内容正文:
Unit 1 Food for thought
Unit 2 Let's celebrate!
雀
情态动词
一、情态动词表示能力
can和could表示现在或过去的能力。can用于现在时态,could是can的过去式,用于过去时态;be
able to也可表示能力,可用于多种时态,强调经过努力后成功做成某事。
I can speak English fluently.我能流利地说英语。
hen I was young,I could swim very fast.我年轻时,能游得很快。
After months of practice,he was able to play the piano well..经过数月练习,他能把钢琴弹得很好,
(观察试题)
-Can you ride a horse?
-No,I
A.may not
B.cant
C.neednt
D.mustnt
答案:B解析:以can开头的一般疑问句,否定回答用cant,所以选B,表示“我不能骑马”。
二、情态动词表示推测
1.肯定推测
must(一定),表示高度可能性;could,might,may(可能),可能性依次递减。
He must be at home because his car is in the garage.他一定在家,因为他的车在车库里。
It may rain tomorrow.明天可能会下雨。
2.否定推测
cant(不可能),语气强烈;couldnt(过去不可能);may not/might not(可能不)。
The story cant be true.这个故事不可能是真的。
They might not come to the party.他们可能不来参加派对。
(观察试题)
-Whose book is this?
一t
be Toms.Look!His name is on it.
A.must
B.may
C.might
D.could
答案:A解析:根据“His name is on it'”可知,这本书肯定是汤姆的,用must表示高度肯定的推测。
三、情态动词表示请求、许可
can/could,may/mighti可用于表示请求对方许可,could和might语气更委婉;回答时,肯定回答常用
can或may,否定回答常用cant或mustnt(mustnt表示禁止)。
1.请求许可
Can I borrow your pen?我可以借你的钢笔吗?
Might I ask you a question?我可以问你一个问题吗?
2.回答示例:
一May I use your computer'?我可以用你的电脑吗?
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—Yes,you can/may..是的,你可以。
一No,you cant//mustnt..不,你不可以/禁止使用。
(观察试题)
-Could I use your dictionary?
-Yes,of course you
A.could
B.will
C.can
D.might
答案:C解析:用could表示委婉请求时,肯定回答用can。
四、情态动词表示义务、责任
must(必须),表示主观上的义务和必要;have to(不得不),强调客观条件导致的必要性;should/ought
to(应该),表示建议、责任或义务。
You must finish your homework before watching TV.你看电视前必须完成作业。
I have to get up early because I live far from school.我不得不早起,因为我住得离学校远
You should respect your elders.你应该尊重长辈。
(观察试题)
You
drive after drinking.Its very dangerous.
A.mustnt
B.neednt
C.couldnt
D.wouldnt
答案:A解析:“酒后禁止开车”,用mustnt表示禁止。
五、虚拟语气中的情态动词
should/would/could/might+do:表示假设或委婉语气。
If I were you,I would study harder.如果我是你,我会更努力学习。
You should see a doctor..你该去看医生。
(观察试题)
fhe
here,he_
help us.
A.were;would B.was;will
C.is:would
D.had been;will
答案:A解析:虚拟条件句,与现在事实相反。
六、情态动词的特殊用法
1.used to与would
①used to表示过去常常做某事,现在已经不做了,强调过去与现在的对比。
I used to go fishing on weekends,but now Im too busy..我过去周末常去钓鱼,但现在太忙了。
②would只表示过去反复发生的动作,不涉及现在情况。
hen I was a child,my grandmother would tell me stories every night.我小时候,奶奶每晚都会给我
讲故事。
2.dare和need
①dare作情态动词时,常用于否定句和疑问句,过去式为dared;作实义动词时,有人称、时态和数的变
化,后接带to的不定式。
情态动词:Dare he tell his parents the truth?他敢告诉他父母真相吗?
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实义动词:He doesnt dare to speak in public.他不敢在公共场合讲话。
②need作情态动词时,常用于否定句和疑问句,后接动词原形;作实义动词时,有人称、时态和数的变
化,后接带to的不定式。
情态动词:You neednt worry about it.你不必担心这件事。
实义动词:Ne need to buy some food.我们需要买些食物。
(观察试题)
-Need I finish the work today?
-Yes,you
A.must
B.need
C.can
D.may
答案:A解析:以need开头的一般疑问句,肯定回答用must,否定回答用neednt。
七、情态动词在语篇中的应用
When traveling abroad,you must follow local customs.You may encounter different cultures and
traditions.For example,in some places,you might have to dress appropriately.If you are not sure
about something,you can ask the locals.They could give you useful advice.Also,you should respect
the environment and avoid doing things that you mustn't do,like littering.Only in this way can you have
a pleasant journey.
出国旅行时,你必须遵循当地的风俗习惯。你可能会遇到不同的文化和传统。例如,在一些地方,你可
能不得不穿着得体。如果你对某些事情不确定,你可以询问当地人。他们可能会给你有用的建议。此外,
你应该尊重环境,避免做禁止做的事情,比如乱扔垃圾。只有这样,你才能有一个愉快的旅程。
(观察试题)
According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE?
A.You don't have to follow local customs.
B.You mustn't ask the locals for advice.
C.You should respect the environment.
D.You can litter everywhere.
答案:C解析:文中明确提到“You should respect the environment”,C选项正确;A选项与“you
must follow local customs”不符;B选项与“you can ask the locals”不符;D选项与“avoid doing things
that you mustn't do,like littering”不符
【总结】
核心功能:根据语境判断情态动词表达的态度(能力、推测、义务等)。
时态与推测:掌握must have done等完成式结构。
虚拟语气:注意would/could/might+do在假设句中的使用。
真题训练:通过语法填空、改错和选择题强化应用能力。
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【单元练习】
1.语法填空(用适当的情态动词填空)
1You be tired after working for such a long time.Take a rest!
②一
I take this book out of the library?
-No,you.You can only read it here
3The boy_swim across the river when he was ten years old
4 Its raining heavily outside.Youstay at home.
5 He not have finished the work so soon.Its too difficult.
2.短文改错(每句均有一处与情态动词相关的错误,找出并改正)
1 You need to not worry about the result.Just do your best
2 Must I hand in the report today?No,you mustnt.You can hand it in tomorrow.
3 He could to solve the problem all by himself last week.
4 May I ask you a personal question?-Yes,you might.
5 The ground is wet.It must rained last night.
3.语篇填空(在空白处填入合适的情态动词或其正确形式)
Dear Editor,
Im a high school student and Im in a dilemma.I 1.
get along well with my deskmate at
first.But recently,he 2.often talk loudly during breaks,which disturbs me a lot.I 3.
tell
him to be quiet,but Im afraid it 4.hurt our relationship.I 5.
also ask our teacher for
help,but I dont want to cause trouble.What 6.I do?
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,Li Hua
4.阅读理解中的句子分析(分析下列句子中情态动词的用法及表达的含义)
1 The old man could play the violin very well when he was young.
2 It might rain later,so youd better take an umbrella with you.
3 You must follow the school rules,or youll be punished.
5.句子改写(根据要求改写句子,保持句意基本不变)
①Its necessary for you to arrive on time.(用情态动词改写)
②Perhaps she is at home now.(用情态动词表示推测改写)
③I was able to finish the task with his help.(用could改写,保持句意基本不变)
6.写作应用(根据中文提示,用适当的情态动词完成英语句子)
①你禁止在图书馆里大声喧哗。Youmake loud noises in the library.
②她现在可能正在图书馆学习。She_be studying in the library now.
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③昨天他能修好自行车。He_repair the bike yesterday.
④我们应该多花时间陪伴家人。We
spend more time with our families.
⑤我可以用一下你的手机吗?
I use your mobile phone?
【答案】
1.语法填空
①答案:must解析:根据“after working for such a long time”可知,此处是肯定推测,“你一定累了”,用musto
②答案:May/Can;cant/mustnt解析:第一空表示请求许可,用May或Can;第二空否定回答,“不可以把书带出图书馆”,用
cant或mustnto
③答案:could解析:根据“when he was ten years old”"可知,描述过去的能力,用could。
④答案:should解析:“外面雨下得很大”,所以建议“你应该待在家里”,用should。
⑤答案:could解析:“工作太难了”,所以推测“他不可能这么快完成工作”,用could not have done表示对过去事情的否定
推测。
2.短文改错
①答案:将need to noti改为neednt解析:need作情态动词时,否定形式为neednt,后接动词原形,应去掉to。
②答案:将mustnt改为neednt解析:以Must开头的一般疑问句,否定回答用neednt,.表示“不必”,mustnt表示“禁止”,此处
错误。
③答案:去掉to解析:could是情态动词,后接动词原形,应去掉to。
④答案:将mighti改为can解析:用May表示请求许可时,肯定回答用can,不用might,应改为can。
⑤答案:在must后加have解析:对过去事情的肯定推测,用must have done,应在must后加have。
3.语篇填空
①答案:could解析:根据“at first”可知,描述过去能和同桌相处好,用could表示过去的能力。
②答案:would解析:此处表示“他过去常常在课间大声说话”,用would表示过去反复发生的动作。
③答案:should解析:“他的行为打扰到我”,所以“我应该告诉他安静点”,用should表示应该做的事。
④答案:might解析:“我害怕这么做”可能“会伤害我们的关系”,用might表示可能性较小的推测。
⑤答案:could解析:“我也可以向老师求助”,用coud表示可以做某事。
⑥答案:should解析:作者不知道该怎么办,问“我应该做什么”,用should。.
4.阅读理解中的句子分析
①用法及含义:could表示过去的能力,该句含义为“这位老人年轻时小提琴能拉得很好”。
②用法及含义:might表示推测,语气较委婉,该句含义为“稍后可能会下雨,所以你最好带把伞”。
③)用法及含义:us表示义务和责任,语气强烈,该句含义为“你必须遵守校规,否则会受到惩罚”。
5.句子改写
①答案:You must arrive on time.
②答案:She may/might be at home now..
③答案:I could finish the task with his help.
6.写作应用
①答案:mustnt②答案:may/might③答案:could
④答案:should⑤答案:Mav/Can
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Unit 3 On the move
动词不定式
一、动词不定式的基本形式与特征
动词不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”,有时可省略to,称为“不带to的不定式”。否定形式为“ot
to+动词原形”。
动词不定式具有动词和名词的特征,可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。
二、动词不定式的语法功能
1.作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy..学习一门外语并不容易,(To learn a foreign language直接作
主语。)
It is important to protect the environment.
保护环境很重要。(it为形式主语,真正的主语是“to protect the environment,)
第二句中
2.作宾语
She decided to go to college.她决定上大学,(to go to college作decided的宾语。)
I hope to see you soon.我希望尽快见到你。(to see you soon"作hope的宾语。)
3.作表语
Her dream is to become a doctor..她的梦想是成为一名医生,(to become a doctor"说明主语dream的
内容。)
The problem is how to solve it.问题是如何解决它。(how to solve it说明主语problem的具体所指。)
4.作定语
I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。(todo”修饰work,表示“要做的工作”。)
She is the first person to arrive.她是第一个到达的人。(to arrive"修饰person,表示“到达的人。)
5.作状语
He went to the library to borrow some books.他去图书馆借一些书,(to borrow some books”表示目
的。)
To catch the train,she got up early.为了赶火车,她早起了(To catch the train”表示目的,)
7.作宾语补足语
My parents encouraged me to study hard.我的父母鼓励我努力学习。
(to study hard"补充说明宾语me的行为。)
The teacher made us clean the classroom.老师让我们打扫教室。
(clean the classroom”作宾语补足语,注意使役动词make后接不带to的不定式。)
(观察试题)
She pretended me when I passed by
A.not to see
B.not seeing
C.to not see
D.having not seen
答案:A解析:pretend后接不定式,其否定形式为not to do,故选A。
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三、不带to的不定式的常见情况
1.使役动词和感官动词后
I saw him enter the room.我看见他进入房间。(see,watch,hear等感官动词后接不带to的不定式。)
The boss made the workers work overtime.老板让工人们加班。
(make,let,have等使役动词后接不带to的不定式。)
2.固定句型中
hy not go for a walk?为什么不去散步呢?(Why not+动词原形。)
Nould you please help me?你能帮我吗?(Nould you please+动词原形。)
(观察试题)
The teacher heard the students
in the classroom.
A.sing
B.to sing
C.singing
D.both A and
答案:D解析:hear sb.do(听见动作全过程)或hear sb.doing(听见动作正在进行)。
四、动词不定式的复合结构
结构形式:“for/of+名词/代词+to do sth.”
for:表示客观必要性;of:表示人的性格、品质。
It is necessary for us to learn English.我们有必要学习英语。
(for us表示“对我们而言”,强调客观需要。)
It is kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好了。
(of you表示“你具有.…的品质”,强调人的性格。)
(观察试题)
It is important
students to master good study methods.
A.for
B.of
C.to
D.with
答案:A解析:表示“对学生而言重要”,用for,故选A。
五、动词不定式在语篇中的应用
Last weekend,I went to the park to relax.I saw a little girl trying to feed the birds.She was so
kind.Her mother told her not to get too close to the animals.To keep the park clean,we should throw
the rubbish into the bins.Everyone has a responsibility to protect the environment.
上周末,我去公园放松。我看到一个小女孩试图喂鸟。她很善良。她妈妈告诉她不要太靠近动物。为
了保持公园干净,我们应该把垃圾扔进垃圾桶。每个人都有责任保护环境。
(观察试题)
According to the passage,what should we do to keep the park clean?
A.Feed the birds.
B.Get close to the animals.
C.Throw the rubbish into the bins.D.Relax in the park.
答案:C解析:文中明确提到“To keep the park clean,we should throw the rubbish into the bins.”。
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【总结】
形式与功能:掌握不定式的基本形式(todo)和否定形式(not to do),理解其作主语、宾语、表语等功能。
不带t0的情况:牢记使役动词和感官动词后接不带to的不定式,以及固定句型中的用法。
复合结构:区分for和of在不定式复合结构中的用法,根据语境选择合适的介词。
语篇理解:在阅读和写作中,准确识别和运用动词不定式,理解其在句中的逻辑关系和表达意图
【单元练习】
1.语法填空(在空白处填入括号内动词的正确形式)
1 It is necessary for us
(learn)a foreign language well.
2 She hopes(get)a good grade in the exam.
3 I have something important_(tell)you.
4 The teacher asked us (not be)late for class.
5 My dream is(become)a famous doctor.
2.短文改错(每句均有一处与动词不定式相关的错误,找出并改正)
1 He decided studying hard from then on.
2I saw him to enter the room just now.
3 It is kind for you to help me with my homework.
4 She made her little brother to clean the room.
5 The best way solve the problem is to ask the teacher for help.
3.语篇填空(在空白处填入适当的词或括号内动词的正确形式)
Last Sunday,I went to the zoo 1.(see)the animals.When I arrived,I saw some people 2.
(feed)the monkeys.A zoo keeper came up and told them 3.(not do)that.He said it
was dangerous for the animals 4.(eat)human food.Then,I walked around the zoo.I found a
baby panda 5.(lie)on the ground.It was so cute!To protect the animals,we should follow the
zoo rules and not try 6.(touch)them.
4.阅读理解中的句子分析(分析下列句子中动词不定式的成分及作用)
1 To achieve his goal,he works very hard every day.
2 She is the first one to finish the task.
3 My parents want me to study abroad.
5.句子改写(根据要求改写句子)
①To learn English well is important..(用it作形式主语改写)
②The teacher told us to clean the classroom.(改为否定句)
③He got up early to catch the early bus.(对划线部分提问,划线部分为“to catch the early bus”)
6.写作应用(根据中文提示,用动词不定式完成英语句子)
①他的愿望是成为一名优秀的运动员。His wish is
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②为了保持健康,我们应该每天锻炼。
we should exercise every day.
③我有很多作业要做。I have a lot of homework
④老师让我们不要在课堂上说话。The teacher asked us
in class
⑤她努力学习是为了通过考试。She studies hard
【答案】
1.语法填空
①答案:to learn解析:“tis+形容词+for sb.+to do sth.”为固定句型,意为“对某人来说做某事是…的”,所以填to
learn。
2答案:to get解析:hope to do sth.表示“希望做某事”,是固定用法,所以填to get。
③答案:to tell解析:“to tell you'"作后置定语,修饰“something important'”,表示“有重要的事情要告诉你”,所以填to
tell。
④答案:not to be解析:ask sb.not to do sth.表示“要求某人不要做某事”,所以填not to be。
⑤答案:to become解析:“to become a famous doctor'”作表语,说明“dream"的内容,所以填to become,
2.短文改错
①答案:将studying改为to study解析:decide to do sth.表示“决定做某事”,是固定搭配,所以将studying改为to
study
②答案:去掉to解析:see sb.do sth.表示“看见某人做某事(强调全过程)”,感官动词see后接不带to的不定式,所以去
掉to。
③答案:将for改为of解析:“tis+形容词+ofsb.+to do sth.”中形容词描述人的品质,kind表示“善良的”,所以将for
改为of。
④答案:去掉to解析:make sb.do sth.表示“让某人做某事”,使役动词make后接不带to的不定式,所以去掉to。
⑤答案:在way后加to解析:the best way to do sth.表示“做某事的最好方法”,所以在way后加to。
3.语篇填空
①答案:to see解析:“to see the animals”作目的状语,表示“去动物园的目的是看动物”,所以填to see。
2答案:feeding解析:see sb.doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”,这里表示看到人们正在喂猴子,所以填feeding。.
3答案:not to do解析:tell sb.not to do sth.表示“告诉某人不要做某事”,所以填not to do
④答案:to eat解析:“tis+形容词+for sb./sth.+to do sth.”为固定句型,所以填to eat。.
⑤答案:ying解析:find sb.doing sth.表示“发现某人正在做某事”,这里表示发现小熊猫正躺在地上,所以填ying。
⑥答案:to touch解析:try to do sth.表示“试图做某事”,所以填to touch。
4.阅读理解中的句子分析
①)成分:目的状语
作用:“To achieve his goal'表示“为了实现他的目标”,说明“he works very hard every day'的目的。
2)成分:后置定语作用:“to finish the task"修饰“the first one”,表示“完成任务的第一个人”。
③成分:宾语补足语
作用:“to study abroad'补充说明宾语“me"的行为,即父母希望“我”做的事情是出国学习。
5.句子改写
①答案:It is important to learn English well..
②答案:The teacher told us not to clean the classroom.
③答案:Why did he get up early?
6.写作应用
①答案:to become an excellent athlete
②答案:To keep healthy
③答案:todo
④答案:not to talk
5)答案:to pass the exam
眼着课文学语法
外研版(必修+选必修)45
Unit 4 Stage and screen
Unit 5 On the road
现在分词
英语中的现在分词(Present Participle)以-ing结尾(如running,e过ing,thinking),在句子中具有多重功
能和意义,既能体现动态性,也能修饰或补充信息。
一、
现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语时,具有形容词的性质,可表示被修饰词的主动行为或正在进行的状态。单个现在分
词通常放在被修饰词之前,现在分词短语则置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句。
1.前置定语
The sl eeping baby Iodks so peaceful.熟睡的宝宝看起来很安详。
A flying bird caught my attention.一只飞翔的鸟吸引了我的注意。
2.后置定语
The girl standing under thetree ismy sister
站在树下的女孩是我妹妹,(=The girl who is standing under thetree ismy sister.)
The bodk lying on the desk is mine..放在桌上的书是我的,(=The book which is lying on the desk ismine.)
(观察试题)
The man
there is our new English teacher
A.stand
B.stood
C.standing
D.to stand
答案:C解析:“The man”与“stand"是主动关系,且表示正在进行的状态,“standing there”作后置定语
修饰“the man”,相当于“the man who is standing there”。
二、现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语时,可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、伴随等,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。现在
分词作状语,可位于句首、句中或句末。
1.时间状语
Hearing the news,she coul dnt hep crying.
听到这个消息,她忍不住哭了,(=When she heard the news,she coul dnt help crying.)
Whilewalking in thepark,I met an dd friend.
在公园散步时,我遇到了一位老朋友。(=While|was walking in the park,I met an old friend.)
2.原因状语
Being ill,,he di dnt go to school.因为生病,他设去上学,(=Because he was ill,he didnt go to school.)
Not knowing her address,.we couldnt get in touch with her.由于不知道她的地址,我们无法和她取得联系。
(=Aswe didnt know her address,we couldnt get in touch with her.)
3.结果状语
The heavy rain las过ed for along time,,causing seriousf1 1oods.大雨持续了很长时间,导致了严重的洪水。
His car brdke down an the way,.making him late for the meeting..他的车在路上抛锚了,结果他开会迟到了。
4.条件状语
46语法点精准定位课文
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