Unit4 Section Ⅳ (1) It as an empty subject（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（外研版）

本高中英语讲义聚焦“it作形式主语”核心语法点，系统梳理其代替不定式短语、动名词短语及主语从句的三大结构，涵盖It is adj./n. to do sth.、It is no use doing sth.等关键句型，构建从感知到应用的学习支架。 资料以短文感知引入语法点，结合丰富例句解析不同结构，配套完成句子、语法填空及语篇阅读练习，助力学生在语言应用中提升语法理解与语篇分析能力，培养思维的逻辑性与严谨性。课中辅助教师分层教学，课后帮助学生查漏补缺，强化语法知识与语言运用能力。

Section Ⅳ　Using language(1)—It as an empty subject 阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并回答以下问题。 ①It is obvious that everyone will experience some stress in life.As far as I am concerned，moderate stress can actually benefit us a lot.We should firstly remember ②it is no use complaining about stress.Besides，to some extent，③it is worthwhile to face some stress when we are young，which will motivate our spirit and strengthen our willpower.All in all，④it is wise of us to make good use of stress instead of being controlled by it. [自主发现] 以上段落中黑体部分中的it均作形式主语；句①中的It代替that引导的主语从句；句②中it代替动名词短语complaining about stress；句③和句④中的it代替不定式。 it作形式主语 一、语法图解 二、it代替不定式(短语)作形式主语 不定式(短语)作主语时往往主语太长，句子结构不平衡，此时可用it作形式主语，把不定式短语放在句末。常用于下列句型中： 1．It＋is/was＋adj./n.＋to do sth. (不定式前可有其逻辑主语for/of sb) In fact，it is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match. 事实上，对于警察而言，在一场重要的足球比赛中维持秩序是一项艰巨的工作。 It is very kind of you to pave the way for my study in such a humble village. 你能在那么简陋的村庄里为我的学习创造条件真是太好了。 It is difficult for the elderly specialists to find the cure for the disease in such a short time. 对于这些年迈的专家来说，在如此短的时间内找到疾病的治愈方法太难了。 2．It＋v.(be，take，cost，need，require，make，sound，occur)．..＋to do sth. It took us three years to tackle the project. 我们花费三年时间才处理了这项工程。 It didn’t occur to me to ask him to assist me. 我根本没想到要找他帮忙。 三、it代替动名词(短语)作形式主语 常用于以下结构中： It is no good/no use/fun/a waste of time/useless doing sth. It’s no use giving him some advice. ＝It’s useless giving him some advice. 给他提建议无用。 四、it代替从句作形式主语 用it 作形式主语的结构主要用于下列句型： 1．It＋be＋名词(a pity/a shame/a fact/an honour/a surprise/good news/no wonder/common knowledge/a wonder/...)＋that... It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather. 皓月兆天晴，这是常识。 It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question. 你对这个问题做了这样的回答，真是令人吃惊的一件事。 2．It＋be＋形容词(strange/natural/surprising/obvious/true/fortunate/wonderful/funny/possible/ impossible/probable/likely/unlikely/clear/unusual/certain/important/...)＋that... It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city. 我们城市的大多数人将享受免费医疗，这是肯定的。 It is probable that he has known everything. 很可能他已经知道了一切。 It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk. 桌上的空盒子里竟然跑出来一只兔子，太有趣了。 3．It seems/happens/turns out/strikes sb/appears/occurs to sb that... It appeared that he had a taste for jazz. 看来他对爵士乐有一定的鉴赏力。 4．It＋be＋过去分词(如said/reported/announced/decided/expected/hoped/known/believed/...)＋that... It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe. 据说李昊去过欧洲。 [名师点津]　(1)在It is suggested/required/desired/ordered/proposed/...that...中，主语从句用虚拟语气：(should)＋动词原形。 It is requested that he (should) give a performance at the party. 有人请求他在聚会上表演一个节目。 (2)大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以用 it充当形式主语。 It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚还不知道。 It depends on the weather whether we will go. 我们去不去取决于天气。 Ⅰ.完成句子 1．在那种紧急情况下，你能帮我一把，真是太好了。 It is kind of you to give me a hand in that urgent situation. 2．这个项目能否在今年秋天完成还不确定。 It is uncertain whether the project will be completed this fall. 3．事实上，和那个固执的人争论是没有用的。 As a matter of fact，it is no use/useless arguing with the stubborn man. 4．有人建议我们定期进行体检。 It is recommended that we (should) conduct physical examination on a regular basis. 5．我锁上门的那一刻，突然想到我的手机忘在桌子上了。 The moment I locked the door，it occurred to/struck me that my phone was left on the desk. Ⅱ.语法填空 I 1.have studied(study) English for six years.It was difficult for me 2.to remember(remember) new words at first.I tried every means，and found it was no use 3.reciting(recite) them over and over again.It was very kind of you 4.to offer(offer) me some suggestions.You told me it was necessary 5.to understand(understand) their meanings in sentences.With your suggestions，I soon made progress in my English study.It is a pity 6.that I hadn’t asked you for help earlier.It 7.is hoped(hope) that I can pass the following TOEFL and get the chance to study abroad.Thanks again for your generous help. 训练5　Using language(A)　[分值：55分] Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10题；每小题1.5分，共15分) 1．It is very kind of you to assist me to clean the dusty shelf. 2．It suddenly occurred to him that he had left his keys in the clinic. 3．It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by Chinese. 4．It is hoped(hope) that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon. 5．It is vital that we should make a joint effort to build a harmonious society. 6．It’s no use talking(talk) with him about the topic since he knows nothing about it. 7．It is still a mystery what caused the infectious virus to spread quickly in this ward. 8．It is said that his grandparents have settled(settle) down in the USA ever since 2002. 9．It’s a standard practice for a company like this one to employ(employ) a security officer. 10．It remains to be seen whether the newly-formed committee’s policy can be put into practice. Ⅱ.完成句子(共5题；每小题3分，共15分) 1．在我看来，玩电脑游戏是浪费时间。 From my point of view，it is a waste of time playing computer games. 2．得知你很难适应新的学校生活我很难过。 I am sorry to know that it is difficult for you to adapt to your new school life. 3．我们有必要掌握一些基本的生活技能。 It is necessary for us to master some basic living skills. 4．信不信由你，工人们花了20年的时间才最终建成了这座宫殿。 Believe it or not，it took the workers 20 years to finally complete the palace. 5．据说这里将建立一个新的自然保护区来保护这些濒危物种。 It is said that a new nature reserve will be set up here to protect the endangered species. Ⅲ.阅读理解(共4题；每小题2.5分，共10分) As the carbon countdown clock ticks on，cities must be more imaginative and cooperative，a lively round table hosted in Newham by a non-profit organization Friends of the Earth said. “Net zero is around the corner，” said Mike Wake，Director of Friends of the Earth.“The UK has cut greenhouse gas emission(排放) by 40% to date mostly through the growth of large renewable generation on the grid(输电网)，but further cuts will be needed as London tries to find new ways of using energy.” “While Newham has lower greenhouse gas emission per head than the UK，it has high levels of fuel poverty，poor air quality and leaky homes.Vastly improved energy efficiency，especially on older and leakier homes，along with more efficient forms of heating and an expansion of low carbon heat networks，will help，” said Wake. “But the future requires a shift to a more communal solution，” the representatives said.District heating，which pipes hot water from a central source to connected homes or businesses，is often a cheaper and lower-carbon method of heating highly populated areas.“It’s the lowest cost and low carbon solution for the future，” Wake added. “There are new technologies to use wasted heat，” Wake said.“We worked with businesses to decarbonise(使环保) energy supply.Rather than wasting，spare heat generated by manufacturing and other activities can be captured and used to heat nearby properties.Friends of the Earth has already helped save Newham thousands of tonnes of emissions through district heating plans，solar PV and more energy efficient measures in the homes.” But the challenges are substantial.Newham has London’s second-highest rate of fuel poverty.“Anyway，I’m confident and hopeful about the collective challenge，” said Wake.“But for Newham to be at the forefront of a green economy，to solve fuel poverty and deal with structural equalities，we must spare no effort.” 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述为了提高能源效率和实现“零排放”的目标，各个城市必须更具有创新和合作精神。 1．What does Wake think of cutting greenhouse gas emission in the UK? A．It doesn’t work at all. B．It ended a short time ago. C．It is very difficult to continue. D．It still needs to be improved. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“The UK has cut greenhouse gas emission(排放) by 40%...but further cuts will be needed as London tries to find new ways of using energy.”可知，维克认为，英国在减少温室气体排放方面仍需改进。故选D。 2．What does the underlined word “communal” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Expensive. B．Peaceful. C．Public. D．Complex. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“District heating，which pipes hot water from a central source to connected homes or businesses，is often a cheaper and lower-carbon method of heating highly populated areas.”可知，未来需要转向更加公共的解决方案。由此可知，画线词communal意为“公共的”。故选C。 3．How did Friends of the Earth help protect the environment? A．By releasing wasted heat. B．By starting up many businesses. C．By making national heating plans. D．By solving the issues about energy. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第五段中“Friends of the Earth has already helped save Newham thousands of tonnes of emissions through district heating plans，solar PV and more energy efficient measures in the homes.”可推知，“地球之友”组织通过解决能源问题来减少碳排放，从而保护环境。故选D。 4．What is Wake’s attitude to the challenges of Newham? A．Worried. B．Positive. C．Uncaring. D．Critical. 答案　B 解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段中“‘Anyway，I’m confident and hopeful about the collective challenge，’ said Wake.”可推知，维克对纽汉区所面临的挑战充满信心和希望。故选B。 Ⅳ.语法填空(共10题；每小题1.5分，共15分) Lai Xuanzhi graduated from Wuhan Sports University,1. (major) in basketball.In 2010，the new graduate 2. (employ) as a PE teacher at a village school.Back then，it was challenging for him.Because of the lack of facilities and funds，it is hard for the school 3. (hold) ordinary PE courses，such as basketball，soccer and track and field，so the 4. (ambition) young teacher had to shift his focus to something that was cheaper and easier to organize. He discovered rope-jumping.With it，he led the students from a village school to participate in many highly competitive international competitions.The very beginning was 5. first World Inter-School Rope Competition，which took place in Dubai in 2015.Lai’s team skipped through，winning 27 of the total of 28 gold 6. (medal)．Lai watched the teens standing on the podium(领奖台) singing the national anthem with tears 7. (run) down their faces.It was at that moment 8. Lai came to realize that for students who are educated in a village school，rope-jumping could not only be part of physical education but also provide access 9. more opportunities. Now，Lai’s jump-rope team has over 200 members.“Children are the future of the country and the hope of the nation，” Lai says.“I hope the effort I have put into physical education can help them to gain a much 10. (bright) future.” 语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了小学体育老师赖宣治通过跳绳运动带领乡村学校的孩子们走向国际竞技舞台的故事。 1．答案　majoring 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词，故空处应为非谓语动词。主语Lai Xuanzhi和所给动词major之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词形式。故填majoring。 2．答案　was employed 解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处为谓语动词，根据时间状语In 2010可知，时态需用一般过去时，结合句意可知，主语the new graduate和谓语动词employ之间构成被动关系，且主语为第三人称单数。故填was employed。 3．答案　to hold 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式。故填to hold。 4．答案　ambitious 解析　考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处为形容词作定语修饰名词teacher，ambition的形容词形式为ambitious，意为“雄心勃勃的，有野心的”，符合句意。故填ambitious。 5．答案　the 解析　考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，空后为序数词first，表示“第一届”，所以空处应为定冠词。故填the。 6．答案　medals 解析　考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知，空处为名词作宾语，medal为可数名词单数，空前有28修饰，所以空处应使用名词复数。故填medals。 7．答案　running 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应为“with的复合结构”，空处为非谓语动词作宾语补足语，run与tears之间为主动关系，所以使用现在分词形式。故填running。 8．答案　that 解析　考查强调句型。分析句子结构可知，此处为强调句型，强调的是时间状语at that moment，空处用that。故填that。 9．答案　to 解析　考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处为固定短语access to，意为“……的机会或权利”，符合句意。故填to。 10．答案　brighter 解析　考查形容词比较级。分析句子结构可知，此处为形容词作定语修饰名词future，空前有much修饰，所以空处应使用形容词比较级brighter。故填brighter。 训练6　Using language(B)　[分值：35分] Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A Many in the US would say Abraham Lincoln is the greatest president.Lincoln is still known for being a great public speaker and a man of honesty.He’s also a symbol of equality.The year 2022 marks the 213th anniversary of his birth. Lincoln served as the 16th US president，from 1861 until his being killed in 1865.Lincoln’s dramatic death and the events that surrounded him have made his presidency a highlight of US history. Immediately after his election to office，the southern states declared independence and formed their own country，the Confederate States of America，commonly referred to as the Confederacy. In the southern states，slavery formed the base of the southern economy and was greatly profitable for southern farmers.According to Greg Timmons at History.com，the Confederacy was the world’s fourth-richest country.However，many people felt that slavery was deeply immoral.When the issue could no longer be ignored，Lincoln was the man in the White House.He guided the country through a bloody civil war，one which saw neighbors fight each other. As the war was ending，Lincoln had more work to do.Making some changes to the US laws was difficult，but Lincoln helped create three amendments(修正案)．One of them put an end to the slavery of African-Americans.Another allowed the former slaves to vote in elections. These events forever changed the country.Unfortunately，Lincoln would not live to see these changes.He was shot from behind while watching a play.The killer，John Wilkes Booth，said that it was for allowing freed slaves to vote. Lincoln’s death strengthened his position as an all-time great president.US Civil War historian James M．McPherson makes it clear：“If Lincoln had been a failure，he would have lived a longer life.” 语篇解读　本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了美国 总统林肯的事迹。 1．How old was Lincoln when he became president of the US? A．42. B．50. C．52. D．56. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段的“The year 2022 marks the 213th anniversary of his birth.”和第二段的“Lincoln served as the 16th US president，from 1861 until his being killed in 1865.”可知，林肯出生于1809年，1861年开始当总统，所以林肯担任总统时52岁。故选C。 2．What does the underlined part in paragraph 4 imply? A．As a president，it was Lincoln’s duty to solve the problem. B．After becoming president，Lincoln lived in the White House. C．Lincoln was protected extremely well in the White House. D．In the White House Lincoln knew nothing about the issue. 答案　A 解析　句意理解题。根据画线句上下文可知，奴隶制度的问题不容忽视，白宫里的林肯作为总统带领这个国家经历了血腥的内战，因此推断画线句说明作为总统解决问题是他的责任。故选A。 3．Why was Lincoln killed? A．Because he guided the US civil war. B．Because he punished some southern farmers. C．Because he changed the history of the US. D．Because he gave former slaves voting rights. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“He was shot from behind while watching a play.The killer，John Wilkes Booth，said that it was for allowing freed slaves to vote.”可知，林肯被杀是因为给了以前的奴隶选举权。故选D。 4．What does James M．McPherson want to convey? A．Lincoln was a great president. B．Lincoln suffered many failures. C．Lincoln wasn’t a successful politician. D．Lincoln’s failure led to his early death. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段美国南北战争历史学家詹姆斯·M·麦克弗森说的话可推断，林肯是一个伟大的总统，为了废除奴隶制度，解放奴隶牺牲了自己生命。故选A。 B Gifted students in the Wichita Falls Independent School District in Texas had the opportunity to travel to STEM facilities and learn coding and other technical skills，but the transportation is not convenient.“We just started talking about，‘Wouldn’t it be cool if we were able to design a mobile STEM lab？’ ” says Dr.Peter E．Griffiths，the district’s associate super intendant.Educators soon realized that they could retrofit an old bus into a mobile STEM lab，which would provide increased access to career and technical education(CTE) experiences for students. Districts sold off buses when the vehicles became too old.Griffiths and his colleagues decided to retrofit one of those old vehicles.“Give me your ‘best worst’ bus，” Griffiths said to the transportation department.Soon the process of transforming began.Griffiths reached out to Reuben Rodriguez，the owner of a local car company，and explained what they wanted to do.Rodriguez agreed to work with the district on the price on condition that they could send CTE students to lend a hand with some of the building work.And bringing the bus from the dream stage to fruition has taken a lot of joint efforts of educators and the community. Called STEAM Machine，the bus looks like a device from a video game or a real-life Lego truck，and rides as a mobile maker space.“It has two touch screen TVs outside.It comes complete with drones and drone obstacle courses that will help students learn about coding in an enjoyable way，” Griffiths says.“Those are things that a lot of these kids have never experienced before.” To drive the bus，the district has hired a retiring teacher who will take the bus to various schools and engage in different lessons with students and educators.“We were so concerned about kids losing out on experiences before，and this is a solution.We aren’t going to let this go.The STEAM Machine will be equipped with all the necessary materials and resources，and it may change the way students learn and engage with their education，” Griffiths said. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了得克萨斯州威奇托福尔斯独立学区设计了一个移动STEM实验室，来让学生体验更多的职业和技术教育。 5．What is the main purpose of the mobile STEM lab? A．To develop students’ interest in STEM research. B．To replace traditional school buses with electric ones. C．To provide fun activities for students during long trips D．To enable students to get more learning chances. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Educators soon realized that they could retrofit an old bus into a mobile STEM lab，which would provide increased access to career and technical education(CTE) experiences for students.”可知，移动STEM实验室的主要目的是使学生获得更多的学习机会。故选D。 6．What was Rodriguez’s requirement for transforming the old bus? A．Educators needed to pay him in advance. B．Some students could help with the building work. C．The old bus should be equipped with high technology. D．The district must provide him with necessary materials. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句“Rodriguez agreed to work with the district on the price on condition that they could send CTE students to lend a hand with some of the building work.”可知，罗德里格兹改造旧巴士的要求是一些学生可以帮忙做改造工作。故选B。 7．What does Griffiths say about the STEAM Machine in paragraph 3? A．It brings students fun learning experiences. B．It awakens students’ curiosity about bus driving. C．It protects students’ health with its special design. D．It saves students’ time by reducing traffic on the road. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“It comes complete with drones and drone obstacle courses that will help students learn about coding in an enjoyable way”以及“Those are things that a lot of these kids have never experienced before.”可知，格里菲斯认为STEAM机器给学生带来了有趣的学习经历。故选A。 8．What’s Griffiths’ attitude towards the future of the STEAM Machine? A．Doubtful. B．Worried. C．Hopeful. D．Unclear. 答案　C 解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段中“The STEAM Machine will be equipped with all the necessary materials and resources，and it may change the way students learn and engage with their education”可推知，Griffiths认为STEAM机器的未来充满希望。故选C。 Ⅱ.完形填空(共15题；每小题1分，共15分) Boundaries are everywhere.Some are for security.Some are for privacy.But some are just for us to 1 . One day，after supper，I took a walk on the 2 .Taotao，my 5-year-old son，was bouncing excitedly behind me.He 3 a thin stick and acted as the Monkey King all the time.The sidewalk was paved by red bricks， 4 sharply with the pitch-paved(沥青铺成的) bikeway and formed a clear 5 .“Use the sidewalk.It’s safe，” I 6 my son frequently. Suddenly a maple leaf was blown off and 7 quietly on the bikeway，about two steps away.Taotao was totally 8 .He stopped，bent down and tried to fetch it but failed.He 9 his stick，tried hard again but still failed.A bit 10 ，he stood up and moved one step forward，but not beyond the boundary.After several more attempts with the stick，the leaf was still not moving to him.I was right beside him，worried a lot about his further 11 . Finally，he stood up，threw away the stick 12 ，stepped across the boundary and picked up the leaf directly.Yeah! I saw a 13 smile on his face! Many times we 14 our thinking within a boundary and can’t find a good solution；many times we hold existing 15 at hand，never thinking about whether they are still useful.We are not lacking in knowledge but short of knowing how to break the thinking boundaries. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文，作者通过讲述儿子在人行道上捡树叶的故事来说明我们不缺知识，缺的是懂得如何打破思维的界限。 1．A.build B．adjust C．break D．expand 答案　C 解析　根据最后一段的“short of knowing how to break the thinking boundaries”可知，此处是说“有的界线是我们要打破的”。故选C。 2．A.driveway B．crosswalk C．bikeway D．sidewalk 答案　D 解析　由下文的“Use the sidewalk.It’s safe”可知，作者认为人行道是安全的，故此处是指作者在人行道上散步。故选D。 3．A.rolled B．hid C．swung D．bent 答案　C 解析　由下文的“acted as the Monkey King”可知，儿子挥舞着一根细棍，一直扮演着美猴王的角色。故选C。 4．A.joining B．contrasting C．comparing D．connecting 答案　B 解析　由上文的“The sidewalk was paved by red bricks”和下文的“the pitch-paved(沥青铺成的) bikeway”可知，红砖铺成的人行道与沥青铺成的自行车道对比鲜明。故选B。 5．A.boundary B．style C．figure D．pattern 答案　A 解析　由上文的“red bricks”和“the pitch-paved(沥青铺成的) bikeway”可知，红砖铺成的人行道与沥青铺成的自行车道对比鲜明，形成了清晰的分界线，故选A。 6．A.threatened B．urged C．inspired D．reminded 答案　D 解析　上文的“Use the sidewalk.It’s safe”是作者对儿子的提醒。故选D。 7．A.laid B．landed C．sank D．put 答案　B 解析　根据上文的“Suddenly a maple leaf was blown off”以及下文的“on the bikeway”可知，枫叶是落在自行车道上，因此空格处是“落下，被抛落(地面)”。故选B。 8．A.absorbed B．excited C．controlled D．trapped 答案　A 解析　由下文的“He stopped，bent down and tried to fetch it”可知，他全神贯注地看着枫叶。故选A。 9．A.threw away B．picked up C．sent off D．reached out 答案　D 解析　由下文的“his stick”可知，他伸出细棍去够枫叶。故选D。 10．A.annoyed B．satisfied C．delighted D．concerned 答案　A 解析　由上文的“still failed”可知，他又一次失败了，因此会感到生气。故选A。 11．A.findings B．vision C．observation D．progress 答案　D 解析　由上文的“worried a lot about his further”可知，作者非常担心儿子够枫叶的进一步进展。故选D。 12．A.heavily B．carefully C．accidentally D．repeatedly 答案　A 解析　由上文的“threw away the stick”可知，他生气了，所以重重地扔掉棍子。故选A。 13．A.bitter B．sweet C．embarrassing D．curious 答案　B 解析　由上文的“picked up the leaf”可知，作者儿子捡起了枫叶，因此会觉得高兴，自然会露出甜美的微笑。故选B。 14．A.restrict B．start C．close D．operate 答案　A 解析　由下文的“within a boundary”可知，很多时候我们把自己的思维限制在一个边界内。故选A。 15．A.facilities B．materials C．tools D．weapons 答案　C 解析　由下文的“at hand，never thinking about whether they are still useful”可知，很多时候我们握着手上现有的工具，从不考虑它们是否仍然有用。故选C。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $