Unit 1 Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（译林版）

本讲义聚焦过去完成时这一核心语法点，通过短文感知导入，系统讲解“had+过去分词”的构成及六大用法，包括表“过去的过去”、延续动作、未实现愿望等，并对比一般过去时和现在完成时的区别，构建“感知-理解-对比-应用”的学习支架。 资料以真实语境短文激发兴趣，结合例句和对比表格清晰呈现语法规则，练习题从单句填空到语篇写作，层次递进。既助力教师课中系统授课，提升学生语言能力和思维品质，又便于学生课后通过多样化练习巩固应用，查漏补缺。

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage 阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成下面的练习 Larry was driving along the road，when he saw a car with faint flames. Hardly ①had he seen the scene when he pulled over his car.Approaching the disabled car，he realized that the other man ②had already been there，who ③had intended to deliver goods to his customers.It was the first time that Larry ④had met with the situation，so he didn’t know what to do.Just at that time，the other man told Larry that he ⑤had called 911.Shortly after the fire and emergency people arrived，the burning vehicle and the woman in it were saved. [语法感知] 1．短文中①②③④⑤为过去完成时，过去完成时由“had＋动词的过去分词”构成。 2．过去完成时用来描述过去某一时间之前所发生的动作或存在的状态。 一、过去完成时 1．过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态(亦可以说是“过去的过去”)。过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。 The fire had come about before the couple came back.这对夫妇回来之前火灾就已经发生了。 The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war. 这个国家尚未从战争的影响中恢复。 2．过去完成时的基本用法 (1)表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。 I had learnt 5,000 words before I entered the university. 我在上大学之前就已经学了5 000个单词。 (2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before，by then，by that time，by the end of，by the time＋从句等。 John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage. 约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。 By the end of last year he had run out of all the money inherited from his father.到去年年底，他已花光了他从父亲那里继承的所有钱。 (3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend等)用于过去完成时表示未实现的希望或计划。 I had intended to call on you yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天我本来打算去拜访你，但是来了一位不速之客。 I had meant to tell Mike the good news，but found that he wasn’t at home. 我本打算把这个好消息告诉迈克，但发现他不在家。 (4)过去完成时可以用于hardly/scarcely...when...和no sooner...than...句型中，表示“一……就……”。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，观众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he began to investigate the false news. 他刚到就开始调查这条假新闻。 (5)在“It/This/That was＋the＋序数词＋time＋that...”句式中，that后的从句用过去完成时，表示“这/那是某人第几次做某事”。 It was the second time that he had travelled along the ancient Silk Road. 这是他第二次沿着古丝绸之路旅行。 (6)如果时间状语从句由before引导，主句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时；如果时间状语从句由after引导，after引导的从句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 The train (had) started before I reached the station.在我到达车站之前，列车已经开动了。 He began to write a review after he (had) watched the film twice. 他看了两遍电影后开始写评论。 二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 1．一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，常与具体的过去时间状语连用(如：ago，yesterday，last week，in 1989，when 引导的过去时间状语从句等)。 We were all excited when we took part in the sports meeting. 当我们参加运动会时，我们都很兴奋。 Two students hosted our school sports meeting last month. 上个月两名学生主持了我们学校的运动会。 2．过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“过去的过去”。 The headmaster had made a speech before the sports meeting began. 运动会开始之前，校长发表了演讲。 Though some students hadn’t joined in the activity before，they tried their best. 虽然一些学生以前没参加过这项活动，但他们也都全力以赴。 三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 1．现在完成时着眼于现在，强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或是由过去持续到现在的动作。 The company has extended its operations into Europe recently. 最近那家公司已经将业务扩展到了欧洲。 2．过去完成时主要体现过去发生的两个动作的先后有别，表达的是“过去的过去”，即比过去发生的某动作还要“过去”，两个动作中先发生的就用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。 Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China. 来中国之前，格林先生在纽约住了十年。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．By about 6,000 BC，people had discovered(discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise. 2．There，he not only did well as a student but also became(become) an accomplished public speaker. 3．To our surprise，the concert prepared by the students turned out more successful than we had thought(think)． 4．The moment I got home，I found I had left(leave) my jacket on the playground. 5．The twins，who had finished(finish) their homework，were allowed to play badminton in the yard. 6．Instead of getting down to a new task as I had expected(expect)，he examined the previous work again. 7．However，thanks to the international agreement，there has been(be) much less illegal hunting since 1980. 8．She told me it was the most instructive lecture that she had attended(attend) since she came to this school. 9．That was the first time I had experienced(experience) sandstorms and I don’t ever want to be in one again. 10．He had read(read) four books written by Shakespeare by the end of last month. Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用本单元语法 史密斯先生是一个长相普通的人，但是他很幽默。他汉语说得很流利，这一开始让我们很震惊。后来，他告诉我们他在来中国之前就已经学了两年多的汉语了。他总是尽力让他的课既有活力又有趣。在他的课上，他经常提到埃及。他说他去过那里好多次。史密斯先生很善良很爱我们。他总是试图说服我要努力学习。如果我当时听从了他的建议，我现在就能过更好的生活了。有一天，当史密斯先生听到我的一个同学从楼梯上摔了下来，他如此担心，立刻匆忙赶到现场。两年后，史密斯先生要回他的祖国。当我们到机场的时候，他坐的飞机已经起飞。我们很失望。我们会永远想念史密斯先生。 Mr Smith was an ordinary-looking man，but he was very humorous.He could speak Chinese fluently，which shocked us all at first.Later，he told us that he 1.(had) learned/learnt(learn) Chinese for more than two years before he came to China.He always tried his best to make his lessons lively and interesting.In his lessons，he often 2.mentioned(mention) Egypt.He said that he 3.had been(be) there for many times.Mr Smith was so kind and loved us so much.He would try to persuade me to work harder.If I 4.had taken(take) his advice，I would lead a better life now.One day，when Mr Smith heard that one of my classmates 5.had fallen(fall) off the stairs，he was so concerned that he hurried to the spot at once.Two years later，Mr Smith had to return to his homeland.When we got to the airport，the plane carrying him 6.had taken(take) off.We were so disappointed! We will miss Mr Smith forever. 训练3　Grammar and usage　[分值：72.5分] Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分) 1．By the end of June，they had treated(treat) over 10,000 patients. 2．He (had) served(serve) in the army for ten years before he worked in the company. 3．The three of us travel(l)ed(travel) around Europe for about a month last summer. 4．He told me that he had known(know) her since he was a child. 5．He had no sooner left the room than they began(begin) to talk about him. 6．It was the first time that he had criticized(criticize) me in public. 7．I had hoped(hope) to be back last night，but I didn’t catch the train. 8．He is now a professor of Shandong University.He stayed(stay) in America for 4 years. 9．The professor was delighted to find that two thirds of the project had been completed(complete) by the students independently. 10．Over the past decade，China has become(become) one of the world’s top consumers in many important aspects ranging from autos to mobile phones. Ⅱ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题2分，共10分) 1．在西安逗留期间，杰里品尝了他朋友推荐的许多当地美食。 During his stay in Xi’an，Jerry tried dozens of local foods his friend had recommended. 2．警察在目击者离开他的家之前就到了，这让目击者很懊恼。 The police (had) arrived before the witness left his house，making the witness annoyed. 3．我本来要去机场见你的，可正好在我要出门时有人来拜访我。 I had intended to meet you at the airport，but someone came to visit me just when I was about to leave. 4．那是他第一次看到在网上发布的广告。 It was the first time that he had saw the advertisement posted on the Internet. 5．我一告诉她这一消息她就大哭了起来。 Hardly/Scarcely had I told her the news when she began to cry out. Ⅲ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A Samsung Electronics America announced that Galaxy device owners can make their own repairs to the Galaxy S20 and S21 family of products，as well as the Galaxy Tab S7＋，starting on August 2nd. Samsung is cooperating with iFixit，the leading online repair community，to deliver their Self-Repair program.This program adds to Samsung’s continued expansions for convenient repair for consumers and helps them with sustainable solutions to support a more circular economy by extending the life of their devices，as well as minimizing e-waste. Samsung consumers who wish to make their own repairs can now purchase real device parts and convenient，easy-to-use repair tools，available through iFixit，Samsung retail(零售) and service locations，at the same pricing offered to our repair providers.In addition，Galaxy device owners will have full access to online repair guides that provide both visual and written step-by-step instructions，and best of all，at no cost. “Making replacement parts available is a key sustainability strategy.We’re excited to be working directly with Samsung and their customers to extend the lifetime of their phones，” said CEO of iFixit. Starting today，Galaxy device owners can replace the phone screens，back glass，and charging ports.In the future，Samsung plans to expand self-repair to include more devices and repair options from our extensive product portfolio(档案)． Furthermore，the program makes it easy for consumers to return their thrown-away parts for responsible recycling，as the new display kits will come with a return label to ship thrown-away parts back to Samsung—at no cost to consumers. In addition to the convenience of these new self-repair options，Galaxy smartphone owners have a choice on how they can extend the life of their devices across Samsung’s expansive care options，including: Through Samsung’s perfect care network，customers have access to over 11,000 Samsung Mobile certified repair technicians in the U．S. 语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍三星与在线维修社区iFixit合作，为Galaxy设备用户提供自助维修服务。 1．Who will do the repair work under the Self-Repair program? A．The iFixit community. B．The Galaxy consumers. C．Samsung repair staff. D．The devices themselves. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段“Samsung Electronics America announced that Galaxy device owners can make their own repairs to the Galaxy S20 and S21 family of products，as well as the Galaxy Tab S7＋，starting on August 2nd.”和第三段内容可知，这项自助维修项目的对象是Galaxy用户。故选B。 2．What is the Samsung Company aiming to do according to paragraph 2? A．To promote a circular economy. B．To make full use of the old parts. C．To enrich the life of the phone users. D．To ensure better service by iFixit. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“This program adds to Samsung’s continued expansions for convenient repair for consumers and helps them with sustainable solutions to support a more circular economy by extending the life of their devices，as well as minimizing e-waste.”可知，三星公司旨在促进循环经济。故选A。 3．Which of the following is free of charge? A．The Samsung device parts. B．New Samsung products. C．The written repair instructions. D．The easy-to-use repair tools. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“In addition，Galaxy device owners will have full access to online repair guides that provide both visual and written step-by-step instructions，and best of all，at no cost.”可知，文字版的维修说明是免费的。故选C。 4．What is the text mainly about? A．A powerful new invention of Samsung. B．An advancement of Samsung technology. C．A self-repair program started by two companies. D．Self-repair tools available to consumers. 答案　C 解析　主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段指出三星宣布Galaxy设备用户可以自助维修Galaxy部分产品；第二段介绍三星与iFixit合作开展了用户自助维修计划；第三至第五段主要介绍该计划能够为用户提供的自助维修服务。所以本文主要介绍三星与iFixit两家公司创办的自助维修计划。故选C。 B The effects of advertising often work in tricky ways.Many people don’t even realise they are being marketed to when they change their behaviour after encountering advertisements.Advertising is such a powerful psychological tool that an entire field of study devoted to unlocking how advertising influences consumer behaviour has been developed. Another effect of advertising is educating consumers about specific products or services.This can be part of the persuasion written in an ad.In an advertisement，a company can influence potential buyers by showing how the product works and how it can solve the problems they face.For example，a dog owner who previously thought there was no solution to his dog’s anxiety can learn through a dog vest ad that there actually is a solution，and that solution is the gentle pressure provided by the vest. Advertisements generally use similar language.Many advertisements are designed to make the viewers take immediate action.Words and phrases often used in such ads include “Buy now！” “Get started！” and “Try now！”．Specifically，the part of an ad that pushes for immediate action is called “call to action”，which is important to any ad because it drives the viewers or listeners to take action.Besides，companies usually use persuasive language in the rest of the advertisement.This can be a recommendation from a previous buyer，a chart showing the product’s benefits，or a list of the product’s benefits. Advertising is part of marketing.Although the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably(可替换地)，they aren’t the same thing.Marketing is the broad process of researching consumers’ needs，collecting and evaluating data related to those needs and developing various strategies for attracting consumers.Advertising，on the other hand，strictly refers to the process of attracting potential customers to make a sale. 5．Why does the author tell the story about the dog owner? A．To show consumers learn about products for pets from ads. B．To show consumers’ problems are the inspiration for advertisers. C．To show consumers are affected by ads offering solutions to their problems. D．To show consumers’ needs can be satisfied by companies devoted to advertising. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段的“In an advertisement，a company can influence potential buyers by showing how the product works and how it can solve the problems they face.”可知，一个公司可以通过展示产品如何运作以及它如何解决买家面临的问题来影响他们，进而在最后一句列举了关于狗主人的故事，由此可知，列举这一事例是为了说明消费者会受到给他提供解决问题方法的广告的影响。故选C。 6．What’s the text structure? 答案　B 解析　篇章结构题。根据第一段第一句和第二段第一句可知，前两段讲述了广告的作用和影响；根据第三段的“Advertisements generally use similar language.Many advertisements are designed to make the viewers take immediate action.”可知，第三段讲述了广告起作用的原因；根据第四段的“Advertising is part of marketing.”可知，第四段讲述了广告和营销之间的关系，故选B。 7．What’s the author’s attitude towards advertisements? A．Subjective. B．Negative. C．Supportive. D．Objective. 答案　D 解析　观点态度题。通读全文，结合第二段的举例和第三段可推断，作者在文中阐述了广告的影响及起作用的原因，对于广告持有客观的态度。故选D。 8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．How Does Advertising Influence People? B．What Are the Advantages of Advertising? C．How Does Marketing Differ from Advertising? D．What Are People’s Attitudes Towards Advertising? 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。根据第一段的“The effects of advertising often work in tricky ways.”和第二段的“Another effect of advertising is educating consumers about specific products or services.”，结合第三段的“Advertisements generally use similar language.Many advertisements are designed to make the viewers take immediate action.”和第四段的“Advertising is part of marketing.”可知，本文主要讲述的是广告对人们的影响，因此可推断A项“广告是如何影响人们的？”概括了全文的内容，与文章主题一致。故选A。 Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，共12.5分) When you were at school，were you ever told to stop daydreaming and concentrate? It was easy for your mind to wander if you weren’t interested in what you were learning or if you had better things to think about. 1 However，understanding how to do it，and knowing what is distracting you can help. Scientists have looked at what makes us procrastinate(拖延) and found a number of ways to help us stay focused. 2 Research by Science Focus magazine found silence is best for concentration，or a gentle background hum and coffee shop noise is great! It also found turning off reminders on your phone，or switching it off altogether，removes a major distraction and helps us focus on the task at hand. 3 Psychologists and neuroscientists are increasingly interested in our ability to focus and have looked at what we can change inside our heads to make us concentrate.An article for BBC Future by Caroline Williams says that “Attention Researcher Nilli Lavie of University College London has found that making a task more visually demanding takes up more processing power and leaves the brain nothing left to process distractions.” 4 There are more practical tips toward keeping your mind focused.These include making a list or timetable of the tasks you have to do，finding a workspace where you’re not tempted to do other things，or chewing some gum! It’s possible that the movement in your mouth occupies parts of the brain that might otherwise get distracted. 5 “If we were always so focused that we never got distracted，we’d miss potential changes，such as threats，in our environment.Distraction is vital for survival，” according to Science Focus magazine. A．But distraction isn’t all bad. B．Staying focused can still be a challenge in adult life. C．Therefore，keeping yourself busy might be one answer. D．Your ability to concentrate well affects how effective you are. E．Another possible cure for a short attention span is brain training. F．One obvious solution is to get rid of distracting noises or use “white noise”． G．Some people procrastinate because they worry that they won’t be able to complete tasks perfectly. 语篇解读　本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家研究发现的分心的原因以及如何集中注意力。 1．答案　B 解析　根据下文“However，understanding how to do it，and knowing what is distracting you can help.”可知，此处与上文形成转折关系，说明保持专注是有一定困难或挑战的。由此可知，B项能够衔接下文，符合语境。故选B。 2．答案　F 解析　根据下文“Research by Science Focus magazine found silence is best for concentration，or a gentle background hum and coffee shop noise is great! ”可知，此处讲的是安静或一些有益的噪声有利于集中注意力。由此可知，F项能够衔接下文，符合语境。故选F。 3．答案　E 解析　根据下文“Psychologists and neuroscientists are increasingly interested in our ability to focus and have looked at what we can change inside our heads to make us concentrate.”可知，此处讲的是我们可以通过改变大脑内部的什么来使我们集中注意力。由此可知，E项能够衔接上文，符合语境。故选E。 4．答案　C 解析　根据上文“An article for BBC Future by Caroline Williams says that ‘...leaves the brain nothing left to process distractions.’”可知，此处讲的是让自己忙起来，大脑就无法处理分心的事情了。由此可知，C项能够衔接上文，符合语境。故选C。 5．答案　A 解析　根据下文“If we were always so focused that we never got distracted，we’d miss potential changes，such as threats，in our environment.Distraction is vital for survival.”可知，此处讲的是分心也有一定的好处。由此可知，A项能够衔接下文，符合语境。故选A。 Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分) Thanks to our country’s efforts，traditional Chinese culture today is shining with a new vitality，1. is increasingly appealing to younger generations both at home and abroad. Dressed up in an 2. (elegantly) traditional Chinese Hanfu，JongMay Urbonya，an American lady with brown hair，shares her understanding of ancient Chinese poetry 3. perfect Mandarin in front of the camera.So far her short videos 4. (attract) a flood of thumbs up and positive comments from Chinese viewers online. This 28-year-old vlogger,5. (current) living in Beijing，started a company in April with an aim of promoting traditional Chinese culture on social media.Besides 6. (engage) in literature，she also focuses on other themes，such as traditional Chinese clothing and dancing. JongMay was born in 1994 in Dalian，China’s Liaoning Province，where her parents worked as 7. (professor) of English.She returned to the United States at the age of six，and came back to China as 8. high school student in 2011.She studied Chinese dance in college and has stayed in Beijing ever since. “When I was a kid，I was 9. (addict) to Costumes in ancient China and often threw sheets over my shoulders pretending to be an ancient Chinese lady，” she said.“So I thought I had to come to China 10. (learn) about the culture more deeply.” 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美国女士JongMay Urbonya痴迷于国潮，在社交平台推广中国传统文化的事。 1．答案　 which 解析　考查定语从句。 分析句子可知，本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰traditional Chinese culture，从句中缺少主语，指物。故填which。 2．答案　elegant 解析　考查形容词。修饰空后名词Hanfu应用形容词elegant，作定语。故填elegant。 3．答案　in 解析　考查介词。表示使用某种语言应用介词in。故填in。 4．答案　have attracted 解析　考查时态和主谓一致。 根据So far可知用现在完成时，主语videos是复数，助动词用have。故填have attracted。 5．答案　currently 解析　考查副词。修饰动词live应用副词currently，作状语。故填currently。 6．答案　engaging 解析　考查非谓语动词。作介词的宾语应用动名词形式。故填engaging。 7．答案　professors 解析　考查名词复数。 professor为可数名词，根据上文parents可知用复数形式。故填professors。 8．答案　a 解析　考查冠词。student是可数名词，此处为泛指，用不定冠词修饰，且high是发音以辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。 9．答案　addicted 解析　考查形容词。本空在句中作表语，应用形容词addicted，be addicted to“对……上瘾”是固定短语。故填addicted。 10．答案　to learn 解析　考查非谓语动词。根据句意，设空处作目的状语，应用不定式。故填to learn。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $