She also approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning. Consequently, she succeeded in making a kind of candy only using natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral bacteria. Moore then used her savings to get her business off the ground. Afterwards, she and her father secured their first business meeting with a supermarket owner, who finally agreed to sell Moore's product—CanCandy. As CanCandy's success grows, so does Moore's credibility as a young entrepreneur. Moore is enthusiastic about the candy she created, and she's also positive about what the future might bring. She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile. Meanwhile, with her parents' help, Moore is generally able to live a normal teenage life. Although she founded her company early on in life, she wasn't driven primarily by profit. Moore wants to use her unique talent to help others find their smiles. She donates 10% of AilieCandy's profits to Big Smiles. With her talent and determination, it appears that the sky could be the limit for Alice Moore. 1. How did Moore react to her dad's warning? A. She argued with him. B. She tried to find a way out. C. She paid no attention. D. She chose to consult dentists. 2. What is special about CanCandy? A. It is beneficial to dental health. B. It is free of sweeteners. C. It is sweeter than other candies. D. It is produced to a dentists' recipe. 3. What does Moore expect from her business? A. To earn more money. B. To help others find smiles. C. To make herself stand out. D. To beat other candy companies. 4. What can we learn from Alice Moore's story? A. Fame is a great thirst of the young. B. A youth is to be regarded with respect. C. Positive thinking and action result in success. D. Success means getting personal desires satisfied. 答案 [语篇解读] 本文为记叙文。Alice是一个青少年创业者，她用自己独有的智慧帮助了其他爱吃糖果的孩子保护他们的牙齿并成就了自己的事业。 1. B细节理解题。根据第二段第五句“So she desired to get round the warning, ‘Why can't I make a healthy candy that's good for my teeth so that my parents can't say no to it?’”可知，Moore希望找到解决办法，因此答案为B项（她试图找到出路）。 2. A细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“...she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly.”可知答案为A项（它对牙齿健康有益处）。 3. B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句“She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile.”可知，答案为B项（帮助他人找到笑容）。 4. C主旨要义题。Alice Moore的初衷是让更多喜欢糖果的小孩既能享用糖果又能使牙齿健康，有了积极的想法并积极地去行动，最终她的事业获得了成功，因此本题选C项（积极的想法和行动成就了成功）。 03-2019北京，C The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it's too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real. That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation(处理) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this year's I/O Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection. These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches(数据侵入) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother's name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller's, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mother's name, and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually. We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity. Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out. 1. How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls? A. Panicked. B. Confused. C. Embarrassed. D. Disappointed. 2. Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammers can . A. aim at victims precisely B. damage databases easily C. start campaigns rapidly D. spread information widely 3. What does the passage imply? A. Honesty is the best policy. B. Technologies can be double-edged. C. There are more solutions than problems. D. Credibility holds the key to development. 4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology 答案 [语篇解读] 本文为说明文。随着声音处理技术的发展，电信诈骗问题越来越严重，所以电话服务公司和消费者通力合作来确保通信安全迫在眉睫。 1. D推理判断题。由第一段中的“Unfortunately, it's too little, too late. By the time these ‘solutions’ become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.”可以看出，解决方案太少、太滞后，而且当解决方案广泛应用后，诈骗犯又有了更为聪明的诈骗方式。由此可推断，作者对这些解决方案感到失望。 2. A细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision.”可知，自动语音电话令人头疼的原因与数量关系不大，更主要的是精准度。诈骗犯利用新技术能够精确地对受害者实施诈骗，A项符合语境，precisely与precision为同根词。 3. B推理判断题。文章第二段指出，声音处理和自动化技术即将广泛应用，第三段则指出这些技术可能让我们面临更多危险。由此可得知，文章暗示科技是一把双刃剑，带来了便利也带来了麻烦。 4. C主旨要义题。通读文章可得知，第一段指出自动语音电话的危险性越来越大，第二段指出上述问题出现的原因，第三段对此进行了解释，第四段提出了解决方法，最后一段则回归主题，指出问题会愈发严重。故C项符合文章主旨，意为“自动语音电话为何会愈发危险”。 04-2019北京，D 　　By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study. At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean's appearance. Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients. Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener.“Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing,”she said,“but the type of phytoplankton is changing.” And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said,“it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.” Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain. Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. “It'll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change,”Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.” 1.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A.The various patterns at the ocean surface. B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour. C.The way light reflects off marine organisms. D.The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton. 2.What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A.Sensitive. B.Beneficial. C.Significant. D.Unnoticeable. 3.What can we learn from the passage? A.Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem. B.Dutkiewicz's m$