Unit 4 Natural Disasters Discovering Useful Structures 导学案-2025-2026学年高中英语人教版必修第一册

该高中英语导学案聚焦必修一Unit 4定语从句，核心讲解限制性定语从句中关系代词who, which, that, whose的用法，通过关联课文必背句子导入，搭建从课文实例到语法规则的学习支架，帮助学生梳理前后知识脉络。 资料特色在于结合课文例句巩固语言能力，通过“缺什么补什么”原则引导成分分析以提升思维品质，运用口诀记忆和分层练习培养学习能力，结构涵盖考点解析、高考真题及巩固练习，便于学生自主学习和教师课堂使用。

必修一 Unit 4讲义3定语从句 Restrictive relative clauses Name__________________ ● 关联课文(必背句子) 1. There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls. 2. Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing. 3. Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. 4. The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000. 5. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 6. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 7. The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country. 1. 以上定语从句由关系代词_________/_________/ _________/_________引导, 修饰名词或代词, 置于被修饰词的后面。 2. 关系代词which, that, who在定语从句中可以作_________/_________; 关系代词whose在定语从句中作________。 ● 考点一 定语从句概念 在复合句中, 修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词, 连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句, 并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种, 关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等; 关系副词有when, where, why等。本单元着重讲解关系代词。 ① This is the place ___________ is worth visiting. ② Many life's problems ___________ were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. 许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题是现在的大家庭无力解决的。 ③ I took an old man to hospital by taxi immediately, ___________ was why I was late that morning.我乘出租车立即把一个老人送到了医院, 这就是那天早上我迟到的原因。 ④ Beijing, ___________ is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city. 一、关系代词的用法 确定定语从句关系词的解题要领：根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词。 关系词应遵循“ 缺什么, 补什么 ”的原则 1. who指人, 在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 The number of people _________ were killed in the disaster was over 100.在那次灾难中丧生的人数超过了100。 He is the athlete _________ I met yesterday. 他就是我昨天遇见的那个运动员。 2. whom指人, 在定语从句中作宾语, 常可省略。 The boy _________ the teacher often praises is their monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。 【注意】 (1)关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who/that来代替。 The boy _________ we saw yesterday is John’s brother. 昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。 (2)在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时, 用whom, 不用who。 The man to _________ you spoke just now is a relative of mine. 刚才和你说话的男人是我的一个亲戚。 3. which指物, 在定语从句中作主语或宾语, 作宾语时可省略。 Everywhere I saw, there were buildings _________ had been destroyed by the earthquake. 我看到到处都是被地震毁掉的建筑。 The gold medal _________ she won has been given to her old school. 她获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。 4. that既可以指人, 相当于who或whom; 也可以指物, 相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语, 作宾语时可省略。 Yesterday I read an article _________ was about natural disasters. 昨天我读到一篇关于自然灾害的文章。 Do you know the girl _________ is talking with our teacher? 你认识正和我们老师说话的那个女孩吗？ The woman _________ I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal. 我在报纸上读到的那位女士刚刚赢得一枚金牌。 The report _________ Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race. 特纳先生递交的报告是关于汽车比赛的。 【注意】 (1) 只用that的情况 (口诀：very/only/序/最高, 人物/不定that好) ①当先行词是all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, nothing, some等不定代词或者被all, much, little, no等词修饰时。 All _________ can be done has been done. ②当先行词被the only, the very等修饰时。 Music is the only thing _________ interests me. ③当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the most shocking news _________ I have ever heard. 这是我曾经听过的最令人震惊的消息。 ④当先行词中既有人又有物时。 She described in her composition the people and places _________ impressed her most. (2)只用which的情况 ①关系代词前有介词时。 The house in _________ I used to live became ruins in the big fire. 我过去住的房子在大火中变成了一片废墟。 ②在非限制性定语从句中。 The traveller saw many buildings along the way, ______ were quite different from those in his hometown. (3)只用who的情况 ①当先行词是I, you, he, they等人称代词或指人的不定代词如：one, ones, anyone时。 Anyone_________ does that must be mad. He _________ doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。 ②当先行词为指人的those时。 Those _________ have good manners will be highly respected. 那些有礼貌的人会备受尊重。 a. There is nothing ___________ we can do now. b. This is the very book ___________ I want. c. The present time is the best gift ___________ you can give yourself. 当前的时光是你能给自己的最好的礼物。 d. Don't trust the first sign ___________ you see. e. My mother and her old friends talked of things and persons ___________ they remembered in the school. f. Which is the car ___________ you bought last week? g. Jack is not the man ___________ he was. h. We all like our English teacher, _______ __________ we have learned a lot. i. I will never forget the day ________ ___________ we went to buy guitars in the guitar store. j. The food was for her mother, ___________ couldn't go down to meet him. k.Do you know the man ___________ Mr White introduced just now? 5. whose通常指人, 也可指物, 在定语从句中作定语。指物时, “whose＋名词”可用“限定词＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋限定词＋名词”来代替。 Please pass me the book _________ cover is green. (＝Please pass me the book the cover ____________/ _________ the cover is green. ) 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 This is the person _________ story surprised everybody. 就是这个人的故事让所有人感到吃惊。 The classroom _________ door/the door ___________ /____________ the door is broken can hold 40 students. 那间门坏了的教室能容纳40个学生。 Our monitor is the boy ___________ father is a lawyer. ● 考点二 限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 与先行词关系密切, 删除后影响整个意思的表达 与先行词关系不密切, 是一种补充说明, 删除后不影响整个意思的表达 不用逗号分开 一般用逗号分开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词that, who, which/whom在从句中作宾语时可以省略 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词whom作宾语时可用who或that替代 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿, 用降调 只可以修饰名词或代词, 不可以修饰句子 既可修饰名词或代词, 也可以修饰句子, 有逗号分开, 只能由which, who或as引导 ①People ___________ take physical exercise live longer. ②His daughter, ___________ is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿, 下周回来。 ③Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ___________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. ④I know nothing ___________ happened last night. ⑤He was generous with his time, ___________ I was grateful for. ● 考点三 正确使用关系词 1. 关系代词 ① 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时, 定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。 The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers. 放在地上的那个手提箱是她的。 【注意】“one of＋复数名词”作先行词, 谓语动词用复数形式; “the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词, 谓语动词用单数形式。 This is one of the books which _________ written by Charles Dickens. 这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。 He is the only one of the boys in our class who _______ learned French. 他是我们班男生中唯一一个学过法语的。 Tom is one of the engineers ___________ ___________ sent abroad. 汤姆是被派往国外的工程师之一。 Tom is the only one of the engineers ___________ ___________come up with the solution. 汤姆就是工程师中唯一提出解决方案的那位。 ② 为避免关系词的重复, 被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。 [译] 昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。 [×] The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening. [√] The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening. ③ 关系代词的省略。 (1)关系代词作主语时不能省略。 (2)作动词宾语的关系代词可以省略。作介词宾语的关系代词, 如果不直接位于介词后, 可省略; 如果直接位于介词后, 则不能省略。 We visited the house (_________) Lu Xun once lived in. ＝We visited the house in _________ Lu Xun once lived. 我们参观了鲁迅曾居住过的房子。 (3)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。 2. 关系副词 关系副词代替表示时间、地点、原因的先行词, 并在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语, 不能省略。 关系副词 先行词 句法功能 when＝in/at/on/...＋which 时间 时间状语 where＝in/at/on/...＋which 地点 地点状语 why (＝for which) 原因 原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句) The time ___________(___________ ___________) I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见...的时候, 是我一生中非常困难的时期。 The school ___________(___________ ___________) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away. 我仅读过两年书的那所学校离这里有3千米远。 There are various reasons ___________ (___________ ___________) people write poetry. 人们写诗有各种各样的理由。 【注意】先行词为抽象地点的名词(situation, case, stage, point, activity等), 且在定语从句中作状语时, 用关系副词where引导定语从句。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/ that。 ①They have reached the point ___________ they have to separate with each other. 　 ②(2019全国Ⅱ卷) Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___________ she opened with her late husband Les. ③(2019全国Ⅲ卷) They were well trained by their masters ___________ had great experience with caring for these animals. ④(2019浙江) On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___________ gives off light in the dark. 3. “介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句 构成 功能 用法指津 介词(短语) ＋关系代词 状语 关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略 介词＋关系代词 ＋名词 状语 关系代词常用which 或whose 名词(代词)＋介词 ＋关系代词 主语 可转化为“whose＋名词”结构 数词(形容词最高级) ＋of＋关系代词 主语 数词还可以用some, many, most, each等不定代词替换 ①The poor man has no house ___________ he can live. ②Recently, I bought an ancient vase, the price of ___________ was very reasonable. 4. which与as引导非限制性定语从句的三点区别 　 单词 项目 　 which as 位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活, 可位于句首、句中, 也可置于句末 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词, 如see, hear, know, expect, remember等 意思上 这一点 正如……, 正像……的那样 ①She failed the exam again, ___________ was unexpected. ②She passed the exam, ___________ we expected. 正如我们预料的那样, 她考试及格了。 ③___________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. ④Her performances on the stage were perfect, ___________ made a lot of people admire her. ⑤In the past few years, more than half of the bookstores in China have closed down, ___________ is the result of the competition with online bookstores. ● 考点四 定语从句和动词­ing形式/动词­ed形式作定语之间的相互转化 This is the factory which ___________ in 1980. →This is the factory ___________ in 1980. 这就是1980年所建的那个工厂。 We live in a house ___________ south. →We live in a house ___________ ___________ ___________. 我们居住在一所朝南的房子里。 1. 我们学校有四千多名学生, 大多数都努力学习。(非限制性定语从句) There are more than 4,000 students in our school, ______________________________________ ____________________________. 2. 我为我们的学校而感到自豪。我相信, 在这里我们一定会考上名牌大学。(非限制性定语从句) I am proud of our school, __________________________________________________________________. 3. 站在那里的那个男孩正在看着一棵断了树枝的树。(动词­ing形式作定语, 非限制性定语从句) The boy ___________ is looking at a tree, _____________________________. 【巩固练习】 1. Many countries are now setting up national parks ____________ animals and plants can be protected. 2. Opposite is St.Paul's Church, ____________ you can hear some lovely music. 3. He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of____________ were published in the 1990s. 4. Creating an atmosphere ____________ workers feel part of a team is a big challenge. 5. The books on the desk,____________ covers are shiny, are prizes for us. 6. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing(渴望) for the time ____________ he should be able to be independent. 7. The exact year ____________ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. 8. China Today attracts a worldwide readership, ____________ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. 9. The number of smokers, ____________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 10. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill on ____________ school education depends. 11. He wrote a letter ____________ he explains what had happened in the accident. 12. I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, ____________ my classmates recommended(推荐) to me. 13. Students should take part in activities ____________ they can get experience for growth. 14. I am looking forward to the day ____________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings. 15. Among the many dangers ____________ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog . 16. Please send us all the information ____________ you have about the candidate(候选人) . 17. It is a truly delightful place, ____________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. 18. Until now, we have raised 50.00 pounds for the poor children, ____________ is quite unexpected. 19. English is a language shared by different cultures, each of ____________ uses it differently. 20. I don’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, ____________ I went up to pick a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. 21. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, ____________ made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true. 22. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of ____________ are family members. 23. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ____________ lives were affected. 24. The children, all of ____________ had played the whole day long, were worn out. 25. Finally he reached a lonely island ____________ was completely cut off from the outside world. 26. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ____________ they live. 27. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform(平台) ____________ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built. 28. (2021全国Ⅱ卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil­testing program ___________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7. 7 million tons. 29. (2021全国乙卷)Just ___________ the old saying goes, “Each coin has two sides.” 30. (2021新高考Ⅰ卷)I am fond of all its columns, but ___________ I enjoy most about the paper is its language and writing style, ___________ contributes greatly to my progress in writing. 我喜欢它的所有专栏, 但最喜欢它的语言和写作风格, 这极大地促进了我写作的进步。 31. The man __________________ you are talking about is in the next room. 32. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to _________ she could turn for help. 33. York, ___________ I visited last year, is a nice city. 34. After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town in ___________ he grew up as a child. 35. This is the very film ___________ my parents love most. 36. The college won’t take on anyone ___________ eyesight is weak. 37. Recently I bought an English dictionary __________ price was very reasonable. 38. Recently I bought an English dictionary the price of ___________ was very reasonable. 39. At the party we talked about the people and schools ___________ we visited last month. 40. The flood destroyed all the books ___________ were put on the first floor. 41. (2021天津) William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ___________ we can learn without repeating them. 42. (2021天津) At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ___________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors. 43.(2020江苏) Many lessons are now available online, from __________ students can choose for free. 44.(2020天津) Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. 45.(2020新课标Ⅲ卷) In ancient China lived an artist ___________ paintings were almost lifelike. 46.(2019江苏) We have entered into an age __________ dreams have the best chance of coming true. 47.(2019天津) Their child is at the stage ___________ she can say individual words but not full sentences. 48.(2019新课标I卷) One afternoon, ___________ I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground. 49.(2019新课标II卷) Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___________ she opened with her late husband Les. 50. (2019全国Ⅰ卷)Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ___________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 51. (2021浙江)BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ___________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. 52. (2020全国Ⅰ卷)... China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ___________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 53. (2020全国Ⅲ卷)In ancient China lived an artist ___________ paintings were almost lifelike. 54. (2019江苏)We have entered into an age __________ dreams have the best chance of coming true. Ⅱ. 用定语从句合并句子 1. Last week Mary wore the dress. I gave it to her. →Last week Mary wore the dress _________________ ____________________. 2. The girl is from America. Her father is a teacher. →The girl ____________________________________ is from America. 3. The room is mine. Its windows face north. →The room ___________________________/ ________________/____________________________ face north is mine. 4. Do you know the man？The man spoke to the headmaster just now. →Do you know the man _______________________ ___________________________? 5. The woman is my mother. You are looking after her. →The woman _________________________________ is my mother. 6. My grandparents live in a house. The house is more than 100 years old. →My grandparents live in a house ________________ ___________________________. I.语段填空(用适当的关系词填空) There was a time 1._________ I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English. And this is the reason 2._________ my father forced me to join in a 30­ day training in an English club before I went to senior high school. When I first came to the club, 3._________ I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home. Fortunately, my guide, 4.__________ teacher was Li Yang, communicated with me face to face, from 5.__________ I gained some useful instructions. He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there. Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.__________ we did. My father and the guide 7.__________ encouraged me to fall in love with English should be appreciated. Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into 8. __________ I put my entire energy. Every day I will read my words and passages aloud. In class I will join in English discussions. Before I go to sleep, I will recall my passages, through 9._________ I can memorize a large number of new words. 10._________ our English teacher says, “As long as we form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, we will conquer English sooner or later.” Ⅱ. 写作运用 1. As is universally known (众所周知), high school life is an important turning point and 2. __________________ _______________________________________________ (高中校园是学生学习和生活的重要场所). My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation. Having had a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record 3. ____________________________ (我们的在校经历). Material collecting took us a whole week, _____________________________________________________________ _________________________________ (在此期间, 我们采访了我们的老师, 并拍摄了学校生活的各个方面). Some compromises were unavoidable, but the video turned out perfect. 5. ____________________________________ (播放录像的那一天), it was well received. The students and teachers shared a great time, 6. ________________________ _________________________________________(这当然给了我们很大的成就感). 讲义3 ● 关联课文 1.who, which, that, whose 2.主语或宾语; 定语。 ● 考点一 ① ② ③ ④ 一、关系代词的用法 1.who、who 2. (whom) (who/whom/that)、 whom 3. which、(which) 4.that/which、that/who、(that/who/whom)、(that/which) ① that ② that ③ that ④ that ① which ② which ① who、who ② who a. that b. that c. that d. that e. that f. (that) g. (that) h.from whom i.on which j.who k.(who/whom/that) 5. whose、of which、of which、whose、whose、of which、of which、whose ● 考点二 ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ● 考点三 二、使用定语从句的注意事项 1.①were、has、 ③(that/which)、which Ⅰ. 用合适的关系代词填空 31.whom/who/that 32.whom 33.which 34.which 35.that 36.whose 37.whose 38.which 39.that 40.that Ⅱ. 用定语从句合并句子 1. Last week Mary wore the dress. I gave it to her. →Last week Mary wore the dress (that/which) I gave to her. 2. The girl is from America. Her father is a teacher. →The girl whose father is a teacher is from America. 3. The room is mine. Its windows face north. →The room whose windows/the windows of which/of which the windows face north is mine. 4. Do you know the man？The man spoke to the headmaster just now. →Do you know the man who/that spoke to the headmaster just now? 5. The woman is my mother. You are looking after her. →The woman (that/who/whom) you are looking after is my mother. 6. My grandparents live in a house. The house is more than 100 years old. →My grandparents live in a house which/that is more than 100 years old. 1. where/in which 2. where/in which 3. which 4. where/in which 5. whose 6. when 7. that/which 8. which 9. as 10. which 11. where/in which 12. which 13. where/in which 14. when/ on which 15. which 16. that 17. which 18. which 19. which 20. when 21. which 22. whom 23. whose 24. whom 25. which/that 26. where/in which 27. where/on which 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $