跟着课文学语法丨译林版·选择性必修四

Unit 1 Honesty and responsibility 选择性必修 状语从句 概述 状语从句是用作状语的从句，可修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。它根据其在句中的功 能，可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、方式、比较、目的和结果等九种类型。掌握状语从句的用法，能让句 子表达更丰富、逻辑更清晰。 一、时间状语从句 时间状语从句用于表示动作发生的时间，常用的引导词有when、while、as、before、after、since、until训 till、as soon as、hardly...when.、no sooner.than..等。 1.when、while、as的区别 ①when引导的从句可表示时间点或时间段，从句中可用延续性动词或非延续性动词。 When I came in,he was reading a book.我进来时，他正在看书。(when表示时间点) hen we lived in the countryside,.we often went fishing..我们住在乡下时，经常去钓鱼。 (when表示时间段) ②while引导的从句表示时间段，从句中常用延续性动词，且多与进行时连用。 hile she was cooking,the phone rang.她做饭时，电话响了。(while表示时间段，从句用进行时) ③as引导的从句强调主从句动作同时进行，可译为“一边…一边…”。 She sang as she walked.她边走边唱。(as强调动作同时进行) 2.before与after before表示“在…之前”，after表示“在…之后”。 Please turn off the light before you leave the room.离开房间前请关灯。 After he finished his homework,he went to bed.他做完作业后就去睡觉了。 3.since与until/till ①since表示“自从…以来”，主句常用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。 I have lived here since I was born..我从出生起就住在这里。 ②until/til表示“直到…为止”，主句为肯定句时，谓语动词用延续性动词；主句为否定句时，谓语动词用非 延续性动词，构成“not.until..”结构，意为“直到…才…”。 He waited until she came back.他一直等到她回来，（主句用延续性动词waited) He didnt go to bed until he finished his work,他直到完成工作才睡觉。 (主句用非延续性动词go,构成not.until.结构) 3.as soon as hardly...when...no sooner...than... 这三个短语都表示“一…就.”，as soon as引导的从句可位于主句前或后；hardly..hen..和no sooner..than.主句常用过去完成时，且hardly/no sooner位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 As soon as I get there,I will call you.我一到那里就给你打电话。 128法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Hardly had we got home when it began to rain.我们刚到家，天就开始下雨了。 (hardly位于句首，主句用部分倒装) No sooner had he left than the phone rang..他刚离开，电话就响了。 (no sooner位于句首，主句用部分倒装) (观察试题) I was watching TV _my brother came in. A.when B.while C.as D.since 【解析】句中“came in”是短暂性动作，when可引导时间点，选A。 语篇示例 When I was a child,my parents often took me to the park.While we were walking,my father would tell me stories.As we grew older,we still went there every weekend.After we arrived,we would play games together.I have many happy memories since we started doing this. 二、地点状语从句 地点状语从句用于表示动作发生的地点，常用的引导词有where、wherever。. ①where表示“在…地方”，强调特定的地点。 Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。 They will go where they are needed.他们会去需要他们的地方。 ②wherever表示“无论哪里”，强调任何地点。 herever you go,.I will follow you.无论你去哪里，我都会跟着你。 You can sit wherever you like.你可以坐在你喜欢的任何地方。 (观察试题) You should put the book it was. A.where B.when C.why D.how 【解析】句意为“你应该把书放在原来的地方”，表示地点，用where,选A。 语篇示例 We traveled to many places.Where the scenery was beautiful,we took a lot of photos.Wherever we went,the local people were very friendly.They told us stories about their hometowns.We had a great time during the trip. 三、原因状语从句 原因状语从句用于表示动作发生的原因，常用的引导词有because、since、as、now that等。 ①because表示直接原因，语气最强，常用来回答why引导的问句。 He didnt go to school because he was ill.他没去上学，因为他生病了。 一Why are you late?一Because I missed the bus.一你为什么迟到了？一因为我错过了公交车。 ②since表示“既然”，语气稍弱，通常置于句首，强调已知的原因。 Since everyone is here,lets start the meeting.既然大家都到了，我们就开始开会吧。 Since you dont know the word,you can look it up in the dictionary..既然你不认识这个单词，你可以 查字典。 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修129 ③as表示“由于”，语气比since更弱，引导的从句常位于主句前。 As it was raining,we stayed at home.由于下雨，我们待在了家里。 As he is busy,he cant come to the party.由于他很忙，他不能来参加派对。 ④now that表示“既然”，与since用法相近，强调“现在既然已经…”。 Now that you have finished your homework,you can watch TV.既然你已经完成了作业，你可以看电 视了。 Now that the weather is fine,lets go for a walk.既然天气很好，我们去散步吧。 (观察试题) _he is old,he still works very hard. A.Because B.Since C.Although D.As 【解析】句意为“虽然他老了，但他仍然努力工作”，此处需要表示让步的连词，而选项中只有although符 合，选C。(注：本题虽涉及让步，但可通过对比原因状语从句引导词加深理解) 语篇示例 Because the exam is coming,all the students are studying hard.Since time is limited,they have to make a study plan.As their teacher,I often encourage them.Now that they have made great progress, I am very happy. 四、条件状语从句 条件状语从句用于表示主句动作发生的条件，常用的引导词有if、unless、as long as、on condition that 等。 ①f表示“如果”，引导真实条件句时，若主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。 If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home.如果明天下雨，我们就待在家里。 You will pass the exam if you study hard.如果你努力学习，你会通过考试的。 ②unless表示“除非”，相当于“if.not.”。 You will fail the exam unless you study hard.除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。 (相当于If you dont study hard,you will fail the exam.) Unless it rains,we will go hiking.除非下雨，否则我们会去远足。 (相当于If it doesnt rain,we will go hiking.) ③as long as表示“只要”，on condition that表示“在…条件下”。 You can borrow my book as long as you return it on time.只要你按时归还，你可以借我的书。 He will help you on condition that you ask him.只要你开口，他会帮你的。 (观察试题) We go for a picnic if it fine this weekend. A.will;is B.will:will be C./is D./;will be 【解析】f引导的条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来，选A。 语篇示例 If you want to learn English well,you should practice speaking every day.You can join an English club as long as you are interested.Unless you give up,you will make progress.On condition that you follow these suggestions,your English will improve. 130法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 五、让步状语从句 让步状语从句用于表示让步关系，即“虽然…但是…”，常用的引导词有though、although、even if、 even though,as、while、no matter+疑问词、疑问词+ever等。 ①though/,although表示“虽然”，引导让步状语从句时，不能与but连用，但可与yet、still连用。 Though he is young,he knows a lot.虽然他很年轻，但他知道很多。 (不能说Though he is young,but he knows a lot..) Although it was late,.he went on working..虽然很晚了，但他还在继续工作。 ②even if//even though表示“即使”，语气比though/although强。 Even if it rains,we will go on a trip.即使下雨，我们也要去旅行。 Even though he is poor,he is happy.即使他很穷，但他很快乐。 ③as引导让步状语从句时，要将表语、状语或谓语动词的一部分提到句首，构成倒装。 Young as he is,he is experienced.虽然他年轻，但他有经验，（表语提前） Hard as he worked,he didnt pass the exam.虽然他努力学习，但他没通过考试。（状语提前） ④while表示“虽然”，引导的从句常位于句首。 hile I like the color of the hat,I dont like its shape.虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色，但我不喜欢它的形 状。 ⑤no matter+疑问词与疑问词+ever表示“无论.”，两者可以互换。 No matter what you say,I wont believe you.无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。 (相当于Whatever you say,I wont believe you.) No matter how hard it is,.I will try my best.无论有多难，我都会尽力。 (相当于However hard it is,.I will try my best..) (观察试题) _he is very busy,he still spends some time reading every day. A.Because B.Though C.If D.When 【解析】句意为“虽然他很忙，但他每天仍花一些时间读书”，表示让步，选B。 语篇示例 Though he is disabled,he never gives up.Even if he faces many difficulties,he keeps working hard.Hard as his life is,he is always optimistic.No matter what happens,he believes he can overcome i. 六、方式状语从句 方式状语从句用于表示动作的方式，常用的引导词有as、asif、as though。 ①as表示“像…一样”“按照…方式”。 Do as I tell you.按照我告诉你的做。 You should do your homework as your sister does..你应该像你姐姐那样做作业。 ②asif刊as though表示“好像”“仿佛”，从句中常用虚拟语气，表示与事实不符的情况。 He talks as if he knew everything.他说话好像什么都知道似的，（与现在事实不符，用过去式） She looks as though she had seen a ghost.(她看起来好像见了鬼似的。 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修131 (与过去事实不符，用过去完成式)》 (观察试题) She treats the boy he were her own son. A.as if B.even if C.as D.since 【解析】句意为“她对待这个男孩就好像他是她自己的儿子一样”，表示虚拟，用sif,选A。 语篇示例 He acted as if he were the boss.He told us to work as he did.We followed his instructions,but it didnt work.He looked as though he was disappointed. 七、比较状语从句 比较状语从句用于表示两者之间的比较，常用的引导词有than、as.as.、not so/as..as ①than表示“比…更…”，从句中常省略与主句相同的部分。 He is taller than I(am).他比我高。 She studies harder than he(does).她比他学习更努力。 ②as.as表示“和…一样…”，否定形式为not so/as.as.,表示“不如…”。 He is as tall as his father.他和他父亲一样高。 This book is not so interesting as that one.这本书不如那本书有趣。 (观察试题) The weather in Beijing is colder than in Guangzhou in winter. A.it B.that C.this D.one 【解析】比较的是北京和广州的天气，用that指代不可数名词weather,选B。 语篇示例 Tom is as old as Mary.But Tom is taller than Mary.Mary studies harder than Tom.Their English teacher says Tom is not so careful as Mary. 八、目的状语从句 目的状语从句用于表示主句动作的目的，常用的引导词有so that、in order that、in case等。 ①so that/in order that表示“为了”“以便”，从句中常含有can、could、may、might等情态动词。in order that引导的从句可位于主句前或后，so that引导的从句常位于主句后。 He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.他努力学习是为了能通过考试。 In order that we can arrive on time,we should start early..为了能准时到达，我们应该早点出发。 ②in case表示“以防”“以免”。 Take an umbrella in case it rains.带把伞，以防下雨。 I will keep a map in case|get lost..我会带张地图，以免迷路。 (观察试题) He speaks English very slowly _everyone can understand him A.so that B.because C.if D.when 【解析】句意为“他英语说得很慢，以便每个人都能听懂他说的话”，表示目的，选A。 语篇示例 132法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 We need to save money so that we can buy a new car.He takes notes in class in order that he can review them later.You should bring some food in case you get hungry. 九、结果状语从句 结果状语从句用于表示主句动作产生的结果，常用的引导词有so.that..、such.that.。 ①so.that.中so后接形容词或副词。 He is so tall that he can reach the top of the shelf..他太高了，能碰到书架顶部。(so后接形容词tall) She runs so fast that no one can catch up with her..她跑得太快了，没人能追上她。(so后接副词fast) ②such..that.中such后接名词短语。 It is such a beautiful day that we want to go out.天气这么好，我们想去外面。 (such后接名词短语a beautiful day) They are such kind people that everyone likes them.他们是那么善良的人，每个人都喜欢他们。 (such后接名词短语kind people) (观察试题) It was _a cold day that we decided to stay at home. A.so B.such C.very D.too 【解析】a cold day是名词短语，用such修饰，选B。 语篇示例 The movie was so interesting that we wanted to watch it again.She has such a good memory that she can remember all the words.He ran so quickly that he won the race. 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用适当的引导词填空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的引导词。 1 I will call you I arrive in Beijing. _he is rich,he is not happy. 3 You cant pass the exam_you study hard. ④ there is water,there is life. 5 He worked hardhe could pass the exam 6She speaks English she were a native speaker. 7 It was a hot daywe all wanted to swim. are young,you should learn as much as possible 9 He didnt go to bed he finished his homework. 10you like it or not,you have to do it. 2.读后续写（根据所给语段，运用状语从句完成续写） 阅读下面语段，根据提示进行续写，注意状语从句的正确使用。 Last Sunday,Lucy went to the forest with her friends.They planned to have a picnic there.When they arrived,they found a nice place under a big tree.They were busy preparing the food_it 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修133 suddenly started to rain. 续写提示：下雨后他们只好躲到附近的小木屋，在小木屋里发现了一些有趣的东西…雨停后他们继 续野餐，度过了难忘的一天。 要求：续写两段，每段不少于100词，适当运用状语从句。 3.短文改错（找出文中关于状语从句的错误并改正） 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错 误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 I like reading very much because it can make me happy.As I have much free time,I always go to the library.But I didnt go there yesterday because of it rained heavily. I stayed at home and read a novel.It was so interesting novel that I couldnt put it down.The story was about a girl which traveled around the world.She met many people while she was traveling. Though she had many difficulties,but she never gave up. I finished the novel until 10 oclock in the evening.I felt very tired,so I was very happy.I hope I can travel around the world if I will grow up. 4.语法填空（用适当的引导词填空） A:Hi,Jack!What are you going to do this summer vacation? B:I plan to go to the countrysidemy grandparents live. A:That sounds great.How long will you stay there? B:I will stay there the vacation ends. A:What will you do there? B:I will help my grandparents with farm work they are not so young.And I will read books I have free time. A:Will you go swimming in the river near their house? B:Of course.it is hot,I will go swimming every afternoon. A:Can I go with you? B:Sure.you go,we will have a good time. A:Great!I will call youI am ready. B:OK.I will wait for you. 134法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①when/as soon as解析：句意为“我到北京就给你打电话”，表示“一…就.”，可用When或as soon as引导时间状语从句。 ②Though/Although/While解析：句意为“虽然他很富有，但他并不快乐”，表示让步关系，可用Though,Although或While引 导让步状语从句。 ③unless解析：句意为“除非你努力学习，否则你通不过考试”，unless表示“除非”，引导条件状语从句，相当于“if.not”。 ④Where解析：句意为“有水的地方就有生命”，Where引导地点状语从句，强调“在…地方”。 ⑤so that/in order that解析：句意为“他努力学习是为了能通过考试”，表示目的，用so that或in order that引导目的状语从 句。 ⑥as if/as though解析：句意为“她讲英语就好像她是母语者一样”，asif和as though表示“好像”，引导方式状语从句，此处 用虚拟语气(were)。 ⑦such;that解析：句意为“天气如此炎热，以至于我们都想去游泳”，a hot day是名词短语，用“such.that”引导结果状语 从句。 ⑧Since/Now that解析：句意为“既然你还年轻，就应该尽可能多学习”，Since和Now that表示“既然”，引导原因状语从句。 9)until/till解析：句意为“他直到完成作业才睡觉”，“not.until..”是固定结构，表示“直到…才…”，引导时间状语从句。 0 Whether解析：句意为“不管你喜不喜欢，你都得做这件事”，“whether..or not'”是固定搭配，表示“无论是否”，引导让步状 语从句。 2.读后续写（略） 3.短文改错 ①because of it rained→because it rained解析：because of后接名词或名词短语，because后接从句。此处“'it rained heavily'”是完整句子，故用because引导原因状语从句。 ②so interesting novel→such an interesting novel解析：“so.that.”中so后接形容词/副词，“such.that.”中such后接 名词短语。“interesting novel'"是名词短语，且interesting以元音音素开头，故用“such an interesting novel”。 3 girl which一girl who/that解析：先行词是“gir”(指人)，定语从句中关系代词作主语，故用who或that,不用which(指 物)。 ④Though..but.→Though.../.but..解析：英语中Though/Although与but不能连用，二者选其一即可。 ⑤finished the novel until一didn't finish the novel until解析：“unti'用于肯定句时，谓语动词需为延续性动词；“finish”是 非延续性动词，需用“not.until..”结构，表示“直到…才…” ⑥so I was→but I was解析：前句“felt very tired”与后句was very happy”是转折关系，故用but连接，不用so(表因果)。 ⑦if I will grow up一if I grow up解析：if引导条件状语从句时，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来，故去掉wi。 4.语法填空 ①where解析：句意为“我计划去祖父母居住的乡下”，here引导地点状语从句，修饰先行词the countryside,在从句中作 地点状语。 ②until/til解析：句意为“我会在那里待到假期结束”，until/till表示“直到…为止”，引导时间状语从句。 ③because/since/as解析：句意为“我会帮祖父母做农活，因为他们年纪不大了”，表示原因，用because,since或as引导原 因状语从句。 ④when/whenever解析：句意为“当我有空的时候，我会看书”，when表示“当…时”，whenever:表示“无论何时”，均能引 导时间状语从句。 ⑤If/When解析：句意为“如果天气热，我每天下午都会去游泳”，f表示“如果”（条件），When表示“当…时”（时间），均符合 语境。 ⑥If/When解析：句意为“如果你去，我们会玩得很开心”，f表示“如果”（条件），When表示“当…时”（时间），均能引导相应 状语从句。 ⑦when/as soon as解析：句意为“我准备好就给你打电话”，表示“当…时”或“一…就…”，用when或as soon as引 导时间状语从句。 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修135 Unit 2 Understanding each other 定语从句 一、定语从句的概念 定语从句是修饰名词或代词的从句，被修饰的词称为先行词，从句通常置于先行词之后，由关系代词或 关系副词引导。它的结构是：先行词+关系词（如which/that/who/whose/where/when/why)+从句。关系 词在从句中充当成分（主语、宾语、状语等）。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 1.关系代词ho(指人，作主语或宾语) 先行词为表示人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语（此时不可省略）或宾语（口语中可省略或用ho代替）。 The girl who is singing is my sister.正在唱歌的女孩是我妹妹。 (“who is singing”修饰“the girl”,who在从句中作主语。) The man who helped me yesterday is a teacher..昨天帮助我的那个男人是一名教师。 (“who helped me yesterday”修饰“the man”,who在从句中作主语。) (观察试题) The man_saved the boy's life is a firefighter. 先行词the man指人，在从句中作主语，故填who。 2.The woman whom I met is from America.我遇见的那个女人来自美国。 (“whom I met'”修饰“the woman”,whom在从句中作宾语。) The teacher whom we all respect is very kind.我们都尊敬的那位老师非常和蔼。 (“whom we all respect'”修饰“the teacher”,whom在从句中作宾语。) (观察试题) This is the doctor I told you about. A.who B.whom C.which 详解：先行词the doctor指人，在从句中作about的宾语，正式用法选B.whom,口语中A也可接受，但 此处为语法题，选更规范的whom。 3.关系代词whose(指人或物，作定语)表示所属关系，先行词可为“人”或“物”，其后需接名词，在从句中 作定语（不可省略）。 The boy whose father is a doctor is my classmate..父亲是医生的那个男孩是我的同学。 (“whose father is a doctor'”修饰“the boy'”,whose在从句中作定语。) The house whose windows face south is very bright..窗户朝南的那所房子非常明亮。 (“whose windows face south'”修饰“the house”,whose在从句中作定语。) (观察试题) I know the girl father is a famous scientist. 先行词the girl指人，从句中需表达“女孩的父亲”，故填whose。 4.关系代词引导的定语从句在语篇中的应用 语篇示例 136法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 The teacher who taught us English last year is very kind.She has a son whose name is Tom.Tom, whom we all know,is a very good student.The book whose cover is red is Tom's.He likes the book which/that his mother gave him.去年教我们英语的老师很和蔼。她有一个儿子，名叫汤姆。我们都知道汤 姆是个好学生。封面是红色的那本书是汤姆的。他喜欢他妈妈给他的那本书。 结构分析 “who taught us English last year'”修饰“the teacher'”,作主语，说明老师的身份。 “whose name is Tom”修饰“ason”,作定语，说明儿子的名字。 “whom we all know”修饰“Tom”,作宾语，补充说明我们对Tom的了解。 “whose cover is red'”修饰“the book”,作定语，说明书的封面特征。 “which/that his mother gave him”修饰“the book”,作宾语，说明书的来源。 (观察试题) In the sentence "The town,which has a history of over 500 years,attracts many tourists every year.",the function of the underlined part is A.to define the town B.to provide additional information about the town C.to show the result of the town's history D.to compare the town with others 答案：B解析：非限定性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。 二、关系副词引导的定语从句 1.where引导定语从句时，先行词通常是表示地点的名词，在从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词+关系代 词(which)”。此时，先行词在从句中需要还原为地点状语的形式。如： This is the house where I lived last year.这就是我去年住的房子。 (先行词“the house”是地点，where在从句中作地点状语，相当于in which,即I lived in the house last year.) The school where my mother works is very big.我妈妈工作的学校非常大。 (“The school'”是先行词，where在从句中作地点状语，还原为my mother works in the school。) The city where we held the concert is beautiful..我们举办音乐会的那个城市很美丽。 (先行词“the city”,where在从句中作地点状语，相当于in which,即we held the concert in the city。) (观察试题) They visited the village they once worked as volunteers. A.which B.where C.when D.why 答案：B解析从句缺地点状语，用where。 2.when引导定语从句，先行词为表示时间的名词，在从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词+关系代词 (which)”。先行词在从句中需还原为时间状语。 I still remember the day when we met for the first time.我仍然记得我们第一次见面的那一天。 (先行词“the day”是时间，when在从句中作时间状语，相当于on which,即we met for the first time on that day) July is the month when the weather is usually very hot..七月是天气通常很热的月份。 (“July”是先行词，hen在从句中作时间状语，相当于in which,即the weather is usually very hot in Juy。) 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修137