跟着课文学语法丨外研版·选择性必修一

Unit 1 Laugh out loud! 选择性必修 非限制性定语从句 概述 非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行补充说明的从句，它与主句之间用逗号隔开，即使去掉该从句，主句 的意思仍然完整。非限制性定语从句在句中起到补充信息、解释说明的作用，使句子表达更丰富、具体。 一、非限制性定语从句的引导词 1.关系代词 ①which 可指代先行词（指物）或整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语等。 The book,which was written by a famous writer,has been translated into many languages. 是一位著名作家写的，已被翻译成多种语言，(which指代先行词book,作主语) He passed the exam,which made his parents very happy..他通过了考试，这使他的父母非常高兴， (which指代整个主句内容，作主语) ②who 指人，在从句中作主语。 My sister,,who is a doctor,works in a big hospital..我的组姐是一名医生，在一家大医院工作。 (who指代先行词sister,作主语) ③whom:指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略，但在非限制性定语从句中通常不省略。 The man,whom you met at the party,.is my uncle.你在聚会上遇到的那个男人是我的叔叔。 (whom指代先行词man,作宾语) ④whose: 既可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语。 Mary,whose brother is my classmate,is a kind girl..玛丽是个善良的女孩，她的哥哥是我的同学。 (whose指人，修饰brother) The house,whose windows face south,is very bright..那座房子的窗户朝南，非常明亮。 (whose指物，修饰windows) ④as 可指代整个主句的内容，常与such、as、so、the same等连用，在从句中作主语、宾语等。as引导的非限 制性定语从句可位于句首、句中或句尾。 As we all know,the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。(as指代整个主句内容，作宾语) He is a clever boy,.as we can see from his grades.他是个聪明的男孩，从他的成绩我们可以看出。 (as指代整个主句内容，作宾语) (观察试题) The meeting, lasted for three hours,was very important A.that B.which C.who D.whom 【解析】先行词是meeting,指物，且是非限制性定语从句，用which引导，选B。 76语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 语篇示例 Our school,which was founded in 1950,has a long history.Mr.Li,who is our head teacher,is very strict with us.He often tells us stories,which are very interesting.As we all know,he cares about every student. 2.关系副词 ①when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，先行词通常是表示时间的名词。 He was born in1990,when his father was working abroad.他出生于1990年，那时他的父亲正在国 外工作。(when指代先行词1990，作时间状语) ②where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语，先行词通常是表示地点的名词。 Ve visited Paris,where we stayed for a week.我们参观了巴黎，在那里我们待了一周。 (where指代先行词Paris,作地点状语) (观察试题) We went to Beijing, we visited the Great Wall. A.when B.where C.which D.that 【解析】先行词是Beijing,指地点，且是非限制性定语从句，用where引导，选B。 语篇示例 Last summer,we went to Shanghai,where we had a good time.We arrived on July 10th,when the weather was very hot.The city,which is very modern,left a deep impression on us 二、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别 1.语法结构 非限制性定语从句与主句之间用逗号隔开；限制性定语从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。 非限制性：My brother,who is a teacher,.lives in Beijing.我的哥哥是一名教师，他住在北京。 限制性：My brother who is a teacher lives in Beijing.我当教师的那个哥哥住在北京。 2.意义作用 非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明，去掉后主句意思仍完整；限制性定语从句是对先行词的限 制和修饰，去掉后主句意思不明确。 非限制性：The sun,which is very big,gives us light and heat.太阳很大，它给我们光和热。 (去掉从句后，“太阳给我们光和热”意思仍完整) 限制性：The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.我昨天买的那本书很有趣。 (去掉从句后，“那本书很有趣”意思不明确，不知道指哪本书) 3.引导词 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，且关系代词作宾语时不能省略；限制性定语从句可以用that引导， 关系代词作宾语时可以省略。 非限制性：This is the car,which I bought last month.这就是那辆车，我上个月买的。 (不能用that,which不能省略) 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修）77 限制性：This is the car(that/which)I bought last month.这就是我上个月买的那辆车。 (可用tht,that/which可以省略) (观察试题) The town, _we visited last year,is very beautiful. A.that B.which C.where D.when 【解析】这是非限制性定语从句，先行词是towm,指物，用which引导，不能用that,选B。 语篇示例 I have a friend.He likes reading.(合并为非限制性定语从句川have a friend,who likes reading. I have a friend who likes reading.(限制性定语从句，暗含可能还有不喜欢阅读的朋友) 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的关系代词或关系副词。 1 My hometown,is in the south of China,is a beautiful place. ②Mr.Wang, teaches us math,is very patient. 3 We will go to the park tomorrow, we can have a picnic. ④The book,_ cover is green,is mine. 5 He didnt come to the party,made us very disappointed. ⑥This is my sister,_ _you met at my home last week. 7 We visited the farm,a lot of apples are grown. 8 The meeting, _was held yesterday,was a great success. ⑨She was born in2o00,_ many important events happened. 10 is known to all,English is very important. 2.读后续写（根据所给语段，用适当的非限制性定语从句完成续写） 阅读下面语段，根据提示进行续写，注意非限制性定语从句的正确使用。 Last summer,I went to the beach with my family.The beach, is very famous,attracts many visitors every year.My little brother,likes playing with sand,had a good time.My parents, _love taking photos,took many pictures of us. 续写提示：我们在海滩上玩了很多游戏，傍晚还看了日落…最后我们依依不舍地离开。 要求：续写两段，每段不少于100词，适当运用非限制性定语从句。 2.短文改错（找出文中关于非限制性定语从句的错误并改正） 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有0处语言错 误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 I have a friend that is called Tom.He is from America,that is a big country.We study in the same school,where we often help each other. Tom,which is good at English,often helps me with my English.I,whose math is good,help him with his math.Last week,we went to the cinema,that we saw a wonderful film. 78语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 The film,its name is The Wandering Earth,is very popular.As it is known to all,it is a great science fiction film.We had a good time,that made us very happy. 4.语法填空（用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空） A:Hi,Lucy!Do you know the girl is talking to our teacher? B:Yes,she is Lily,just transferred to our class. A:Where is she from? B:She is from London,is a beautiful city in England. A:What does her father do? B:Her father,is a doctor,works in a hospital near our school. A:I want to make friends with her,seems very kind B:I think you can.She likes music,is also your hobby. A:When can I talk to her? B:After class, she will be free. A:Thank you for telling me about her. B:Youre welcome. 【答案】 1.语法填空 1which2who3 where 4 whose 5which 6whom 7where 8which 9when 10As 2.读后续写（参考范文） Last summer,I went to the beach with my family.The beach,which is very famous,attracts many visitors every year.My little brother,who likes playing with sand,had a good time.My parents,who love taking photos,took many pictures of us. We started with building a sandcastle,which turned out to be much harder than we thought.My dad,who is good at drawing,designed a tower on top,and my mom helped decorate it with shells we collected.My brother,whose imagination is endless,added a "moat"around the castle and filled it with seawater.By noon,the castle,which looked like a small palace,stood proudly on the beach. In the evening,we sat on the sand to watch the sunset,which painted the sky in orange and pink.The sea,which was calm and shiny,reflected the colorful sky like a mirror.My brother,who was tired from playing,fell asleep on my dads lap.When the sun finally set,we packed our things and left,which made us all a little sad.But we knew we would come back,which is a promise we made to each other. 3.短文改错 第一句：that一who/which(非限制性定语从句指人，不能用that,用who) 第二句：第二个that一which(非限制性定语从句指物，不能用that,用hich) 第四句：which→who(先行词是Tom,指人，用who) 第六句：that→where(先行词是cinema,在从句中作地，点状语，用where) 第七句：its→whose(表示“电影的名字”，用whose作定语) 第八句：去掉it(As is known to all是固定搭配，it多余) 第九句：that→which(指代整个主句内容，非限制性定语从句用which) 4.语法填空 1 who/that 2 who 3 which 4 who 5 who ⑥which ⑦when 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修）79 Unit 2 Onwards and upwards 动名词和不定式作宾语 概述 在英语中，动名词(doig)和不定式(todo)常可作动词或介词的宾语，但二者在用法、搭配和语义上存 在差异。掌握它们作宾语时的特点，能让句子表达更准确。 一、动名词作宾语 动名词由动词原形加-ig构成，具有名词的性质，在句中可作及物动词或介词的宾语。 1.作及物动词宾语 某些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有enjoy、finish、practise、mind、avoid、suggest、keep、miss、 consider、admit等。 She enjoys singing in the shower.她喜欢在淋浴时唱歌。(enjoy后接动名词singing作宾语) He finished reading the book yesterday..他昨天读完了这本书。(finish后接动名词reading作宾语) 2.作介词宾语 动名词常作介词的宾语，构成“介词+动名词”结构。 Im looking forward to meeting you.我期待见到你。(to是介词，后接动名词meeting作宾语) He is good at playing basketball.他擅长打篮球。(at是介词，后接动名词playing作宾语) 3.语义特点 动名词作宾语时，常表示习惯性、经常性的动作，或已完成、正在进行的动作。 He practices playing the piano every day.他每天练习弹钢琴，（表示习惯性动作） She admitted stealing the money..她承认偷了钱，（表示已完成的动作） (观察试题) Would you mind_ the window?Its too hot in the room. A.open B.opening C.to open D.opened 【解析mind后接动名词作宾语，选B。 语篇示例 Tom likes playing football.He practices playing it every afternoon.He enjoys scoring goals.His friends often avoid playing against him because he is too strong.They suggest playing other sports sometimes,but Tom keeps thinking about football. 二、不定式作宾语 不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，在句中可作及物动词的宾语。某些动词后只能接不定式作宾语，常见的 有want、hope、plan、decide、expect、wish、refuse、promise、afford、manage等 She wants to buy a new dress.她想买一条新裙子。(want后接不定式to buy作宾语) They plan to visit their grandparents next week.他们计划下周去看望祖父母。 (plan后接不定式to visit作宾语) 语义特点 80语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 不定式作宾语时，常表示一次性、具体的动作，或未完成、将要发生的动作。 He decided to go to the party tonight.他决定今晚去参加派对。（表示具体、将要发生的动作） I hope to see you soon.我希望很快见到你，（表示未完成的动作） (观察试题) She promised _me with my homework after school. A.help B.helping C.to help D.helped 【解析】promise.后接不定式作宾语，选C。 语篇示例 Mary hopes to study abroad.She plans to learn a new language first.She decided to take lessons every weekend.Her parents expect her to achieve her dream.Mary promises to work hard. 三、既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语的动词 有些动词后既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，但语义上存在差异，常见的有remember、forget、 regret、stop、try、mean等。 1.remember doing sth.与remember to do sth.:remember doing sth.表示“记得做过某事”（动作已完 成)；remember to do sth.表示“记得要做某事”（动作未完成）。 I remember meeting her before.我记得以前见过她。（动作已完成） Remember to lock the door when you leave.离开时记得锁门，（动作未完成） 2.forget doing sth.与forget to do sth.:forget doing sth.表示“忘记做过某事"（动作已完成）；forget to do sth.表示“忘记要做某事”（动作未完成）。 He forgot telling me the news.他忘记告诉过我这个消息了.（动作已完成）》 Dont forget to call me.别忘了给我打电话。（动作未完成）】 3.regret doing sth.与regret to do sth.:regret doing sth.表示“后悔做了某事”（动作已完成）；regret to do sth.表示“遗憾要做某事”（动作未发生，常接say、tel等词）。 I regret arguing with him.我后悔和他吵架了。（动作已完成） I regret to tell you that you failed the exam.我遗憾地告诉你，你考试不及格。（动作未发生） 4.stop doing sth.与stop to do sth.:stop doing sth.表示“停止做某事”（停止正在做的动作）；stop to do sh.表示“停下来去做某事”（停止当前动作，去做另一个动作）。 He stopped watching TV and began to study..他停止看电视，开始学习。（停止正在做的动作） They stopped to have a rest.他们停下来休息.（停下来去做另一个动作） 5.try doing sth.与try to do sth.:try doing sth.表示“尝试做某事”（试验某种方法）；try to do sth.表示“努 力做某事”（尽力去做）。 hy not try using another tool?为什么不尝试用另一种工具呢？（尝试某种方法） He tried to solve the problem.他努力解决这个问题，（尽力去做） 6.mean doing sth.与mean to do sth.:mean doing sth.表示“意味着做某事”；mean to do sth.表示“打 算做某事”。 Missing the train means waiting for another hour..错过这趟火车意味着要再等一个小时，（意味着） I mean to finish the work today..我打算今天完成这项工作。（打算） 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修）81 (观察试题) When the teacher came in,the students stopped_ and began to listen to the teacher. A.talk B.talking C.to talk D.talked 【解析】句意为“老师进来时，学生们停止说话，开始听老师讲课”，表示停止正在做的动作，用stop doing sth.,选B。 语篇示例 Peter forgot to take his umbrella this morning.Now he regrets not taking it because its raining heavily.He remembers seeing an umbrella in the office yesterday,so he decides to go there to look for it.On the way,he stops to ask a colleague if he has seen it.His colleague tells him that someone took it,but Peter tries to find it anyway 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用所给动词的适当形式填空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内动词的适当形式。 ①She enjoys (dance)very much. ②They decided (go)to the cinema tonight. ③He is good at_ (play)the guitar. ④I forgot (tell)her the news.Can you remind me? 5Remember(turn)off the lights before you leave ⑥She suggested」 (have)a meeting to discuss the problem. 7 He tried(open)the door,but it was locked 8 They plan(travel)to Japan next year. 9I regret(argue)with my best friend. 10 The teacher asked us(finish)our homework on time 2.读后续写（根据所给语段，用适当的动名词或不定式完成续写） 阅读下面语段，根据提示进行续写，注意动名词和不定式的正确使用。 Last weekend,Lily decided _(go)to the park.She wanted (fly)a kite.When she got there,she saw many children_ (play)happily.She began (look)for a good place to fly her kite. 续写提示：莉莉放风筝时遇到了一些小麻烦，后来在一位老人的帮助下放成功了…最后她开心地回 家了。 要求：续写两段，每段不少于100词，适当运用动名词和不定式。 3.短文改错（找出文中关于动名词和不定式的错误并改正） 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错 误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 I enjoy to read books in my free time.Last week,I decided buying a new book.My friend suggested to go to the new bookstore near our school. 82语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 When we got there,I began look for a history book.The shop assistant advised me choose a novel,but I wanted read a history book.Finally,I found a good one and decided take it. I hope finishing reading it within a week.I also plan writing a book report about it.My teacher always encourages us do more reading. 4.语法填空（用所给动词的适当形式填空》 A:Hi,Mike!What do you plan (do)this weekend? B:I want (visit)the science museum.Would you like_(go)with me? A:Yes,Id love to.I enjoy(learn)about science. B:Great!We can start(prepare)for it now.Do you remember (bring)your ID card?We need it to buy tickets. A:Oh,I almost forgot(take)it.Ill put it in my bag right away. B:What time do you want _(meet)? A:How about 9 oclock in the moming? B:OK.I promise(be)there on time. A:I cant wait (see)the new exhibition. B:Me too.Its said that its worth(visit). 【答案】 1.语法填空 1.dancing 2.to go 3.playing 4.to tell 5.to turn 6.having 7.to open 8.to travel 9.arguing 10.to finish 2.读后续写（略） 3.短文改错 to read→reading(enjoy后接动名词作宾语) buying一to buy(decide后接不定式作宾语) togo→going(suggest后接动名词作宾语) look前加to(begin后接不定式作宾语，begin to do sth.) choose前加to(advise后接不定式作宾语补足语，advise sb.to do sth.) read前加to(want后接不定式作宾语) take前加to(decide后接不定式作宾语) finishing→to finish(hope后接不定式作宾语) writing→to write(plan后接不定式作宾语) do前加to(encourage后接不定式作宾语补足语，encourage sb.to do sth.) 4.语法填空 1.to do 2.to visit 3.to go 4.learning 5.preparing/to prepare 6.to bring 7.to take 8.to meet 9.to be 10.to see 11. visiting 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修）83 Unit 3 Faster,higher,stronger v.-ing形式 一、v.-ing形式作主语 V.ig形式作主语时，视为单数概念，通常表示抽象的、一般性的行为或习惯，谓语动词用单数形式。其 位置可在句首，也可用it作形式主语，将v.-ing形式后置。 Reading al oud every morningishepful for improving Engish..每天早上大声朗读有助于提高英语水平。 Itsnouse crying over spilt milk.覆水难收，哭也没用。 Traveling abroad can broaden your horizons.出国旅行可以开阔你的视野。 (观察试题) English songs is a good way to improve your listening skills A.Sing B.Sings C.Singing D.Sung 答案：C解析：此句缺少主语，.-ing形式“Singing”可作主语，表示唱歌这种行为，符合语境。 二、v.-ing形式作宾语 1.动名词作宾语 v.-ing形式（动名词）可作及物动词或介词的宾语。常见接动名词作宾语的动词有enjoy(喜欢)、finish (完成)、mind(介意)、practice(练习)等；介词后也常接动名词，如be good a(擅长)、look forward to(期待)、 insist on(坚持)等短语中的to为介词。 I enjoy reading novels in my sparetime 我在业余时间喜欢读小说，(reading作及物动词enjoy的宾语) She is lodking farward to meeting her dd friends. 她期待着见到她的老朋友们。(meeting作介词to的宾语)》 Ve should practice spea冰ing English every day.我们应该每天练习说英语。 (peaking作及物动词practi cel的宾语) 2.现在分词作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾语补足语时，与宾语存在逻辑上的主动关系，表示动作正在进行。常见的能带现在分词 作宾补的动词有se(看见)、wtch(观看)、hear(听见)、find(发现)等。 I saw him playing basketball on the playground.我看见他正在操场上打篮球。 (playing与him是主动关系，且表示正在进行的动作) We heard her singing a beautiful song in the room.我们听见她正在房间里唱一首动听的歌。 (singing与her是主动关系，强调正在唱歌) (观察试题) -What did you see just now? -I saw some children_games under the tree. A.play B.played C.to play D.playing 答案：D解析：根据语境“看见孩子们正在树下玩游戏”，强调动作正在进行，且children与play是主动关 系，所以用现在分词playing作宾语补足语。 84语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 My parents insist on to a key university. A.Igo B.me go C.my going D.I going 答案：C解析：“insist on”中on是介词，后接动名词，此处用“my going”,其中my是动名词的逻辑主语。 三、v.-ing形式作表语 v.-ing形式作表语时，放在系动词（如be,Iook,seem等）之后，用于说明主语的内容、性质或特征，此时 v.-ing形式多为形容词化的分词。 The stary is very interesting.这个故事非常有趣。(interesting说明故事的性质) Her hobby is cdlecting stamps..她的爱好是集邮。(coll ecting stamps说明爱好的内容) The news sounds exciting.这个消息听起来令人兴奋。（以citing描述消息给人的感觉） (观察试题) The film we watched last night was really A.moved B.moving C.move D.moves 答案：B解析：此句中v.-ing形式作表语描述电影的性质，“m oving'”表示“令人感动的”，而“moved"表示 人“感到感动的”，这里说电影令人感动。 四、v.-ing形式作定语 1.前置定语 单个v.-ig形式作定语时，通常放在被修饰词前面，相当于形容词，用于说明被修饰词的用途、性质或特点。 a seeping boy一个正在睡觉的男孩a swimming pool一个游泳池 aflying bird一只飞翔的鸟 2.后置定语 V.-ig短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词后面，相当于一个定语从句，与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的主 动关系。 The girl standing under thetreeismy sister. 站在树下的那个女孩是我妹妹(=The girl who is standing under thetree ismy sister.) The bodk Iying on the desk is mine. 放在桌子上的那本书是我的。(=The book which is lying on the desk is mine.) (观察试题) The man there is our new English teacher. A.stand B.stood C.standing D.to stand 答案：C解析：“The man'”与“stand"是主动关系，且表示正在进行的状态，“standing there'"作后置定语 修饰“the man”,相当于“the man who is standing there”。 五、v.-ing形式作状语 v.ig形式作状语时，可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。 1.时间状语 Hearing the news,she coul dnt help crying. 听到这个消息，她忍不住哭了.(=hen she heard the news,.she coul dnt help crying..) 2.原因状语 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修）85