跟着课文学语法丨外研版·选择性必修四

Unit 2 Lessons in life 被动语态 一、被动语态的意义 被动语态的基本结构为“be+过去分词”，其中“be”动词会根据时态、人称和数进行变化。被动语态用 于强调句子的主语是动作的承受者，而不是执行者，其核心意义在于突出动作承受的结果或状态。 二、不同时态下的被动语态形式 1.一般现在时的被动语态 结构为“am/is/are+过去分词”，用于表示经常性、习惯性的动作或客观事实。如： The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天都被打扫。 This book is written by a famous author..这本书是一位著名作家写的。 In our school,English is taught as a compulsory subject.Students are required to learn it from the first grade. 在我们学校，英语是作为必修科目来教授的。学生从一年级起就被要求学习英语。 (观察试题) The park (visit)by thousands of tourists every year. 解析句子描述每年的常规情况，用一般现在时的被动语态，主语The park是单数，故填isⅵsited。答 案：is visited 2.一般过去时的被动语态 结构为“was/were+过去分词”，表示过去某个时间发生的被动动作。如： The old bridge was built in1990.这座旧桥建于1990年。 The letter was sent yesterday.这封信是昨天寄出去的。 Last year,a new museum was opened in the city center.Many historical relics were displayed there.去年，市中心新开了一座博物馆。许多历史文物在那里展出。 (观察试题) The house (buy)by a young couple last month 解析根据last month可知是过去时间，主语The house是单数，用一般过去时的被动语态was bought。.答案：was bought 3.一般将来时的被动语态 结构为“wibe+过去分词”或“be going to be+过去分词”，表示将来某个时间会发生的被动动作。如： A new hospital will be built in this area next year.明年这个地区将建一所新医院。 The project is going to be completed soon.这个项目很快就会完成。 In the future,more renewable energy sources will be used.Many traditional power plants are going to be replaced..未来，更多的可再生能源将被使用。许多传统发电厂将被取代。 (观察试题) The sports meeting (hold)next week. 解析由next week可知是将来时间，用一般将来时的被动语态will be held。答案：will be held 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修145 4.现在完成时的被动语态 结构为“have/has been+过去分词”，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，且主语是动作的 承受者。如： The task has been finished.任务已经完成了。 Many trees have been planted in the city.城市里已经种了很多树。 Since last year,several new policies have been introduced to promote economic development. Great changes have been brought about in people's lives.自去年以来，几项新政策被推出以促进经济发 展。人们的生活已经发生了巨大变化。 (观察试题) The book (translate)into five languages so far. 解析根据so far可知用现在完成时，主语The book是单数，用现在完成时的被动语态has been translated。答案：has been translated 5.过去完成时的被动语态 结构为“had been+过去分词”，表示在过去某个时间之前已经完成的被动动作，即“过去的过去”的被 动。如： The building had been damaged by the earthquake before the rescue team arrived.在救援队到达 之前，这座建筑已经被地震损坏了。 By the end of last month,the project had been completed.到上个月底，这个项目已经完成了。 When the historian started his research,the ancient site had been explored by several teams Some valuable artifacts had been discovered..当这位历史学家开始他的研究时，这个古代遗址已经被几 个团队勘探过了。一些有价值的文物已经被发现。 (观察试题) The old temple (repair)many times before it was finally rebuilt 解析“修复”发生在“重建”之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时的被动语态had been repaired.。答 案：had been repaired 6.现在进行时的被动语态 结构为“am/is//are+being+过去分词”，表示现在正在进行的被动动作。如： The road is being widened.这条路正在被拓宽。 The room is being cleaned by the students.学生们正在打扫房间。 Nowadays,the traditional handicraft is being passed on to the younger generation.Many workshops are being set up to teach the skills.如今，传统手工艺正在被传授给年轻一代。许多作坊正在被 建立起来以传授这些技艺。 (观察试题) The new stadium (build)at present. 解析根据at present可知用现在进行时，主语The new stadium是单数，用现在进行时的被动语态is being built。.答案：is being built 三、被动语态的特殊结构与用法 1.带有双宾语的被动语态 146语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 当主动句中有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）时，变为被动语态有两种形式：可以将直接宾语变为主语， 间接宾语前需加介词；也可以将间接宾语变为主语。如： 主动句：He gave me a book.他给了我一本书。 被动句1：A book was given to me by him.一本书被他给了我。 被动句2：I was given a book by him.我被他给了一本书。 The teacher taught the students a new method.Later,a new method was taught to the students by the teacher..And the students were also taught a new method by the teacher.老师教给学生们一种新方 法。后来，一种新方法被老师教给了学生们。学生们也被老师教了一种新方法。 (观察试题) My father bought me a new bike.(改为被动语态) 解析可以改为A new bike was bought for me by my father.或I was bought a new bike by my father. 2.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，变为被动语态时不能拆开，要保持短语的完整性。如： They look after the old man well.他们把老人照顾得很好。 →The old man is looked after well by them.老人被他们照顾得很好。 Ne should pay attention to the details.我们应该注意细节。 →The details should be paid attention to by us.细节应该被我们注意。 People often talk about the importance of environmental protection.The importance of environmental protection is often talked about by people. 人们经常谈论环境保护的重要性。环境保护的重要性经常被人们谈论。 (观察试题) You must turn off the lights before leaving.(改为被动语态) The lights must be turned off by you before leaving. 3.含有情态动词的被动语态 结构为“情态动词+b+过去分词”，表示有必要、可能、允许等含义的被动动作。如： The work can be finished in two days..(这项工作可以在两天内完成。 The rules must be obeyed.规则必须被遵守。 In a library,books should be borrowed with a library card.And they must be returned on time. 书馆，书应该用借书证借阅。并且它们必须按时归还。 (观察试题) Ne should take good care of the old.(改为被动语态) 解析The old should be taken good care of by us. 四、被动语态在语篇中的应用 语篇示例 The ancient temple,which was built during the Tang Dynasty,is visited by millions of tourists each year.Although it has been repaired several times,its original structure is still preserved perfectly. Experts believe that more protection measures should be taken to prevent damage.这座建于唐朝的古 跟着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修147 庙每年有数百万游客参观。虽然它已经修复了几次，但它的原始结构仍然保存完好。专家认为，应该采取 更多的保护措施来防止损害。 结构分析 was built(一般过去时被动，强调寺庙被建造的时间。) is visited(一般现在时被动，描述现状，游客参观寺庙。) has been repaired(现在完成时被动，强调修复对现在的影响。) is still preserved(一般现在时被动，说明结构被保存的状态。) should be taken(含情态动词被动，提出建议，措施应被采取。) (观察试题) The novel 1. (write)by Mo Yan 2. (translate)into many languages since it was published.It 3. (consider)a masterpiece of modern literature. 答案：1.was written(一般过去时被动，小说被写)2.has been translated(现在完成时被动，已被翻译) 3.is considered(一般现在时被动，被认为) 【总结】 牢记“be+过去分词”的基本结构，熟练掌握be动词在不同时态、人称和数下的变化形式，能准确根 据语境选择合适的被动语态时态。 熟悉带有双宾语、短语动词、含有情态动词等特殊情况下的被动语态变化规则，确保在复杂句子结构中 也能正确使用被动语态。 学会根据表达需求，判断何时该用主动语态，何时该用被动语态。通常情况下，当强调动作执行者时用 主动语态；强调动作承受者或不知道动作执行者时，用被动语态 【单元练习】 1.语篇填空（语境中应用被动语态） The annual school sports meeting 1._ (hold)last Friday.All events 2.(organize) perfectly by the student union.The opening ceremony,which 3.(attend)by over 2,000 people, was full of energy.Many records 4.(break)during the competitions.The most exciting moment was when Li Hua 5.(award)the Best Athlete Prize by the principal. 2.短文改错（被动语态核心错误） 1 The cake was being eat by the children when I arrived. 2 The old man is belonged to a traditional family. 3 The task must finish before the meeting starts 4 She was saw entering the room by the monitor. 5 The accident was happened due to heavy rain. 3.阅读理解选择题（考查被动语态理解） Recycling is one of the best environmental success stories of the late 20th century.But we could do more.People must not see recycling as just throwing things in a bin.It is extremely important for 148语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 everyone to understand the true meaning of recycling and how it can be effectively carried out. Materials for recycling are collected from the public using various methods.The most common way is through roadside collection.Another method involves collection bins placed in public areas.Recycling centers are where collected materials are taken and sorted.In some cases,materials are sorted at the collection vehicle or collection point. Recycling is a complex process.The collected materials must be sorted and treated properly.For example,paper may need to be separated from plastic,and metals need to be removed from other materials.This sorting process is often done by machines,but human workers also play an important role.Once the materials are sorted,they are processed into new products.This may involve melting, shaping,or other manufacturing processes. 1According to the passage,how are materials for recycling collected from the public? A.Only through roadside collection. B.Only by placing collection bins in public areas. C.Through roadside collection and placing collection bins in public areas. D.By using machines at the collection vehicle. 2 What can we learn about the sorting process of recycling materials? A.It is always done by machines. B.Human workers are not involved in it. C.It is a simple process. D.It is necessary to separate different materials. The Forbidden City,also known as the Palace Museum,was built in the Ming Dynasty.It was used as the imperial palace for 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties.For centuries,it was the political and ceremonial center of China. Today,the Forbidden City is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world.It is visited by millions of tourists every year.The buildings and cultural relics in the Forbidden City are carefully protected.Special measures are taken to prevent damage and ensure their long-term preservation. Many of the cultural relics are also displayed in the museum,where they can be appreciated by the public. 1 Why is the Forbidden City visited by millions of tourists every year? A.Because it is a modern building. B.Because it has a long history and rich cultural heritage. C.Because it is used as the imperial palace now.D.Because it is located in the center of Beijing. 2 What is done to protect the buildings and cultural relics in the Forbidden City? A.Nothing is done. B.Tourists are not allowed to visit. C.Special measures are taken. D.They are moved to other places. 4.写作应用（主动句转被动句） ①主动句：They will build a new stadium in our city next year. 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修149 被动句： ②主动句：The teacher gave me some useful advice. 被动句：」 (两种形式) ③主a动句：People believe that exercise is good for health. 被动句：」 【答案】 1.语篇填空（语境中应用被动语态） ①)答案：was held(一般过去时被动，last Friday提示) ②答案：were organized(一般过去时被动，主语All events为复数) 3)答案：was attended(一般过去时被动，定语从句主语The opening ceremony为单数) ④答案：were broken(一般过去时被动，records为复数) ⑤答案：was awarded(一般过去时被动，Li Hua是动作承受者)》 2.短文改错（被动语态核心错误） ①eat→eaten(被动语态中过去分词错误，应为eaten) 2)去掉is(belong是不及物动词，无被动语态) ③finish→be finished(被动语态结构缺失，must后加be+done) ④saw→seen(感官动词被动，see的过去分词为seen) ⑤去掉was(happen是不及物动词，无被动语态) 3.阅读理解选择题 ①答案：C解析：文中明确提到“The most common way is through roadside collection.Another method involves collection bins placed in public areas.”,说明回收材料通过路边收集和在公共区域放置收集箱两种方式从公众处收集。 ②答案：D解析：从“For example,paper may need to be separated from plastic,and metals need to be removed from other materials.”可知，在回收材料的分类过程中，分离不同材料是必要的。 ①答案：B解析：紫禁城有着悠久历史和丰富文化遗产，所以每年有大量游客参观，B选项符合文意。 ②答案：C解析：文中提到“Special measures are taken to prevent damage and ensure their long-term preservation.”,说明采取了特殊措施来保护紫禁城的建筑和文物。 4.写作应用（主动句转被动句） 1A new stadium will be built in our city next year. 2 I was given some useful advice (by the teacher).Some useful advice was given to me (by the teacher). 3 It is believed that exercise is good for health. 150语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 3 The world meets China 状语从句 概述 状语从句是用作状语的从句，可修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。它根据其在句中的功 能，可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、方式、比较、目的和结果等九种类型。掌握状语从句的用法，能让句 子表达更丰富、逻辑更清晰。 一、时间状语从句 时间状语从句用于表示动作发生的时间，常用的引导词有when、while、as、before、after、since、until/ till、as soon as、hardly..when.、no sooner.than.等。 1.when while、as的区别 ①when引导的从句可表示时间点或时间段，从句中可用延续性动词或非延续性动词。 When I came in,he was reading a book.我进来时，他正在看书，(when表示时间点) When we lived in the countryside,we often went fishing..我们住在乡下时，经常去钓鱼。 (when表示时间段) ②while引导的从句表示时间段，从句中常用延续性动词，且多与进行时连用。 While she was cooking,the phone rang.她做饭时，电话响了，(while表示时间段，从句用进行时) ③s引导的从句强调主从句动作同时进行，可译为“一边一边…”。 She sang as she walked.她边走边唱。(as强调动作同时进行) 2.before与after before表示“在…之前”，after表示“在…之后”。 Please turn off the light before you leave the room.离开房间前请关灯。 After he finished his homework,he went to bed.他做完作业后就去睡觉了， 3.since与until/till ①since表示“自从…以来”，主句常用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。 I have lived here since I was born.我从出生起就住在这里。 ②until/till表示“直到…为止”，主句为肯定句时，谓语动词用延续性动词；主句为否定句时，谓语动词用非 延续性动词，构成“not.until.”结构，意为“直到…才”。 He waited until she came back.他一直等到她回来。（主句用延续性动词waited) He didnt go to bed until he finished his work.他直到完成工作才睡觉。 (主句用非延续性动词go,构成not.until..结构) 3.as soon as hardly...when...no sooner...than... 这三个短语都表示“一…就.”，as soon as引导的从句可位于主句前或后；hardly.when.和no sooner.than..主句常用过去完成时，且hardly/no sooner位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 As soon as I get there,I will call you.我一到那里就给你打电话。 跟着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修151 Hardly had we got home when it began to rain..我们刚到家，天就开始下雨了。 (hardly位于句首，主句用部分倒装) No sooner had he left than the phone rang.他刚离开，电话就响了。 (no sooner位于句首，主句用部分倒装) (观察试题) I was watching TV _my brother came in. A.when B.while C.as D.since 【解析】句中“came in”是短暂性动作，when可引导时间点，选A。 语篇示例 When I was a child,my parents often took me to the park.While we were walking,my father would tell me stories.As we grew older,we still went there every weekend.After we arrived,we would play games together.I have many happy memories since we started doing this. 二、地点状语从句 地，点状语从句用于表示动作发生的地点，常用的引导词有where、wherever。. ①where表示“在…地方”，强调特定的地点。 Where there is a wil,there is a way.有志者事竟成。 They will go where they are needed.他们会去需要他们的地方。 ②wherever表示“无论哪里”，强调任何地点。 Wherever you go,I will follow you.无论你去哪里，我都会跟着你。 You can sit wherever you like.你可以坐在你喜欢的任何地方。 (观察试题) You should put the book it was A.where B.when C.why D.how 【解析】句意为“你应该把书放在原来的地方”，表示地点，用where,选A。 语篇示例 We traveled to many places.Where the scenery was beautiful,we took a lot of photos.Wherever we went,the local people were very friendly.They told us stories about their hometowns.We had a great time during the trip. 三、原因状语从句 原因状语从句用于表示动作发生的原因，常用的引导词有because、since、as、now that等。 ①because表示直接原因，语气最强，常用来回答why引导的问句。 He didnt go to school because he was ill.他没去上学，因为他生病了。 一Why are you late?一Because I missed the bus..一你为什么迟到了？一因为我错过了公交车。 ②since表示“既然”，语气稍弱，通常置于句首，强调已知的原因。 Since everyone is here,lets start the meeting.既然大家都到了，我们就开始开会吧。 Since you dont know the word,you can look it up in the dictionary..既然你不认识这个单词，你可以 查字典。 152语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 ③as表示“由于”，语气比since更弱，引导的从句常位于主句前。 As it was raining,we stayed at home.由于下雨，我们待在了家里。 As he is busy,he cant come to the party.由于他很忙，他不能来参加派对。 ④now that表示“既然”，与since用法相近，强调“现在既然已经”。 Now that you have finished your homework,.you can watch TV.既然你已经完成了作业，你可以看电 视了。 Now that the weather is fine,lets go for a walk.既然天气很好，我们去散步吧。 (观察试题) _he is old,he still works very hard. A.Because B.Since C.Although D.As 【解析】句意为“虽然他老了，但他仍然努力工作”，此处需要表示让步的连词，而选项中只有although符 合，选C。(注：本题虽涉及让步，但可通过对比原因状语从句引导词加深理解) 语篇示例 Because the exam is coming,all the students are studying hard.Since time is limited,they have to make a study plan.As their teacher,I often encourage them.Now that they have made great progress, I am very happy. 四、条件状语从句 条件状语从句用于表示主句动作发生的条件，常用的引导词有if、unless、as long as、on condition that 等。 ①f表示“如果”，引导真实条件句时，若主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。 If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home.如果明天下雨，我们就待在家里。 You will pass the exam if you study hard.如果你努力学习，你会通过考试的。 ②unless表示“除非”，相当于“if.not.”。 You will fail the exam unless you study hard.除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。 (相当于If you dont study hard,.you will fail the exam.) Unless it rains,we will go hiking.除非下雨，否则我们会去远足。 (相当于If it doesnt rain,we will go hiking.) ③as long as表示“只要”，on condition that表示“在…条件下”。 You can borrow my book as long as you return it on time.只要你按时归还，你可以借我的书。 He will help you on condition that you ask him.只要你开口，他会帮你的。 (观察试题) We go for a picnic if it fine this weekend. A.will;is B.will;will be C./;is D./will be 【解析】if引导的条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来，选A。 语篇示例 If you want to learn English well,you should practice speaking every day.You can join an English club as long as you are interested.Unless you give up,you will make progress.On condition that you follow these suggestions,your English will improve. 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修153 五、让步状语从句 让步状语从句用于表示让步关系，即“虽然…但是…”，常用的引导词有though、although、even if、 even though、as、while、no matter+疑问词、疑问词+ever等。 ①though/although表示“虽然”，引导让步状语从句时，不能与but连用，但可与yet、stil连用。 Though he is young,he knows a lot.虽然他很年轻，但他知道很多。 (不能说Though he is young,but he knows a lot.) Although it was late,he went on working.虽然很晚了，但他还在继续工作。 ②even if/even though表示“即使”，语气比though/although强。 Even if it rains,we will go on a trip.即使下雨，我们也要去旅行。 Even though he is poor,.he is happy.即使他很穷，但他很快乐。 ③s引导让步状语从句时，要将表语、状语或谓语动词的一部分提到句首，构成倒装。 Young as he is,he is experienced.虽然他年轻，但他有经验，（表语提前） Hard as he worked,.he didnt pass the exam.虽然他努力学习，但他没通过考试（状语提前） ④while表示“虽然”，引导的从句常位于句首。 While I like the color of the hat,I dont like its shape.虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色，但我不喜欢它的形 状。 ⑤no matter+疑问词与疑问词+ever表示“无论…”，两者可以互换。 No matter what you say,I wont believe you.无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。 (相当于Whatever you say,I wont believe you.) No matter how hard it is,I will try my best..无论有多难，我都会尽力。 (相当于However hard it is,I will try my best.) (观察试题) _he is very busy,he still spends some time reading every day A.Because B.Though C.If D.When 【解析】句意为“虽然他很忙，但他每天仍花一些时间读书”，表示让步，选B。 语篇示例 Though he is disabled,he never gives up.Even if he faces many difficulties,he keeps working hard.Hard as his life is,he is always optimistic.No matter what happens,he believes he can overcome it. 六、方式状语从句 方式状语从句用于表示动作的方式，常用的引导词有as、asif、as though。 ①as表示“像…一样”“按照…方式”。 Do as I tell you.按照我告诉你的做。 You should do your homework as your sister does.你应该像你姐姐那样做作业。 ②asif/as though表示“好像”“仿佛”，从句中常用虚拟语气，表示与事实不符的情况。 He talks as if he knew everything.他说话好像什么都知道似的。（与现在事实不符，用过去式） She looks as though she had seen a ghost.(她看起来好像见了鬼似的。 154语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍