高中英语基础语法汇编 chapter 10 非谓语动词 讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

2025-10-16
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学段 高中
学科 英语
教材版本 -
年级 高三
章节 -
类型 教案-讲义
知识点 非谓语动词
使用场景 高考复习-一轮复习
学年 2025-2026
地区(省份) 全国
地区(市) -
地区(区县) -
文件格式 DOCX
文件大小 175 KB
发布时间 2025-10-16
更新时间 2025-10-17
作者 匿名
品牌系列 -
审核时间 2025-10-16
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来源 学科网

摘要:

该高中英语讲义围绕非谓语动词这一高考核心语法点,系统整合不定式、分词、动名词三大类,按句法作用、时态语态的内在逻辑分层展开,通过考点梳理、方法指导、真题实例解析等教学环节,帮助学生构建知识网络,突破非谓语动词在句中作主语、定语、状语等关键应用难点,体现复习的系统性和针对性。 资料创新采用“功能-形式-意义”联动教学策略,如在不定式作定语教学中,通过分析逻辑主谓、动宾关系,结合真题例句对比主动表被动的特殊用法,培养学生的语言能力和思维品质。设置易混点专项辨析(如现在分词与动名词作定语的区别)和梯度化真题训练,确保学生在有限时间内掌握非谓语动词的灵活运用,为教师精准把控复习节奏、提升学生应考能力提供实用指导。

内容正文:

高中英语基础语法汇编 chapter 10 非谓语动词 第一节 非谓语动词的定义与句法作用 非谓语动词(The Non-Finite Verb), 又称非限定动词, 是指并非用作句子的谓语、不受主语的人称和数的限制, 而是担任其他语法功能的动词。非限定动词有三种形式:不定式(The Infinitive)、分词(The Participle)和动名词(The Gerund)。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外, 可承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词具体的句法作用如表所示。 非限定动词的句法作用 第二节 非谓语动词的分类及用法 一、不定式 不定式由不定式符号“to”加动词原形构成(有时to可省略), 其结构为“(to)+do”。不定式不能单独作谓语, 不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化, 具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。但不定式仍保留着动词的特征, 可以与半助动词或情态动词连用构成复合谓语;可以被状语修饰;如果动词是及物动词, 可以带宾语。动词不定式可连同其宾语、状语等一起构成短语, 称为不定式短语(The Infinitive Phrase)。不定式短语可在句子中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和主语补足语。 (一)动词不定式的句法作用 1.动词不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时, 一般表示具体、个别的、一次性的或具有将来意味的动作。在表示一般抽象概念时多用动名词, 有时也可用不定式, 二者均可互换使用。例如: To read/Reading good books makes you happy. 读好书使你快乐。 动词不定式作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数。例如: To combine theory with practice is a good way of learning. 理论联系实际是学习的一种好方法。 It was his duty to attend to the matter. 处理这个问题是他的责任。 It is important for a scientist to look at matter from the viewpoint of movement. 科学家以运动的观点看待事物是很重要的。 It was kind of Harry to give up his seat in the bus to the old woman. 哈利在公交车上让座给那位老妇人真是太体贴了。 It pays to read this novel. 这本小说值得一读。 When to start remains undecided. 出发时间未定。 It's essential for there to be more houses built next year. 明年这里建更多的房子是必要的。 2.动词不定式作表语 动词不定式作表语时, 一般表示的是与主语一样的东西, 或是主语所产生的结果。例如: To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 To teach is to learn twice. 教就是再学习。 3.动词不定式作宾语 动词不定式作宾语时, 一般表示特殊的、具体的、一次性的行为。常见的句型如下: (1)直接作及物动词的宾语。常见的动词有afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose(宁愿, 偏要), claim, consent, continue, dare, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, elect, endeavor, expect, fail, forget, guarantee, hate help, hope, intend, learn, like, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pledge, prepare, prefer, pretend, profess, promise, refuse, remember, require, resolve, seek, start, swear, threaten, try, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow, want, wish等。其句型分为以下两种: ①“subj.+vt.+to do sth.”结构。例如: Harry aims to become a computer expert. 哈里的目标是成为一名计算机专家。 ②“subj.+vt.+for sb.to do sth.”结构。例如: I shouldn't care for that man to be my doctor. 我不应介意让那人当我的医生。 注意:need, want, require, deserve 等词后面所接的动名词或不定式表示被动意义时, 动名词作宾语用主动形式, 动词不定式用被动形式。例如: The furniture won't need polishing tomorrow. 明天这些家具不需要擦了。 The house needs to be painted both inside and outside. 这栋房子里外都需要粉刷。 (2)以it作形式宾语, 动词不定式作真正的宾语。动词不定式作宾语时, 如果宾语后面带有宾语补足语, 要用it作形式宾语, 将作真正宾语的不定式移到宾语补足语后面。例如: I don't think it necessary to go on with the experiment. 我认为没有必要继续这项实验。 TV makes it possible for us to see a distance scene. 电视使我们有可能看到远方的景色。 (3)作介词的宾语。英语中只有少数几个介词, 如about, besides, but, except, save, than 等可以后接不定式作为其宾语。这些介词除about外, 都表示“除……之外”。例如: He thinks nothing except to be a doctor. 他一心想当医生。 (4)“疑问代词/疑问副词/连接词+不定式”结构。例如: Tell me whether to trust him or not. 告诉我是否可以相信他。 (5)“there to be+n./pron.”结构。例如: I expect there to be no argument about this. 我预料人们对这件事情不会有争议。 4.动词不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语时, 一律位于其所修饰的名词或代词之后, 不定式修饰的名词多为抽象名词, 如ability, means, order, thing, way, work等。同时, 不定式与其修饰的中心词之间有多种不同的关系, 常见的关系分为以下五方面。 (1)中心词为由动词派生出来的抽象名词, 原动词可用不定式作宾语, 该中心词与修饰它的不定式之间存在同位关系。此时, 不定式对中心词起解释作用。常见的这类名词中心词有arrangement, attempt, claim, decision, desire, determination, failure, hope, intention, need, order, plan, promise, refusal, resolution, tendency, threat, wish等。例如: He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall. 他希望游览长城。 (2)中心词为由形容词派生出来的抽象名词, 其后接不定式作原因状语, 或与不定式连用作复合谓语。常见的这类名词中心词有ability, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, eagerness, impatience, patience, reluctance, willingness等。例如: He was filled with ambition to become an engineer. 他渴望成为一名工程师。 (3)不定式与其所修饰的名词中心词之间存在同位关系。此时, 不定式用以说明被修饰名词的内容。常见的这类名词中心词有campaign, chance, courage, efforts, evidence, means, measures, method, move, movement, opportunity, position, power, project, reason, right, skill, strength, struggle, way等。例如: We're starting a movement to clean up the city. 我们正在发起一项整顿城市的运动。 (4)中心词与作定语的不定式之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系, 即中心词为定语不定式动作的执行者, 是不定式的逻辑主语。此时, 不定式作定语的句法作用相当于关系代词作主语的定语从句。在这种句型中, 被修饰的中心词可以是名词、代词或数词。例如: We are in need of nurses to take care of children.(=...nurses who can take care of...) 我们需要护理儿童的护士。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个来到, 最后一个离开。 (5)中心词与作定语的不定式之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系, 即中心词为定语不定式动作的接受者, 是不定式的逻辑宾语。此时, 不定式作定语, 相当于关系代词作宾语的定语从句。因此, 作定语的不定式后面不能接宾语。在这种句型中, 作定语的不定式经常是以主动形式表示被动意义, 其修饰的中心词可以是名词、代词或数词。例如: There is no time to lose. 我们没有时间可浪费了。 I have a letter to send. 我有封信要寄。 Can you get me something to eat? 你能给我找点东西吃吗? The thing to do now is to carry out an experiment. 现在要做的事是做实验。 如果中心词是表示定语的动词不定式动作的地点、方式、工具等, 不定式后面一般要用介词来表示中心词与不定式之间的动宾关系。此时, 带介词的不定式可以转换成由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。例如: He is looking for a room to live in.(=He is looking for a room in which to live.) 他正在找个房间住。 There is a tree over there to sit under. 那边有棵树可以坐在树下面。 另外, 被only, the first, the second, the last, the next, 或其他序数词与最高级形容词修饰的名词, 通常用不定式作定语。例如: Practice is the only way to learn a language. 练习/实践是学习语言的唯一方法。 I don't think he is the best man to do the job. 我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。 5.动词不定式作状语 动词不定式作状语时, 具有副词的特征, 常被用作状语, 在句中表示目的、原因、结果和程度等。 (1)不定式作目的状语。例如: To learn a language well, you must make painstaking efforts. 要学好一种语言, 必须下苦功夫。 In order to make better use of these materials, we have to study their properties. 为了更好地利用这些材料, 我们必须研究其特性。 They worked hard so as to end the task success fully. 他们努力工作以便圆满完成任务。 A man must so train his habits as to rely upon his own courage in moments of emergency. 一个人必须养成这样的习惯, 以便在紧急关头能够依靠自己的魄力。 For there to be no mistake, you must recheck the results got from the experiment. 为了不出错误, 我们必须重新检查实验的结果。 (2)不定式作原因状语。动词不定式作原因状语的句型主要分为两种:一是位于表示感情的不及物动词之后, 说明动词动作的原因;一是位于作表语的形容词和过去分词之后, 说明形容词和过去分词。 ①位于表示感情的不及物动词之后, 说明其前面动词动作的原因。例如: She trembled to think of it. 一想到此事她就不寒而栗。 ②位于作表语的形容词和过去分词之后。例如: I'm glad to see her in good health. 见她身体健康我很高兴。 You were careless to leave your bike unlocked. 丢下自行车不锁, 你真粗心。 (3)不定式作结果状语。不定式作结果状语时, 位于被修饰的动词之后。例如: He was too excited to fall asleep. 他激动得睡不着。 She left home only to find life more difficult. 她离家出走, 结果发现生活更困难。 She sang so well as to bring down the house. 她精彩的演唱博得满堂喝彩。 His remarks were such as to annoy everyone at the meeting. 他的话使会场上的人反感。 There is such a rapid increase in population as to cause a food shortage. 人口增长如此快, 以至于粮食短缺。 It's too late for there to be any buses. 天太晚了, 不会有公交车了。 (4)不定式作程度状语。不定式作程度状语时, 多用于“enough to do something”句型中。例如: They are old enough to decide what is good for them. 他们已经长大, 足以判断什么对他们好。 I'm not scholar enough to name this plant. 我才疏学浅, 讲不出这种植物的名字。 6.动词不定式作宾语补足语 动词不定式作宾语补足语时, 宾语为不定式的逻辑主语。此时, 不定式作宾语补足语的句型分为可变为被动语态的句型与不能变为被动语态的句型。 可变为被动语态的句型: (1)用于表示命令、教导、要求、允许、意向、起因、使、禁止、劝告、警告等意义的动词之后。常见的这类动词有:advise, allow, ask, beg, bribe, cause, challenge, command, compel, dare, direct, empower, enable, encourage, entitle, expect, forbid, force, get, give, impel, implore, induce, instruct, intend, invite, know, lead, mean, oblige, order, permit, persuade, press, remind, request, require, teach, tell, tempt, urge, warn等。例如: The doctor warned the patient not to smoke. 医生警告病人不要吸烟。 He gave me to understand that he could help me. 他使我明白他能帮助我。 (2)用于表示意见、判断、信念、料想、声明、认可或心理感觉等意义的词之后。此句型是比较正式的文体, 多用于书面语。另外, 作宾语补足语的不定式“to be”可以省略, 但其完成式“to have been”不能省略。常见的这类动词有:acknowledge, announce, appoint, assure, believe, choose, claim, consider, declare, elect, feel, find, guess, hold, imagine, judge, know, name, proclaim, prove, realize, report, suppose, take, think, understand等。例如: Everyone reported him to be the best man for the job. 大家都说他是这项工作的最佳人选。 (3)表示生理感觉的动词, 如behold, feel, hear, look at, listen to, mark(注意), notice, observe, perceive, see, watch等, 后跟不定式作宾语补足语时, 不定式前省去to。例如: We observe tears come into her eyes. 我们看到她满眼含泪。 (4)用于表示“致使、让”等意义的动词, 如bid, have, let, make等之后。这类动词后跟不定式作为其宾语补足语时, 不定式前省去to。例如: The teacher made the students retell the text. 老师让学生们复述课文。 (5)句中的谓语动词为表示喜爱、厌恶、偏爱的词, 如bear, get, hate, help, leave, like, prefer, want, wish等, 后跟不定式(短语)作为其宾语补足语时, 该句通常不能变为被动句。例如: She can't bear me to be happy. 她不能容忍我快乐。 (6)动词短语后跟不定式作宾语补足语。常见的这类短语有:care for, call on, count on, depend on, long for, rely on, vote for等。例如: We cannot count on another country to help us. 我们不能指望别的国家会帮助我们。 7.动词不定式作主语补足语 动词不定式作主语补足语时, 主语为不定式的逻辑主语。例如: Mathematics is known to be the base of all other sciences. He is thought to be the best player of basketball. 8.动词不定式作插入语 动词不定式作插入语的结构多为一些固定短语, 如so as to say, to be exact, to be frank, to begin with, to be honest, to be just, to be sure, to cut the matter short, to tell the truth等。通常, 这些短语在句中作评注性状语或连接性状语。 To begin with, there must be close co-operation between them. 9.动词不定式作同位语 动词不定式可作名词的同位语, 用以说明所修饰名词的具体内容, 一般用逗号或破折号隔开。例如: We all have a common desire—to realize communism. 10.动词不定式的复合结构 由于不定式是非谓语动词, 不能独立作谓语。因此, 不定式没有自己的主语。通常, 句子的主语为不定式的逻辑主语。当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语而需要有自己的逻辑主语时, 要用不定式复合结构。不定式复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、定语、状语。例如: It will be good for you to spend the holidays in the country.(主语) The answer to that question is for you to find.(表语) I regard it as important for you to finish.(宾语) English is one of the basic subjects for us to learn in the university.(定语) For a lesson to be well taught, the teacher must make careful preparations.(状语) (二)动词不定式的时态和语态 1.动词不定式的时态和语态形式 动词不定式的时态和语态的具体形式如表所示。 动词不定式的时态和语态形式 2.动词不定式进行式 不定式进行式所表示的动作通常与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生。其在句中的作用等同于不定式一般式。例如: He didn't expect her to be working so hard. 他没有料到她工作如此努力。 另外, 不定式进行式可与情态动词连用, 构成复合谓语, 表示对正在进行或将要进行的动作或情况的猜测, 也可表示义务与责任。例如: You must be dreaming. She may be coming next morning. 3.动词不定式完成式 动词不定式一般式所表示的动作, 一般和句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生。如果不定式动作在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生, 要用不定式完成式。不定式完成式在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语、主语补足语和复合谓语。例如: It would have been amusing to have gone to the exhibition. She felt it an honor to have taken part in the work. He was the first professor to have been invited to give a lecture on the laser technique. I am sorry not to have done the work well. The doctor found her heart to have stopped beating. They are said to have found out a simpler method for producing plastics. 4.动词不定式完成进行式 动词不定式完成进行式与不定式完成式相同, 其动作发生在句中谓语动词之前, 只是强调动作的连续性。例如: I'm sorry to have been troubling you all the time. He may have been waiting for his friend. 5.动词不定式的被动态 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要采用被动形式。例如: It is an honor for me to be awarded the first prize. He asked to be sent to Tibet. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next session. I am glad to be allowed to look around your research center. The machine seems to have been damaged. 6.动词不定式省略to的习惯用法 如前所述, 动词不定式由不定式符号“to”加动词原形构成。但在某些情形下, to可用可不用;在另外一些情形下, 则一定不能用。不定式省略to的习惯用法分为以下三种情形。 (1)基本助动词、情态动词后面的不定式省略to。例如: Do ask, if you have any question. We needn't return the book today, need we? (2)用于知觉动词behold, fell, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, watch等后面作为其宾语补足语的不定式省略to。例如: I feel my health improve. We watched the sun set behind the trees. (3)用于致使动词have, let, make后作为其宾语补足语的不定式省略to。例如: Let him come as soon as possible. 二、分词 分词是另外一种非谓语动词。同动词不定式一样, 分词不能独立作谓语动词, 但又保留动词的若干特征。分词可以带有宾语并能被状语修饰, 有时态和语态的变化。分词分为现在分词(v.-ing)与过去分词(v.-ed)。现在分词表示主动意义及正在进行的动作;过去分词表示被动意义及已被完成的动作。另外, 分词具有形容词和副词的特征, 在句中可作定语、表语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。 (一)分词的句法作用 1.分词短语作定语 分词短语作定语时, 与其所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系, 表示其所修饰的词发出或承受的动作, 即从动作方面说明事物的特征。分词作定语的形式分为两种:前置定语和后置定语。单个分词作定语时, 一般位于其所修饰的名词之前, 称为前置定语;分词短语作定语时, 一般位于其所修饰的名词之后, 称为后置定语。 (1)现在分词作定语。现在分词作定语时, 表示被修饰名词所发出的动作, 即被修饰的名词是分词行为的实际发出者。因此, 分词与其所修饰的名词存在逻辑上的主谓关系, 表示名词的动作、行为的特征。 ①现在分词作前置定语。例如: the changing world=the world that is changing 正在变化的世界 the running water 自来水 注意:动名词作定语时与分词具有不同意义。动名词侧重表示与其所修饰的名词有关的动作, 以说明该名词的用途。例如: working people=people who are working(分词) working method=method of working(动名词) a sleeping girl=a girl who is sleeping(分词) a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping(动名词) ②现在分词作后置定语。现在分词作后置定语时, 要注意分词所表示的动作与句中谓语动词所表示的动作之间的时间关系。一般, 只有两者所表示的动作同时发生, 或分词所表示的是现在时刻正在进行的动作, 或经常性动作以及当时所处的状态时, 才用分词(短语)作定语, 否则用定语从句。另外, 分词是表示来去意义的词, 如coming, going, leaving等时, 分词可表示将来的动作。例如: Tell the boys playing there not to make so much noise.(同时发生) The comrades working in the countryside will come back the day after tomorrow.(现在时刻正在进行的动作, 此时, 分词动作和句中谓语动词所表示的动作不一定同时发生) They lived in a room facing the south.(经常性动作以及当时所处的状态) The boy coming to see you tomorrow is my brother.(将来的动作) We shall arrive too late to catch the train leaving at eight.(将来的动作) (2)过去分词作定语。过去分词作定语时, 其所表示的动作处于句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前或没有一定的时间标识, 相当于被动语态的定语从句。及物动词的过去分词表示被动的或已完成的意义。此时, 被修饰的名词是分词行为的承受者。不及物动词的过去分词通常表示已完成的动作, 且表示主动意义。此时, 被修饰的名词是分词动作的执行者。 ① 过去分词作前置定语。例如: All the broken windows have been repaired.(及物动词的过去分词作前置定语) the risen sun 升起的太阳(不及物动词的过去分词作前置定语) ② 过去分词作后置定语。作后置定语的过去分词一般为分词短语。但有时为了强调分词的动作, 或者由于分词仍保持着较强的动词意义, 单个分词也可放在被修饰的名词后面。例如: The experience gained will be of great value for us. This is something unheard of in history. 2.分词短语作状语 分词短语作状语时, 句子的主语为分词的逻辑主语。此时, 分词短语用以对谓语动词所表示的动作或行为发生的时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况等进行修饰说明。分词短语与主句之间一般用逗号隔开。通常, 表示时间、条件、原因的状语位于句首;表示结果、方式、伴随情况的状语位于句末。另外, 分词短语前可使用连接词, 如although, as, even if, if, though, unless, when, while等。 (1)分词短语作条件状语。例如: Working hard, you will succeed.(现在分词作条件状语) Heating water, you will change it into steam.(现在分词作条件状语) Unless heated, a body will have no tendency to expand.(过去分词作条件状语) Considered from this point of view, the question under discussion is of great importance.(过去分词作条件状语) (2)分词短语作时间状语。例如: Hearing the noise, they immediately stopped talking.(现在分词作时间状语) Pay attention to your grammar, when speaking English.(现在分词作时间状语) Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.(现在分词作时间状语) When turned on, the radio still does not work.(过去分词作时间状语) When combined with practice, theory becomes easier to learn.(过去分词作时间状语) (3)分词短语作原因状语。例如: Not knowing how to solve the problem, I asked the teacher.(现在分词一般式作原因状语) Not having been told when to start, he came late.(现在分词完成式作原因状语) Not given careful consideration, the work can not be easily completed.(过去分词作原因状语) The book, written in simple English, is suitable for beginners.(过去分词作原因状语) (4)分词短语作表示行为方式或伴随动作的状语。分词短语作此类状语时, 一般居于后位, 表明分词所表示的动作是次要的, 从而用以说明主要的动作。在这种句型中, 分词表示的动作一般与谓语动词的动作同时发生。例如: They entered the room, talking and laughing.(现在分词作行为方式或伴随动作状语) She stood here, listening to the wind and watching the rain.(现在分词作行为方式或伴随动作状语) The teacher stood there, surrounded by many students.(过去分词作行为方式或伴随动作状语) I sat until after eleven, absorbed in a book.(过去分词作行为方式或伴随动作状语) (5)分词短语作结果状语。通常, 只有现在分词作结果状语。例如: Her husband died in 1945, leaving her with three children. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (6)分词短语作让步状语。例如: Although working his fingers to the bone, John still couldn't make enough money to pay off his debt.(现在分词作让步作状语) Though warned of danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.(过去分词作让步作状语) 3.分词短语作表语 现在分词作表语时, 表示与主语的关系是主动关系, 即主语是表语的分词动作的行为者;过去分词作表语时, 表示与主语的关系是被动关系。 (1)现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征。此时, 现在分词具有形容词的特征, 不能带有自己的宾语, 但可以被程度状语very, much, quite等修饰, 有时也可以被表示比较意义的more, most修饰。例如: It feels quite refreshing to take a bath after work. The result of the experiment is encouraging. (2)过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。但是, 并非所有的过去分词都可以作表语, 常见的可以作表语的过去分词有broken, closed, completed, done, covered, dressed, finished, gone, illustrated, injured, killed, known, loaded, lost, married, prepared, shut, spent, surrounded, translated, won, wounded等。这些过去分词已被看作形容词, 一般用程度副词very来修饰。尚未形容词化的过去分词, 如changed, drawn等用much来修饰。very much则可以修饰所有的过去分词。例如: They were very upset when they parted. He got very excited when he heard the news. 4.分词短语作宾语补足语, 构成复合宾语 分词短语作宾语补足语时, 在逻辑上与宾语之间存在主谓关系。现在分词作宾语补足语表示的意义为宾语正在进行的动作全过程还未完成;过去分词作宾语补足语表示的意义为宾语的状态。 (1)现在分词作宾语补足语时, 句中所用的谓语动词可分为以下两类。 ① 表示视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉等生理的动词, 如discover, feel, find, hear, imagine, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, smell等。例如: I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. Can you smell something burning? 注意:本句型中谓语动词后可用现在分词作宾语补足语, 也可用动词不定式作宾语补足语, 但二者在用法上有所不同。具体区别如下: (i)现在分词作宾语补足语时, 表示动作正在进行(还未完成全过程);不定式则表示动作的完成。例如: I saw him crossing the road.(看见他过马路, 还未过完) I saw him cross the road.(看见他过马路, 已经过去) (ii)宾语补足语由短暂性动作动词表示时, 不定式中的动词表示一次性的动作, 现在分词中的动词表示反复性的动作。例如: I heard the door slam.(我听见门砰然一声关上了) I heard the door slamming.(我听见门砰砰不断地响) ②具有“致使”意义的词, 如bring, catch, draw, get, have, keep, leave, send, set, start等。例如: A phone call sent him hurrying to London. His remarks left me wondering about his real purpose. (2)过去分词作宾语补足语时, 句中所用的谓语动词可分为以下三类。 ①表示感觉和心理状态的动词, 如consider, expect, feel, find, hear, like, observe, see, think, urge, watch等。例如: We found Beijing greatly changed. He once heard the song sung in English. ②表示“致使”意义的词, 如allow, get, have, keep, leave, make, permit等。例如: On these questions, we have made our views understood. Please keep us informed of the latest developments. ③表示“希望、要求”意义的词, 如like, order, want, wish等。例如: We want the work finished by Monday. 5.分词短语作主语补足语 分词短语作主语补足语时, 用以说明主语的动作和状态。主动句变为被动句后, 原先作为主动句中的宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。因此, 分词短语作主语补足语的句型都为被动句。例如: She was never heard singing that song again.(现在分词作主语补足语) Our views have to be made known to them all.(过去分词作主语补足语) 6.分词的复合结构——独立主格 有时分词, 可以在其之前用名词或代词来表明分词的动作由谁执行, 即分词的逻辑主语。但这些名词或代词不是句子的主语或分词所修饰的中心词。这种结构称为分词的复合结构, 即独立主格。分词复合结构可在句中作状语, 表明时间、原因、条件、方式及伴随动作等。另外, with复合结构还可作定语。分词复合结构的类型如下: (1)“名词/(主格)代词+现在分词”结构。例如: The teacher having left, the students resumed their discussion.(时间状语) Weather permitting, the football match will be played on next Sunday.(条件) (2)“名词/(主格)代词+过去分词”结构。例如: The duty completed, he had three months leave.(原因) (3)“名词/(主格)代词+形容词”结构。例如: The commander was waiting, his face white with anger.(方式及伴随动作) (4)“名词/(主格)代词+介词短语”结构。例如: He stood at the door, his hands in his pockets.(伴随动作) (5)“名词/(主格)代词+副词”结构。例如: Class over, all the students went out from the classroom.(时间状语) (6)“名词/(主格)代词+名词”结构。例如: His first shot failure, he fired again.(原因) (7)“with/without+名词/(宾格)代词+分词/形容词/介词短语/副词/名词”结构。例如: With the problem solved, the meeting came to its end.(原因) (8)“There being+名词”结构。例如: There being no spare parts, the equipment could not be repaired at once.(原因) (二)分词的时态和语态 1.分词的时态和语态形式 分词的时态和语态的具体形式如表所示。过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾ed构成;不规则动词无统一的变化规则, 需一一记住。 现在分词的时态和语态形式 2.分词的完成式 (1)现在分词一般式所表示的动作通常和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生;现在分词完成式所表示的动作在句中谓语动词动作之前发生, 在句中主要作状语, 表示时间和原因。例如: Having sent the children to bed, she began to study.(表时间) Having studied hard, he got high marks in the test.(表原因) (2)单独的过去分词可以表示完成。例如: He told us of the great wrong done to him.(=He told us of the great wrong which had been done to him.) 3.分词的被动语态 (1)现在分词一般式的被动语态。表示一个被动动作时, 如果这个动作是此刻正在进行的动作, 或与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生, 就可以用现在分词的被动式来表示。现在分词一般式的被动语态在句中主要作定语、状语和宾语补足语。例如: This is one of the experiments being carried on.(定语) Being done in a hurry, the exercises were full of mistakes.(状语) You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(宾语补足语) (2)现在分词完成式的被动语态。现在分词完成式的被动语态在句中主要作状语, 有时也可作定语。例如: Having been trained for a year, we know how to operate the complicated system. (3)单独的过去分词可以表示被动。例如: He of ten hears the song sung in the next room.(一般时) Weakened by the successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.(完成时) 三、动名词 动名词由“动词原形+ing”构成, 具有名词和动词的特征, 可带有自己的宾语和状语。动名词连同其宾语和状语一起被称为动名词短语, 在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。 (一)动名词的句法作用 1.动名词作主语 动名词作主语时, 通常表示抽象的、习惯性的或经常性的动作, 并且通常不与特定的动作执行者一起联用, 多表示说话者多次做过所述的动作或对其有过经验。动名词作主语的常见句型如下: (1)“主语+系动词+表语”句型。例如: Walking, running, rowing and cycling are all healthy forms of exercise. (2)“主语+谓语动词+宾语”句型。例如: We don't allow smoking in the workshop. (3)“There be+no+动名词”句型。(=it is impossible to do sth.=No one can do sth.=we cannot do sth.)例如: There is no knowing when the rain will stop. (4)“It is+adj./n.+动名词”句型。此类句型的应用范围比较小, 主要在以dangerous, hard work, no good, no point, not any help, not easy, no use, senseless, useless, worthwhile等词作表语的句子中使用。例如: It's no use buying books but not reading them. It is hard work keeping the grass green at this time of year. (5)用于布告形式的省略句中。例如: No smoking! 2.动名词作定语 (1)动名词作前置定语时, 位于其所修饰的词之前, 用以说明它所修饰的名词的用处及与之相关的动作, 只能够单独使用, 不能带有宾语或状语。例如: This is a new type of printing machine. Their working plan will be made next week. (2)动名词作后置定语时, 必须与其前面的介词一起构成介词短语。此时, 动名词可以带有自己的宾语。“介词+动名词”构成的介词短语作定语时, 相当于一种名词性定语, 表示抽象概念, 并不强调动作, 而且其时间概念也不强。例如: The importance of learning English is more and more evident. I don't know the date of opening the library. 3.动名词作表语 动名词作表语时, 具有名词的作用, 表示主语的内涵。因此, 主语和表语在概念上必须一致(相同或相似)。另外, 动名词作表语时, 句子的主语有很大的局限性, 一般为只限于表示工作、任务(duty, job, work, task)或精神状态(wish, happiness)的抽象名词。有时动名词作表语的句法作用相当于名词性从句。例如: His greatest happiness is serving the people heart and soul. Our task is building our country into a modern powerful socialist country. 4.动名词作宾语 动名词作宾语时, 通常表示一般的、习惯的、抽象的、经常性的行为。常见的句型如下: (1)动名词作及物动词的宾语。在这种句型中, 常见的及物动词有acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, discontinue, endure, enjoy, escape, evade, excuse, facilitate, fail, fancy, favor, fancy, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, include, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, omit, pardon, permit, postpone, practise, recommend, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stop, suggest, support, tolerate, understand, feel like, give up, leave off, look forward to, object to, put off等。例如: Tom always defers doing his homework till the last moment. You certainly mustn't miss seeing this wonderful film. 注意: ①有些及物动词可以后跟动名词, 也可以后跟不定式作为其宾语。通常, 动名词作宾语表示的意义为一般的、习惯的、抽象的、经常性的行为;不定式则为特殊的、具体的、一次性的行为。常见的这类及物动词有like, love, prefer, dislike, dread, fear, hate, intend, plan, begin, start, attempt, neglect, propose等。例如: He prefers to talk rather than take a bus. I prefer going with you to waiting at home. ②有些及物动词虽然可以后跟动名词或动词不定式作为其宾语, 但在这两种情形下, 其表示的意义不同。这类及物动词主要有chance, forget, help, learn, mean, regret, remember, try, want等。例如: Should we chance getting home before it snows? He chanced to find his lost bike in front of a store. (2)动名词作介词宾语。在这种结构中, 动名词位于介词之后, 与介词一起构成介词短语, 在句中作定语和状语。例如: I hope you don't forget about posing my letter. His father has stopped him from using the car. He did not speak of having read this book. 5.动名词作补足语 动名词作宾语补足语或主语补足语时, 其句法作用相当于名词, 只有在少数情况下动名词才用作补足语。例如: People call that killing two birds with one stone. Telephoning a place outside your area is called telephoning long distance. 6.动名词的复合结构 在动名词前面可以加上一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语。此时, 动名词同其逻辑主语构成动名词的复合结构, 在句中可作主语、表语、宾语。动名词复合结构的类型主要包括以下六种。 (1)“所有格名词+动名词”结构。例如: My sister's falling ill worried Mother greatly.(主语) (2)“通格名词+动名词”结构。当动名词的逻辑主语是非生命的名词或是一个词组时, 动名词的逻辑主语通常用通格, 特别是当动名词的复合结构作宾语时。例如: Is there any hope of your brother getting first place in the race?(宾语) (3)“物主代词+动名词”结构。例如: We congratulated on his being admitted to the national team.(宾语) (4)“宾格代词+动名词”结构。现代英语中, 当动名词复合结构作宾语时, 如果动名词的逻辑主语是代词, 则用代词的宾格形式代替物主代词。例如: I don't doubt you being able to do it.(宾语) (5)“指示代词/不定代词+动名词”结构。例如: We insist on both of them coming in time.(宾语) (6)“There+being+名词”结构(本结构只作主语和介词宾语)。例如: There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.(主语) (二)动名词的时态和语态 1.动名词的时态和语态形式 动名词的时态和语态的具体形式如表所示。 动名词的时态和语态形式 2.动名词的完成式 动名词的完成式所表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作, 在句中主要用作宾语。例如: He is proud of having written such a good text book. I regret not having seen the exhibition. 3.动名词的被动式 动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者时, 动名词用被动语态。例如: Some plastics can be shaped without being heated. They admitted to having been influenced by his ideas. 1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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高中英语基础语法汇编 chapter 10 非谓语动词 讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项
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高中英语基础语法汇编 chapter 10 非谓语动词 讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项
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高中英语基础语法汇编 chapter 10 非谓语动词 讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项
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