跟着课文学语法丨译林版·必修二

Unit 1 Lights,camera,action! 雀 主谓一致 一、语法一致原则 语法一致原则指的是主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式； 主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 1.单个名词或代词作主语 The book is interesting.这本书很有趣。(book是单数，谓语用is。) She likes reading.她喜欢阅读。(she是单数，谓语用likes。) 2.由and连接的两个或多个单数名词作主语 Tom and Jerry are good friends.汤姆和杰瑞是好朋友，(Tom和Jerry是两个人，谓语用are。) 3.当and连接的两个名词指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。 The writer and teacher is coming.这位作家兼教师要来了，（作家和教师指同一个人，谓语用is。) 4.“each/every/no+单数名词+and+each/every/no+单数名词”作主语 Each boy and each girl has a new book.每个男孩和每个女孩都有一本新书，（谓语用has) (观察试题) Every man and every woman. (be)at work. 答案：is解析：根据“each/every/no+单数名词+and+each/every/no+单数名词”作主语时，谓语动 词用单数的规则，此处应填s。 二、意义一致原则 意义一致原则是指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语所表达的概念，而不是其语法形式。 1.集体名词作主语 ①当集体名词强调整体时，谓语动词用单数。 The family is a happy one.这个家庭很幸福。(family强调整体，谓语用is。) ②当集体名词强调个体成员时，谓语动词用复数。 The family are watching TV.全家人都在看电视。(family强调家庭成员个体，谓语用are。) 2.表示时间、距离、金钱、重量等复数名词作主语 Ten years is a long time.十年是一段很长的时间，(ten years作为一个整体，谓语用is。) Fifty dollars is enough for the book.五十美元买这本书足够了。(fifty dollars作为一个整体，谓语用 is.) 3.以-s结尾的名词作主语 有些以-s结尾的名词，如news(新闻)、maths(数学)、physics(物理)等，形式上是复数，但意义上是单 数，谓语动词用单数。 The news is very exciting.这条新闻非常令人兴奋，(news是单数意义，谓语用iso) (观察试题) The police (be)looking for the lost child. 跟着课文学语法 件津版（必修+选必修）29 答案：are解析：police强调个体成员，意为“警察们”，此时谓语动词用复数，所以填are。 三、就近原则 就近原则是指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语。 1.由or,either..or.,neither.nor.,not only..but also..等连接的并列主语 Either you or he is wrong.不是你错了，就是他错了，（谓语与靠近的he保持一致，用is。) Not only the students but also the teacher likes the film.不仅学生们喜欢这部电影，老师也喜欢。 (谓语与靠近的the teacher保持一致，用likes) 2.there be句型： There is a book and two pens on the desk..桌子上有一本书和两支笔。 (be动词与靠近的a book保持一致，用is) There are two pens and a book on the desk.桌子上有两支笔和一本书。 (be动词与靠近的two pens保持一致，用are) (观察试题) Neither he nor I (be)interested in playing football. 答案：am解析：根据neither...nor..连接并列主语时的就近原则，谓语与靠近的l保持一致，所以填am。 四、主谓一致在语篇中的应用 Our class is a big family.There are 50 students in it.Each student and each teacher in our class gets along well.The news about our class winning the competition is exciting.Not only the students but also the head teacher is proud of it.The group of students who took part in the competition are very hard-working. 我们班是一个大家庭。班里有50名学生。我们班的每个学生和每位老师相处都很融洽。我们班赢得 比赛的消息令人兴奋。不仅学生们，班主任也为此感到骄傲。参加比赛的那组学生非常努力。 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE? A.There is 50 students in the class. B.Each student and each teacher in the class get along well. C.The news about the class winning the competition are exciting. D.The group of students who took part in the competition is very hard-working. 答案：B解析：A选项，50 students是复数，there be句型中be动词应用are;C选项，news是单数意义， 谓语应用is;D选项，the group of students强调个体成员，谓语应用are;B选项，根据“each/every/no+单 数名词+and+each/every/no+单数名词”作主语时谓语用单数的规则，“Each student and each teacher”作主语，谓语用gets,B选项表述正确。 【总结】 牢记语法一致、意义一致和就近一致这三个基本原则，根据不同的主语情况来确定谓语动词的形式。 注意一些特殊情况，如集体名词、表示时间等的复数名词作主语时谓语动词的用法。对于由并列连词连接 的主语，要准确判断离谓语动词最近的主语，以确定谓语的单复数。 30语法点精准定位课文 习事半功倍 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用括号内动词的正确形式填空） 1 The number of students in our school (be)about 2,000. 2 A number of books(be)missing from the library. 3 Either Tom or his sisters_ (be)going to the party tonight. 4 The family(be)watching a movie together now. 5Physics(be)not an easy subject for me. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与主谓一致相关的错误，找出并改正） 1Each boy and each girl were given a gift 2 The news are very interesting. 3 There is two apples and a banana on the table 4 The group of workers is repairing the road.They works very hard. 5 Not only my parents but also I likes playing basketball. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入括号内动词的正确形式） Our class 1.(be)a wonderful one.There 2. (be)45 students in it.Each student and each teacher 3.(love)our class.The class often 4.(win)prizes in different activities.Recently,the news about our class winning the singing competition 5._ (make) everyone excited.The group of students who took part in the competition 6.(be)praised by the teachers. 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（判断下列句子主谓是否一致，若不一致请改正） 1 The pair of shoes are very expensive. 2 Neither he nor his friends is interested in the game 3 The committee is made up of ten members.They decides everything together. 4 Ten kilometers are a long distance for me to run. 5Every pen and every book have been put away. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子，保持主谓一致） ①The teacher,.together with the students,is going to the park.(用as well as改写句子) ②There is a dog and three cats in the house.(用复数主语改写句子) 3 The family was watching TV when I arrived.(强调家庭成员个体，改写句子) 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用主谓一致原则完成英语句子） ①数学对我来说是一门难的学科。Maths_一a difficult subject for me. ②不仅老师，而且学生们也喜欢这部电影。Not only the teacher but also the students_this movie. 跟着课文学语法 件津版（必修+选必修）31 ③一群孩子正在操场上玩耍。A group of children」 on the playground. ④每个男孩和每个女孩都有自己的梦想。Each boy and each girl_their own dream. ⑤这些消息非常令人兴奋。The news very exciting. 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：is解析：“the number of+复数名词”表示“.的数量”，作主语时谓语动词用单数，所以填is。 ②答案：are解析：“a number of+复数名词”表示“许多.”，作主语时谓语动词用复数，所以填are。 ③答案：are解析：either..or连接并列主语时，遵循就近原则，谓语动词与靠近的“his sisters'”保持一致，用复数are。 ④答案：are解析：此处family强调家庭成员个体，谓语动词用复数，所以填are。 ⑤答案：is解析：physics(物理)形式上是复数，但意义上是单数，作主语时谓语动词用单数，所以填is。 2.短文改错 ①答案：将were改为was解析：“Each boy and each girl'作主语，谓语动词用单数，所以将were改为was。 2答案：将are改为is解析：news(新闻)是单数意义，作主语时谓语动词用单数，所以将are改为is。 ③答案：将is改为are解析：there be句型中，be动词与靠近的主语保持一致，“two apples'”是复数，所以将is改为are。 ④答案：将works改为work解析：“They”是复数主语，谓语动词用复数形式，所以将works改为work。 5)答案：将likes改为ike解析：not only..but also..连接并列主语时，遵循就近原则，谓语动词与靠近的“”保持一致，用 like。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：is解析：class在此处强调整体，谓语动词用单数，所以填is。 2答案：are解析：there be句型中，be动词与靠近的“45 students”保持一致，用复数are 3答案：loves解析：“Each student and each teacher''作主语，谓语动词用单数，所以填loves。 4答案：wins解析：class在此处强调整体，谓语动词用单数，所以填wins。 ⑤答案：made解析：根据语境，此处描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，所以填made。 6答案：were解析：“The group of students”此处强调个体成员，谓语动词用复数，所以填were。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①判断：不一致改正：The pair of shoes is very expensive 解析：“the pair of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词与pair保持一致，用单数is。 2判断：不一致改正：Neither he nor his friends are interested in the game. 解析：neither...nor..连接并列主语时，遵循就近原则，谓语动词与靠近的“his friends'”保持一致，用复数are。 ③判断：不一致改正：The committee is made up of ten members..They decide everything together.. 解析：“They”是复数主语，谓语动词用复数形式decide。 ④判断：不一致改正：Ten kilometers is a long distance for me to run. 解析：“Ten kilometers'”作为一个整体，谓语动词用单数is。 ⑤判断：不一致改正：Every pen and every book has been put away. 解析：“Every pen and every book'"作主语，谓语动词用单数，所以将have改为has。 5.句子改写 ①答案：The teacher,as well as the students,is going to the park. ②答案：There are three cats and a dog in the house ③答案：The family were watching TV when I arrived. 6.写作应用 ①答案：is2答案：like③答案：are playing④答案：has⑤答案：is 32语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 2 Be sporty,be healthy 现在进行时被动语态 一、现在进行时被动语态的基本构成与意义 现在进行时被动语态的基本结构为“am /is/are+being+过去分词”，表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进 行的被动动作，强调动作的执行者是动作承受者，且动作在说话时正在发生或现阶段持续发生。如： The room is being cleaned by my mother now.现在房间正在被我妈妈打扫。 Many trees are being planted on the hill these days.这些天山上正在种许多树。 A new bridge is being built over the river.河上正在修建一座新桥。 (观察试题) -Look!The classroom by the students -They are so hard-working. A.cleans B.is cleaning C.is being cleaned D.was cleaned 答案：C解析：根据“Look!"可知动作正在发生，且“classroom”与“clean”之间是被动关系，要用现在进 行时被动语态“is being cleaned”。 二、现在进行时被动语态的句式变化 1.否定句 在be动词后加not,构成“am/is/are+not+being+过去分词”。如： The report isnt being written by him now.他现在没有在写这份报告。 2.一般疑问句 将be动词提到句首，构成*“Am/ls/Are+主语+being+过去分词.？”。如： Is the cake being made by your sister?蛋糕正在被你姐姐制作吗？ (观察试题) the project by the workers these days? -Yes,it is. A.Does;complete B.Did;complete C.Is;being completed D.Was;completed 答案：C解析：根据答语“Yes,itis.”以及“these days”可知，询问的是现阶段正在进行的被动动作，要用 现在进行时被动语态的一般疑问句形式“ls.being completed”。 三、现在进行时被动语态在不同场景的应用 1.强调现阶段正在进行的被动动作 常用于描述一段时间内持续进行的被动行为。如： The old house is being repaired this month.这个月那座老房子正在被修缮。 2.新闻报道、通知等场景 用于实时报道正在发生的被动事件。如： A big fire is being put out by the firefighters.消防员正在扑灭一场大火。 (观察试题) According to the news,a new stadium in our city next year.But actually,it 跟着课文学语法 年津版（必修+选必修）33 by the workers now. A.will build:builds B.will be built;is being built C.is built;is building D.was built;was being built 答案：B解析：第一空根据“next year'”可知用一般将来时被动语态“will be built'”;第二空根据“now”可 知用现在进行时被动语态“is being built”。 四、现在进行时被动语态与其他时态被动语态的区别 1.与一般现在时被动语态对比 ①现在进行时被动语态：强调动作正在进行或现阶段持续进行。 The book is being translated into several languages.这本书正在被翻译成几种语言。 ②一般现在时被动语态：表示经常性、习惯性的被动动作或客观事实。 The house is cleaned every day..房子每天都被打扫。 2.与一般过去时被动语态对比 ①现在进行时被动语态：描述现在或现阶段正在发生的被动动作。 The road is being widened.这条路正在被拓宽。 ②一般过去时被动语态：表示过去某个时间发生的被动动作。 The road was widened last year.这条路去年被拓宽了。 (观察试题) -Why is the traffic so heavy here? -Because a subway】 here A.builds B.is built C.was built D.is being built 答案：D解析：根据语境可知，交通拥堵是因为地铁现阶段正在修建，“subway”与“build”是被动关系， 所以用现在进行时被动语态“is being built”。 五、现在进行时被动语态在语篇中的应用 Our school is changing a lot these days.A new library is being built near the teaching building.It will be a modern and comfortable place for us to read.Also,the playground is being redesigned.The workers are adding some new sports facilities.These changes make us excited,and we are looking forward to using the new facilities. 这些天我们学校变化很大。教学楼附近正在修建一座新图书馆。它将成为我们阅读的一个现代化且 舒适的地方。此外，操场正在被重新设计。工人们正在添加一些新的体育设施。这些变化让我们很兴奋， 我们期待着使用这些新设施。 (观察试题) 根据上述语篇，判断句子正误： A new library is being built and the playground has been redesigned. A.正确 B.错误 答案：B解析：语篇中提到操场正在被重新设计(is being redesigned),而不是已经设计完成，所以该句错 误。 【总结】 基本结构：牢记“amis/are+being+过去分词”，明确表示现在或现阶段正在进行的被动动作。 34语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 句式变化：掌握否定句、一般疑问句的结构变化规则。 应用场景：熟悉在强调现阶段动作、新闻报道等场景中的使用。 时态对比：区分现在进行时被动语态与一般现在时、一般过去时被动语态的差异。 语篇理解：在语篇中准确识别和理解现在进行时被动语态，体会其表达效果。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空 ①The old bridge (repair)by the workers at present ②Look！The classroom (clean)by the students. ③A new movie (shoot)in this small town these days ④Many trees (plant)on the hillside this month. ⑤The project (discuss)by the team members now. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与现在进行时被动语态相关的错误，找出并改正） 1The car is being wash by my father in the yard. 2 These books are being send to the library. 3 The house is building by the construction company this year. 4A new song is being sing by the famous singer on the stage 5 The report isnt being write by him now. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，涉及现在进行时被动语态） Our school 1. (transform)these days.A new laboratory 2. (build)next to the teaching building.It 3. (equip)with the latest scientific instruments.Meanwhile,the old playground 4. (reconstruct).New sports facilities 5. (add）to make it more attractive for students. 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中现在进行时被动语态的用法，并说明其在语境中的作用） 1 The ancient city wall is being restored carefully by experts,which aims to preserve its historical value. 2 A series of new policies are being introduced to promote economic development in this area. 5.写作应用（根据中文提示，用现在进行时被动语态完成英语句子） ①这座城市的公共交通系统正在被改善。 The public transportation system of the city ②这些问题现在正在被讨论。These problems now. ③一款新的手机应用程序正在被开发。A new mobile app 4学校的花园正在被重新设计。The school garden ⑤许多旧建筑正在被拆除，为新建筑让路。 跟着课文学语法 件津版（必修+选必修）35 Many old buildings to make way for new ones. 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：is being repaired解析：“at present'"表明是现在进行时，“bridge”与“repair''是被动关系，所以用现在进行时被 动语态“is being repaired”。 ②答案：is being cleaned解析：“Look!""提示动作正在进行，“classroom”和“clean'”是被动关系，用“is being cleaned”。 ③答案：is being shot解析：“these days'”表示现阶段，“movie'”与“shoot'”是被动关系，用现在进行时被动语态“is being shot”a ④答案：are being planted解析：“this month'"说明是现阶段的动作，“trees'”和“plant”是被动关系，主语是复数，所以用 “are being planted'。 ⑤答案：is being discussed解析：“now'表示此刻，“project”与“discuss”是被动关系，用“is being discussed。 2.短文改错 ①答案：将wash改为washed解析：现在进行时被动语态结构是“be+being+过去分词”，“wash”的过去分词是 "washed"。 ②答案：将send改为sent解析：“send"的过去分词是“sent”,应使用正确的过去分词形式构成被动语态。 3答案：在is后加being解析：此句表示正在建造，要用现在进行时被动语态，缺少“being'”。 ④答案：将sing改为sung解析：“sing'的过去分词是“sung”,需用正确形式构成被动结构。 ⑤答案：将write改为written解析：“write'"的过去分词是“written”,以符合现在进行时被动语态要求。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：is being transformed解析：“these days”表示现阶段，“school''与“transform'是被动关系，用现在进行时被动 语态“is being transformed'”。 ②答案：is being built解析：表示正在建造，“laboratory”和“build”是被动关系，用“is being built”。 3答案：will be equipped解析：新实验室还未装备好，将来会被配备，用一般将来时被动语态“will be equipped” ④答案：is being reconstructed解析：“old playground"与“reconstruct'”是被动关系，“Meanwhile”表明现阶段正在进 行，用“is being reconstructed”。 ⑤答案：are being added解析：“facilities'”是复数，与“add"是被动关系，现阶段正在添加，用“are being added”。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①用法分析：“is being restored"是现在进行时被动语态，“ancient city wall'”是动作承受者，“experts”是执行者，表明城 墙现阶段正在被修复。 作用：强调修复工作正在进行，突出对古城墙保护的及时性和持续性，体现保护历史文化遗产的重要性。 2用法分析：“are being introduced”是现在进行时被动语态，“policies”是动作承受者，说明一系列政策现阶段正在被 推行。 作用：体现政策实施的动态过程，表明当地在积极采取措施促进经济发展，使读者了解经济发展的推进情况。 5.写作应用 ①答案：is being improved②答案：are being discussed 3)答案：is being developed ④答案：is being redesigned⑤答案：are being pulled down 36语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 现在完成时被动语态 一、现在完成时被动语态的基本构成 现在完成时被动语态的结构为“have/has been+过去分词”，表示过去发生的被动动作对现在造成的 影响或结果，或动作从过去持续到现在并可能继续延续。主语是动作的承受者，强调动作的完成性和对现 在的关联性。 1.肯定句： The new regulations on campus safety have been issued by the school authority. 学校管理部门已经发布了关于校园安全的新规定。（过去发布的动作完成，现在新规已生效） 2.否定句： The mystery of the ancient relic hasnt been solved by archaeologists so far. 到目前为止，考古学家还没有解开古代遗迹的谜团。（过去未解开的状态持续到现在）》 3.一般疑问句： Has the damaged computer been repaired by the technician? 那台损坏的电脑已经被技术员修好了吗？（询问过去维修的动作是否对现在产生结果）》 (观察试题) -Why are the students so excited about the lecture? -Because the famous scientist_to give a speech on space exploration. A.has invited B.has been invited C.invited D.was invited 答案：B解析：科学家被邀请的动作已完成，对现在学生兴奋的状态产生影响，且“scientist'”与“invite”是 被动关系，所以用现在完成时被动语态“has been invited”。 二、现在完成时被动语态的核心用法 1.强调动作完成且对现在有影响 常与already,.yet,just,never,,ever等副词连用。 The historical documentary has already been watched by millions of viewers worldwide 这部历史纪录片已经被全球数百万观众观看过了。（观看动作完成，现在纪录片有广泛影响力） Hasnt the new policy on environmental protection been announced yet? 关于环境保护的新政策还没有宣布吗？（过去应宣布的动作未发生，导致现在政策未知）》 2.表示动作从过去持续到现在（需与持续性动词连用） 常与for+时间段，since+时间点等状语连用。 The old bridge has been used by local residents for over a century. 这座古老的桥已经被当地居民使用了一个多世纪。（使用的动作从过去持续到现在） The antique vase has been carefully preserved by the family since it was passed down from their ancestors. 这个古董花瓶自从祖先传下来后，就一直被这个家族小心保存着。（保存动作持续至今）】 (观察试题) The abandoned factory by the local government as a cultural and creative park since 2018. 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修）37 A.has transformed B.was transformed C.has been transformed D.is being transformed 答案：C解析：“since2018”表示从过去持续到现在的时间，“factory”与“transform”是被动关系，所以 用现在完成时被动语态“has been transformed” 三、现在完成时被动语态的特殊情况 1.主动语态变被动语态的注意事项 ①含有双宾语的主动句（如give,send,teach等）： 主a动：The professor has taught us a lot of knowledge, We have been taught a lot of knowledge (by the professor)./A lot of knowledge has been taught to us(by the professor). ①含有动词短语（如look after,.take care of)的被动句： 主动：The volunteers have taken care of the stray animals for months The stray animals have been taken care of(by the volunteers)for months. 2.与其他时态被动语态的对比 时态 结构 核心意义 现在完成时被动语态have/has been+过去分词过去动作完成，对现在有影响或持续至今。如： The novel has been translated into ten languages.这部小说已被翻译成十种语言。 现在进行时被动语态am/is/are being+过去分词现在正在进行的被动动作。如： The novel is being translated now.这部小说正在被翻译。 一般过去时被动语态was/were+过去分词 过去某个时间发生的被动动作。如： The novel was translated last year.这部小说去年被翻译了。 (观察试题) -Can I borrow the book on the desk? 一Sorry,.it by my classmate and yet. A.has borrowed;hasnt returned B.has been borrowed;hasnt been returned C.was borrowed;wasnt returned D.is borrowed;isnt returned 答案：B解析：书被借走的动作已完成且对现在产生影响（不能借），用现在完成时被动语态“has been borrowed”;“yet"提示第二空也用现在完成时被动语态的否定形式“hasnt been returned”。 四、现在完成时被动语态在语篇中的应用 In the past decade,remarkable changes have taken place in the small coastal town.A modern port has been constructed,through which various goods from around the world have been transported. Many traditional houses have been renovated into stylish cafes and inns,attracting a large number of tourists.The local customs and culture have also been well-preserved and promoted by the community,making the town a popular destination for cultural exploration. 在过去十年里，这个沿海小镇发生了巨大的变化。一座现代化的港口已经建成，通过它，来自世界各地 的各种货物得以运输。许多传统房屋已被翻新成时尚的咖啡馆和客栈，吸引了大量游客。当地的风俗文化 也一直被社区很好地保护和推广，使这个小镇成为文化探索的热门目的地。 38语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍