跟着课文学语法丨人教版·选择性必修四

Unit 1 Science Fiction 择性必修四 被动语态 一、被动语态的意义 被动语态的基本结构为“b+过去分词”，其中“be”动词会根据时态、人称和数进行变化。被动语态用 于强调句子的主语是动作的承受者，而不是执行者，其核心意义在于突出动作承受的结果或状态。 二、不同时态下的被动语态形式 1.一般现在时的被动语态 结构为“am/is/are+过去分词”，用于表示经常性、习惯性的动作或客观事实。如： The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天都被打扫。 This book is written by a famous author.这本书是一位著名作家写的。 In our school,English is taught as a compulsory subject.Students are required to learn it from the first grade. 在我们学校，英语是作为必修科目来教授的。学生从一年级起就被要求学习英语。 (观察试题) The park (visit)by thousands of tourists every year. 解析句子描述每年的常规情况，用一般现在时的被动语态，主语The park是单数，故填is visited。答 案：is visited 2.一般过去时的被动语态 结构为“was/were+过去分词”，表示过去某个时间发生的被动动作。如： The old bridge was built in1990.这座旧桥建于1990年。 The letter was sent yesterday.这封信是昨天寄出去的。 Last year,a new museum was opened in the city center.Many historical relics were displayed there. 去年，市中心新开了一座博物馆。许多历史文物在那里展出。 (观察试题) The house (buy)by a young couple last month. 解析根据last month可知是过去时间，主语The house是单数，用一般过去时的被动语态was bought。.答案：was bought 3.一般将来时的被动语态 结构为“will be+过去分词”或“be going to be+过去分词”，表示将来某个时间会发生的被动动作。如： A new hospital will be built in this area next year.明年这个地区将建一所新医院。 The project is going to be completed soon.这个项目很快就会完成。 In the future,more renewable energy sources will be used.Many traditional power plants are going to be replaced.未来，更多的可再生能源将被使用。许多传统发电厂将被取代。 (观察试题) The sports meeting (hold)next week 172法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 解析由next week可知是将来时间，用一般将来时的被动语态will be held。答案：will be held 4.现在完成时的被动语态 结构为“have/has been+过去分词”，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，且主语是动作的 承受者。如： The task has been finished.任务已经完成了。 Many trees have been planted in the city.城市里已经种了很多树。 Since last year,several new policies have been introduced to promote economic development. Great changes have been brought about in people's lives.自去年以来，几项新政策被推出以促进经济发 展。人们的生活已经发生了巨大变化。 (观察试题) The book (translate)into five languages so far. 解析根据so far可知用现在完成时，主语The book是单数，用现在完成时的被动语态has been translated。答案：has been translated 5.过去完成时的被动语态 结构为“had been+过去分词”，表示在过去某个时间之前已经完成的被动动作，即“过去的过去”的被 动。如： The building had been damaged by the earthquake before the rescue team arrived.在救援队到达 之前，这座建筑已经被地震损坏了。 By the end of last month,the project had been completed.到上个月底，这个项目已经完成了。 When the historian started his research,the ancient site had been explored by several teams. Some valuable artifacts had been discovered.当这位历史学家开始他的研究时，这个古代遗址已经被几 个团队勘探过了。一些有价值的文物已经被发现。 (观察试题) The old temple (repair)many times before it was finally rebuilt. 解析“修复”发生在“重建”之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时的被动语态had been repaired。答 案：had been repaired 6.现在进行时的被动语态 结构为“am/is/are+being+过去分词”，表示现在正在进行的被动动作。如： The road is being widened.这条路正在被拓宽o The room is being cleaned by the students.学生们正在打扫房间。 Nowadays,the traditional handicraft is being passed on to the younger generation.Many workshops are being set up to teach the skills.如今，传统手工艺正在被传授给年轻一代。许多作坊正在被 建立起来以传授这些技艺。 (观察试题) The new stadium (build)at present. 解析根据at present可知用现在进行时，主语The new stadium是单数，用现在进行时的被动语态is being built。.答案：is being built 跟着课文学语法 人教版（必修+选必修173 三、被动语态的特殊结构与用法 1.带有双宾语的被动语态 当主动句中有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）时，变为被动语态有两种形式：可以将直接宾语变为主语， 间接宾语前需加介词；也可以将间接宾语变为主语。如： 主动句：He gave me a book.他给了我一本书。 被动句1：A book was given to me by him.一本书被他给了我。 被动句2：I was given a book by him.我被他给了一本书。 The teacher taught the students a new method.Later,a new method was taught to the students by the teacher.And the students were also taught a new method by the teacher.老师教给学生们一种新方 法。后来，一种新方法被老师教给了学生们。学生们也被老师教了一种新方法。 (观察试题) y father bought me a new bike.(改为被动语态) 解析可以改为A new bike was bought for me by my father.或I was bought a new bike by my father. 2.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，变为被动语态时不能拆开，要保持短语的完整性。如： They look after the old man well.他们把老人照顾得很好。 一The old man is looked after well by them.老人被他们照顾得很好。 We should pay attention to the details.我们应该注意细节。 一The details should be paid attention to by us.细节应该被我们注意。 People often talk about the importance of environmental protection.The importance of environmental protection is often talked about by people. 人们经常谈论环境保护的重要性。环境保护的重要性经常被人们谈论。 (观察试题) You must turn off the lights before leaving.(改为被动语态) The lights must be turned off by you before leaving 3.含有情态动词的被动语态 结构为“情态动词+be+过去分词”，表示有必要、可能、允许等含义的被动动作。如： The work can be finished in two days.(这项工作可以在两天内完成。 The rules must be obeyed.规则必须被遵守。 In a library,books should be borrowed with a library card.And they must be returned on time. 书馆，书应该用借书证借阅。并且它们必须按时归还。 (观察试题) e should take good care of the old.(改为被动语态) 解析The old should be taken good care of by us. 四、被动语态在语篇中的应用 语篇示例 The ancient temple,which was built during the Tang Dynasty,is visited by millions of tourists each 174华法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 year.Although it has been repaired several times,its original structure is still preserved perfectly. Experts believe that more protection measures should be taken to prevent damage.这座建于唐朝的古 庙每年有数百万游客参观。虽然它已经修复了几次，但它的原始结构仍然保存完好。专家认为，应该采取 更多的保护措施来防止损害。 结构分析 was built(一般过去时被动，强调寺庙被建造的时间。) is visited(一般现在时被动，描述现状，游客参观寺庙。) has been repaired(现在完成时被动，强调修复对现在的影响。) is still preserved(一般现在时被动，说明结构被保存的状态。) should be taken(含情态动词被动，提出建议，措施应被采取。) (观察试题) The novel 1. (write)by Mo Yan 2. (translate)into many languages since it was published.It 3. (consider)a masterpiece of modern literature 答案：1.was written(一般过去时被动，小说被写)2.has been translated(现在完成时被动，已被翻译) 3.is considered(一般现在时被动，被认为) 【总结】 牢记“be+过去分词”的基本结构，熟练掌握be动词在不同时态、人称和数下的变化形式，能准确根 据语境选择合适的被动语态时态。 熟悉带有双宾语、短语动词、含有情态动词等特殊情况下的被动语态变化规则，确保在复杂句子结构中 也能正确使用被动语态。 学会根据表达需求，判断何时该用主动语态，何时该用被动语态。通常情况下，当强调动作执行者时用 主动语态；强调动作承受者或不知道动作执行者时，用被动语态。 【单元练习】 1.语篇填空（语境中应用被动语态） The annual school sports meeting 1. (hold)last Friday.All events 2. (organize) perfectly by the student union.The opening ceremony,which 3.(attend)by over 2,000 people was full of energy.Many records 4._ (break)during the competitions.The most exciting moment was when Li Hua 5.(award)the Best Athlete Prize by the principal. 2.短文改错（被动语态核心错误） 1The cake was being eat by the children when I arrived. 2 The old man is belonged to a traditional family 3 The task must finish before the meeting starts. 4 She was saw entering the room by the monitor. 5 The accident was happened due to heavy rain. 3.阅读理解选择题（考查被动语态理解） 跟着课文学语法 人教版（必修+选必修175 Recycling is one of the best environmental success stories of the late 20th century.But we could do more.People must not see recycling as just throwing things in a bin.It is extremely important for everyone to understand the true meaning of recycling and how it can be effectively carried out. Materials for recycling are collected from the public using various methods.The most common way is through roadside collection.Another method involves collection bins placed in public areas.Recycling centers are where collected materials are taken and sorted.In some cases,materials are sorted at the collection vehicle or collection point. Recycling is a complex process.The collected materials must be sorted and treated properly.For example,paper may need to be separated from plastic,and metals need to be removed from other materials.This sorting process is often done by machines,but human workers also play an important role.Once the materials are sorted,they are processed into new products.This may involve melting, shaping,or other manufacturing processes. 1 According to the passage,how are materials for recycling collected from the public? A.Only through roadside collection. B.Only by placing collection bins in public areas. C.Through roadside collection and placing collection bins in public areas. D.By using machines at the collection vehicle. 2 What can we learn about the sorting process of recycling materials? A.It is always done by machines. B.Human workers are not involved in it. C.It is a simple process. D.It is necessary to separate different materials. The Forbidden City,also known as the Palace Museum,was built in the Ming Dynasty.It was used as the imperial palace for 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties.For centuries,it was the political and ceremonial center of China. Today,the Forbidden City is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world.It is visited by millions of tourists every year.The buildings and cultural relics in the Forbidden City are carefully protected.Special measures are taken to prevent damage and ensure their long-term preservation. Many of the cultural relics are also displayed in the museum,where they can be appreciated by the public 1 Why is the Forbidden City visited by millions of tourists every year? A.Because it is a modern building. B.Because it has a long history and rich cultural heritage. C.Because it is used as the imperial palace now. D.Because it is located in the center of Beijing. 2 What is done to protect the buildings and cultural relics in the Forbidden City? A.Nothing is done. B.Tourists are not allowed to visit. C.Special measures are taken. D.They are moved to other places 176法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 4.写作应用（主动句转被动句） ①主动句：They will build a new stadium in our city next year. 被动句： ②主动句：The teacher gave me some useful advice. 被动句： (两种形式) ③主动句：People believe that exercise is good for health 被动句： 【答案】 1.语篇填空（语境中应用被动语态） ①答案：was held(一般过去时被动，last Friday提示) 2答案：were organized(一般过去时被动，主语All events为复数) ③答案：was attended(一般过去时被动，定语从句主语The opening ceremony为单数) 4)答案：were broken(一般过去时被动，records为复数) ⑤答案：was awarded(一般过去时被动，Li Hua是动作承受者) 2.短文改错（被动语态核心错误） ①eat一eaten(被动语态中过去分词错误，应为eaten) 2)去掉is(belong是不及物动词，无被动语态) 3 finish→be finished(被动语态结构缺失，must后加be+done) ④saw→seen(感官动词被动，see的过去分词为seen) ⑤去掉was(happen是不及物动词，无被动语态) 3.阅读理解选择题 ①答案：C解析：文中明确提到“The most common way is through roadside collection.Another method involves collection bins placed in public areas.”,说明回收材料通过路边收集和在公共区域放置收集箱两种方式从公众处收集。 ②答案：D解析：从“For example,paper may need to be separated from plastic,and metals need to be removed from other materials.”可知，在回收材料的分类过程中，分离不同材料是必要的。 ①答案：B解析：紫禁城有着悠久历史和丰富文化遗产，所以每年有大量游客参观，B选项符合文意。 ②答案：C解析：文中提到“Special measures are taken to prevent damage and ensure their long-term preservation.”,说明采取了特殊措施来保护紫禁城的建筑和文物。 4.写作应用（主动句转被动句） 1A new stadium will be built in our city next year. 2I was given some useful advice(by the teacher)./Some useful advice was given to me(by the teacher). 3 It is believed that exercise is good for health. 眼着课文学语法 人教版（必修+选必修177 Unit 2 Lconic Attractions 句子成分 英语句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等。 1.主语 主语是句子所描述动作或状态的执行者或被描述的对象，通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从 句等充当。 ①名词作主语：The book is very interesting.这本书很有趣。 ②代词作主语：She is a good student.她是个好学生。 ③数词作主语：Two plus three is five.二加三等于五。 ④不定式作主语：To see is to believe.眼见为实。 ⑤动名词作主语：Swimming is my favorite sport.游泳是我最喜欢的运动。 ⑥从句作主语：What he said is very important.他说的话很重要。 (观察试题) A study of 12,000 users of Fitbits,(wearable devices that track movement),found that those who exercise at 7 a.m.were most likely to stick to their routine. 解析：该句中“those who exercise at7a.m.”是主语，其中“those”是代词作主语，“who exercise at7 a.m.”是定语从句修饰“those”。 2.谓语 说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，有时态、语态和人称的变化。 ①简单动词作谓语：He runs every morning.他每天早上跑步。 ②动词短语作谓语：She is looking after her little brother..她正在照顾她的小弟弟。 (观察试题) The Chinese government has also taken steps(protect)the students'eyesight,including limiting the amount of time they spend on their phones and tablets. 解析：“has taken”是谓语动词，是现在完成时，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 3.宾语 是动作的承受者，位于及物动词或介词后面，可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等充当。 ①名词作宾语：I like apples.我喜欢苹果。 ②代词作宾语：He saw her yesterday.他昨天看到了她。 ③数词作宾语：Please give me two.请给我两个。 ④不定式作宾语：They want to go to the park.他们想去公园。 ⑤动名词作宾语：He enjoys reading books.他喜欢读书。 ⑥从句作宾语：I know that he is a good student..我知道他是个好学生。 (观察试题) It is possible that the wellbeing of pets is driven by the underlying nature of the owner,not simply by their (aware)of their pets'needs. 解析“their awareness of their pets'needs'"中“awareness'"是名词作宾语，“of their pets'needs”是后 置定语修饰“awareness”。 178法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 4.表语 位于系动词（如be,become,seem,look等）之后，说明主语的身份、性质、特征或状态，可由名词、形容 词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词或从句等充当。 ①名词作表语：He is a doctor..他是一名医生 ②形容词作表语：Thef1 owers look beautiful.这些花看起来很漂亮。 ③副词作表语：Is anybody in？有人在吗？ ④介词短语作表语：My book is on the desk.我的书在桌子上。 ⑤不定式作表语：Her dream is to become a singer.她的梦想是成为一名歌手。 ⑥动名词作表语：His hobby is painting.他的爱好是绘画。 ⑦从句作表语：The problem is that we don't have enough money.问题是我们设有足够的钱。 (观察试题) The Tang Dynasty was a time when China's culture and economy were highly developed,and silk production reached new level. 解析“were highly developed"中“developed”是形容词作表语，说明“culture and economy"的状态。 5.定语 用于修饰名词或代词，说明其特征、性质、数量等，可由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定 式、分词或从句等充当。 ①形容词作定语：He is a tall boy.他是个高个子男孩。 ②名词作定语：This is a stone bridge.这是一座石桥。 ③代词作定语：His book is on the desk.他的书在桌子上。 ④数词作定语：There are five apples on the table.桌子上有五个苹果。 ⑤副词作定语：The people there are very friendly.那里的人很友好。 ⑥介词短语作定语：The book on the shelf is mine.书架上的书是我的。 ⑦不定式作定语：I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。 ⑧分词作定语：The sleeping boy is my brother..正在睡觉的男孩是我弟弟。 ⑨从句作定语：The man who is standing there is my teacher..站在那里的那个人是我的老师。 (观察试题) According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,runners live three years(long)than non runners 解析“longer'”是形容词比较级作定语，修饰“years”,表示“更长的时间”。 6.状语 用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步等，可由副 词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等充当。 ①副词作状语：He runs fast..他跑得快。 2介词短语作状语：She is reading in the library.她在图书馆看书。 ③不定式作状语：To catch the early bus,he got up very early..为了赶上早班车，他起得很早。 ④分词作状语：Walking in the street,,I met an old friend.我在街上走的时候，遇到了一位老朋友。 ⑤从句作状语：/hen I grow up,I want to be a scientist..当我长大后，我想成为一名科学家。 (观察试题) After(arrive)at the hotel,I went out to explore the local area 跟着课文学语法 人教版（必修+选必修179 解析“After arriving at the hotel"是介词短语作时间状语，“arriving"是动名词形式，因为after是介词， 后面接动词要用动名词形式。 7.补足语 用来补充说明主语或宾语的性质、状态、特征等，使句子的意思更加完整。可分为：宾语和主语补足语。 ①宾语补足语：e made the room clean.我们使房间千净。 “clean”是形容词作宾语补足语，补充说明“room”的状态。 ②主语补足语：The boy was seen to play football on the playground.有人看见那个男孩在操场上踢 足球。 “to play football on the playground”是主语补足语，补充说明“the boy”'的动作。 (观察试题) The researchers also noted that participants who exercised in the morning reported feeling more awake and(product)throughout the day. 解析“more awake and productive”是形容词作宾语补足语，补充说明“participants”的状态。 8.同位语 用于对前面的名词或代词作进一步解释或说明，通常由名词、代词、数词、从句等充当。 ①名词作同位语：My friend Tom is a very kind person.我的朋友汤姆是个非常善良的人。 “Tom”是“My friend”的同位语。 2从句作同位语：The news that we won the game is very exciting.我们赢得比赛的消息令人非常兴 奋。 “that we won the game”是“the news'”的同位语从句。 (观察试题) The Chinese government has also taken steps to protect the students'eyesight,including limiting the amount of time they spend on their phones and tablets,and(promote)outdoor activities. 分析本题虽没有直接考查同位语，但在理解句子结构时，“including limiting..and promoting."这部分 可以看作是对“steps"”的进一步解释说明，类似于同位语的作用。 9.句子成分在语篇中的应用 Early in the morning,I went to the park with my friends.We saw a beautiful lake surrounded by trees.Excited,we decided to go boating.While rowing the boat,we talked and laughed happily. Suddenly,a bird flew over our heads.What a wonderful experience! 清晨，我和朋友们去了公园。我们看到一个被树木环绕的美丽湖泊。我们很兴奋，决定去划船。划船 时，我们愉快地交谈和大笑。突然，一只鸟从我们头顶飞过。多么美妙的一次经历！ (观察试题) In the sentence"We saw a beautiful lake surrounded by trees",the phrase "surrounded by trees' functions as A.Subject B.Predicate C.Attribute D.Adverbial 答案：C解析："surrounded by trees'"修饰lake,作后置定语，故选C。 180雪法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 【总结】 掌握主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补的基本定义和分类。 注意不同成分在句子中的位置及可能的表现形式（如不定式、分词等）。 区分双宾语与复合宾语、定语从句与状语从句等相似结构。 根据主语的单复数和意义确定谓语动词的形式。 在阅读中分析句子成分的实际应用，在写作中合理安排句子成分，提升表达准确性。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空 1 The teacher,together with his students,(be)planting trees on the hill now. 2 I find it necessary_(learn)a foreign language. (see)from the top of the mountain,the city looks more beautiful. 4 The problem_(discuss)at the meeting yesterday is very important. 5 His job is(look)after the animals in the zoo. 2.单句改错 1 He is a boy which is very kind. 2 The book who I bought yesterday is interesting. 3 I have a lot of work to be done. 4 Walking along the street,my attention was caught by a beautiful dress. 5 To get a better grade,so he worked harder. 3.指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分 1 The little girl is singing an English song. 2 We often play basketball after school. 3 The leaves turn yellow in autumn. 4 I have a lot of homework to do. 5 To learn English well,we need to practice more. 4.完成句子 ①他每天早上读英语来提高他的英语水平。 He reads English every morning his English. ②我们发现学好数学很难。Ve find difficult _math well. ③站在树下的那个女孩是我的妹妹。The girl _the tree is my sister. ④昨天他给我讲了一个有趣的故事。He told me story yesterday. ⑤这本书是鲁迅写的。This book Lu Xun. 5.语篇填空 The Internet has become an important part of our daily life.1.(help)us learn more about 跟着课文学语法 人教版（必修+选必修181