UNIT 5 Section Ⅱ Lesson 1 Enlightening a Mind（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（北师大版）

本讲义围绕海伦·凯勒的学习经历这一核心内容，构建从整体理解（速读）到细节分析（细读），再到语法应用与词汇拓展的学习支架，系统梳理阅读理解技巧、重点句型及“have/get sth done”等语法点。 资料通过分层阅读任务、语法填空及句型结构分析，提升学生语言理解与表达能力，培养推理判断等思维品质。课中助力教师引导学生深入文本，课后借助练习题和词汇语法解析，帮助学生巩固知识，弥补学习盲点。

Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1　Enlightening a Mind Step 1　速读——整体理解文意 Ⅰ.明文章大意 What is the main idea of the passage? A．How to learn Braille(布拉耶盲文) and be expert in it. B．What makes Helen Keller succeed and her influence on others. C．The importance of having a teacher to someone who is special. D．The learning experiences of Helen Keller when she struggled against life. 答案　D Ⅱ.悉篇章结构 Step 2　细读——深度获取细节 1．Why was Anne Sullivan an exceptionally special teacher for Helen Keller? A．Because her former students were all blind. B．Because her behaviour was often unbearable. C．Because she had eyesight problems early in life as well. D．Because she needed to have everything done for her. 答案　C 2．What’s the book The Story of My Life mainly about? A．Helen’s learning failure. B．Helen’s learning excitement. C．Helen’s learning experiences. D．Helen’s learning motivations. 答案　C 3．What can you infer from the story of Helen Keller? A．She was easy to lose temper. B．She was blind and deaf but a lovely girl. C．She was stupid because she learned so slowly. D．It’s hard for her to learn and her teacher was patient. 答案　D 4．Which of the following can best describe the teacher? A．Serious and devoted. B．Sympathetic and patient. C．Stubborn and troublesome. D．Clever but bad-tempered. 答案　B 5．Which word is the most difficult for Helen to learn? A．Doll. B．Love. C．Water. D．Think. 答案　B Step 3　读后——课文语法填空 Helen Keller was a very special girl 1.who/that needed a superb teacher.Her behaviour was sometimes 2.unbearable(bearable) and she was stubborn because she still couldn’t speak，read or write when she was seven years old. Anne Sullivan 3.was recommended(recommend) to help Helen.Anne 4.had had(have) eyesight problems early in life as well so she could relate to Helen’s difficulties. Anne’s technique was simple and straightforward.One day，Anne put one of Helen’s 5.hands(hand) under the stream of water.As the water 6.flowed(flow) over Helen’s hand，Anne spelt out “W-A-T-E-R” into 7.the other hand.Suddenly，Helen realised that the movement of the fingers meant the cool liquid 8.flowing(flow) over her hand.This precious knowledge gave her hope and joy.9.Finally(final)，the world of words opened up to her. Gradually，Helen understood the meaning of “love” and “think” 10.with the help of Miss Sullivan. 1．She was sometimes troublesome，stubborn and angry，and had a tendency(tend) to break things when no one understood her.(P30 Para.1) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。when引导时间状语从句。 汉语翻译：海伦有时很烦人、很固执，而且很易怒。如果没有人理解她的意思，她就会摔东西。 2．Anne spelt words by writing on Helen’s hand so that Helen could get a mental picture of the words.(P30 Para.3) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。句中so that引导目的状语从句。 汉语翻译：她先在海伦手上拼写单词，以便海伦联想到单词的画面。 3．As Anne wrote on Helen’s hand，Helen suddenly realised that the movement(move) of the fingers meant the cool liquid flowing(flow) over her hand.(P30 Para.4) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。句中As引导时间状语从句；that引导宾语从句。 汉语翻译：安妮在海伦手上写的时候，海伦突然意识到，手指的动作代表的是流过自己手掌的清凉的液体。 4．Now that Helen grasped the key to language，she was very eager to_learn(learn) more and use it as much as she could.(P31 Para.5) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。句中Now that引导原因状语从句；第二个as引导比较状语从句。 汉语翻译：由于海伦理解了语言的关键，她非常渴望学习更多语言，并且尽可能运用它。 5．Children who can see and hear learn language easily，but for Helen，it was a gradual and sometimes painful(pain) process.(P31 Para.5) 结构分析：此句为并列复合句。句中but连接两个并列分句，在第一个分句中who引导定语从句。 汉语翻译：正常的孩子能看、能听，学起语言来很容易。但对海伦来说，学习语言是个渐进的过程，有时会很痛苦。 6．Trying to learn(learn) the word “love” was an experience that she remembered well.(P31 Para.6) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。句中Trying...“love”为动名词短语作主语；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词experience。 汉语翻译：她很清楚地记得学习“love”这个单词的难忘经历。 7．The word “think” was also a difficult one for Helen because it is such an abstract concept.(P31 Para.9) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。because引导原因状语从句。 汉语翻译：“think”这个词对海伦来说也很难理解，因为它很抽象。 8．She pointed to the sun and asked her teacher again if that was love.(P31 Para.10) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。句中if引导宾语从句。 汉语翻译：海伦指着太阳又问老师那是不是爱。 tendency n．倾向；趋势(tend vi.趋向；趋于；照顾 vt.照顾；护理) ·have a tendency to do sth 喜欢做某事；倾向于做某事 ·tend (to)．..照料，护理…… tend to do sth易于做某事；倾向于做某事 (1)Women have a strong natural tendency to be(be) cautious.On the contrary，men don’t. (2)We tend to share(share) some humorous plots with our family members while watching TV at home. [写作佳句] (3)(应用文写作之参加活动)更重要的是，我们往往每学期都去劳动实践基地学习如何种植作物，从中我们可以体验到劳动的艰辛和快乐。 More importantly，we tend to go to the labor practice base to learn how to plant crops every term，from which we can experience both the hardship and joy of labor. disappointed adj.失望的，沮丧的(disappoint vt.使失望/沮丧 disappointing adj.令人失望的 disappointment n．失望，沮丧) ·be disappointed at/with/by sth对某事失望 be disappointed to do sth对做某事失望 be disappointed that...对……感到失望 ·to one’s disappointment令某人失望的是 (1)I was disappointed at/with/by not obtaining the scholarship which I can use to buy my mother a present. (2)One by one，the applicants left the interviewer’s office with disappointed(disappoint) looks on their faces. (3)The speech was quite disappointing(disappoint)；it was so abstract that many of us didn’t make sense of it. [写作佳句] (4)(读后续写之心理描写)失望又无助，简跪下了，悔恨的泪水从她的脸颊流淌下来。 Disappointed and helpless，Jane knelt down，tears of regret streaming down her cheeks. (5)(2021·浙江6月，读后续写)令我非常失望的是，我父亲总是让我上交我所挣的所有的钱。 To my great disappointment，my father would always make me hand in all the money I earned. by the time引导状语从句 By the time she was seven years old，she still couldn’t speak，read or write and needed to have everything done for her.(P30 Para.1) 她七岁时，仍不会说话，不能读书也不会写字，一切都需要别人照顾。 结构分析：本句为主从复合句。By the time...old为时间状语从句；主句主语为she，couldn’t speak，read or write and needed...为并列谓语，needed to后含有have sth done结构。 by the time引导的时间状语从句强调在某时前或到某时时，主句中的动作已发生或已出现某种情况。因此主句中的谓语动词多用过去完成时或将来完成时。 注意：(1)当主句中的谓语动词是be等表状态的动词时，主句的动词可用一般时态。(2)by the time引导的从句一般不用将来时，而用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。(3)有时主从句的谓语动词都用现在时。 (1)到会议结束时，一个详细的培训计划将已经被制定出来。 A detailed training schedule will have been worked out by the time the meeting is over. (2)到这个活动开始时，来自海外的20名学生已接受了我们的邀请。 By the time the activity began，twenty students from abroad had accepted our invitation. (3)当轮到我演讲时，话筒出了故障。 By the time it was my turn to make a speech，there was something wrong with the microphone. it 作形式宾语 I thought it strange that my teacher could not show me love.(P31 Para.8) 我觉得很奇怪，因为我的老师不能给我表示什么是爱。 结构分析：句中it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是that 从句。 “动词＋it＋宾补＋真正的宾语”中的6123结构： ·6指常用的动词：think，believe，make，find，consider，feel； ·1指形式宾语it； ·2指宾补的两种形式：形容词和名词； ·3指真正的宾语的三种形式：不定式、动名词和宾语从句。 (1)我很失望地发现很难向他解释发生了什么事。 I was disappointed to find it difficult to explain to him what had happened. (2)大多数人都觉得有必要实施交通限制来缓解交通堵塞。 Most people feel it necessary to carry out traffic restrictions to relieve traffic jams. (3)无论他在哪里，他都把早餐之前去散步作为惯例。 No matter where he is，he always makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. It was the first time (that)．.. It was the first time Helen had understood such a complex word—a word for something she couldn’t touch.(P31 Para.10) 那是海伦第一次明白一个复杂单词的意思——那是一个她触摸不到的抽象的单词。 结构分析：本句为固定句型：It be＋the＋序数词＋time (that)．..，意为“某人第……次……”；she couldn’t touch为定语从句，修饰先行词something，省略了关系代词that。 ·“It/This/That＋was＋the first/second/...time (that)＋过去完成时”表示“某人第一/第二/……次……” ·“It/This/That＋is＋the first/second/...time (that)＋现在完成时”表示“某人第一/第二/……次……” ·It is/was (about/high) time that...should do sth/did sth 意为“到了……做某事的时间了”，should不能省略。相当于It is/was time for sb to do sth。 (1)这是他第一次独自旅行，所以他感到既紧张又兴奋。 It/This is the first time (that) he has travelled alone，so he feels nervous and excited. (2)那是他工作中第一次犯错误。 That was the first time that he had made a mistake in his work. (3)到了政府该高度重视节能和环保的时候了。 It is (high) time that the government should attach/attached great importance to energy conservation and environmental protection. 阅读以下短文，完成下面的小题 When Jack was ten years old，he was still very childish and needed to have everything done for him，which was a headache for his parents.Then one day，they got a teacher recommended to them，Mr White，a football coach.Mr White took Jack to have football class，and let him play in football matches.Jack became more and more independent.Finally，he got the world of bravery and independence opened up to him. 自主发现 1．以上黑体部分都是“have/get something_done”结构。 2．在“have/get sth done”结构中，have/get有“请，让，使”的意思，由过去分词充当宾语补足语。 have/get sth done 一、“have/get something done”的含义 a．使某事被做(可能是主语自己做也可能是让别人做)； b．遭遇到不幸的事情，主语是受害者。 You’d better have/get your bad tooth pulled out. 你最好把你的坏牙拔掉。 I can’t have/get the car started. 我没能把汽车发动起来。 The poor girl had/got her handbag stolen. 这个可怜的女孩的手提包被人偷了。 注意　·have sb do sth让某人做某事，表示经常性的动作或一次具体的动作，不定式必须省略to，宾语是动作的执行者。 ·have sb/sth doing sth让某人一直做某事或让某事处于某种状态；用于否定句时，have表示“容忍，容许”之意。 ·have sth to do有事要做，have意为“有”，to do在句中作后置定语。 二、“have/get something done”在各种时态中的运用 The teacher often has/gets my homework handed in after school. 老师经常让我放学后交上作业。 She got/had her fingers caught in the door. 她的手指让门给夹了。 He is having/getting his eyes examined now. 他现在在检查眼睛。 The old woman was having/getting her hair cut at this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候那位老太太正在理发。 I have had/got all the branches cut up for firewood. 我已经把所有的树枝截成段做柴火了。 When he got home，his father had had/got the computer repaired. 当他到家时，他父亲已经找人把电脑修好了。 You will have/get your eyes tested. 你要检查一下你的眼睛。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．The building had been out of condition for years，so we decided to get it rebuilt(rebuild)． 2．I can’t get my father to stop(stop) smoking.He won’t listen to me. 3．The little baby needed to have her hands washed(wash) before eating. 4．The most important thing is to have something done(do) right away. 5．In order to prepare for the long trip，we had had the machine repaired(repair) the week before. 6．The teacher will have all my mistakes corrected(correct) before school is over. 7．The boss had the workers working(work) day and night at the busy time. 8．Mother had me go(go) to the shop and buy some salt. 9．I was watching the clock all through the meeting，as I had a train to catch(catch)． 10．Unfortunately，he got his left arm injured(injure) in the accident. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．他从树上掉下来，左胳膊骨折了。 He dropped from a tree and had/got his left arm broken. 2．我将在今天下午6点之前完成我的工作。 I will have/get my job finished before six o’clock this afternoon. 3．你有什么东西需要我带到城里去吗？ Do you have anything to be taken to the city by me? 4．我不会允许你那样和你父亲讲话。 I won’t have you speaking to your father that way. 5．他看到请人修好的车又坏了很是失望。 He was disappointed to see that the car he had had/got repaired went wrong again. Ⅲ.用所学语法完成语段 Learning a foreign language can get us 1.to know(know) about different cultures，which can also get our horizons 2.broadened(broaden)．However，in order to have a high mark，most parents have their children 3.studying(study) too long even after school.They think their children can have their study skills 4.improved(improve) in this way.On the contrary，too much pressure may have the kids 5.lose(lose) interest in learning. 训练3　Lesson 1(A)　[分值：55分] Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) 1．With housing price going up fast，ordinary people find it harder to afford a house. 2．Nowadays there is a growing tendency(tend) for people to shop on the Internet. 3．It is the first time that the educator has seen(see) the beautiful scenery of the sea. 4．It was apparent that this new policy has promoted the economic development. 5．I’m disappointed to find that our manager isn’t enthusiastic about my proposal. 6．The new four great inventions are all related(relate) to China’s high-tech innovation. 7．To our excitement(excite)，there’ll be a philosopher giving us a lecture next week. 8．We heard the news that Wuhan declared temporary outbound traffic restrictions(restrict)． 9．The little boy told us the fairy story vividly(vivid) as if he had experienced it himself. 10．The little girl was hurt falling off her bike，and now her shoulders are still painful(pain)． Ⅱ.单句写作(课文佳句仿写)(满分15分) 1．说到学习英语，我倾向于首先背诵新单词。(tendency) When it comes to learning English，I have a tendency to recite new words first. 2．但是，我很失望地发现这个方法不奏效。(disappointed) However，I am disappointed to find that this method doesn’t do the trick. 3．我觉得有必要咨询一下我的英语老师。(it作形式宾语) I find it necessary that I should consult/to consult my English teacher. 4．我的老师坚决主张我要利用各种资源，抓住每个机会去练习英语。(insist) My teacher insists that I (should) make use of all kinds of resources and grasp every chance to practice English. 5．渐渐地，我进步了很多，这是我第一次在学习中感到如此快乐和自豪。(this is the＋序数词＋time＋that从句) Gradually，I make much progress and this is the first time that I have felt so happy and proud in learning. 组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。 参考范文 When it comes to learning English，I have a tendency to recite new words first.However，I am disappointed to find that this method doesn’t do the trick.I find it necessary that I should consult/to consult my English teacher.My teacher insists that I (should) make use of all kinds of resources and grasp every chance to practice English.I take his advice without hesitation.Gradually，I make much progress and this is the first time that I have felt so happy and proud in learning. Ⅲ.阅读理解(共4小题；每小题2.5分，满分10分) Do kids really need to go to school to learn？For most people it is obvious that school is the right place where real learning takes place，and for them real learning takes place. The social theorist Ivan Illich believes the idea that learning is the result of teaching is ridiculous.Most learning happens without the person being taught consciously.We learn to speak，to think，to walk and to do many things without teachers.People who learn a second language well are much more likely to develop better because of interests outside the classroom—interests in movies，music，magazines，foreign friends，games or computers，which give these people the motivation that keeps them learning Ivan Illich also says，“an academic education favors only the minority of students who want to go to university.As for the majority，their needs and interests and talents are not provided by an educational system.” On the other hand，most people agree that school teaches everyone a valuable lesson.It teaches kids that life must be organized.It helps students to develop good habits，to behave in public，to follow certain rules，which is important for a comfortable life for everyone.School also helps them to make friends，work in a team and learn to help others to build up social relations，so that they will acquire the habits and attitudes needed by the future public life. In addition，there are exams during the pupils’ study，and the real importance of exams is not only to check your subject but also to encourage you to make progress step by step.If you get a good grade，it means you can go to a better school.So every successful exam opens more doors in life for the students.If you fail in exams，school offers the pupils an instruction in their failure to make them stronger，which is beneficial to their future life. Undoubtedly schools are necessity in our modern and highly organized society.It is a nice idea that education takes place in groups，which is provided by professional teachers.But educational system needs to be up-to-date so that the experience of school is much more positive for all students. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章阐述了学校在教育过程中起到的重要作用，发表了作者对学校教育的看法。 1．What do we know about learning according to Ivan Illich? A．Learning is the result of conscious teaching. B．Academic education benefits the majority of students. C．Learning mostly happens unconsciously without being taught. D．Schools help to develop students’ interests. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“The social theorist Ivan Illich believes...Most learning happens without the person being taught consciously.”可知，社会理论家伊万·伊利奇认为大多情况下学习是在不知不觉中进行的。故选C。 2．What can we infer from paragraph 4 & 5? A．Schools offer kids little training for social life. B．Schools ignore an instruction in kids’ failure. C．Exams only function as a checking tool of subjects. D．Exams help students get improved gradually. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第五段中“...exams is not only to check your subject but also to encourage you to make progress step by step.”可知，考试的重要性不仅是检查你所学的科目，而且也在鼓励你一步一步地进步。故选D。 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Schools are highly organized societies. B．Schooling plays an important role and will develop better. C．Schooling are short of professional teachers. D．Current educational system is already perfect for all students. 答案　B 解析　段落大意题。根据最后一段可知，学校教育是由专业教师提供教育的良好方法，但在未来的发展中也需要不断地与时俱进，这样才能对学生产生更积极的影响。由此推知，学校教育起着重要作用，也将会发展得更好。故选B。 4．What is the author’s attitude towards schooling? A．Supportive. B．Neutral. C．Critical. D．Disapproving. 答案　A 解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段中“Undoubtedly schools are necessity in our modern and highly organized society.”可推知，作者对学校教育秉持的是支持的态度。故选A。 Ⅳ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) The Rise of China-chic A renaissance of traditional Chinese clothing 1.____________(know) as Hanfu has made a comeback among Chinese youngsters.If you look 2.____________(close) around your city，you might spot girls wearing Hanfu in subways or on the streets.The boom of Hanfu，also called “China-chic”，is taking hold in China now. The term “China-chic” mirrors the rise of some China’s native fashion 3.____(tendency)．It has gained wide 4.____________(recognize) as the representation of Chinese culture and aesthetics(美学) contained in home-grown Chinese brands. The Hanfu movement is believed 5.____________(start) in 2003 when a few people began to wear the clothing publicly.Slowly,6.____________ tendency caught on and universities started having clubs related 7.____________ Hanfu clothing.The related keyword was searched for over 12.6 billion times in 2018，and from January to July 2019 that number increased by nearly 400%.Then what sparked the Chinese customers’ passion? The following 8.______ ____(promote) factors can account for the popularity of Hanfu—the enhanced traditional cultural identity，the revival of traditional culture 9.________ the pursuit of personal individuality，etc.The enthusiasm behind Hanfu movement is also translating into big business. No matter how the trend 10.____________(develop)，there’s one thing that won’t shift.Behind the craze is people’s positive attitude toward the country’s development and their growing confidence in national culture. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了汉服复兴的现象以及背后的原因。 1．答案　known 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处需填非谓语动词，clothing与know之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填known。 2．答案　closely 解析　考查副词。修饰动词短语look around应用副词，表达“密切地，仔细地”应用closely。故填closely。 3．答案　tendencies 解析　考查名词复数。tendency“趋势”为可数名词，结合空前的some可知，此处“时尚趋势”不止一个，应用复数形式。故填tendencies。 4．答案　recognition 解析　考查名词。此处应用名词作宾语，recognition“认可”表示抽象概念，不可数。故填recognition。 5．答案　to have started 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为固定句型：主语＋be＋v.-ed＋to do，故空处应用不定式作主语补足语，又因为“start”发生在谓语动词“is believed”之前，应用不定式的完成式to have done。故填to have started。 6．答案　the 解析　考查冠词。此处特指上文提到的穿汉服的趋势，应用定冠词。故填the。 7．答案　to 解析　考查介词。结合句意表达“与……有关”，应用形容词短语(be) related to。故填to。 8．答案　promoting 解析　考查非谓语动词。修饰空后名词factors，表示事物的性质，应用动词-ing形式作定语，表达“促进的，推动的”。故填promoting。 9．答案　and 解析　考查连词。分析句子结构可知，“the pursuit of personal individuality”与上文“the enhanced traditional cultural identity”和“the revival of traditional culture”是并列关系，都是汉服流行的原因，应用and连接。故填and。 10．答案　develops 解析　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处为让步状语从句的谓语动词，结合语境判断此处为一般现在时，主语the trend是第三人称单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填develops。 训练4　Lesson 1(B)　[分值：35分] Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分) A At the end of many sports tournaments and spelling bees，all the contestants are honored for their effort.But in a world where not everyone can be a winner，does getting a consolation(安慰) prize actually increase a child’s self-worth? “When toddlers，preschoolers，and kindergartners compete，they don’t know the expectations adults have for them，” says Emily Pagone，an Illinois-based psychologist and parenting coach.“Offering them a prize or medal as a form of positive reinforcement(正强化) can highlight the skills that the losers displayed and reinforce the sportsmanship that all the players displayed.” But what really makes a participation award worthwhile is the conversation that comes with it.“As the caregivers around the children acknowledge their abilities，talents，and strengths，that’s the compass for how children learn about the expectations of the situation，” Pagone says.Pointing out what kids do well can also build their self-confidence. Still，there is one problem with this system：It creates a feedback loop of external motivation，driven by superficial bonus and praise.However，it’s valuable for students to play soccer not only because they’re seeking tokens to decorate their rooms，but also because they enjoy the sport.They won’t always get prizes for doing their best，so it’s crucial to build an inner desire to push through in challenging times. For this reason，Pagone recommends transitioning away from participation awards around kindergarten or first grade.But not all experts agree that’s best.“Positive reinforcement can also benefit older kids and adults，keeping them coming back to their hobby even after a tough practice or season，” says Kelly LaPorte，clinical director of Naperville Counseling Center in Illinois.“That lesson of celebrating the effort and not just the outcome remains important throughout a person’s life.” 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。体育竞技比赛中，常常会颁发“参与奖”，这不仅是一种安慰的手段，还能帮助孩子了解环境的期望和建立孩子的自信心。 1．Why is a participation award important in Emily Pagone’s opinion? A．It satisfies parents’ high expectations. B．It highlights the importance of fairness. C．It relieves peer pressure in competition. D．It recognizes all the contestants’ efforts. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段末尾句“Offering them a prize or medal as a form of positive reinforcement(正强化) can highlight the skills that the losers displayed and reinforce the sportsmanship that all the players displayed.” 可知，作为一种积极的强化形式，给予幼年参赛者奖励可以突出失败者所展示的技能，并强化所有玩家所展示的体育精神。故选D。 2．Which of the following are caregivers suggested to do? A．Provide opportunities to draw a lesson. B．Give their children heartfelt appreciation. C．Show problem-solving talents and abilities. D．Encourage their kids with material rewards. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据文章第三段可知，真正让参与奖有价值的是随之而来的和孩子的对话。当照顾者承认孩子的能力、天赋和优势时，既给孩子指明了期望，还可以建立他们的自信。因此要由衷地欣赏孩子，故选B。 3．What is Kelly LaPorte’s attitude toward positive reinforcement? A．Critical. B．Unconcerned. C．Favorable. D．Objective. 答案　C 解析　观点态度题。根据文章末段中“Positive reinforcement can also benefit older kids and adults...That lesson of celebrating the effort and not just the outcome remains important throughout a person’s life.”可知，积极的强化可以使年龄较大的孩子和成年人受益。同时，庆祝努力本身而不仅仅是关注结果，也是一个人的一生中重要的课题。故Kelly LaPorte对正向强化的态度是支持的，故选C。 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Should Participation Awards Exist? B．What Is a Positive Reinforcement? C．Strategies to Build Inner Motivation D．Why We Need Mutual Conversation 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。根据整篇文章的内容和结构可知，开篇提出论点“安慰奖是否能提高孩子的自我价值感？”，随后展示了研究学家Emily Pagone的观点——承认孩子整个过程所表现出的努力是一种有效的正向强化。接着又提出了反对的意见。最后文章以Kelly LaPorte的观点结束。因此“是否应该有参与奖”作文章标题最佳，故选A。 B Contrary to popular opinion，the scientific pursuit for knowledge is not a predictable and well-defined process.To make new discoveries，researchers need the freedom to be creative，fail，and learn by chance.There is the romantic idea of the scientist who has an Eureka moment(顿悟时刻) and suddenly arrives at new insights.Another impression is that research only involves formal steps.Neither of those ideas is correct. “Science and art are two different ways to make something understandable or imaginable，” says Biochemistry Professor Dolf Weijers.“From the outside，the research process looks very formal and the artistic process looks somewhat messy.But the scientific process can also unfold(展开) in an unpredictable way.Creative and associative thinking is very important for scientists to gain insight and make connections.” There is an intersection(交叉点) between science and art.This is why Wageningen scientists look to artists for inspiration and exchange ideas about how to amplify creative freedom.Weijers and his colleague Joris Sprakel，together with other scientists and artists，have designed a plan to learn from each other and to exchange ideas.One example is the recent and special project in which they measured the forces that act on plant cells.A molecular(分子) sensor was used to visualise the different forces.They revealed the results in colourful images，each representing a different force. What science and art also have in common is that they are topics of discussion in society.There are people who say that they do not value art and people who mistrust science.“It often creates the wrong impression because only the results of scientific studies are presented，and people do not have any insight into the artistic process leading to discovery.As a scientist，you are criticised if you say that something is different a few years later.Then you are viewed as unreliable.But what is often poorly understood is that there are no final results in science，” says Weijers. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了艺术在科学研究中的作用，艺术与科学之间是有交叉的。 5．What is the paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The views on science research. B．The purpose of science research. C．The hardship of science research. D．The attitude to science research. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。根据第一段内容“Contrary to popular opinion，the scientific pursuit for knowledge is not a predictable and well-defined process...Neither of those ideas is correct.”可知，第一段主要讨论人们对于科学研究的看法。故选A。 6．What can we know from Weijers’s view? A．Scientists should have creative and associative thinking. B．The artistic process is too messy to be used in research. C．The scientific process always unfolds in an unpredictable way. D．The research process and the artistic process are totally different. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Creative and associative thinking is very important for scientists to gain insight and make connections.”可知，从Weijers的观点中我们可以了解到科学家应该具有创造性和联想性思维。故选A。 7．What does the underlined word “amplify” mean in paragraph 3? A．Refuse. B．Detect. C．Increase. D．Imply. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据第三段的“There is an intersection(交叉点) between science and art.”和“look to artists for inspiration and exchange ideas”可推知画线词所在句子以及前一句表示“科学和艺术之间有交集。这就是为什么瓦赫宁根的科学家们从艺术家那里寻找灵感，并就如何扩大创作自由交换意见”，画线词amplify的意思是“扩大，增加”，和increase意思相近。故选C。 8．Why does the author mention Weijers’s research on plant cells? A．To stress the importance of thinking freely. B．To display the beauty of colourful images. C．To present the findings of his recent project. D．To show the connection between science and art. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。第三段主题句“There is an intersection(交叉点) between science and art.”和“One example is the recent and special project in which they measured the forces that act on plant cells.A molecular(分子) sensor was used to visualise the different forces.They revealed the results in colourful images，each representing a different force.”可推知，通过Weijers的关于植物细胞的研究事例说明艺术与科学之间的交叉融合，表明艺术与科学的联系。故选D。 Ⅱ.完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分) Paul Durietz is a social studies teacher from Illinois.Social studies explore various aspects of human 1 and its interactions.Mr Durietz made up his mind to be a social studies teacher when he was just 11 years old，mainly because of his 2 and love for history. Mr Durietz 3 his teaching job at Woodland Middle School in 1970.Ever since then，he’s been 4 social studies at the same school.He loves sharing his knowledge of history with students.“Teaching is 5 ，” he said.“Every day is different.” Things have 6 a lot since he began teaching.These days，he and the students use 7 and digital whiteboards instead of chalk and paper textbooks.With or without technology，Mr Durietz has used 8 activities to teach his students.For example，he has 9 virtual field trips and even mock elections to help students learn about politics.These 10 are the ones that he and his students enjoy most. Being 11 the social studies program at Woodland Middle School，Mr Durietz is 12 proud that his students tell him that they want to be history teachers because of him.He 13 a point that people who want to be teachers should 14 they are patient with their students.He also encourages them to choose 15 that they care deeply about.“Keep working on what you love to do in life，” he said. 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。保罗·杜里茨是伊利诺伊州的一名社会科学教师，他一直专心于社会学研究和教学，给学生带来了生动的学习体验。 1．A.consumption B．society C．virtue D．psychology 答案　B 解析　consumption消耗；society社会；virtue美德；psychology心理学。根据上文“Social studies”可知，此处是指探索人类社会的各个方面。故选B。 2．A.digest B．tendency C．ambition D．appetite 答案　D 解析　digest摘要；tendency倾向；ambition野心；appetite欲望，兴趣。根据空后“and love for history”可知，此处是指对历史的兴趣和热爱。故选D。 3．A.attained B．entrusted C．involved D．employed 答案　A 解析　attain获得；entrust委托；involve使参与；employ雇用。根据空后“his teaching job”和语境可知，此处是指获得教学工作。故选A。 4．A.making using of B．taking into account C．applying himself to D．keeping away from 答案　C 解析　apply oneself to专心从事……。根据下文“He loves sharing his knowledge of history with students.”可知，此处是指他一直在同一所学校专心研究社会学。故选C。 5．A.upsetting B．interesting C．boring D．shocking 答案　B 解析　upsetting令人苦恼的；interesting有趣的；boring无聊的；shocking令人震惊的。根据下文“Every day is different.”可知，此处是指他认为教学很有趣。故选B。 6．A.showed B．damaged C．tackled D．changed 答案　D 解析　根据下文“and digital whiteboards instead of chalk and paper textbooks”可知，此处是指情况发生了很大的变化。故选D。 7．A.headphones B．computers C．diagrams D．recorders 答案　B 解析　headphone耳机；computer电脑；diagram图表；recorder录音机。根据空后“and digital whiteboards instead of chalk and paper textbooks”可知，此处是指用电脑和电子白板代替粉笔和纸质教科书。故选B。 8．A.creative B．conventional C．abstract D．severe 答案　A 解析　creative创造性的；conventional传统的；abstract抽象的；severe严重的。根据下文“virtual field trips and even mock elections to help students learn about politics”可知，此处是指用创造性的活动来教他的学生。故选A。 9．A.refused B．participated C．organized D．taken 答案　C 解析　refuse拒绝；participate参与；organize组织；take带走。根据空后“virtual field trips and even mock elections to help students learn about politics”可知，此处是指组织虚拟野外考察。故选C。 10．A.games B．activities C．incidents D．awards 答案　B 解析　根据上文“has used ________ activities to teach his students...virtual field trips and even mock elections”可知，此处是指这些活动。故选B。 11．A.in need of B．in search of C．in honour of D．in charge of 答案　D 解析　in need of需要；in search of寻找；in honour of为纪念；in charge of负责。根据空后“the social studies program at Woodland Middle School”可知，此处是指作为伍德兰中学社会科学项目的负责人。故选D。 12．A.extremely B．fortunately C．slightly D．instantly 答案　A 解析　extremely非常；fortunately幸运地；slightly轻微地；instantly立刻。根据空后“proud that his students tell him that they want to be history teachers because of him”可知，此处是指杜里茨先生非常自豪。故选A。 13．A.forgets B．predicts C．prohibits D．demonstrates 答案　D 解析　forget忘记；predict预料；prohibit禁止；demonstrate表达，表现。根据空后“a point that people who want to be teachers should...”可知，此处是指他表达了一个观点。故选D。 14．A.reflect B．complain C．ensure D．explain 答案　C 解析　reflect反映；complain抱怨；ensure保证；explain解释。根据空前“people who want to be teachers should”和空后“they are patient with their students”可知，此处是指想成为老师的人应该确保他们对学生有耐心。故选C。 15．A.subjects B．properties C．drafts D．barriers 答案　A 解析　subject科目；property性质；draft草稿；barrier障碍。根据空前“choose”和空后“that they care deeply about”可知，此处是指选择自己非常关心的科目。故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $