跟着课文学语法丨译林版·必修三&选择性必修一

Unit 1 Nature in the balance 省略 一、省略的意义 省略是避免重复、突出中心信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法手段。通常来说，只要不破坏结构或 引起歧义，能省略的地方就应省略。省略之后，不仅句子结构显得紧凑，而且句子意思更加明确。 二、简单句中的省略 在简单句中，为避免重复，常省略主语、谓语、宾语等成分。常见于祈使句、回答句以及上下文语境明确 的句子中。 1.祈使句省略主语： (You)Sit down,please.请坐。 (You)Be quiet!安静！ 2.回答句省略： 一Do you like coffee?你喜欢咖啡吗？ 一Yes,Ido.(完整回答)→Yes,(Ido).(省略重复部分) ho can solve this problem?谁能解决这个问题？ -Tom(can).汤姆能。（省略谓语及宾语） 3.并列句中的省略： My sister likes music,and my brother(likes)sports. 我妹妹喜欢音乐，我弟弟喜欢运动。（省略后句中重复的谓语likes) (观察试题) -Will you go to the party tonight? -Yes,I A.will B.do C.am D.can 答案：A解析：回答一般将来时的一般疑问句，省略重复部分，完整回答是“Yes,I will go to the party tonight'”,此处省略“go to the party tonight'”,保留助动词will。 二、复合句中的省略 1.宾语从句中的省略 ①在宾语从句中，当主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,.expect等，且主句主语是第一人称时，从 句的否定词常前移至主句，而从句可省略与上文相同的部分。 I dont think(that)he will come.我认为他不会来。（省略从句中的主语和部分谓语） ②由which,when,where,.how和why引导的宾语从句，可全部或部分省去，只保留引导词。 Please tell me when (you will come back). 请告诉我你什么时候回来。（省略从句中的主语和谓语）》 2.定语从句中的省略 在限制性定语从句中，关系代词that,which,who在从句中作宾语时可省略。 58语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 The book(that/which)I bought yesterday is very interesting.我昨天买的那本书很有趣。 (省略作宾语的关系代词) (观察试题) The man I talked with just now is my teacher. A.who B.whom C.which D./ 答案：D解析：先行词“the man”在定语从句中作介词with的宾语，关系代词可用who,whom或省略。 三、状语从句中的省略 当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语含有be动词时，可省略从句的主语和be动词。常见于 时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中。 1.时间状语从句 hile(I was)walking in the park,I met an dd friend.我在公园散步时，遇到了一位老朋友。 2.条件状语从句 If (it is)possible,I will help you.如果可能的话，我会帮助你。 3.让步状语从句 Although (he was)tired,he still kept working.尽管很累，他仍然继续工作。 4.方式状语从句： he stood at the door asif(she was)waiting for scmeone.她站在门口，好像在等人。 (观察试题) in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home A.To wait B.Having waited C.Have waited D.Waited 答案：B解析：句子主语“Tom”与“wait"是主动关系，且“等待”这个动作发生在“意识到”之前，所以用现 在分词的完成式“Having waited”,此处可视为“After Tom had waited in the queue for half an hour'"的省略 形式。 四、虚拟语气中的省略 在虚拟条件句中，若含有had,were,houl d,可将if省略，同时把had,were,should提前，构成倒装结构。 If I were you,I would accept the offer.-Were I you,I would accept the offer. 如果我是你，我就接受这个提议。 If he had worked harder,he would have passed the exam. →Had he worked harder,he would have passed the exam.如果他更努力学习，他就会通过考试了。 (观察试题) it rain tomorrow,we would have to cancel the football match. A.Were B.Should C.Would D.Could 答案：B解析：此句是对将来情况的虚拟，原句为“If it should rain tomorrow..”,省略if后，将should提 前。 五、动词不定式的省略 1.有些动词（词组），如want,wish,e以pect,hope,would like,try,forget等后面的动词不定式做宾语时，为了 跟着课文学语法 年津版（必修+选必修）59 避免重复，动词不定式符号to后面的内容常常被省略。如： Please came to my house if you want to(come to my house).如果你想来（我家）的话，请来我家吧。 Yo can doit this way if you liketo(doit).如果你想做，你可以这么做。 The child wanted to play in the street but his mother asked him not to(play in the street). 那个孩子想在街上玩耍，但他妈妈叫他不要。 2.两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列时，第一个带to,后面的省to;但如果两个动词不定式表示对比关系， 则to不可省略。如： They managed to overcome all the diffi culties and(to)finish thetask in time. 他们设法克服一切困难并及时完成任务。 |'d like to lie down and(to)goto seep.我想躺下睡觉了。 Mll you goto see the film ar(to)dance?你要去看电影还是去跳舞？ It is easier to say than to do.说起来容易，做起来难。 3.感官动词（词组）se,look a,hear,listen to,noti ce,wtch等和使役动词make,It,have等后面做宾补的动 词不定式要省略to,但此类动词的被动语态中的to不可省略。如： I heard him go down the stairs.我听见他下楼了。 |saw atall man enter your dffice.我看见一个高个子男人进了你的办公室。 Let me have andther cup of tea.给我再来一杯茶。 4.在某些句式中，如果介词but前有实义动词do的任何形式，后面的动词不定式要省略to。如： Me can do ndthing but wait.除了等我们别无他法。 He has nathing to do but seep.他没什么可做的，只能睡觉。 All he could dowas nothing but wait and see.他所能做的只有等着瞧。 【注意】 当省略的动词不定式内含有做助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留原形have或be。如： He didn't come,but he should have(come).他没来，但他本应该来。 一Are you a farmer'?你是个农民吗？ 一No,but|used to be(a farmer).不是，但我过去是。 although引导的让步状语从句不倒装；though引导的让步状语从句可以倒装，也可以不倒装。 六、介词的省略 1.一些与名词、动词或形容词一起搭配的介词常常省略，而保留其后的动名词。常见的结构有： prevent stop sb.(fram)daing sth. spend some time(in)daing sth. be busy (in)dang sth. have diffi culty trouble(in)daing sth lf|can stop them(fram)gang there,.'‖doit.要是我能够阻止他们去那里，我会这样做的。 The heavy rain prevented him(from)arriving there on time.大雨阻止他准时到达那里。 Shelost no time(in)giving the patient first aid.她立即给病人急救。 He'd have difficulty in learning any language-Greek,Chinese,ar whatever. 他学习任何语言都会遇到困难，不论是希腊语、汉语或是其他语。 2.表示时间的介词on,t和in,在next,la过，this,these,yesterday,tomorrow,one,any,every,each,some等词 之前，通常省略。如： 60语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Ve go to school every day except Sundays.除星期天之外，我们每天都上学。 I'I‖arrive(an)Friday.我将星期五到。 Ve have been here(for)three weeks.我们已经在这里三周了， 七、省略在语篇中的应用 When (we were)planning our trip,we considered many places.Some(places)were too far,while others(places) were too expensive.Finally,we chose a small town near the sea.Although(it was)not very famous,it had beautiful beaches.When(we were)there,we enjoyed the fresh air and delicious seafood.(We)Had awonderful time! 在规划旅行时，我们考虑了很多地方。有些地方太远，而另一些地方太贵。最后，我们选择了海边的一 个小镇。虽然它不是很有名，但它有美丽的海滩。在那里时，我们享受着新鲜的空气和美味的海鲜。度过 了一段美好的时光！ (观察试题) In the passage,which of the following is an example of ellipsis? A.When planning our trip B.We considered many places C.It had beautiful beaches D.We enjoyed the fresh air 答案：A解析：“When planning our trip'”是“hen we were planning our trip”的省略形式，属于状语 从句中的省略。 【总结】 注意祈使句省略主语、回答句省略重复成分以及并列句省略相同谓语的情况。 掌握thik等词引导的宾语从句否定前移及从句省略规则；记住特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句可省略部 分内容。 明确关系代词作宾语时可省略。 省略条件是从句主语与主句主语一致且含be动词，熟悉时间、条件等各类状语从句的省略形式。 熟悉虚拟条件句中if省略后的倒装结构，能正确识别并运用had,were,should的提前。 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修）61 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（根据省略规则，填入合适的词或省略部分） ①一Are you going to the concert? -Yes,I ②While_ (walk)on the street,I saw an old friend. ③The book (which)I borrowed from thelibrary is very interesting. ④ (If)possible,I will attend the meeting tomorrow. ⑤ he cometomorrow,wewould have a di scuss on. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处省略相关的错误，找出并改正） 1When was a child,she loved reading fairy tales. 2 I think not hewill passthe exam. 3The house where we visited last week isvery old. 4Although tired,but he still kept working. 5Had you been here yesterday,you would see the famous star. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入1个适当的单词或根据省略规则补充内容） Last summer,I went to a small town.1. (When)arriving there,I was attracted by its beauty.The streets were cean,and the houses 2. (were)painted in bright colors.I met a local man who told me many stories about the town.3. (If)interested,you can visit the museum there.It shows the history and culture of thetown.I spent a wonderful timethere and hope 4. (to)go there again one day 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中的省略现象，并说明其作用） 1Though busy with hiswork,he still spendstime with his family every day. 2 What a beautiful day (it is)! 5.句子改写（根据要求，对句子进行省略或补充） ①If you arein trouble,you can ask me for help.(省略主语和be动词) ②I dont think that hewill come on time.(省略从句中与上文重复部分) 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用省略结构完成英语句子） ①如果你需要帮助，请告诉我。 please tell me. ②他虽然年轻，但很有经验。 he isvery experienced. ③)我认为这部电影很有趣。I think ④要是我有时间，我就和你一起去。 time,I would go with you. ⑤当被问到这个问题时，他保持沉默。 the question,he kept silent. 62语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：am解析：完整回答是“Yes,I am going to the concert”,省略“going to the concert”,保留be动词am。 ②答案：walking解析：状语从句“While I was walking on the street""中，主语I与主句主语一致，且含be动词，省略Iwas, 填walking。 ③答案：/解析：关系代词which在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。 ④答案：f解析：“If possible”是“If it is possible”的省略形式，意为“如果可能的话”。 ⑤答案：Should解析：对将来情况虚拟的条件句，省略if后，将should提前，原句为“If he should come tomorrow.”。 2.短文改错 ①答案：在was前加she解析：时间状语从句“When she was a child'中，不能直接省略主语，应补充she。 2答案：将not移至il前解析：I think引导的宾语从句，否定词应前移，改为“I dont think he will pass the exam” ③答案：将where改为that/which或去掉where解析：先行词house在定语从句中作visited的宾语，关系代词应用tht/ which或省略，where是关系副词，此处错误。 ④答案：去掉but解析：although引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用，应去掉but。 ⑤答案：将see改为have seen解析：此句是对过去情况的虚拟，主句应用“would have done'”结构，改为“you would have seen the famous star”。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：When解析：“When arriving there'是“When I arrived there'”的省略形式，引导时间状语从句。 ②答案：were解析：并列句中，后句与前句主语the houses和be动词were重复，可省略，但此处为了句子结构清晰，补充 were更合适。 ③答案：f解析：“If interested"是“If you are interested"的省略形式，引导条件状语从句。 4答案：to解析：“hope to do sth.”,此处省略go there again one day,保留to。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①省略现象：“Though busy with his work''是“Though he is busy with his work"的省略，省略了主语he和be动词is。 作用：使句子更简洁，突出主句“he stil圳spends time with his family every day”的内容，强调尽管工作忙，但仍重视家庭。 2省略现象：“What a beautiful day(itis)"省略了主语和谓语itis。 作用：在口语表达中，省略后使句子更简洁有力，更能体现感叹的语气。 5.句子改写 ①答案：If in trouble,.you can ask me for help. ②答案：I dont think he will 6.写作应用 ①答案：If in trouble ②答案：Though young ③答案：it interesting ④答案：Vere I to have 5)答案：When asked 跟着课文学语法 件津版（必修+选必修）63 Unit 2 Natural disasters Unit 1 Food matters Unit 4 Exploring poetry 动词不定式 一、动词不定式的基本形式与特征 动词不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”，有时可省略to,称为“不带to的不定式”。否定形式为“ot to+动词原形”。 动词不定式具有动词和名词的特征，可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。 二、动词不定式的语法功能 1.作主语 To learn a foreign language is not easy.学习一门外语并不容易.(To learn a foreign language直接作 主语。) It is important to protect the environment. 保护环境很重要，(it为形式主语，真正的主语是“to protect the environment,) 第二句中 2.作宾语 She decided to go to college.她决定上大学，(to go to college作decided的宾语。) I hope to see you soon.我希望尽快见到你。(to see you soon”作hope的宾语。) 3.作表语 Her dream is to become a doctor..她的梦想是成为一名医生。(to become a doctor"说明主语dream的 内容。) The problem is how to solve it.问题是如何解决它，(how to solve it说明主语problem的具体所指。) 4.作定语 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。(todo”修饰work,表示“要做的工作”。) She is the first person to arrive.她是第一个到达的人。(to arrive”修饰person,表示“到达的人。) 5.作状语 He went to the library to borrow some books.他去图书馆借一些书。(to borrow some books'”表示目 的。) To catch the train,she got up early..为了赶火车，她早起了，(To catch the train”表示目的。) 7.作宾语补足语 My parents encouraged me to study hard.我的父母鼓励我努力学习。 (to study hard'”补充说明宾语me的行为。) The teacher made us clean the classroom.老师让我们打扫教室。 (clean the classroom”作宾语补足语，注意使役动词make后接不带to的不定式。) (观察试题) She pretended _me when I passed by. A.not to see B.not seeing C.to not see D.having not seen 答案：A解析：pretend后接不定式，其否定形式为not to do,故选A。 64语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 三、不带to的不定式的常见情况 1.使役动词和感官动词后 I saw him enter the room.我看见他进入房间。(see,watch,hear等感官动词后接不带to的不定式。) The boss made the workers work overtime.老板让工人们加班。 (make,let,have等使役动词后接不带to的不定式。) 2.固定句型中 hy not go for a walk?为什么不去散步呢？(Why not+动词原形。) Would you please help me?你能帮我吗？(Nould you please+动词原形。) (观察试题) The teacher heard the students in the classroom. A.sing B.to sing C.singing D.both A and 答案：D解析：hear sb.do(听见动作全过程)或hear sb.doing(听见动作正在进行)。 四、动词不定式的复合结构 结构形式：“for/of+名词代词+to do sth.” for:表示客观必要性；of:表示人的性格、品质。 It is necessary for us to learn English.我们有必要学习英语。 (orus表示“对我们而言”，强调客观需要。) It is kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好了。 (of you表示“你具有.的品质”，强调人的性格。) (观察试题) It is important students to master good study methods. A.for B.of C.to D.with 答案：A解析：表示“对学生而言重要”，用for,故选A。 五、动词不定式在语篇中的应用 Last weekend,I went to the park to relax.I saw a little girl trying to feed the birds.She was so kind.Her mother told her not to get too close to the animals.To keep the park clean,we should throw the rubbish into the bins.Everyone has a responsibility to protect the environment. 上周末，我去公园放松。我看到一个小女孩试图喂鸟。她很善良。她妈妈告诉她不要太靠近动物。为 了保持公园干净，我们应该把垃圾扔进垃圾桶。每个人都有责任保护环境。 (观察试题) According to the passage,what should we do to keep the park clean? A.Feed the birds. B.Get close to the animals. C.Throw the rubbish into the bins.D.Relax in the park 答案：C解析：文中明确提到“To keep the park clean,we should throw the rubbish into the bins.”。 跟着课文学语法 年津版（必修+选必修）65 【总结】 形式与功能：掌握不定式的基本形式(todo)和否定形式(not to do),理解其作主语、宾语、表语等功能。 不带to的情况：牢记使役动词和感官动词后接不带to的不定式，以及固定句型中的用法。 复合结构：区分fOr和of在不定式复合结构中的用法，根据语境选择合适的介词。 语篇理解：在阅读和写作中，准确识别和运用动词不定式，理解其在句中的逻辑关系和表达意图」 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（在空白处填人括号内动词的正确形式） 1 It is necessary for us_(learn)a foreign language well. 2 She hopes(get)a good grade in the exam. 3 I have something important(tell)you. 4 The teacher asked us(not be)late for class. 5 My dream is(become)a famous doctor. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与动词不定式相关的错误，找出并改正） 1He decided studying hard from then on. 2 I saw him to enter the room just now. 3 It is kind for you to help me with my homework. 4 She made her little brother to clean the room. 5 The best way solve the problem is to ask the teacher for help. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入适当的词或括号内动词的正确形式） Last Sunday,I went to the zoo 1.(see)the animals.When I arrived,I saw some people 2. (feed)the monkeys.A zoo keeper came up and told them 3.(not do)that.He said it was dangerous for the animals 4.(eat)human food.Then,I walked around the zoo.I found a baby panda 5.(lie)on the ground.It was so cute!To protect the animals,we should follow the zoo rules and not try 6. (touch)them 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中动词不定式的成分及作用） 1 To achieve his goal,he works very hard every day. 2 She is the first one to finish the task. 3 My parents want me to study abroad. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子） ①To learn English well is important.(用it作形式主语改写) ②The teacher told us to clean the classroom.(改为否定句) ③He got up early to catch the early bus.(对划线部分提问，划线部分为“to catch the early bus”) 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用动词不定式完成英语句子） ①他的愿望是成为一名优秀的运动员。His wish is_ 66语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 ②为了保持健康，我们应该每天锻炼。 _we should exercise every day. ③我有很多作业要做。I have a lot of homework ④老师让我们不要在课堂上说话。The teacher asked us in class. ⑤她努力学习是为了通过考试。She studies hard 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①)答案：to learn解析：“tis+形容词+for sb.+to do sth.”为固定句型，意为“对某人来说做某事是…的”，所以填to learn。 ②答案：to get解析：hope to do sth.表示“希望做某事”，是固定用法，所以填to get。 ③答案：to tell解析：“to tell you'”作后置定语，修饰“something important'”,表示“有重要的事情要告诉你”，所以填to tell。 ④答案：not to be解析：ask sb.not to do sth.表示“要求某人不要做某事”，所以填not to be。 ⑤答案：to become解析：“to become a famous doctor''作表语，说明“dream”"的内容，所以填to become。. 2.短文改错 ①答案：将studying改为to study解析：decide to do sth..表示“决定做某事”，是固定搭配，所以将studying改为to study. ②答案：去掉to解析：see sb.do sth.表示“看见某人做某事（强调全过程）”，感官动词see后接不带to的不定式，所以去 掉to。 ③答案：将for改为of解析：“tis+形容词+ofsb.+to do sth.”中形容词描述人的品质，kind表示“善良的”，所以将for 改为of。 ④答案：去掉to解析：make sb.do sth.表示“让某人做某事”，使役动词make后接不带to的不定式，所以去掉to。 ⑤答案：在way后加to解析：the best way to do sth.表示“做某事的最好方法”，所以在way后加to。 3.语篇填空 ①)答案：to see解析：“to see the animals”作目的状语，表示“去动物园的目的是看动物”，所以填to see ②答案：feeding解析：see sb.doing sth表示“看见某人正在做某事”，这里表示看到人们正在喂猴子，所以填feeding。 ③答案：not to do解析：tell sb.not to do sth.表示“告诉某人不要做某事”，所以填not to do ④答案：to eat解析：“tis+形容词+for sb.sth.+to do sth.”为固定句型，所以填to eat。 ⑤答案：ying解析：find sb.doing sth.表示“发现某人正在做某事”，这里表示发现小熊猫正躺在地上，所以填lying。 ⑥答案：to touch解析：try to do sth.表示“试图做某事”，所以填to touch。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①)成分：目的状语 作用：“To achieve his goal"表示“为了实现他的目标”，说明“he works very hard every day"的目的。 ②成分：后置定语作用：“to finish the task”修饰“the first one'”,表示“完成任务的第一个人”。 ③成分：宾语补足语 作用：“to study abroad''补充说明宾语“me"的行为，即父母希望“我”做的事情是出国学习。 5.句子改写 ①答案：It is important to learn English well.. 2,答案：The teacher told us not to clean the classroom. ③答案：Why did he get up early? 6.写作应用 ①答案：to become an excellent athlete ②答案：To keep healthy 3答案：todo ④答案：not to talk 5答案：to pass the exam 跟着课文学语法 件津版（必修+选必修）67