Unit 1 Section Ⅱ Reading and Thinking（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（人教版）

本讲义围绕John Snow发现霍乱病因的课文展开，构建“速读-细读-读后”三阶学习支架，涵盖整体文意理解（如主旨题、篇章结构）、细节深度获取（关键问题链分析）、语法巩固（填空与句子结构解析）及重点词块默写，形成从输入到输出的连贯语言学习脉络，配套图表辅助理解篇章结构。 资料以语言能力和思维品质培养为核心，细读环节通过问题链（如分析“King Cholera”含义、John Snow态度）引导深度思考，语法部分聚焦“疑问词+不定式”“so...that...”等结构提升语言运用能力，课后训练题（完成句子、阅读理解）助力知识巩固。课中步骤清晰便于教师实施教学，课后学生可依托资料回顾强化，弥补语法与阅读盲点。

Section Ⅱ　Reading and Thinking Step 1　速读——整体理解文意 Ⅰ.明文章大意 What’s the main idea of the text? A．How John Snow became a well-known doctor in London. B．How John Snow found out the cause and defeated cholera. C．How John Snow changed the way scientists studied diseases. D．How John Snow stopped all people from catching cholera. 答案　B Ⅱ.悉篇章结构 Step 2　细读——深度获取细节 1．Why was John Snow upset at first? A．He lost hope to cure cholera. B．He couldn’t become a good doctor. C．He didn’t attend to the queen well. D．He couldn’t treat cholera. 答案　D 2．What was the key to finding the evidence? A．The government. B．The woman who had moved away from Broad Street. C．The water company. D．The map marked by Snow. 答案　D 3．How was “King Cholera” controlled in the end? A．Using medicines in hospital. B．Driving patients out of the country. C．Dealing with the polluted water. D．Getting rid of all kinds of pollution. 答案　C 4．What does “King” imply in the title? A．The name of cholera. B．The causes of cholera. C．Cholera spreads fast. D．Cholera is powerful and hard to cure. 答案　D 5．What was John Snow’s attitude when facing“King Cholera”？ A．Negative. B．Determined. C．Unconcerned. D．Indifferent. 答案　B Step 3　读后——课文语法填空 In the early 19th century，an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,1.causing(cause) millions of deaths.Seeing this，John Snow became 2.frustrated(frustrate) because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.At that time，doctors 3.had(have) two theories to explain how cholera spread.One was that bad air caused the disease and the other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Consequently，when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854，John Snow discovered that in two particular streets 4.the cholera outbreak was so severe that over 500 people died in ten days.He was determined 5.to find(find) out why.Through his serious investigation，he found it was the pump water in Broad Street containing germs 6.that resulted in the outbreak of cholera.Therefore，he had the handle of the pump 7.removed(remove) so that it could not be used.Through this intervention，the disease was stopped in its tracks. It turned out that the water from the Broad Street pump 8.had been infected(infect) by waste.Moreover，Snow was later able to show a link 9.between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Through Snow’s tireless efforts，water companies began to sell clean water，and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.10.Fortunately(fortunate)，we now know how to prevent cholera，thanks to the work of John Snow. Ⅰ.补句子　析结构 1．In the early 19th century，when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe，millions of people died from/of the disease. (P2 Para.1) 结构分析：此句是复合句，when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe是when引导的时间状语从句。 汉语翻译：十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。 2．In time，he rose(rise) to become a famous doctor，and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. (P2 Para.1) 结构分析：此句是复合句，when she gave birth是when引导的时间状语从句。 汉语翻译：后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。 3．In general，doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain(explain) how cholera spread. (P2 Para.2) 结构分析：此句是复合句，how cholera spread是how引导的宾语从句。 汉语翻译：关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。 4．One theory was that bad air caused the disease. The other was that cholera was caused(cause) by an infection from germs in food or water. (P2 Para.2) 结构分析：此两句是复合句，两句中that在句中均引导表语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，且不可省略。 汉语翻译：一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。 5．Consequently(consequent)，when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854，Snow began investigating/to investigate(investigate). (P2 Para.2) 结构分析：此句是复合句，when引导的是时间状语从句。 汉语翻译：因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。 6．Snow began by marking(mark) on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. (P2 Para.3) 结构分析：此句是复合句；where和who引导定语从句，分别修饰先行词places和those。 汉语翻译：斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。 7．Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame(blame). (P2 Para.3) 结构分析：此句是复合句，that引导宾语从句。 汉语翻译：斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。 8．As a result of this evidence(evident)，John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. (P2 Para.3) 结构分析：此句是复合句，that引导宾语从句。 汉语翻译：有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。 9．Accordingly(according)，he had the handle of the pump removed(remove) so that it could not be used. (P2 Para.3) 结构分析：此句是复合句，so that在句中引导目的状语从句。 汉语翻译：于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。 10．The truth(true) was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. (P3 Para.4) 结构分析：此句是复合句，连接词that在句中引导表语从句。 汉语翻译：事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。 11．Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted(pollute) by raw waste. (P3 Para.4) 结构分析：此句是复合句，关系代词that在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词the River Thames。 汉语翻译：有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。 12．The people who drank this water were much more likely to get(get) cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. (P3 Para.4) 结构分析：此句是复合句，句子主干使用了一个比较级结构；句中两个who都引导定语从句，分别修饰先行词people和those。 汉语翻译：与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。 13．Through Snow’s tireless efforts，water companies began to sell clean water，and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial(substance) decrease.(P3 Para.5) 结构分析：此句是连词and连接的并列句，第二个分句谓语动词是saw，使用了拟人的修辞手法，意为“见证；目睹”。 汉语翻译：经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。 14．Moreover，in his(he) use of maps and statistics，Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.(P3 Para.5) 结构分析：此句是复合句，scientists study diseases是定语从句，修饰先行词the way，此处省略了that/in which。 汉语翻译：此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。 Ⅱ.研典句　学用法 until引导的时间状语从句 Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome. (P2 Para.1) 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。 结构分析：此句是复合句。until在句中引导时间状语从句；how引导的从句作动词showed的宾语；过去分词feared作定语，修饰名词diseases；John Snow是a British doctor的同位语。 ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————•若主句的谓语动词是延续性的，那么这个主句需用肯定形式；若主句的谓语动词是非延续性的，则主句常用否定式，构成not...until...结构。 •倒装结构：部分倒装“Not until＋时间状语从句或短语＋助动词/情态动词＋主语＋谓语动词”。 •强调结构：It is/was not until＋时间状语从句或短语＋that＋主句部分。 ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————(1)(2020·浙江7月，读后续写)我们一直与这只凶猛的熊作斗争，直到一些好心的人冲过来帮助我们对付它，我们才松了一口气。 We kept fighting with the fierce bear until some kind people rushed to help us handle it and we sighed in relief. (2)(读后续写之后悔心理描写)直到在森林里迷了路，简才发出一声后悔的喊叫。 ①Jane didn’t let out a cry of regret until she got lost in the forest. ②Not until she got lost in the forest did Jane let out a cry of regret.(用倒装句改写) ③It was not until she got lost in the forest that Jane let out a cry of regret.(用强调句改写) 疑问词＋不定式 As a young doctor，John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. (P2 Para.1) 由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。 结构分析：此句是复合句，because引导原因状语从句；“疑问词how＋动词不定式短语”作动词knew的宾语。 Fortunately，we now know how to prevent cholera，thanks to the work of John Snow. (P3 Para.5) 幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。 结构分析：此句是简单句，how to prevent cholera是“疑问词＋to do”结构，在句中作动词know的宾语。 ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————•“疑问词＋不定式”结构可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等句子成分。 •在“疑问词＋不定式”结构中，不定式必须用主动式而不能用被动式；用于该结构的常见疑问词有who，what，which，how，when，where等。 注意：whether后可接不定式，而if后不可以。 ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————(1)(2023·北京，书面表达)得知你不知道如何组织以“绿色北京”为主题的俱乐部活动，我写信给你提供一些实用的建议。 Learning that you have no idea/don’t know how to organize the club activity with the theme of “Green Beijing”，I am writing to offer some practical suggestions. (2) (2022·浙江1月，读后续写)脸上带着鼓励的微笑，我的搭档耐心地说：“最重要的是下一步做什么。能否得一等奖取决于我们的周密计划。” My partner said patiently，casting an encouraging smile，“The most important is what to do next. Whether to win first prize depends on our careful plans.” (3)我们正在就何时何地为我们敬爱的英语老师举办惊喜派对而展开激烈的争论。 We are having a heated debate on when and where to hold a surprise party for our beloved English teacher. so...that...引导结果状语从句 He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.(P2 Para.2) 他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。 结构分析：此句是复合句，第一个that引导的从句作动词discovered的宾语；在该从句中含有一个so ...that ...句型结构，该结构中that引导结果状语从句。 It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. (P2 Para.3) 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。 结构分析：此句是复合句，句型It seemed that ...意为“好像……”；had it delivered是“have＋宾语＋过去分词”结构，过去分词作宾语补足语，表示“主语让别人做某事”，此句含有so...that...句型，意为“如此……以至于……”，that引导的是结果状语从句。 ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————•so...that...句型的常见形式： so＋adj./adv.＋that... so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.(单数可数)＋that... so＋many/much/few/little(少)＋n.＋that... •such...that...句型的常见形式： such＋a/an＋adj.＋n.(单数可数)＋that... such＋adj.＋n.(复数或不可数)＋that... •当so/such放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装语序。 ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————(1)(2021·浙江1月，读后续写)我妈妈拍摄的视频吸引了如此多的追随者，我几乎成了网红。 The video filmed by my mother drew/appealed to/attracted so many followers that I almost became a web celebrity. (2)这个聪颖的男孩取得如此巨大的进步，老师表扬了他。 The brilliant boy made such great progress that the teacher praised him. (3)(2023·天津6月，书面表达)即将到来的中国工作坊是如此有意义的活动，以至于吸引了许多交换生。 The upcoming Chinese workshop is so meaningful an activity/such a meaningful activity that it appeals to numerous exchange students. (4)(读后续写之紧张心理描写)他是如此紧张，以至于他感觉自己舌头打结，手心出汗。 ①He was so nervous that he felt his tongue tied and palms sweating. ②So nervous was he that he felt his tongue tied and palms sweating.(用倒装句改写) 课文重点词块默写 1．过去常常做某事 used to do sth 2．死于 die from/of 3．变得沮丧 become frustrated 4．及时；迟早 in time 5．照料，处理 attend to 6．生孩子 give birth 7．通常，一般来说 in general 8．多于；不仅仅；非常 more than 9．决心做某事 be determined to do sth 10．发现；查明；弄清 find out 11．由于这个证据 as a result of this evidence 12．很可能做某事 be likely to do sth 13．通过某人不懈的努力 through one’s tireless efforts 训练3　Reading and Thinking(A) (分值：40分) Ⅰ.完成句子(高铁设计师梁建英的成就)(满分15分) 参考词汇：高速动车组high-speed EMU 1．自从1995年毕业，梁建英一直如此致力于设计高铁，以至于她几乎没有时间放松。 Since she graduated in 1995，Liang Jianying has been so devoted to designing high-speed railways that she nearly has no time to relax. 2．即使她不知道如何解决她所遇到的困难，她也不会感到沮丧。 Even if she isn’t sure how to solve the difficulties (that/which) she comes across，never will she feel frustrated. 3．她负责高速铁路的建设，在她和她的团队的不懈努力下，发明了时速300－350千米的高速动车组。 She is in charge of/takes charge of the construction of high-speed railways/The construction of high-speed railways is in the charge of her and thanks to her and her team’s tireless efforts，the 300－350 km/h high-speed EMU has been invented. 4．从她身上，我意识到，我们不能放弃直到实现我们的目标。 From her，I realize that we can not give up until we achieve our goals/not until we achieve our goals can we give up. 5．总之，我们应该向她学习，相信如果我们不断尝试，我们可以创造更多的奇迹。 All in all，we should learn from her，believing that if we keep trying，we can have many more wonders created. 组句成篇以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。 Ⅱ.阅读理解(共4小题；每小题2.5分，满分10分) Scientists have solved a puzzle about modern humans，after research showed that a famous skull(头骨) of a human ancestor found in South Africa is a million years older than experts thought.This discovery has changed what we know of human history. The skull，which scientists have named “Mrs Ples”，is from an ape-like human relative from a species called Australopithecus africanus(南方古猿)．It was found near Johannesburg in 1947 and，based on evidence from its surroundings，was thought to be between 2.1 and 2.6 million years old.This puzzled scientists，because although Mrs Ples looks like a possible early ancestor of early humans，the first true humans had already evolved by the time she apparently lived.For this reason，scientists had decided that Australopithecus afarensis，a similar species from East Africa that lived about 3.5 million years ago，was our most likely ancestor instead. To get a more accurate age for Mrs Ples，a team led by Professor Darryl Granger of Purdue University in Indiana，the US，used a new method to date the sandy rocks where the skull lay.They measured the amount of certain chemicals in rocks，which form at a steady rate when they are exposed to cosmic rays(宇宙射线) on Earth’s surface.Once rocks are buried，these chemicals stop forming and slowly disappear; the surviving amount reveals how much time has passed since the rock(or bones) were on the surface. The new study shows that Mrs Ples and other australopithecine bones nearby are between 3.4 and 3.7 million years old.This means they lived at the same time as their East African relatives，so that either group could have given rise to modern humans.However，team member Dr Laurent Bruxelles pointed out that over millions of years，at only 2,500 miles away，these groups had plenty of time to travel and to breed with each other.In other words，the groups could quite easily have met，had children together and both been part of the history of modern humans. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是科学家们解开了一个关于现代人的谜题，研究表明，在南非发现的一个著名的人类祖先头骨比专家们认为的要早100万年。这一发现改变了我们对人类历史的认识。 1．What can we learn about “Mrs Ples” from the first two paragraphs? A．It is a skull found in East Africa. B．It is the most possible ancestor of humans. C．It is a million years older than scientists expected. D．It is proved to live between 2.1 and 2.6 million years ago. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段的“Scientists have solved a puzzle about modern humans，after research showed that a famous skull(头骨)of a human ancestor found in South Africa is a million years older than experts thought.”和第二段的“The skull，which scientists have named ‘Mrs Ples’ ...”可知，“Ples夫人”比科学家预期的要早100万年。故选C。 2．How did scientists get the accurate age of “Mrs Ples”？ A．By studying the effect of cosmic rays. B．By working out the forming rate of chemicals. C．By locating the sandy rocks where the skull lay. D．By measuring the surviving amount of chemicals. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段的“They measured the amount of certain chemicals in rocks...the surviving amount reveals how much time has passed...”可知，科学家通过测量化学物质的含量来得到“Ples夫人”的准确年龄。故选D。 3．What can we infer from the new study? A．Modern humans came into being in East Africa. B．Mrs Ples travelled and had children with East African relatives. C．The history of modern humans might begin 3.5 million years ago. D．Ape-like species from Africa could have interacted with each other. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段的“In other words，the groups could quite easily have met，had children together and both been part of the history of modern humans.”可推知，我们能从这项新研究中推断出来自非洲的类人猿物种可能相互交流过。故选D。 4．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．Historical Puzzle Unsolved B．Ancestor Mystery Solved C．Mrs Ples: The Earliest Human Being D．Mrs Ples: A Famous Skull 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Scientists have solved a puzzle about modern humans，after research showed that a famous skull(头骨)of a human ancestor found in South Africa is a million years older than experts thought.”可知，本文主要讲的是科学家们解开了一个关于现代人的谜题，研究表明，在南非发现的一个著名的人类祖先头骨比专家们认为的要早100万年，因此最佳题目是B选项。 Ⅲ.完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分) (2024·浙江浙南联盟高二期中) It was early in the morning and I was building a sand castle on the beach.After finishing the basic shape，I began to decorate the form with 1 .A boy walked up and began to kick at the castle.I 2 what was in his mind for him to do such a thing. Pausing for a while，I held out my hand 3 with shells and said，“Here，help me put these on.” He stopped 4 ，looked at me for several seconds，then took them and began to 5 them on the castle.We decorated in 6 silence.When the entire castle was covered in shells，we stepped back to look at the 7 .“We did a good job，” I said，“Thank you.” He smiled at me and left.I watched for a moment as he walked away and 8 the boy’s reaction.He must have been 9 when I didn’t shout at him to stop his kicking，or take even more aggressive action towards him. 10 ，I extended my hand to him，and he chose to spend his 11 on the sand castle. Many years later，that 12 is still a golden thread in my life’s tapestry(织锦)．It is a lovely solution.I realize that when someone gives me a(n) 13 ，if appropriate，I give them some “shells”. If I and others，practice 14 solutions with smaller problems，we may one day seek to find proper ways to deal with the really 15 ones. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在海滩上建造的沙堡遭到一个男孩的破坏，但作者并没有责备他，而是邀请他一起装饰沙堡，最后使男孩兴高采烈地离开。作者回忆这个经历，认为这是一个很好的解决方式，并认为如果我们在小问题上采用类似的方法，我们可以更好地解决大的问题。 1．A.flowers B．shells C．jewels D．stones 答案　B 解析　根据后文“I held out my hand with shells”可知，作者用贝壳装饰沙堡。故选B。 2．A.predicted B．imagined C．wondered D．doubted 答案　C 解析　根据前文“A boy walked up and began to kick at the castle.”可知，一个男孩走了过来，开始踢沙堡。作者想知道男孩为什么这样做。故选C。 3．A.decorated B．covered C．dotted D．filled 答案　D 解析　根据前文“my hand”可知，作者的手里满是贝壳。故选D。 4．A.kicking B．buffeting C．building D．escaping 答案　A 解析　根据后文“looked at me for several seconds”可知，男孩停止踢作者的沙堡。故选A。 5．A.switch B．base C．place D．carry 答案　C 解析　根据后文“them on the castle”可知，男孩接过贝壳把它们放在沙堡上。故选C。 6．A.comfortable B．annoying C．anxious D．shocking 答案　A 解析　根据后文“‘We did a good job，’ I said，‘Thank you.’ He smiled at me and left.”可知，男孩和作者相处融洽，最后在微笑中感谢作者，因此推断二人在舒服的沉默中装饰沙堡。故选A。 7．A.beach B．work C．product D．performance 答案　B 解析　根据前文“When the entire castle was covered in shells...”可知，作者和男孩一起完成了装饰沙堡，所以沙堡成为一件作品。故选B。 8．A.worried about B．cared about C．heard about D．thought about 答案　D 解析　根据前文“He smiled at me”可知，作者对男孩的反应进行思考。故选D。 9．A.defeated B．delighted C．surprised D．satisfied 答案　C 解析　根据后文“when I didn’t shout at him to stop his kicking，or take even more aggressive action towards him”可知，作者没有对他大喊大叫制止他，或者对他采取更激进的行动，所以男孩一定很惊讶。故选C。 10．A.However B．Instead C．Therefore D．Otherwise 答案　B 解析　根据前文“when I didn’t shout at him to stop his kicking，or take even more aggressive action towards him”可知，作者没有对他大喊大叫制止他，或者对他采取更激进的行动，相反向他伸出手，邀请男孩一起装饰沙堡。故选B。 11．A.time B．money C．life D．vacation 答案　A 解析　根据前文“He stopped ，looked at me for several seconds，then took them and began to them on the castle.”以及“he chose to spend”可知，男孩选择花时间与作者一起装饰沙堡。故选A。 12．A.image B．attempt C．issue D．moment 答案　D 解析　根据前文“He smiled at me and left.”可知，男孩向作者微笑表示感谢的举动，那一刻仍然是作者生命织锦上的一根金线。故选D。 13．A.challenge B．option C．opportunity D．assistance 答案　A 解析　根据前文“A boy walked up and began to kick at the castle.”可知，男孩踢作者的沙堡，作者将此行为比作是别人给作者的挑战。故选A。 14．A.efficient B．peaceful C．accessible D．various 答案　B 解析　根据前文“when I didn’t shout at him to stop his kicking，or take even more aggressive action towards him”可知，作者没有对他大喊大叫制止他，也没有对他采取更激进的行为，而是采取平和的方式解决问题。故选B。 15．A.identical B．vital C．unusual D．big 答案　D 解析　根据前文“with smaller problems”可知，如果我们和其他人用和平的方法解决小问题，也许有一天我们会找到处理大问题的正确方法。故选D。 训练4　Reading and Thinking(B) (分值：32.5分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分) A Scientists have made great discoveries.But how have they influenced our personal lives? Do kids in your classroom even know when Einstein lived? You may be wondering：why is it important to teach kids stories about modern-day scientists? First，stories of scientists can encourage kids.Chris Hadfield is a Canadian who went to space，and he’s a real guitar-playing person.He makes singing videos on the website.His story can make kids think scientists are also common people.Hearing scientists’ stories makes kids think that they can do that too. But not only that，the stories of famous scientists can encourage kids to explore and never give up.Bill Nye was always refused when trying to be an astronaut.But up to now，he has made a lot of successes in his role as a popular science educator and engineer.Besides，it’s no secret that scientific discoveries require trying，and trying again. Another way some scientists can encourage kids is through their diversity.Neil deGrasse Tyson，for example，is an African-American，which is not common in his field.Such stories can make kids think anyone can be a scientist. It’s important to know that scientists don’t need to be “gifted” or “good” at school.Often we consider a scientist as being an extremely smart kid at school，which doesn’t have to be true.They just need to have a great interest in science.Telling students stories of scientists can encourage them to show interest in science.As long as they are interested，they are likely to become a scientist in the future. Modern scientists teach kids that knowledge builds upon the foundation others have laid.This is important—no one can do it alone.Scientists’ stories can encourage today’s young scientists to keep trying.They’ll be encouraged not to give up on the dream of exploring and making discoveries.Even if they haven’t made important discoveries，their research may help the following scientists. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了分享科学家的故事对孩子成长的重要性和积极影响。 1．What can Chris Hadfield’s story tell students? A．Scientists are interested in different things. B．Students should have a hobby of their own. C．Scientists can be ordinary like people around us. D．Students should consider scientists as their models. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“His story can make kids think scientists are also common people.”可知，科学家也可能和我们身边的人一样普通。故选C。 2．Which of the following will the author agree with? A．Scientists are not necessarily very smart at school. B．Not all scientists really show interest in science. C．Scientists are usually good at their schooling. D．African-Americans are more likely to become scientists. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第五段前两句可知，作者认为科学家在学校未必极其聪明。故选A。 3．What can be learned according to the last paragraph? A．Scientists should help each other. B．A scientist should never give up trying. C．Making discoveries is necessary for scientists. D．New scientific discoveries may be based on others’ findings. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Modern scientists teach kids that knowledge builds upon the foundation others have laid.”及“Even if they haven’t made important discoveries，their research may help the following scientists.”可推知，新的科学发现可能建立在已有的科学成果上。故选D。 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Why scientists are important to us. B．Why students love stories of scientists. C．Why scientists can make great discoveries. D．Why students should be taught stories about scientists. 答案　D 解析　主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“You may be wondering：why is it important to teach kids stories about modern-day scientists？”可知，文章主要是围绕给学生讲述现代科学家故事的重要性来展开的。故选D。 B Gifted students in the Wichita Falls Independent School District in Texas had the opportunity to travel to STEM facilities and learn coding and other technical skills，but the transportation is not convenient.“We just started talking about，‘Wouldn’t it be cool if we were able to design a mobile STEM lab？’ ” says Dr.Peter E．Griffiths，the district’s associate super intendant.Educators soon realized that they could retrofit an old bus into a mobile STEM lab，which would provide increased access to career and technical education(CTE) experiences for students. Districts sold off buses when the vehicles became too old.Griffiths and his colleagues decided to retrofit one of those old vehicles.“Give me your ‘best worst’ bus，” Griffiths said to the transportation department.Soon the process of transforming began.Griffiths reached out to Reuben Rodriguez，the owner of a local car company，and explained what they wanted to do.Rodriguez agreed to work with the district on the price on condition that they could send CTE students to lend a hand with some of the building work.And bringing the bus from the dream stage to fruition has taken a lot of joint efforts of educators and the community. Called STEAM Machine，the bus looks like a device from a video game or a real-life Lego truck，and rides as a mobile maker space.“It has two touch screen TVs outside.It comes complete with drones and drone obstacle courses that will help students learn about coding in an enjoyable way，” Griffiths says.“Those are things that a lot of these kids have never experienced before.” To drive the bus，the district has hired a retiring teacher who will take the bus to various schools and engage in different lessons with students and educators.“We were so concerned about kids losing out on experiences before，and this is a solution.We aren’t going to let this go.The STEAM Machine will be equipped with all the necessary materials and resources，and it may change the way students learn and engage with their education，” Griffiths said. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了得克萨斯州威奇托福尔斯独立学区设计了一个移动STEM实验室，来让学生体验更多的职业和技术教育。 5．What is the main purpose of the mobile STEM lab? A．To develop students’ interest in STEM research. B．To replace traditional school buses with electric ones. C．To provide fun activities for students during long trips D．To enable students to get more learning chances. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Educators soon realized that they could retrofit an old bus into a mobile STEM lab，which would provide increased access to career and technical education(CTE) experiences for students.”可知，移动STEM实验室的主要目的是使学生获得更多的学习机会。故选D。 6．What was Rodriguez’s requirement for transforming the old bus? A．Educators needed to pay him in advance. B．Some students could help with the building work. C．The old bus should be equipped with high technology. D．The district must provide him with necessary materials. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句“Rodriguez agreed to work with the district on the price on condition that they could send CTE students to lend a hand with some of the building work.”可知，罗德里格兹改造旧巴士的要求是一些学生可以帮忙做改造工作。故选B。 7．What does Griffiths say about the STEAM Machine in paragraph 3? A．It brings students fun learning experiences. B．It awakens students’ curiosity about bus driving. C．It protects students’ health with its special design. D．It saves students’ time by reducing traffic on the road. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“It comes complete with drones and drone obstacle courses that will help students learn about coding in an enjoyable way”以及“Those are things that a lot of these kids have never experienced before.”可知，格里菲斯认为STEAM机器给学生带来了有趣的学习经历。故选A。 8．What’s Griffiths’ attitude towards the future of the STEAM Machine? A．Doubtful. B．Worried. C．Hopeful. D．Unclear. 答案　C 解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段中“The STEAM Machine will be equipped with all the necessary materials and resources，and it may change the way students learn and engage with their education”可推知，Griffiths认为STEAM机器的未来充满希望。故选C。 Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，共12.5分) Tips on Learning a New Language before Travelling Whenever you travel to a foreign place，it is helpful knowing a bit of the local language. 1 But speaking the local language shows you care and it will help you mix with the locals easily.To learn a language，you do not have to take full time classes.You can follow some of the tips to pick up some basics quickly before that trip. Practise.The more you study the language，the better. 2 Think of it like learning an instrument or training for a marathon.The amount of time you’ll need depends on the language you’re learning，how often you practise and your learning style. 3 One good way to practise is to use the language you’re learning.And who is better to speak a language with than a native speaker who can train you better and correct your mistakes？Find one on the Internet or in real life and strike a conversation with them.There are some free language exchange websites where you can find native speakers to practise with. 4 Download a language app.Your app store offers a vast amount of options for language learning.Apps like Google Translate，Duolingo，Bilingual or Hi Native can help you to learn languages quickly. 5 But they are not necessarily the best choice if you’re short on time and trying to master the basics.They can also help a lot when you’re struggling to communicate while on vacation. A．Speak to native speakers. B．Constantly use the language. C．You can also find a private class to attend. D．Trips can help make the process fun and easy. E．Learning a language doesn’t happen overnight. F．Those apps can help you learn the language effectively. G．You may not know how to pronounce the words correctly. 1．答案　G 解析　上文说当你到外国旅行时，懂一点当地语言是有帮助的；下文说但是会说当地的语言会显示你关注当地文化，也会帮助你轻松地融入当地人。设空处承上启下，G选项中the words指代上文中的a bit of the local language，且该选项与下文“说当地语言的好处”形成转折关系。故选G。 2．答案　E 解析　上文强调了练习的重要性。E选项“学习一门语言不是一蹴而就的”是上文的原因；下文说把它想象成学习一种乐器或马拉松训练，承接了E选项，且下文中的it指代选项中的“Learning a language”。故选E。 3．答案　A 解析　设空处为段落中心句。这一段主要讲了和讲母语的人交谈是学习当地语的一个好方法。所以该段落中心句为“与母语人士交谈”，该段落中多次出现native speaker(s)，与 A选项中的native speakers相呼应。故选A。 4．答案　C 解析　上文指出了寻找练习机会的渠道——有一些免费的语言交流网站，在那里你可以找到说母语的人练习。设空处承接上文，指出寻找练习机会的另外一个渠道。C选项“你也可以找一个私人课程来参加”切合文意，其中also是一个很明显的提示词。故选C。 5．答案　F 解析　上文说像Google Translate，Duolingo，Bilingual或Hi Native这样的应用程序可以帮助你快速学习语言，这是这些语言学习应用程序的优点，F选项“这些应用程序可以帮助你有效地学习语言”指出另一个优点，切题，且选项中的Those apps对应上文中的Apps like...。故选F。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $