跟着课文学语法丨译林版·选择性必修三

Unit 1 Wish you were here 选择性必修三 限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句概述 限制性定语从句是对先行词进行修饰、限制和确定的从句，它与主句关系紧密，中间不用逗号隔开。如 果去掉该从句，主句的意思会不完整或不明确。限制性定语从句在句中起着至关重要的作用，能够精准地 界定先行词的范围。 一、 限制性定语从句的引导词 1.关系代词 ①that 既可指人也可指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。指人时可与who/whom互换，指物时可与which 互换。但在以下情况中只能用that:先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰；先行词是不定代词（如al, everything,nothing等)；先行词既有人又有物。 This is the book that I bought yesterday.这是我昨天买的那本书，(that指物，作宾语) The first student that raises his hand will get the prize.第-个举手的学生将获得奖品。 (that指人，作主语，先行词被序数词修饰) All that glitters is not gold.闪光的不都是金子。(that指物，作主语，先行词是不定代词) ②who 指人，在从句中作主语。 The girl who is standing there is my sister.站在那里的那个女孩是我的妹妹(who作主语) ③whom 指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略。 The man whom you met yesterday is our teacher..你昨天遇到的那个男人是我们的老师。 (whom作宾语，可省略) ④which 指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语。 The pen which is on the desk is mine.桌子上的那支钢笔是我的。(which作主语) This is the bag which I lost last week.这是我上周丢失的那个包，(which作宾语，可省略) ⑤whose 既可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语，其后接名词。 Do you know the girl whose hair is red?你认识那个红头发的女孩吗？(whose指人，修饰hair) This is the house whose windows are broken.这是那座窗户破了的房子。 (whose指物，修饰windows) 观察考题 This is the best film I have ever seen. A.which B.that C.who D.whom 【解析】先行词被形容词最高级best修饰，关系代词只能用that,选B。 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修109 语篇示例 I have a friend who likes reading very much.He has many books that are about history.The book which he lent me yesterday is very interesting.It tells stories of people whose lives were full of adventures.I think everyone who loves history will enjoy it. 2.关系副词 ①when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，其先行词通常是表示时间的名词（如time,day,year等）。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school..我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一 天，(when作时间状语) ②where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语，其先行词通常是表示地点的名词（如place,city,house等）。 This is the factory where my father works.这是我父亲工作的那家工厂。(where作地点状语) ③why 指原因，在从句中作原因状语，其先行词通常是reason。 Do you know the reason why he was late?你知道他迟到的原因吗？(why作原因状语) 观察考题 This is the place_ I spent my childhood. A.which B.that C.where D.when 【解析】先行词是place,在从句中作地点状语，用where引导，选C。 语篇示例 There was a time when I was afraid of speaking in public.My teacher took me to a park where many people gathered.She told me the reason why I was afraid was that I didnt practice enough.With her help,I gradually became confident. 二、限制性定语从句的特殊用法 1.“介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句：关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，可将介词提到关系代词 前，此时关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，不能用that或who。 This is the house in which I lived last year.这是我去年住过的房子。 (相当于This is the house which I lived in last year.) The man with whom you talked just now is a doctor.你刚才交谈的那个男人是一名医生。 (相当于The man whom you talked with just now is a doctor..) 观察考题 The person you should apologize is your teacher. A.to whom B.whom to C.to who D.who to 【解析】“apologize to sb.”是固定搭配，关系代词指人且作介词to的宾语，用to whom,选A。 语篇示例 The library from which I borrowed this book is very big.There are many students with whom I often study there.The desk at which we sit is near the window. 2.as引导的限制性定语从句：as引导限制性定语从句时，常用于the same..as,such.…as等结构中，as在 110法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。 This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.这和我昨天丢失的钢笔一样。(as作宾语) He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.他是一个大家都喜欢的聪明男孩。(as作宾语) 观察考题 She wore the same dress_ she wore at Marys wedding A.that B.which C.as D.what 【解析】the same.as是固定结构，用as引导定语从句，选C。 语篇示例 I have the same opinion as you.Such books as you recommended are very useful.We should learn from people as are hard-working and kind. 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的关系代词或关系副词。 I live in a small town 1.is surrounded by mountains.There is a river 2. runs through the town.People 3.live here are very friendly.I often go to a bookstore 4. is near my home.The owner of the bookstore is a lady 5.knows a lot about books.She always recommends books 6. are suitable for me Last week,I bought a novel 7.tells a moving story.The story is about a girl 8. family was very poor.She worked hard 9.she could go to college.I learned a lot from the story,10. made me realize the importance of perseverance. 2.读后续写（根据所给语段，用适当的限制性定语从句完成续写） 阅读下面语段，根据提示进行续写，注意限制性定语从句的正确使用。 Last summer,I went to a village 1.my grandparents lived.The village was beautiful,with many trees 2._provided shade.There was a small lake 3.we could swim.I made friends with a boy 4. was the same age as me. 续写提示：我和男孩一起经历了一件有趣的事…最后我们依依不舍地告别。 要求：续写两段，每段不少于100词，适当运用限制性定语从句。 3.短文改错（找出文中关于限制性定语从句的错误并改正） 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错 误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（八），并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 I have a friend his name is Tom.He is a student which studies in No.1 Middle School.The school where he studies there is very beautiful.There are many trees that they are tall and green.The classroom in that he studies is big and bright. Tom likes sports,and basketball is the sport which he likes best.He often plays with his 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修111 classmates in the playground where is behind the teaching building.The teacher who teaches them P. E.is a man which is very strict but kind. Last week,Tom joined a basketball match that was held in our city.He played well,so his team won the match.This is the first prize which he has ever got. 4.语法填空（用括号内所给单词的适当形式或适当的关系词填空） A:Do you know the girl 1.(stand)over there? B:Yes,she is Lucy 2.brother is in my class. A:The book 3.she is reading looks interesting.What is it? B:It is a storybook 4.(write)by a famous writer.The stories in 5.are about animals. A:I like books 6.tell stories about animals.Can you ask her 7.(lend)it to me after she finishes reading? B:Sure.But I think you can buy one in the bookstore 8. is near our school. A:Good idea.Do you know the time 9.the bookstore closes? B:It closes at 9 oclock in the evening. A:Thank you for 10.(tell)me. 【答案】 1.语法填空 1.which/that 2.which/that 3.who/that 4.which/that 5.who/that 6.which/that 7.which/that 8.whose 9.so that 10. which 2.读后续写（略） 3.短文改错 his→whose(修饰friend,指“朋友的名字”，用whose引导定语从句) which→who/that(先行词是student,指人，用who/that引导定语从句) 去掉there(where在从句中作地，点状语，there多余) 去掉they(that在从句中作主语，they多余) that→which(介词in后用which引导定语从句) which→that(先行词被最高级best修饰，用that引导定语从句) here→which/that(先行词是playground,在从句中作主语，用which/that引导) which→who/that(先行词是man,指人，用who/that引导定语从句) that→which(先行词是match,指物，用which引导定语从句，此处that也可，但更常用which) which→that(先行词被序数词first修饰，用that引导定语从句) 4.语法填空 1.standing 2.whose 3.which/that 4.written 5.which 6.that/which 7.to lend 8.that/which 9.when 10.telling 112法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit2○ut of this world 主语从句 一、主语从句的概念 主语从句在复合句中充当主语，它可以位于句首，也可以借助形式主语t,将真正的主语从句后置。其 作用是使句子结构更加平衡，避免头重脚轻。 1.从属连词 that(无词义，在从句中不充当成分，但不可省略)、whether(是否)。 That he passed the exam made us all happy. 他通过了考试，这让我们都很高兴。(tht引导主语从句，在从句中不做成分，仅起引导作用) hether he will come or not is still unknown.他是否会来仍然未知.(whether引导主语从句，表“是 否”) 2.连接代词 what(…的东西/事情)、who(谁)、whom(谁，宾格)、whose(谁的)、which(哪一个)。 hat he said is very important.他说的话非常重要。(what在从句中作said的宾语) ho will win the game is hard to say.谁将赢得比赛很难说。(who在从句中作主语) 3.连接副词 when(什么时候)、where(在哪里)、why(为什么)、how(如何)。 hen he will arrive is not clear..他什么时候到达还不清楚。(when在从句中作时间状语) How she managed to finish the work in such a short time is a mystery 她如何在这么短的时间内完成工作是个谜(how在从句中作方式状语) (观察试题) he likes the book is not clear. A.That B.What C.Whether D.Which 答案：C解析：根据句意“他是否喜欢这本书还不清楚”，表示“是否”用whether引导主语从句。 二、主语从句的不同类型及用法 1.由that引导的主语从句 当从句是一个完整的陈述句时，用that引导，that本身无实际意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，但在句首 引导主语从句时不能省略。 That she is a good teacher is known to us al.她是一位好老师，这一点我们都知道。 That the earth moves around the sun is a well-known fact.地球绕着太阳转是一个众所周知的事 实。 2.由连接代词引导的主语从句 连接代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分，具有疑问意义。 hat we need is more time.我们需要的是更多时间(what在从句中作need的宾语) hose book this is remains a puzzle..这是谁的书仍然是个谜。(whose在从句中作book的定语) 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修113 3.由连接副词引导的主语从句 连接副词在从句中充当状语，分别表示时间、地点、原因、方式等。 Where we will have the meeting has not been decided yet. 我们将在哪里开会还没有决定。(where在从句中作地点状语) hy he left in a hurry is not clear.他为什么匆忙离开还不清楚.(why在从句中作原因状语) (观察试题) broke the window remains a mystery. A.What B.Who C.That D.Which 答案：B解析：根据句意“谁打破了窗户仍然是个谜”，从句缺少主语，且表示“谁”，用wh0引导主语从句。 三、形式主语t的用法 当主语从句较长时，为避免句子结构失衡，常用t作形式主语，将真正的主语从句后置，常见结构有： 1.t+be+形容词(important,necessary,strange等)+that从句。 It is necessary that we should learn English well.我们学好英语是有必要的。 2.t+be+名词(a pity,a fact,,a wonder等)+that从句。 It is a pity that he didnt come to the party.他没来参加派对，真可惜。 3.t+be+过去分词(said,reported,.believed等)+that从句。 It is said that he has gone abroad.据说他已经出国了。 4.lt+不及物动词(seem,happen等)+that从句。 It seems that he is very happy.他似乎很开心。 (观察试题) It is reported」 more new schools will be built in our city next year. A.that B.what C.which D.how 答案：A解析：“It is reported”后接that引导的主语从句，it是形式主语，真正的主语是“that more new schools will be built in our city next year'”。 四、主语从句在语篇中的应用 It is obvious that our environment is getting worse.What we should do now is to take immediate action.Whether we can save the earth depends on everyones efforts.How we protect the environment is a question that we should think about carefully.That we live a low-carbon life can make a difference. 很明显，我们的环境正在恶化。我们现在应该做的是立即采取行动。我们是否能够拯救地球取决于每 个人的努力。我们如何保护环境是一个我们应该仔细思考的问题。我们过低碳生活能够产生影响。 (观察试题) In the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE according to the use of subject clauses? A.What we should do now is unimportant. B.Whether we can save the earth doesnt depend on anyone. C.How we protect the environment is a significant question. 114法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 D.That we live a low-carbon life makes no difference. 答案：C解析：文中提到“How we protect the environment is a question that we should think about carefully”,说明如何保护环境是一个重要问题，A、B、D选项与原文中主语从句表达的意思不符。 【总结】 牢记不同引导词(that,whether,连接代词I副词)的含义和在从句中的成分，根据从句是否缺成分选择 合适的引导词。 掌握主语从句直接位于句首和用形式主语"t”的两种结构，根据句子平衡选择合适的句式。 主语从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 在某些形容词后的主语从句中，谓语动词用"should+动词原形"，should可省略。 在阅读中，通过语篇分析主语从句的实际应用；在写作时，学会用主语从句丰富句子结构和表达逻辑关系。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用合适的连接词填空） ① he will come to the party tonight is still unknown. ② we need is more money to carry out the project. ③It is a pity she missed the chance to study abroad ④ the meeting will be held has not been decided yet. ⑤ broke the glass should be responsible for it. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与主语从句相关的错误，找出并改正） 1That he was late for school was because he missed the early bus. 2 What did he say at the meeting is very important. 3 It is known to all of us that if he is a good student. 4 Whether will they attend the concert makes no difference. 5 Which team will win the match are still uncertain. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填人适当的连接词或根据提示完成句子） It is clear 1. the Internet has changed our lives greatly.2. we communicate with others,shop,or study,the Internet provides us with great convenience.3. m atters most is how we make good use of it.Some people worry 4._ too much time spent online may affect our study and health.5. we can balance our online and offline life is a question we should consider.6. (that more and more people are realizing the importance of a healthy Internet usage. 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中主语从句的连接词及在从句中的成分和作用） 1 Why he suddenly changed his mind remains a secret. 2 What we saw in the museum yesterday left a deep impression on us. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子） ①He will come back next week.It is certain.(合并为含主语从句的向子，用it作形式主语) ②Did she pass the exam?It is not clear..(合并为含主语从句的句子，用it作形式主语) ③Where will they build the new factory?This is a problem.(改为主语从句) 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用主语从句完成英语句子） ①他是否会成功还不知道。 is still unknown 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修115 ②我们需要的是更多的时间和精力。 is more time and energy. ③很明显，他在考试中作弊了。 he cheated in the exam. ④谁打破了窗户应该受到惩罚。 should be punished. ⑤她为什么离开这个城市仍然是个谜。 remains a mystery. 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：Whether解析：根据句意“他今晚是否会来参加派对还不知道”，表示“是否”用Whether引导主语从句。 ②答案：What解析：“ we need”中缺少宾语，“我们需要的东西”用What引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语。 ③答案：that解析：“It is a pity”后接that引导的主语从句，it是形式主语，that无意义且不充当成分，不可省略。 ④答案：When解析：根据句意“会议什么时候举行还没有决定”，表示时间“什么时候"用When引导主语从句，在从句中 作时间状语。 ⑤答案：Whoever解析：“ broke the glass”中缺少主语，“无论谁打破了玻璃”用Whoever引导主语从句，相 当于Anyone who。 2.短文改错 ①答案：将because改为that解析：“That he was late for school'"是主语从句，“he missed the early bus'”是表语从句， 表语从句解释原因时用that引导，不用because,所以将because改为that。 ②答案：将did he sayi改为he said解析：主语从句要用陈述语序，所以将“did he say"改陈述语序he said”。 ③答案：去掉if解析：“It is known to all of us”后接that引导的主语从句，从句是陈述句，不需要f,应去掉if。 ④答案：将will th ey改为they will解析：主语从句要用陈述语序，所以将“will they'"改为陈述语序they will'"。 ⑤答案：将are改为is解析：“Which team will win the match”是主语从句，主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，所 以将are改为is。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：that解析：“It is clear'”后接that引导的主语从句，it是形式主语，that无意义且不充当成分。 ②答案：Whether解析：根据“ we communicate with others,shop,or study”可知，此处表示“无论我们是 交流，购物还是学习”，用Whether引导让步状语从句，与or搭配使用。 ③答案：What解析：“matters most'”中缺少主语，“最重要的事情”用What引导主语从句，在从句中作主语。 ④答案：that解析：“Some people worry"后接that引导的宾语从句，that无意义且不充当成分，可省略，但此处为了句子 结构清晰，保留that。 ⑤答案：How解析：根据“ we can balance our online and offline life”可知，此处表示“我们如何平衡线上和 线下生活”，用HOw引导主语从句，在从句中作方式状语。 ⑥答案：It is said解析：“据说”常用“It is said that.”结构，it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①连接词：Why成分：在从句中作原因状语作用：引导主语从句，说明“他突然改变主意”的原因是一个秘密，整个主语 从句在句中作主语。 ②连接词：What成分：在从句中作saw的宾语作用：引导主语从句，指代“我们在博物馆看到的东西”，整个主语从句在 句中作主语，表明看到的事物给我们留下深刻印象。 5.句子改写 ①答案：It is certain that he will come back next week. ②答案：It is not clear whether she passed the exam. ③答案：Where they will build the new factory is a problem. 6.写作应用 ①答案：Vhether he will succeed②)答案：What we need ③)答案：It is obvious that 4答案：Vhoever broke the window5)答案：Why she left the city 116法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 3 Back to the past 表语从句 一、表语从句的定义与基本结构 表语从句位于系动词（如be,seem,look,remain,become等）之后，用来说明主语的内容、性质、特征 或状态，在句中充当表语成分，是主系表结构句子的重要组成部分。 基本结构：主语+系动词+表语从句 The question is whether we can finish the work on time.问题是我们是否能按时完成工作。 My suggestion is that we should start early.我的建议是我们应该早点出发。 It seems that he has known the truth.似乎他已经知道了真相。 二、表语从句的连接词 1.从属连词 ①that:无实际意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，但引导表语从句时通常不能省略（在口语或非正式文 体中偶尔可省略)。 The fact is that he didnt tell the truth.事实是他设有说实话。 ②whether:.表示“是否”，不充当句子成分，不能用if替换（在表语从句中，if不能引导表语从句）。 The problem is whether they will support us.问题是他们是否会支持我们。 2.连接代词 ①what:在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，意为“…的东西事情”。 hat he wants is a book.他想要的是一本书。(what在从句中作宾语) ②who:在从句中充当主语或宾语，意为“谁”。 The winner is who has the most knowledge.获胜者是知识最丰富的人.(who在从句中作主语) ③whom:在从句中充当宾语，意为“谁"（宾格）。 The person he talked to is whom I met yesterday. 他与之交谈的人是我昨天遇到的那个人。(whom在从句中作宾语) ④whose:在从句中充当定语，意为“谁的”。 This is whose book it is.这就是这本书是谁的，(whose在从句中作定语) ⑤which:在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语，意为“哪一个”。 The question is which is the best choice.问题是哪一个是最好的选择。(which在从句中作主语) 3.连接副词 ①when:在从句中充当时间状语，意为“什么时候”。 My worry is when we can get there.我担心的是我们什么时候能到那里。 ②where:在从句中充当地点状语，意为“在哪里”。 The place is where we met for the first time.这个地方是我们第一次见面的地方。 ③why:在从句中充当原因状语，意为“为什么”。 Thats why he was late for school..那就是他上学迟到的原因。 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修117 ④how:在从句中充当方式状语，意为“如何”。 The problem is how we can solve it..问题是我们如何解决它。 (观察试题) The problem is】 we can get enough money for the project. A.that B.whether C.if D.what 答案：B解析：句意为“问题是我们是否能为这个项目筹集到足够的资金”，表示“是否”，且在表语从句 中不能用if,要用whether。 三、不同类型的表语从句及用法 1.由that引导的表语从句 当从句是一个完整的陈述句，不缺少任何成分时，用tht引导表语从句，that起连接作用，无实际意义。 His dream is that he can become a famous doctor..他的梦想是他能成为一名著名的医生。 The news is that our team has won the game.消息是我们队赢得了比赛。 2.由连接代词引导的表语从句 连接代词在从句中充当一定的句子成分，根据其在从句中的功能和句意选择合适的连接代词。 This is what I want to tell you.这就是我想告诉你的事情。(what在从句中作tel的宾语) ho he is doesnt matter..他是谁并不重要，(who在从句中作表语) 3.由连接副词引导的表语从句 连接副词在从句中充当状语，用来补充说明主语的相关信息，如时间、地点、原因、方式等。 Thats where I lived ten years ago.那就是我十年前住的地方，(where在从句中作地，点状语) This is how she learned English well..这就是她如何学好英语的。(how在从句中作方式状语) (观察试题) The reason for his success is_ he worked harder than others. A.why B.that C.because D.what 答案：B解析：“The reason..is that.”为固定句型，意为“…的原因是.”，that引导表语从句。 四、表语从句在语篇中的应用 My life goal is that I can make a difference in the world.What I need to do now is to study hard and gain more knowledge.The key point is how I can balance my study and life.Sometimes,the problem is whether I can keep my enthusiasm.But I believe that as long as I stick to my dream,I will achieve it one day. 我的人生目标是我能在世界上有所作为。我现在需要做的是努力学习，获取更多知识。关键在于我如 何平衡学习和生活。有时，问题在于我是否能保持热情。但我相信只要我坚持梦想，总有一天会实现它。 (观察试题) In the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE about the predicative clauses? A.The writers life goal is what he can make a difference in the world B.How he can balance study and life is not important. C.Whether he can keep his enthusiasm is sometimes a problem D.He doesnt believe he will achieve his dream. 118法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍