内容正文:
Starter Units – Unit 3单元重点语法知识汇总
说明:归纳梳理期中考试前各单元重点语法并提供配套练习附后,以便巩固所学。
Starter Unit1~ Starter Unit3
一、不定冠词a/an
用在单数名词前,表示数量“一”的概念a:用于以 辅音 音素开头的单词前 如:一个男孩 a boy 一只小狗 a dog
an:用于以 元音 音素开头的单词前 如:一个苹果 an apple 一个鸡蛋 an egg
注意:看发音,而不是看字母,元音字母不等同于元音音素
特殊情况:a useful book(u发/ju:/音) 一本有用的书
a university (u发/ju:/音) 一所大学
an hour(h不发音) 一个小时
【定冠词the】重要提示:表示颜色的形容词前面不用冠词,但是当表颜色的形容词后有名词时,可以用冠词
eg. It’s red.它是红色的。
It’s a red book.它是一本红色的书。
►What color is the key? 那把钥匙是什么颜色的?
►I like the moon. 我喜欢月亮。
►The book is red. 这本书是红色的。
►the Great Wall 长城
【零冠词“/”或不填】
►I come from China.我来自中国
►in summer在夏季 in July在七月 on Monday在星期一
►have dinner 吃晚餐 play basketball 打篮球 play chess 下象棋 in English 用英语
►this dress 这件连衣裙 my sister 我妹妹 his schoolbag 他的书包
二、名词所有格
“人名+’s”是一种名词所有格形式,表示“某人的”。通常用在__名__词前作定语,或用在系动词(如be动词)后作表语。
This is Kangkang’s cup. 这是康康的杯子。
These books are John’s. 这些书是约翰的。
【拓展延伸】
(一)’s所有格形式:用于有生命的名词
1. 不以s结尾的名词词尾加’ s 如:Mike’s sister 迈克的姐姐
2. 以s结尾的名词词尾,在s的右上方加’ 如:the students’ book 学生们的书
3. 表示几个人共同拥有一件东西,在最后一个名词词尾加’s; 如:Mary and Lucy’s book
若表示各自分别拥有,则每个名词的词尾都要加’s 如:Mary’s and Lucy’s books
4. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等,可以在词尾加’s 如:today’s newspaper 今天的报纸
(二)of所有格形式:用于无生命的名词
结构:名词 + of + 名词
如:a map of China 一张中国地图 a photo of family 一张家庭照片
三、方位介词
介词
含义
用法
on
在……上
一个物体在另一个物体的表面上,且两者之间有接触
in
在……里
一个物体在另一个物体或某一空间的内部
under
在……下
一个物体在另一个物体的下方,两者之间可以有接触,也可以没有
四、指示代词
指示代词后面所接的谓语:this / that后面接谓语单数形式;these/ those 后面接谓语复数形式。
如:This / That is a chair. 这/ 那是一张椅子。
These / Those are chairs. 这些/ 那些是椅子。
(2)指示代词在意义上有远近的差别: this 和 these 指空间上较近的事物;that 和 those 指空间上较远的事物。
如:This is my book.这是我的书。(强调近处的书)
Those are birds. 那些是鸟。(强调远处的鸟)
(3)this, that用于疑问句时,回答要用 it 作主语;
如:—What’s this/that? 这/那是什么?询问远处的物品
询问身边的物品
—It’s an apple. 这/那是一个苹果。回答时,用it代替前面的this/that
these/those用于疑问句时,回答要用 they 作主语。
如:—What are these/those? 这些/那些是什么?
—They’re books. 这些/那些是书。 They’re = __They are___
回答时,用they代替前面的these/those
五、数词
基数词用于表示数目的多少。1—15基数词的表达:(完成下列表格)
1
2
3
4
5
one
two
three
four
five
6
7
8
9
10
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
11
12
13
14
15
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
【拓展延伸】基数词的构成:
(1)1~12 (1~12是独立的单数,有各自的形式)
one、two、three、four、five、six、seven、eight、nine、ten、eleven、twelve
(2)13~19 (除13、15、18为特殊形式之外,其余都由个位数形式后加teen后缀构成)
thirteen、fourteen、fifteen、sixteen、seventeen、eighteen、nineteen
(3)20~99
➩表示整几十时,除20、30、40、50、80为特殊形式外,其余都由个位数形式加ty后缀构成
twenty、thirty、forty、fifty、sixty、seventy、eighty、ninety
➩表示几十几时,在几十和个位基数词之间必须有连字符“—”
21 twenty—one 52 fifty—two 77 seventy—seven
(4)整百数由1—9的基数词加hundred构成。
100 one (a) hundred 500 five hundred
(5)整百数和整十数之间由and连接,十位与个位之间要加连字符“-”。如果十位数为零,那就在百位和个位之间用and连接。
102 one hundred and two 245 two hundred and forty- five
(6)千 thousand 百万 million 十亿 billion
表示确切的百、千、百万时,不能用其复数形式; ( 400 four hundred,hundred不加s)
表示成百、成千时,用其复数形式,并且后加of; ( 成百 hundreds of; 成千 thousands of )
16
17
18
19
20
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
21
30
40
50
60
twenty-one
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
70
80
90
100
200
seventy
eighty
ninety
one hundred
two hundred
Unit 1 You and Me 单元重点语法知识
一、be动词用法
(1)be动词形式:am/is/are
be动词
主语
例句
am
第一人称单数I
I am a student.
is
she、he、it、可数名词单数或不可数名词
She is my good friend.
are
we、you、they、可数名词复数或表示复数意义的单词及短语
Helen and Cindy are in China.
【注意】
(1)be动词的缩写:
I am = I’m You are = You’re He is = He’s She is = She’s
What is= What’s It is = It’s is not = isn’t are not = aren’t
Where is=Where’s Who is=Who’s My name is = My name’s
(2)be动词不可缩写的情况:
① am not不可缩写;
② this is不可缩写;
③肯定的简略回答中不能缩写,如:“Yes, I am.”不能写成“Yes, I’m.”。
(2)含有be动词的一般现在时的句式及结构:
句式
结构
例句
肯定句
主语+be+其他.
He is my brother. 他是我的哥哥。
否定句
主语+be+ not+其他.
He is not my brother. 他不是我的哥哥。
一般疑问句
Be+主语+其他?
Is he your brother? 他是你的哥哥吗?
特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词+be+主语(+其他)?
What is your name? 你叫什么名字?
二、人称代词
(1)人称代词的主格和宾格
单复数
单 数
复 数
人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
主格
(放句首,作主语)
I
you
he, she, it
we
you
they
宾格
(放动词后,作宾语/表语)
(放介词后,作宾语)
me
you
him, her, it
us
you
them
(2)形容词性物主代词
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
单数
复数
单数
复数
my(我的)
our(我们的)
your(你的)
your(你们的)
his(他的)
her(她的)
its(它的)
their(他/她/它们的)
【特殊用法】
1. 名词前用了形容词性物主代词就不能再用冠词。
It’s my key. 那是我的钥匙。
2. 与形容词一起修饰名词时,形容词性物主代词要放在形容词的前面。
This is my good friend. 这是我的好朋友。
(3)名词性物主代词
单数
复数
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
名词性
物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
含义
我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他/她/它们的
Unit 2 We're family单元重点语法知识
一、实义动词的一般现在时用法
1.表示经常性、习惯性的动作
①常与表示频率的副词(always 总是、usually 通常、often 经常、sometimes 有时、seldom 很少、never 从不)或时间状语(every day 每天、every week 每周、on Sundays 在周日等)连用。例句:
I often play basketball after school.(我放学后经常打篮球。)这里的 “often” 体现了动作发生的频率,“play” 是实义动词原形,因为主语 “I” 不是第三人称单数。
②当主语为第三人称单数(he 他、she 她、it 它、单个的人名、单个的地名等)时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。例如:
She usually goes to school by bike.(她通常骑自行车去上学。)“goes” 是 “go” 的第三人称单数形式,因为主语 “she” 是第三人称单数。
③表示现在的状态或特征。例句:
The little girl likes music very much.(这个小女孩非常喜欢音乐。)“likes” 表明小女孩现在对音乐的喜好状态,主语 “the little girl” 是第三人称单数,所以动词用 “likes”。
They know the answer to the question.(他们知道这个问题的答案。)主语 “They” 不是第三人称单数,谓语动词用原形 “know”。
④表示客观真理、客观事实或不可改变的现象。例句:
The earth moves around the sun.(地球围绕太阳转。)这是客观真理,无论何时都用一般现在时,“moves” 是 “move” 的第三人称单数形式,因为主语 “the earth” 是第三人称单数。
Water boils at 100°C.(水在 100 摄氏度沸腾。)这是客观事实,“boils” 是 “boil” 的第三人称单数形式,主语 “water” 是不可数名词,视为第三人称单数。
实义动词第三人称单数形式的构成方式
一般情况直接在词尾加 -s。如:work - works;play - plays;tell - tells;say - says;listen - listens;look - looks。
以 -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -o 结尾的动词,加 -es。如:do - does;go - goes;pass - passes;fix - fixes;watch - watches;fetch - fetches。
以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词,变 y 为 i 再加 -es。如:study - studies;fly - flies;cry - cries。
二、名词所有格的用法
1.'s 所有格(用于有生命的名词)
①一般情况:在名词后加's。例如:Betty's pen(贝蒂的笔);Tom's dog(汤姆的狗)。
②以 s 结尾的复数名词:只需在词尾加 '。例如:the students' desks(学生们的书桌);the teachers' office(教师办公室)。
③表示几个人共同拥有:在最后一个名词后加's。例如:Lily and Lucy's room(丽丽和露西共同的房间,说明她们共用一个房间)。
④表示每个人各自拥有:在每个名词后加's。例如:Mike's and Tony's desks(麦克和托尼各自的书桌,说明他们的书桌是分开的)。
⑤表示时间、距离、国家等的名词:单数加's;复数加 '。例如:five minutes' walk(步行五分钟的路程);China's development(中国的发展)。
⑥特殊情况:表示 “家”、“店铺”、“办公室” 等处所时,由 “名词 + ’s” 所有格所修饰的名词 house、shop、office 常被省略。例如:at my mother's (home) 在我妈妈家;at the doctor's (office) 在医生的诊所。
2.of 所有格(主要用于无生命的名词)
①构成形式为 “of + 名词”。例如:a leg of the table(桌子的一条腿);the name of the book(这本书的名字)。
②用于人或有生命的东西,表示所属关系,特别是当这些所有者有较长的定语时。例如:the name of the brave young man(这个勇敢的年轻人的名字)。
③表示某物的一部分或抽象概念。例如:the top of the house(房屋的顶部)。
Unit 3 My School单元重点语法知识
一、there be 句型
1.基本含义
表示 “某处存在某物或某人” 。强调的是一种客观存在的状态。
2.常用结构
①There is + 单数可数名词 / 不可数名词 + 地点状语 。例如:
There is a book on the desk.(桌子上有一本书。)这里 “a book” 是单数可数名词,用 is。There is some water in the bottle.(瓶子里有一些水。)“water” 是不可数名词,也用 is 。
②There are + 复数名词 + 地点状语 。例如:
There are many students in the classroom.(教室里有很多学生。)“many students” 是复数名词,所以用 are 。
[注意事项]
“there” 是引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,翻译时不必译出。真正的主语是后面的 “某人或某物”,谓语动词 be 要与主语的数保持一致 。
3.就近原则:当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时,谓语动词 be 要与跟它最近的那个名词在数上保持一致 。例如:
There is a pen and two pencils in the pencil - box.(铅笔盒里有一支钢笔和两支铅笔。)离 be 动词最近的 “a pen” 是单数,所以用 is 。
There are two boys and a girl under the tree.(树下有两个男孩和一个女孩。)离 be 动词最近的 “two boys” 是复数,所以用 are 。
4.句型转化
①否定句:在 be 后加上 not 或 no 即可。注意 not 和 no 的不同,not 是副词,no 为形容词,“not a/an/any + n.” 相当于 “no + n.” 。例如:
There are some pictures on the wall.(墙上有一些图片。)变为否定句是 There aren't any pictures on the wall. = There are no pictures on the wall.
There is a bike behind the tree.(树后面有一辆自行车。)变为否定句是 There isn't a bike behind the tree. = There is no bike behind the tree.
②一般疑问句:把 be 动词调整到句首,再在句尾加上问号即可。同时要注意,当肯定句中有 some 时,要将其改为 any(否定变化也一样)。例如:
There is some water on Mars.(火星上有一些水。)变为一般疑问句是 Is there any water on Mars?
There are some fish in the water.(水里有一些鱼。)变为一般疑问句是 Are there any fish in the water?
③特殊疑问句
对主语提问:当主语是人的时候,则用 who 引导;当主语是物的时候,则用 what 引导。注意无论原句的主语是单数还是复数,对之提问时一般都用 be 的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。例如:
There are many things over there.(那边有很多东西。)对主语提问是 What's over there?
There is a little girl in the room.(房间里有一个小女孩。)对主语提问是 Who is in the room?
对地点状语提问:则用 where 引导。例如:
There is a computer on the desk.(桌子上有一台电脑。)对地点状语提问是 Where is the computer?
There are four children on the playground.(操场上有四个孩子。)对地点状语提问是 Where are the four children?
对数量提问:一般有两种句型结构。“How many + 复数名词 + are there + 介词短语?” 用于可数名词复数提问数量;“How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?” 用于不可数名词提问数量。例如:
How many books are there in the bag?(包里有多少本书?)
How much milk is there in the bottle?(瓶子里有多少牛奶?)
5.there be 句型的时态
①一般现在时:There is/are... 例如:
There is a cat in the tree now.(现在树上有一只猫。)
②一般过去时:There was/were... 例如:
There was a park here ten years ago.(十年前这里有一个公园。)
③一般将来时:There is/are going to be 或 There will be... 例如:
There is going to be a football match tomorrow. = There will be a football match tomorrow.(明天将有一场足球比赛。)
④现在完成时:There have/has been... 例如:
There have been many changes in our city in recent years.(近年来我们城市发生了很多变化。)
⑤There must be(一定有),There can’t be(不可能有),There used to be(过去常常有)等。例如:
There must be something wrong with the machine.(这台机器一定有什么毛病。)
There can't be so many people in such a small room.(这么小的房间里不可能有这么多人。)
There used to be a river near our school.(我们学校附近过去有一条河。)
⑥there be 句型反意疑问句的构成:be (not) there? 例如:
There is some milk in the bottle, isn't there?(瓶子里有一些牛奶,不是吗?)
⑦there be 句型用的其他动词:there be 句型中有时不用动词 be ,而用 come, live, stand, lie, seem to be, happen to be 等。例如:
There seems to be a mistake in your answer.(你的答案似乎有一个错误。)
There happened to be a doctor on the spot.(碰巧现场有一位医生。)
6.here be 句型与 have 句型的区别
There be 表示 “某处存在某物或某人”。例如:There are three chairs in the room.(房间里有三把椅子。)强调房间这个地方存在椅子。
have 表示 “某人拥有某物 / 某人”,表示所有、拥有关系。例如:I have a beautiful book.(我有一本漂亮的书。)强调 “我” 拥有这本书。
当 have 表示 “包括”、“存在” 的含义时:There be 句型与其可互换。例如:A year has twelve months. = There are twelve months in a year.(一年有十二个月。)
二、方位介词
1.in:意为 “在…… 里”,表示一个物体在另一个物体的内部。例如:
The pen is in the pencil - box.(钢笔在铅笔盒里。)
There are some apples in the basket.(篮子里有一些苹果。)
2.on:意为 “在…… 上”,表示一个物体在另一个物体的表面上方,并且两个物体有接触。例如:
The book is on the desk.(书在桌子上。)
There is a map on the wall.(墙上有一张地图。)
3.under:意为 “在…… 下”,表示一个物体在另一个物体的下方,有无接触均可。例如:
The ball is under the chair.(球在椅子下面。)
There is a cat under the bed.(床下面有一只猫。)
4.near:意为 “在…… 附近”,表示两个物体距离较近。例如:
The hospital is near the school.(医院在学校附近。)
There is a park near my house.(我家附近有一个公园。)
5.next to:意为 “紧邻;在…… 近旁”,强调两个物体紧挨着。例如:
My desk is next to hers.(我的书桌紧挨着她的。)T
here is a bank next to the post office.(邮局旁边有一家银行。)
6.behind:意为 “在…… 后面”。例如:
The bike is behind the tree.(自行车在树后面。)
There is a garden behind the house.(房子后面有一个花园。)
7.in front of:意为 “在…… 前面”,表示在物体外部的前面。例如:
There is a tree in front of the classroom.(教室前面有一棵树。)
The bus stop is in front of the supermarket.(公共汽车站在超市前面。)
8.between... and...:意为 “在…… 和…… 之间”,用于表示在两者之间的位置关系。例如:
The library is between the school and the park.(图书馆在学校和公园之间。)
There is a river between the two villages.(两个村庄之间有一条河。)
9.among:意为 “在…… 之中”,用于表示在三者或三者以上的人或物之中。例如:
The little girl is among the students.(这个小女孩在学生们之中。)
There is a red flower among the white ones.(在那些白色的花中有一朵红色的花。)
各单元语法配套检测
Starter Units 1-3 配套练习题(15 道)
1. There is _______ “h” and _______ “u” in the word “hour”.
A. a; an B. an; a C. an; an D. a; a
2. This is _______ useful book. I like it very much.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
3. —What color is _______ pen?
—It’s black.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
4. We usually go to school _______ Monday to Friday.
A. in B. on C. at D. /
5. My mother often watches TV _______ night.
A. in B. on C. at D. /
6. This is _______ brother. _______ name is Tom.
A. Lucy; Her B. Lucy’s; She C. Lucy’s; Her D. Lucy; She’s
7. These are _______ books. They are on the desk.
A. Tom and Jim B. Tom’s and Jim’s C. Tom and Jim’s D. Tom’s and Jim
8. —Whose bag is this?
—It’s _______.
A. my B. me C. mine D. I
9. The picture _______ the wall is very beautiful.
A. on B. in C. under D. near
10. There is a cat _______ the chair. You can’t see it.
A. on B. in C. under D. next to
11. —_______ is that?
—It’s a ruler.
A. What B. Who C. Where D. How
12. —_______ are these?
—They are apples.
A. What B. Who C. Where D. How
13. —What’s _______ over there?
—It’s a car.
A. this B. that C. these D. those
14. There are _______ students in our class.
A. thirty-five B. thirty five C. thirty-fifth D. thirty fifth
15. My birthday is on the _______ of October.
A. twelve B. twelveth C. twelfth D. twelves
答案:1-5 BACDC 6-10 CBCCC 11-15 AABAC
Unit 1 You and Me 配套练习题(15 道)
1. —_______ you a student?
—Yes, I _______.
A. Are; am B. Is; am C. Are; is D. Is; is
2. My father _______ a doctor. He works in a hospital.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
3. Tom and I _______ good friends. We often play together.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
4. —_______ is your mother?
—She is a teacher.
A. What B. Who C. Where D. How
5. —_______ is this girl?
—She is my sister.
A. What B. Who C. Where D. How
6. This is my friend. _______ name is Lily. _______ is from America.
A. Her; She B. She; Her C. Her; Her D. She; She
7. —Is this _______ pen?
—No, it isn’t. _______ is over there.
A. your; My B. your; Mine C. you; My D. you; Mine
8. —_______ is your schoolbag?
—It’s blue.
A. What color B. What C. Where D. How
9. —_______ are you from?
—I’m from China.
A. What B. Who C. Where D. How
10. —_______ is the book?
—It’s on the desk.
A. What B. Who C. Where D. How
11. He _______ a new bike. The bike is very nice.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
12. —Do you _______ a pen?
—Yes, I do.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
13. My brother _______ TV every evening.
A. watch B. watches C. is watch D. is watches
14. —_______ your father like reading?
—Yes, he does.
A. Do B. Does C. Is D. Are
15. They _______ to school by bus every day.
A. go B. goes C. is go D. are go
答案:1-5 ABCAB 6-10 ABACC 11-15 BABBA
Unit 2 We’re Family 配套练习题(15 道)
1. My mother often _______ breakfast for me in the morning.
A. make B. makes C. making D. is make
2. Tom _______ to the park every Sunday.
A. go B. goes C. going D. is go
3. My sister _______ English very well.
A. speak B. speaks C. speaking D. is speak
4. —_______ your father often play basketball?
—No, he doesn’t.
A. Do B. Does C. Is D. Are
5. They _______ not like playing football.
A. do B. does C. is D. are
6. This is _______ room. It’s very clean.
A. Tom and Jim B. Tom’s and Jim’s C. Tom and Jim’s D. Tom’s and Jim
7. —Whose books are these?
—They are _______.
A. Lucy B. Lucy’s C. Lucys’ D. Lucys
8. There are two _______ on the desk.
A. book B. books C. book’s D. books’
9. —How many _______ are there in your family?
—Three.
A. people B. peoples C. person D. persons
10. My father’s birthday is on the _______ of May.
A. five B. fiveth C. fifth D. fives
11. She usually _______ up at 6:30 in the morning.
A. get B. gets C. getting D. is get
12. —_______ do you usually go to bed?
—At 9:30.
A. What time B. What C. Where D. How
13. My brother _______ homework every evening.
A. do B. does C. doing D. is do
14. —_______ your mother often cook dinner?
—Yes, she does.
A. Do B. Does C. Is D. Are
15. They _______ TV every Saturday evening.
A. watch B. watches C. watching D. is watch
答案:1-5 BBBBA 6-10 CBBAC 11-15 BABBA
Unit 3 My School 配套练习题(15 道)
1. There _______ a book and two pens on the desk.
A. is B. are C. be D. am
2. There _______ two chairs and a desk in the room.
A. is B. are C. be D. am
3. —_______ there a library in your school?
—Yes, there is.
A. Is B. Are C. Be D. Am
4. There _______ some water in the bottle.
A. is B. are C. be D. am
5. There _______ no milk in the fridge. Let’s buy some.
A. is B. are C. be D. am
6. —_______ are there in your classroom?
—There are forty.
A. How many student B. How many students C. How much student D. How much students
7. —_______ water is there in the glass?
—Only a little.
A. How many B. How much C. How long D. How often
8. There _______ a football match tomorrow.
A. is going to be B. are going to be C. will have D. is going to have
9. There _______ a park near my home three years ago.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
10. —Where _______ the books?
—They are on the shelf.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
11. The pen is _______ the pencil-box.
A. in B. on C. under D. near
12. The picture is _______ the wall.
A. in B. on C. under D. near
13. The cat is _______ the chair. You can see it.
A. in B. on C. under D. behind
14. The bank is _______ the post office and the supermarket.
A. between B. among C. in front of D. behind
15. There is a tree _______ the house.
A. in front of B. in the front of C. on D. under
答案:1-5 ABAAA 6-10 BBACB 11-15 ABBAA
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