Unit 1 Section Ⅲ Discovering Useful Structures（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（人教版）

本高中英语讲义聚焦表语从句核心语法点，通过短文实例引导学生感知标注的表语从句，结合“自我发现”环节总结连接词（that/whether/what/where等）的用法特征，再系统梳理表语从句的概念、连接词分类及语序规则，最后通过完成句子、语段翻译等练习实现从感知到应用的学习支架构建。 该资料亮点在于语境化设计与思维引导，短文实例帮助学生在真实语言情境中提升语言能力，自我发现环节鼓励学生主动分析连接词功能以培养思维品质。练习结合语篇翻译和语法填空等题型，强化语言运用能力，课中辅助教师系统授课，课后助力学生通过分层练习查漏补缺，提升自主学习能力。

Section Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures—Predicative clauses 阅读以下短文，感知标注序号并加黑的部分，完成下面的练习 The fact was ①that Wendy was a famous writer，but no one knew where she came from and the question remained ②whether she was born in 1961. What they did know was ③that she was loved by poor people because she always helped whoever was in need of money.Despite this，some people thought she was chasing fame.Why they were so narrow-minded was ④what Wendy couldn’t understand，but it seemed as if she didn’t care.The most important was ⑤that she just wanted to do everything that she thought was right.She thought that was ⑥where the meaning of life lay. [自我发现] 1．以上标注序号并加黑的部分都是表语从句； 2．①③⑤中的连接词that在从句中不作成分，本身也没有意义，只起连接作用； 3．②中的连接词whether在从句中不作成分，意为“是否”，不能换成if； 4．④中的连接代词what在从句中作宾语，意为“……的事情”； 5．⑥中的连接副词where在从句中作状语。 一、表语从句的概述 表语从句 概念 在主从复合句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句。它常位于系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。 连接词 连接代词 what/whatever，which/whichever，who/whoever，whom，whose 连接副词 when，where，why，how 从属连词 that，whether，as if/though，because 语序 陈述语序：连接词＋主语＋谓语 二、表语从句的用法 1．连接词的用法 (1)从属连词引导的表语从句 The trouble is that she hasn’t found enough proofs.麻烦是她还没有找到足够的证据。 The question remains whether your parents will subscribe to your travel plan. 问题是你父母是否同意你的旅行计划。 It seems as if he will shift his initial opinion. 似乎他要改变他最初的见解。 总结：①连词that无意义，不充当成分，且不可省略；②whether可引导表语从句，if则不可，whether在从句中不充当成分。 (2)连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句 The retired mechanic is no longer what he was.这位退休的机械师已经不再是以前的他了。 The most important is who will be in charge of the evening party. 最重要的是谁将负责这次晚会。 The problem is how we can handle the difficult problem.问题是我们如何才能处理这个难题。 That’s where the famous astronomer is wrong.那就是这位著名的天文学家搞错的地方。 总结：连接代词和连接副词引导表语从句时往往带有它们的疑问含义，连接代词在表语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，连接副词在表语从句中充当状语。 2．注意事项 (1)表语从句采用陈述语序，即“连接词＋主语＋谓语” (疑问语序)Who can we get to replace her? 我们让谁代替她呢？ (表语从句中的陈述语序)The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们让谁代替她。 (2)why和because引导的表语从句的区别 That’s why... 意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果 That’s because... 意为“那是因为……”，强调原因 The reason why...is that... 意为“……的原因是……”，此处why引导的是定语从句，that引导的是表语从句 He always finds fault with me and that’s why I get angry with him. 他总是找我的茬。那就是我生他气的原因。 I get angry with him，and that’s because he always finds fault with me. 我生他的气。那是因为他总找我的茬。 The reason why I get angry with him is that he always finds fault with me. 我生他的气的原因是他总找我的茬。 (3)表语从句中的虚拟语气 如果主语是advice，suggestion，proposal，request，order等时，表语从句谓语动词的形式：(should＋)动词原形。 My suggestion is that you (should) take in foods high in protein. 我的建议是你应该摄入富含蛋白质的食物。 Ⅰ.完成句子 1．事实是他非常有资格担任报纸上刊登的职位。 The fact is that he is quite qualified for the position advertised in the newspaper. 2．似乎世界末日到了。 It seems as if the world were at an end. 3．我非常高兴。这是因为我已在上周日举行的演讲比赛中获得一等奖。 I am wild with joy.This is because I have won first prize in the speech competition held last Sunday. 4．这就是她毫不费力用英语与外国人交流的原因。 This is why she has no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners in English. 5．我的建议是我们应该为了保护环境过低碳生活。 My suggestion is that we (should) live a low-carbon life to protect the environment. 6．这就是我们应该为父母做的事情。 This is what we should do for our parents. 7．问题仍然是父母是否能够给他们的孩子树立好的榜样。 The question remains whether parents can set a good example to their children. Ⅱ.语段翻译 尽可能多地运用表语从句翻译下列语段 悲伤的泪水顺着我的脸颊流淌。这是因为我英语没考及格。似乎我陷入绝望的世界。关键问题是我完全失去了信心。幸运的是，我英语老师的建议是我应该多记单词。最重要的是我如何把所学的任何东西应用到实践中。逐渐地，我脸上又露出了笑容。 Tears of sadness poured down my cheeks.This was 1.because I failed the English exam.It seemed 2.as if I were thrown into the world of hopelessness.The key problem was that I completely lost confidence.Luckily，my English teacher’s suggestion was 3.that I (should) memorize more words.The most important was 4.how I could apply whatever I learned to practice.Gradually，a smile appeared on my face again. 训练5　Discovering Useful Structures(A) (分值：53分) Ⅰ.选用适当的连接词填空(共8小题；每小题1分，满分8分) 1．The question discussed at the meeting was whether it was worth trying. 2．All this was over ten years ago，but it is as if it were only yesterday. 3．The trouble is that I lost the key to my room. 4．I’m a bit sleepy，and it’s because I was up all night. 5．Go and get your coat.It’s where you left it. 6．The problem is who we can get to take the place of Ted. 7．We missed the early bus.That is why we were late last time. 8．The village is no longer what it used to be. Ⅱ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题4分，满分20分) 1．The fact is that we didn’t blame him for the initial inexact findings of the research. 事实是我们没有因为最初的不精确的研究结果而指责他。 2．The question is whether we know how to handle the severe situation. 问题是我们是否知道如何处理这种严重的情况。 3．That is why I suspect the mechanic of stealing the tools. 那是我怀疑机械工偷工具的原因。 4．This is what the outstanding assistant has done for the astronomer. 这就是这位出色的助理为这位天文学家所做的事情。 5．This is how we can decrease environmental pollution in our daily life. 这就是我们在日常生活中减少环境污染的方式。 Ⅲ.阅读理解(共4小题；每小题2.5分，满分10分) Contrary to popular opinion，the scientific pursuit for knowledge is not a predictable and well-defined process.To make new discoveries，researchers need the freedom to be creative，fail，and learn by chance.There is the romantic idea of the scientist who has an Eureka moment(顿悟时刻) and suddenly arrives at new insights.Another impression is that research only involves formal steps.Neither of those ideas is correct. “Science and art are two different ways to make something understandable or imaginable，” says Biochemistry Professor Dolf Weijers.“From the outside，the research process looks very formal and the artistic process looks somewhat messy.But the scientific process can also unfold(展开) in an unpredictable way.Creative and associative thinking is very important for scientists to gain insight and make connections.” There is an intersection(交叉点) between science and art.This is why Wageningen scientists look to artists for inspiration and exchange ideas about how to amplify creative freedom.Weijers and his colleague Joris Sprakel，together with other scientists and artists，have designed a plan to learn from each other and to exchange ideas.One example is the recent and special project in which they measured the forces that act on plant cells.A molecular(分子) sensor was used to visualise the different forces.They revealed the results in colourful images，each representing a different force. What science and art also have in common is that they are topics of discussion in society.There are people who say that they do not value art and people who mistrust science.“It often creates the wrong impression because only the results of scientific studies are presented，and people do not have any insight into the artistic process leading to discovery.As a scientist，you are criticised if you say that something is different a few years later.Then you are viewed as unreliable.But what is often poorly understood is that there are no final results in science，” says Weijers. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了艺术在科学研究中的作用，艺术与科学之间是有交叉的。 1．What is the paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The views on science research. B．The purpose of science research. C．The hardship of science research. D．The attitude to science research. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。根据第一段内容“Contrary to popular opinion，the scientific pursuit for knowledge is not a predictable and well-defined process...Neither of those ideas is correct.”可知，第一段主要讨论人们对于科学研究的看法。故选A。 2．What can we know from Weijers’s view? A．Scientists should have creative and associative thinking. B．The artistic process is too messy to be used in research. C．The scientific process always unfolds in an unpredictable way. D．The research process and the artistic process are totally different. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Creative and associative thinking is very important for scientists to gain insight and make connections.”可知，从Weijers的观点中我们可以了解到科学家应该具有创造性和联想性思维。故选A。 3．What does the underlined word “amplify” mean in paragraph 3? A．Refuse. B．Detect. C．Increase. D．Imply. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据第三段的“There is an intersection(交叉点) between science and art.”和“look to artists for inspiration and exchange ideas”可推知画线词所在句子以及前一句表示“科学和艺术之间有交集。这就是为什么瓦赫宁根的科学家们从艺术家那里寻找灵感，并就如何扩大创作自由交换意见”，画线词amplify的意思是“扩大，增加”，和increase意思相近。故选C。 4．Why does the author mention Weijers’s research on plant cells? A．To stress the importance of thinking freely. B．To display the beauty of colourful images. C．To present the findings of his recent project. D．To show the connection between science and art. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。第三段主题句“There is an intersection(交叉点) between science and art.”和“One example is the recent and special project in which they measured the forces that act on plant cells.A molecular(分子) sensor was used to visualise the different forces.They revealed the results in colourful images，each representing a different force.”可推知，通过Weijers的关于植物细胞的研究事例说明艺术与科学之间的交叉融合，表明艺术与科学的联系。故选D。 Ⅳ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) Located at the western part of Hangzhou，just under 5km away from the West Lake，Xixi National Wetland Park distinguishes itself as 1. exceptional urban place.This park is a pioneering example of how urban life combines agriculture with culture，making it a 2. (true) unique destination.Along with Xihu(West Lake) and Xiling(Xiling Seal Engravers’ Society)，famous respectively 3. their natural scenery and cultural heritage，Xixi National Wetland Park is one of the celebrated “Three Xi’s of Hangzhou”． Covering a vast area of 11.5sq.km.，the park consists of three causeways(堤道) 4. features ten famous sights.Nearly 70% of the park 5. (occupy) by river ports，ponds and small lakes，which explains a wetland environment.These waterways cross the park,6. (divide) it into distinct sections：the east，the west，and the central part. Recently the government 7. (establish) ecological protection zones as well as an sightseeing zone.Additionally，visitors can explore the Wetland Science Exhibition Hall，conveniently 8. (locate) at the park’s main entrance. There is no right way 9. (see) the Xixi wetlands.It is an area of unmatched peace and quiet—filled with history and natural beauty.The only true thing that can be said of the Xixi wetlands is 10. if you haven’t seen them，you haven’t really seen Hangzhou. 1．答案　an 解析　考查冠词。分析可知，此处泛指“一个地方”，空处应是不定冠词作限定词，空后形容词“exceptional”的发音以元音音素开头，用an修饰。故填an。 2．答案　truly 解析　考查副词。分析可知，这里为副词作状语，修饰形容词“unique”。故填truly。 3．答案　for 解析　考查介词。分析可知，这里为“(be) famous for”固定短语，意为“因为……而出名”。故填for。 4．答案　and 解析　考查连词。分析可知，空后“features”为动词第三人称单数形式，与“consists”并列作谓语，因此，空处应用并列连词and。故填and。 5．答案　is occupied 解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。分析可知，此处指客观事实，时态用一般现在时，且主语“Nearly 70% of the park”与动词“occupy”之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，主语由“百分数＋of＋单数可数名词”构成，被视为第三人称单数，因此be动词为is。故填is occupied。 6．答案　dividing 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析可知，“ (divide) it into distinct sections”作伴随状语，动词“divide”与其逻辑主语“These waterways”之间为主动关系，应用现在分词形式。故填dividing。 7．答案　has established 解析　考查动词时态和主谓一致。分析可知，所填动词作句子的谓语动词。结合时间状语“Recently”可知，空处用现在完成时，主语“the government”为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has established。 8．答案　located 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析可知，空处作后置定语，修饰“the Wetland Science Exhibition Hall”，动词“locate”与其之间为被动关系，应用过去分词形式。故填located。 9．答案　to see 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析可知，这里应是动词不定式作抽象名词“way”的后置定语，“the way to do”意为“做某事的方式/方法”。故填to see。 10．答案　that 解析　考查表语从句。分析可知，空处引导表语从句，从句结构和句意完整，应用“that”作连接词。故填that。 训练6　Discovering Useful Structures(B) (分值：35分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分) A Thanks to social media，we are more active in our virtual world than we are in real life.Whether we are out with friends or sitting at home，we are glued to our mobile phones.We document almost everything we do，cook，and eat—but not without editing first and adding some filters(滤镜)．While you might be engaging in this behaviour for fun，researchers from Florida State University，revealed a direct link between posting edited photos on Instagram and risk factors for eating disorders. Specifically，digitally editing pictures to improve personal appearance before posting them on Instagram increased weight and shape concerns in college students.Posting photos contributed to greater anxiety and increased urges to restrict food intake and exercise compared with not posting photos. “As more people turn to social media to stay connected，it’s critically important to let others see you as you are.Compared with edited photos，we saw no decrease in the number of likes or comments for unedited photos on Instagram；knowing this could reduce harmful pressures to change how you look，” said co-author Pamela K Keel. Too much social media use has long been associated with promoting disordered eating behaviours as well as other mental health issues.So，using a two-stage design，the present study tried to figure out how posting edited photos relates to eating disorders，as well as anxiety and depressive symptoms(抑郁症状)，in college students. In stage one，the research team examined associations between posting edited photos and mental health measures in 2,485 undergraduates.While in stage two，they examined associations between posting edited photos and eating disorder risk factors in 80 undergraduates who supported posting edited photos in stage one and volunteered for the experimental portion of the study. The findings showed that those who supported posting edited photos reported greater disordered eating behaviours and anxiety than those who did not，but no differences were found for depressive symptoms. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究结果显示，那些在网上发布经过编辑的照片的人比那些发布没有编辑过的照片的人拥有更严重的饮食紊乱和焦虑问题。 1．Why does the author mention people’s obsession with phones in paragraph 1? A．To lead up to the research topic. B．To describe various leisure activities online. C．To introduce his attitude towards social media. D．To explain the way people document their lives. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。由文章第一段“Thanks to social media...revealed a direct link between posting edited photos on Instagram and risk factors for eating disorders.”以及下文可知，文章在首段提到人们沉迷于手机是为了引出本文话题，即发布编辑过的图片到网上和饮食失调有关系。故选A。 2．Which statement will Pamela probably agree with? A．Instagram users prefer edited photos. B．It is critically vital to be seen on social media. C．People’s connections on Instagram are stronger. D．Editing photos has no impact on popularity levels. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。由文章第三段中的“Compared with edited photos，we saw no decrease in the number of likes or comments for unedited photos on Instagram”可知，Pamela认为与编辑过的照片相比，未经编辑的照片的点赞或评论数量没有减少，所以换句话说，编辑照片对受欢迎程度没有影响。故选D。 3．What did the two-stage study show? A．College students exhibited plenty of eating disorders. B．A large portion of undergraduates supported posting edited photos. C．No depressive symptoms were found in undergraduates in stage two. D．Supporters of posting edited photos displayed higher levels of mental health problems. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。由文章最后一段“The findings showed that those who supported posting edited photos reported greater disordered eating behaviours and anxiety than those who did not，but no differences were found for depressive symptoms.”可知，发布经过编辑的照片的支持者显示出更高程度的心理健康问题。故选D。 4．Where can the text be found? A．In a book review. B．In a health magazine. C．In a company brochure. D．In a photography guide. 答案　B 解析　文章出处题。通读全文尤其根据文章最后一段可知，文章主要讲述了研究结果显示，那些发布经过编辑的照片的人比那些发布没有编辑过的照片的人拥有更严重的饮食紊乱和焦虑问题。所以这篇文章应出现在健康杂志上面。故选B。 B Zhonglin Wang started playing table tennis only four years ago.But last year，he and other researchers came up with a clever way to improve their game：Build a smart table. Now they’ve just introduced a prototype to the public.It can measure where a ball lands，how fast the ball’s going and where it’s headed.The table can do that because its innovative wood surface forms the top layer of a novel self-powered sensor.The data it acquires could help players to perform better，says Wang. Wang is a materials scientist at the Georgia Institute of Technology，in Atlanta.He describes the invention as a machine that can learn to analyze how someone plays.Importantly，the new smart table doesn’t need a battery to detect the ball.When a ball hits the wood，it sets off a chain of events that can both generate a small electric current and record the ball’s behavior. Wang is an expert at inventing devices that provide their own power.In 2012，he invented a triboelectric(摩擦生电的) nano-generator.He calls it TENG，for short.Even if you’ve never heard of “triboelectricity”，you know the phenomenon.Most of us call it static electricity.The first TENG that Wang put together in 2012 looked like a sandwich.It had layers of charged materials separated by a small gap.When the sandwich bent or changed shape，its layered materials rubbed against each other.This caused electrons to start building up on one side. What makes the new game table truly unique is its use of wood as one of the TENG’s layers.As it turns out，Wang explains，“Wood is an excellent triboelectric material.” Building a full-size game table would require a large grid of wood TENGs.Wang says that’s on his drawing board as a project for the future. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的发明——智能乒乓球桌面。它可以感知乒乓球的速度、方向等，从而帮助人们提高球技。 5．Which of the following can probably replace the underlined word “detect” in paragraph 3? A．Stop. B．Start. C．Observe. D．Release. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据文章画线单词后文“When a ball hits the wood，it sets off a chain of events that can both generate a small electric current and record the ball’s behavior.”可知，当球击中木头时，它会引发一系列事件，能记录下球的行为，这说明新的智能游戏桌不需要电池来观察球。所以画线单词的意思和“观察”有关。故选C。 6．What can we know about TENG? A．It was invented last year. B．It functions like a sandwich. C．It is a scientific phenomenon. D．It’s a device generating power. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“In 2012，he invented a triboelectric(摩擦生电的) nano-generator.He calls it TENG，for short.”可知，TENG是一种发电装置。故选D。 7．Why is the new table unusual? A．It can measure the speed of the ball. B．It uses wood as a TENG’s layer. C．It can help players perform better. D．It uses a new steel table surface. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第一句“What makes the new game table truly unique is its use of wood as one of the TENG’s layers.”可知，这个新的游戏桌与众不同的地方在于使用了木头作为TENG的一层。故选B。 8．What can be the best title for the text? A．A Unique Smart Game Table B．A Table Tennis Lover C．Ways to Win a Table Tennis Game D．New Rules for Table Tennis Games 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。根据文章第一段第二句“But last year，he and other researchers came up with a clever way to improve their game: Build a smart table.”以及全文对这款新型乒乓球桌的介绍可知，文章主要围绕智能乒乓球桌展开的。所以“A Unique Smart Game Table(一个独特的智能游戏桌)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选A。 Ⅱ.完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分) I started cooking when I was thirteen.Both of my parents worked，so I was usually 1 after school.One day，my parents forgot to 2 dinner before they went to work.As we were short of money，eating out was beyond 3 .So I decided to be the 4 of the day. A few moments later，I 5 to cook fried rice，the best option out of 6 resources，including my cooking knowledge.After 7 a pan on the stove and turning on the heat，it soon began to sizzle(咝咝作响)．I was so hungry that I 8 and threw everything into the pan all together.In went rice，pieces of meat and vegetables.Little did I know that the 9 of ingredients was crucial in cooking.I 10 waited for the meat to be thoroughly cooked，but other ingredients were 11 .At first，I mistook it as steam from cooking，but I soon 12 something went horribly wrong when smoke came out to 13 the kitchen. Later that day，my mother told me，“You cannot rush yourself when cooking.” Rather，I should take steps，turning to the basics，such as learning about the ingredients and 14 the recipe. I’ve learned that the first 15 seems hard but we should just start and let the journey teach us. 语篇解读　 这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己第一次做饭时，将全部的食材一起放进去，结果肉还没熟，其余的食材已经烧焦了，导致厨房满是烟。在妈妈的教导下，作者也明白了做事情要按步骤来；第一次虽然很难，但一定要开始尝试。 1．A.alone B．energetic C．anxious D．excited 答案　 A 解析　根据前文“Both of my parents worked”可知父母都工作，所以放学后“我”总是独自在家。故选A。 2．A.enjoy B．prepare C．serve D．take 答案　B 解析　根据下文“cook fried rice”可知，“我”做了炒米饭，说明父母去上班前忘记准备晚饭了。故选B。 3．A.expectation B．control C．description D．budget 答案　D 解析　根据前文“As we were short of money”可知，我们缺钱，因此这里表示外出吃饭超出我们的预算。故选D。 4．A.owner B．ruler C．chef D．researcher 答案　C 解析　根据后文“cook fried rice”可知，今天我要做炒米饭，所以我今天当厨师。故选C。 5．A.agreed B．decided C．failed D．switched 答案　B 解析　根据前文“So I decided to be the of the day.”可知，做炒饭是我的决定。故选B。 6．A.various B．delicious C．pricey D．limited 答案　D 解析　根据后文“including my cooking knowledge”可知，第一次做饭，我的烹饪知识和家里的食材一样有限。故选D。 7．A.placing B．covering C．washing D．breaking 答案　A 解析　根据后文“a pan on the stove and turning on the heat”可知，我先把锅放置在炉子上，然后打开火。故选A。 8．A.quit B．slept C．rushed D．collapsed 答案　C 解析　根据前文“I was so hungry”可知我太饿了，所以快速地把所有食材放进锅里，表示我急着吃饭，呼应下文妈妈教我的话“You cannot rush yourself when cooking.”。故选C。 9．A.standard B．order C．quality D．amount 答案　B 解析　根据上文“threw everything into the pan all together.In went rice，pieces of meat and vegetables”可知，我一次性把所有食材——米、肉、菜，同时放进去，根本不知道食材的顺序很重要。故选B。 10．A.proudly B．hesitantly C．fearfully D．eagerly 答案　D 解析　根据前文“I was so hungry”和后文“waited for the meat to be thoroughly cooked”可知，我很饿，急切等待着肉变熟。故选D。 11．A.burning B．exploding C．disappearing D．mixing 答案　A 解析　根据前文“but other ingredients”可知，我等待的肉还没有熟，但是其他食材已经开始烧焦了，呼应下文“smoke”。故选A。 12．A.insisted B．declared C．realized D．explained 答案　C 解析　根据后文“something went horribly wrong”可知，我意识到出差错了。故选C。 13．A.decorate B．destroy C．leave D．fill 答案　D 解析　根据前文“smoke” 和后文“the kitchen”可知，烟开始弥漫、充满了整个厨房。故选D。 14．A.working on B．fixing on C．referring to D．contributing to 答案　C 解析　根据前文“learning about the ingredients”和后文“the recipe”可知，我应该一步一步学习做饭，要参考食谱。故选C。 15．A.race B．try C．route D．ride 答案　 解析　根据上文内容以及前文“the first”和后文“seems hard”可知，第一次尝试是困难的。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $