Unit 3 Food and Culture Learning About Language (Grammar) 导学案-2025-2026学年高中英语人教版选择性必修第二册

Period Three　Learning About Language (Grammar) 语法归纳 【自主发现】 过去完成时; had;被动语态; been 【实战演练】 Ⅰ 1.had been found　2.hadn’t studied　3.had worked 4.had been sent　5.had been finished　6.had　7.had wanted　8.had been　9.had learned/learnt　10.had intended Ⅱ 1.had acquired extensive experience 2.had already tried every possible solution 3.had planned a series of exciting activities 4.had been caught in a sudden traffic jam 5.had been damaged seriously 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Period Three　Learning About Language (Grammar) 【语境感悟】 阅读以下有关“食物”的短文,感知加黑部分,并回答其后的问题。 It was the second time that our school ①had organized a “Chinese Food Day”, where students shared homemade dishes from different provinces. Hardly ②had the smell of my mum’s dumplings filled the classroom when classmates gathered, eager to try the chewy wrappers and savory fillings. No sooner ③had a student from Sichuan finished explaining Mapo tofu than a Cantonese student served steamed buns, their soft layers melting in everyone’s mouth. By the end of the event, we realized that these foods, which ④had been cooked with family recipes, were more than meals—they were bridges letting us taste the stories of China’s diverse regions. 【自主发现】 以上语段中,①、②、③使用　　　　　　　,基本结构为:　　　　+动词过去分词;④使用过去完成时的　　　　　　,基本结构为:had+　　　　+及物动词(短语)的过去分词。  The past perfect tense & The past perfect passive voice (过去完成时及其被动语态) 一、基本概念 在英语时态中,“时”指动作发生的时间,“态”指动作的样子和状态。过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前就已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。 二、基本结构 主动语态的基本结构: 1.肯定句:主语+had+动词过去分词+其他. 2.否定句:主语+had+not+动词过去分词+其他. 3.一般疑问句:Had+主语+动词过去分词+其他? 肯定回答:Yes, 主语+had. 否定回答:No, 主语+hadn’t. 4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+had+主语+动词过去分词+其他? 被动语态的结构: 主语+had (not)+been+及物动词(短语)的过去分词+其他. 三、基本用法 1.表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”,可以用by,before等介词(短语)或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可以通过上下文来表示。如: By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到从宇宙飞船发来的200张图片。 2.表示从过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for,since构成的时间状语连用。如: The restaurant had been popular since it opened, but it closed last year. 这家餐厅自开业以来一直很受欢迎,但去年关门了。 3.先叙述过去发生的事情,在此之后追述或补述过去事情以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。如: Mr Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他一直是我的好友。 4.在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。如: I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 5.过去完成时还常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。如: He said that he had known her well. 他说他很了解她。 6.用在状语从句中:描述在过去不同时间发生的两个动作,发生在前的,用过去完成时;发生在后的,用一般过去时。如:when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的复合句。如: When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如: After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后,努力提高他的英语水平。 7.动词think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。如: They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来想帮忙,但不能及时赶到那里。 8.过去完成时还可用在“hardly…when…”“no sooner…than…”“It was the first/second…time (that)…”等固定句型中。如: No sooner had he arrived here than he went away again. 他刚到这儿就又走了。 Hardly had I left home when it began to rain. 我刚离开家,天就开始下雨了。 9.用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去事实相反。 If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 如果你来早一点,你就能遇见他了。 How I wish she had stayed with me yesterday. 我多么希望她昨天和我待在一起。 四、语法区别 1.与现在完成时的区别: 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,以现在的时间为基点,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,以过去的时间为基点,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。如: I have learned 1,000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。 I had learned 1,000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。 —I’m sorry to keep you waiting. “对不起,让你久等了。” —Oh, not at all. I have been here for only a few minutes. “没什么,我才到这儿几分钟。” 2.与一般过去时的区别: (1)时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。如: They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 在昨天10点前,他们已经到达了车站。 They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 他们昨天10点到达了车站。 (2)当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before,after,as soon as引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示时间的先后,因此也可以用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。如: He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.他走进房间,打开灯,然后读了一份晚报。 五、语法判定 1.由时间状语来判定: 一般来说,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: (1)by+过去的时间点 (2)by the end of+过去的时间点 (3)before+过去的时间点 2.由“过去的过去”来判定: 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后顺序,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在: (1)宾语从句中 ①当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。有这样用法的动词有told, said, knew, heard, thought等。如: She said that she had seen the film before. 她说她之前已经看过这部电影了。 ②表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本……,未能……”。如: We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t. 我们原本希望你来,但你没有来。 (2)状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后顺序,动作在前的要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如: After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完作业后,他上床睡觉了。 (3)根据上下文来判定。如: I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing. 昨天我在街上遇见了王涛。自从他去北京以后,我们就没有见过面。 【实战演练】 Ⅰ 单句填空 1.Yesterday she said that her lost key 　　　　　　　　　(find).   2.I almost knew nothing about the subject, for I 　　　　　　　(not study) my lesson attentively.   3.He said he 　　　　　　　　(work) in that factory since 1949.   4.I thought that the letter 　　　　　　　　　(send) a week before.   5.She didn’t go back home until the work 　　　　　　　　　　(finish).   6.Hardly 　　　　　　he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.   7.Robert 　　　　　　(want) to attend Peter’s birthday party, but an unexpected visitor ruined his plan.   8.It was the third time that he 　　　　　　(be) out of work that year.   9.We 　　　　　　(learn) over two thousand English words by the end of last term.   10.I 　　　　　　(intend) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn’t manage it.   Ⅱ 语法与写作 1.Before applying for this position, I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　in project management through various internships.(应用文写作之求职信)  在申请这个职位之前,我通过各种实习积累了丰富的项目管理经验。 2.I deeply appreciate your help. By the time I reached out to you, I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　on my own but failed.(应用文写作之感谢信)  我深深感激您的帮助。在向您求助时,我已经独自尝试了所有可能的办法,但都失败了。 3.We 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　before sending out this invitation to ensure you have an unforgettable experience.(应用文写作之邀请函)  在发出这份邀请函之前,我们已经策划了一系列激动人心的活动,以确保您能拥有一段难忘的经历。 4.I sincerely apologize for my absence from the meeting. I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　that lasted for hours.(应用文写作之道歉信)  我为未能参加会议真诚致歉。我当时遭遇了一场持续数小时的突发交通堵塞。 5.I am extremely disappointed because the product I received 　　　　　　　　　　　when it arrived.(应用文写作之投诉信)  我极为失望,因为我收到的产品到货时已经严重损坏。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $