Unit 1 Science and scientists 同题异文 群文阅读（课件PPT）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（人教版）

该高中英语单元复习课件系统整合了科学、科技、历史三大主题的阅读材料，通过词义猜测、主旨归纳等题型训练与词汇积累表结合，构建“主题-技能-词汇”三维知识网络，帮助学生梳理阅读策略与跨文化主题词汇的内在联系。 其亮点在于采用“主题阅读-技能训练-词汇拓展”的分层复习模式，如通过诺贝尔奖争议文本训练作者态度分析（思维品质），结合AI监管材料的词汇积累（语言能力），设计从基础词义到深层理解的阶梯式练习，培养学生的批判性思维与跨文化理解能力。这种设计让不同水平学生提升阅读效能，教师可精准定位复习重点，提高教学针对性。

阅读理解 同题异文　群文阅读 Science and scientists Unit 1 1 A 本文选自：The Guardian 《卫报》 Every October sees the award of the “scientific Oscars”：Nobel prizes.The science prizes established in Alfred Nobel’s will are for physics，chemistry and “physiology or medicine”.This year the three scientific Nobels went to a total of eight scientists—rewarded for sustained efforts to tackle fundamental challenges.But the prizes nonetheless still exclude huge tracts of science.Famously，mathematics has never been included.The environmental sciences—oceans and ecology—aren’t covered，nor are computing，robotics and artificial intelligence.These exclusions distort the public perception of what sciences are important. Outsiders might guess that in science，the choice of winners in each field should be as clear-cut as in sporting contests，unlike the obviously more subjective prizes for literature and peace.But that’s not the reality.In some years the awards trigger controversy and resentment.Since Nobel scientists generally aren’t well-known personalities，and their achievements are often arcane，debate on their worthiness takes place within the specialist community，and only rarely percolates widely.What the public sees is simply the grandeur of the award announcements each year. Moreover，no scientist’s achievements are really solo，any more than a goalscorer’s triumph in football is independent of the other players on the field (and the manager off the field too).The Nobel committee’s refusal to make an award to more than three people has led to manifest injustices，and given a misleading impression of how science actually advances，through the cooperation of a large group. Even if a discovery isn’t explicitly a team effort，several people may have separately researched the same topic.For instance，a particle now called the Higgs boson was postulated in the 1960s: six people were generally cited as having played key roles in predicting its existence.Of these six，the one with the strongest and most sustained lifetime achievement，Tom Kibble，did not receive a share of the Nobel when the particle was discovered 50 years later—nor did the 1,000-strong team at the Cern lab in Geneva who conducted the vast experiment that actually made the discovery. The public perceives Nobel winners as “towering intellects”.Some are，but others，even among those who have made undeniably epochal and “prize-worthy” advances，would not be so rated by their peers.Indeed，some of the most important discoveries have been serendipitous: for instance，neutron stars，and the cosmic microwave background—the so-called “afterglow of creation”.Louis Pasteur averred that “fortune favours the prepared mind”；these scientists may claim for themselves greater luck—but not greater talent—than the average professor. 1.What does the underlined word “clear-cut” in paragraph 2 mean? A.Mysterious. B.Vague. C.Specific. D.Complicated. √ 2.What’s the author’s tone in the passage? A.Objective. B.Subjective. C.Approving. D.Negative. √ 3.What’s the best title of the passage? A.The Foundation of the Nobel Prize B.The Excellence of Nobel Prize Winners C.The Coverage of the Nobel Prize D.The Real Meaning of Science √ 词汇积累 1.sustain v.维持 2.distort v.扭曲，使变形；曲解 3.trigger v.引发；触发 n.扳机 4.arcane adj.神秘的，晦涩难懂的 5.triumph n.巨大成功；楷模 6.manifest adj.明显的；显而易见的 7.particle n.颗粒；粒子 8.postulate v. & n.假设；假定 9.towering adj.高大的；高耸的 10.epochal adj.划时代的 B 本文节选自：The New York Times 《纽约时报》 Though their attempts to keep up with developments in artificial intelligence have mostly fallen short，regulators around the world are taking vastly different approaches to policing the technology.The result is a highly fragmented and confusing global regulatory landscape for a borderless technology that promises to transform job markets，contribute to the spread of disinformation or even present a risk to humanity.The major frameworks for regulating AI include： 12 Europe’s Risk-Based Law: The European Union’s AI Act，which is being negotiated on Wednesday，assigns regulations proportionate to the level of risk posed by an AI tool.The idea is to create a sliding scale of regulations aimed at putting the heaviest restrictions on the riskiest AI systems.The law would categorize AI tools based on four designations: unacceptable，high，limited and minimal risk. U.S.Voluntary Codes of Conduct: The administration has given companies leeway to voluntarily police themselves for safety and security risks.In July，the White House announced that several AI makers，including Amazon，Anthropic，Google，Inflection，Meta，Microsoft and OpenAI，had agreed to self-regulate their systems.The voluntary commitments included third-party security testing of tools，known as red-teaming，research on bias and privacy concerns，information-sharing about risks with governments and other organizations，and development of tools to fight societal challenges like climate change，while including transparency measures to identify AI-generated material.The companies were already performing many of those commitments. U.S.Tech-Based Law: Any substantive regulation of AI will have to come from Congress.The Senate majority leader，Chuck Schumer，Democrat of New York，has promised a comprehensive bill for AI，possibly by next year.But so far，lawmakers have introduced bills that are focused on the production and deployment of AI systems.The proposals include the creation of an agency like the Food and Drug Administration that could create regulations for AI providers，approve licenses for new systems，and establish standards.Sam Altman，the chief executive of OpenAI，has supported the idea.Google，however，has proposed that the National Institute of Standards and Technology，founded more than a century ago with no regulatory powers，serve as the hub of government oversight. Global Cooperation: Many experts have said that effective AI regulation will need global collaboration.So far，such diplomatic efforts have produced few concrete results.One idea that has been floated is the creation of an international agency，akin to the International Atomic Energy Agency that was created to limit the spread of nuclear weapons.A challenge will be overcoming the geopolitical distrust，economic competition and nationalistic impulses that have become so intertwined with the development of AI. 1.What can we learn from paragraph 4? A.Congress takes charge of all the core monitoring of AI. B.A bill has been carried out. C.The National Institute of Standards and Technology was founded less 　than 100 years ago. D.The U.S. Tech-Based Law is a great success. √ 2.What does the underlined word “collaboration” mean in the last paragraph? A.Efforts. B.Division. C.Cooperation. D.Resistance. √ 3.What does the writer think of the current global regulatory landscape for artificial intelligence? A.Supportive of Europe’s Risk-Based Law. B.Critical of U.S.Voluntary Codes of Conduct. C.Opposed to U.S.Tech-Based Law. D.Ambiguous towards Global Cooperation. √ 词汇积累 1.fragment v.(使)破碎，分裂 2.proportionate adj.成比例的；相称的；适当的 3.categorize v.将……分类 4.leeway n.自由活动的空间 5.bias n.偏见；偏爱 6.transparency n.透明，透明性 7.substantive adj.实质性的；重大的 8.deployment n.部署，调动 9.hub n.(活动的)中心；枢纽机场 10.oversight n.负责，照管；失察，疏忽 11.diplomatic adj.外交的，从事外交的 12.akin adj.相似的，类似的 13.impulse n.冲动；心血来潮 14.intertwine v.(使)缠结，(使)缠绕在一起 C 本文选自：CNN The majestic structures of ancient Rome have survived for millennia—a proof to the talent of Roman engineers，who perfected the use of concrete.But how did their construction materials help keep colossal buildings like the Pantheon (which has the world’s largest unreinforced dome) and the Colosseum standing for more than 2,000 years? Roman concrete，in many cases，has proven to be longer-lasting than its modern equivalent，which can break down within decades.Now，scientists behind a new study say they have uncovered the mystery ingredient that allowed the Romans to make their construction material so durable and build elaborate structures in challenging places such as docks，sewers and earthquake zones. The study team，including researchers from the United States，Italy and Switzerland，analyzed 2,000-year-old concrete samples that were taken from a city wall at the archaeological site of Privernum，in central Italy，and are similar in composition to other concrete found throughout the Roman Empire. They found that white chunks in the concrete，referred to as lime clasts，gave the concrete the ability to heal cracks that formed over time.The white chunks previously had been overlooked as evidence of sloppy mixing or poor-quality raw material. The new finding could help make manufacturing today’s concrete more sustainable，potentially shaking up society as the Romans once did.“Concrete allowed the Romans to have an architectural revolution，” Masic said.“Romans were able to create and turn the cities into something that is extraordinary and beautiful to live in. And that revolution basically changed completely the way humans live.” 1.What does the underlined word “durable” in paragraph 2 mean? A.Easy to break down. B.Never changeable. C.Unlikely to be destroyed. D.Old-fashioned. √ 2.What made the Roman constructions stand for so many years? A.Rare construction materials. B.The unique environment. C.The talented workers. D.Lime clasts in the concrete. √ 3.What’s the main idea of the last paragraph? A.The significance of the Roman construction skills. B.The modern concrete. C.An architectural revolution. D.A sustainable modern world. √ 词汇积累 1.colossal adj.巨大的，庞大的 2.dome n.穹顶，圆屋顶 3.equivalent n.对等的人(或事物) 4.dock n.码头，船埠 5.sewer n.下水道，阴沟 6.chunk n.大块，厚块 7.sloppy adj.马虎的，草率的 8.shake up 彻底调整；重组；震动；激励 本课结束 $