跟着课文学语法丨人教版·选择性必修二

Unit 1 Science and scientists 择性必修 表语从句 一、表语从句的定义与基本结构 表语从句位于系动词（如be,seem,look,remain,become等）之后，用来说明主语的内容、性质、特征 或状态，在句中充当表语成分，是主系表结构句子的重要组成部分。 基本结构：主语+系动词+表语从句 The question is whether we can finish the work on time..问题是我们是否能按时完成工作。 ly suggestion is that we should start early..我的建议是我们应该早点出发。 It seems that he has known the truth.似乎他已经知道了真相。 二、表语从句的连接词 1.从属连词 ①that:无实际意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，但引导表语从句时通常不能省略（在口语或非正式文 体中偶尔可省略)。 The fact is that he didnt tell the truth.事实是他设有说实话。 ②whether:表示“是否”，不充当句子成分，不能用if替换（在表语从句中，if不能引导表语从句）。 The problem is whether they will support us.问题是他们是否会支持我们。 2.连接代词 ①what:在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，意为“…的东西/事情”。 What he wants is a book.他想要的是一本书，(what在从句中作宾语) ②who:在从句中充当主语或宾语，意为“谁”。 The winner is who has the most knowledge.获胜者是知识最丰富的人.(who在从句中作主语) whom:在从句中充当宾语，意为“谁”（宾格）。 The person he talked to is whom I met yesterday. 他与之交谈的人是我昨天遇到的那个人。(whom在从句中作宾语) ④whose:在从句中充当定语，意为“谁的”。 This is whose book it is.这就是这本书是谁的。(whose在从句中作定语) ⑤which:在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语，意为“哪一个”。 The question is which is the best choice.问题是哪一个是最好的选择。(which在从句中作主语) 3.连接副词 ①when:在从句中充当时间状语，意为“什么时候”。 My worry is when we can get there.我担心的是我们什么时候能到那里。 ②where:在从句中充当地点状语，意为“在哪里”。 The place is where we met for the first time.这个地方是我们第一次见面的地方。 ③why:在从句中充当原因状语，意为“为什么”。 Thats why he was late for school..那就是他上学迟到的原因。 跟着课文学语法 教版（必修+选必修115 ④how:在从句中充当方式状语，意为“如何”。 The problem is how we can solve it.问题是我们如何解决它。 (观察试题) The problem is _we can get enough money for the project. A.that B.whether C.if D.what 答案：B解析：句意为“问题是我们是否能为这个项目筹集到足够的资金”，表示“是否”，且在表语从句 中不能用if,要用whether。 三、不同类型的表语从句及用法 1.由hat引导的表语从句 当从句是一个完整的陈述句，不缺少任何成分时，用that引导表语从句，that起连接作用，无实际意义。 His dream is that he can become a famous doctor..他的梦想是他能成为一名著名的医生。 The news is that our team has won the game.消息是我们队赢得了比赛。 2.由连接代词引导的表语从句 连接代词在从句中充当一定的句子成分，根据其在从句中的功能和句意选择合适的连接代词。 This is what I want to tell you.这就是我想告诉你的事情。(what在从句中作tell的宾语) Who he is doesnt matter.他是谁并不重要。(who在从句中作表语) 3.由连接副词引导的表语从句 连接副词在从句中充当状语，用来补充说明主语的相关信息，如时间、地点、原因、方式等。 Thats where I lived ten years ago.那就是我十年前住的地方，(where在从句中作地点状语) This is how she learned English well..这就是她如何学好英语的，(how在从句中作方式状语) (观察试题) The reason for his success is he worked harder than others. A.why B.that C.because D.what 答案：B解析：“The reason..is that..”为固定句型，意为“…的原因是.”，that引导表语从句。 四、表语从句在语篇中的应用 My life goal is that I can make a difference in the world.What I need to do now is to study hard and gain more knowledge.The key point is how I can balance my study and life.Sometimes,the problem is whether I can keep my enthusiasm.But I believe that as long as I stick to my dream,I will achieve it one day. 我的人生目标是我能在世界上有所作为。我现在需要做的是努力学习，获取更多知识。关键在于我如 何平衡学习和生活。有时，问题在于我是否能保持热情。但我相信只要我坚持梦想，总有一天会实现它。 (观察试题) In the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE about the predicative clauses? A.The writers life goal is what he can make a difference in the world. B.How he can balance study and life is not important. C.Whether he can keep his enthusiasm is sometimes a problem D.He doesnt believe he will achieve his dream. 116吾法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 有时他能否保持热情是个问题，C选项正确；A选项中引导词使用错误：B选项与原文不符；D选项与原文“I believe that as long as I stick to my dream,I will achieve it one day." 【总结】 牢记表语从句位于系动词之后，构成主系表结构。 区分that(无意义，不充当成分，通常不省略)和whether(表“是否”，不能用if替换)。 根据从句中所缺成分选择合适的连接代词(what,who等)或连接副词(when,where等)。 记住“The reason.is that.”等常见表语从句的固定句型。 在阅读和写作中，能识别表语从句，理解其对主语进行解释、说明的作用 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用合适的连接词填空） ①The question is】 we can get there on time ②His suggestion is_ we should start the project immediately. ③Thats」 she didnt come to the party last night.She was busy with work. ④The problem is of these books is the most suitable for us to read. 5 It looks it is going to rain.Wed better take an umbrella. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与表语从句相关的错误，找出并改正） 1The reason for his absence is because he was ill.2My idea is if we should go there by train. 3 Thats what he solved the difficult problem. 4 The fact is he didnt tell the truth to us. 5 It seems whether he has known the good news. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入适当的连接词或根据提示完成句子） My dream job is 1.I can become a doctor and help those in need.The key point is 2. _I can achieve this goal.First,I need to study hard in high school and enter a good medical university.Then,during university,I should learn knowledge and skills well.The most important thing is 3.I can keep my passion for medicine.Sometimes,the challenge is 4.I can balance study and practice.However,I believe 5.as long as I work hard,I will realize my dream.And thats 6.I always keep working hard. 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中表语从句的连接词及在从句中的成分和作用） 1The truth is that he has been working secretly on this project. 2 Thats why he failed in the exam-he didnt study hard enough. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子） ①We should protect the environment.That is my opinion.(合并为含表语从句的句子) ②He didnt come to school because he was ill.(用表语从句改写，以The reason.…开头) ③The problem is which way we should choose.(改为以It seems..开头，用it作形式主语) 跟着课文学语法 人教版（必修+选必修117 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用表语从句完成英语句子） ①我的愿望是有一天能环游世界。My wish is 2问题是我们怎样才能提高英语成绩。The problem is ③这就是他如此开心的原因。This is ④他的建议是我们应该多做运动。His suggestion is ⑤看起来他已经完成了工作。It looks 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：whether解析：句意为“问题是我们是否能按时到达那里”，表示“是否”，且在表语从句中用whether,不能用if, 所以填whether。 ②答案：that解析：“we should start the project immediately'”是完整的陈述句，不缺成分，用that引导表语从句，起连接 作用，所以填that。 3答案：Why解析：根据“She was busy with work”可知，此处解释“她昨晚没来参加派对”的原因，用wWhy引导表语从 句，所以填Why。 ④答案：which解析：句意为“问题是这些书中哪一本最适合我们阅读”，表示“哪一个”，在从句中作定语修饰books,所 以填which。 ⑤答案：asif解析：“It looks as if.”为固定句型，意为“看起来好像…”，所以填asif。 2.短文改错 ①答案：将because改为that解析：“The reason.is that.”为固定句型，表语从句解释原因时用that引导，不用 because,所以将because改为that。 ②答案：将if改为whether解析：在表语从句中，表示“是否”只能用whether,不能用if,所以将if改为whether。 ③答案：将what改为how解析：句意为“那就是他如何解决这个难题的”，表示“如何”，在从句中作方式状语，所以将 What改为how. ④答案：在is后加that解析：“he didnt tel‖the truth to us”是完整的陈述句，作表语从句时，引导词that一般不可省略， 所以在is后加that。 ⑤答案：将whetheri改为that解析：“It seems that..”为固定句型，意为“似乎”，所以将whetheri改为that。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：that解析：“I can become a doctor and help those in need'”是完整的陈述句，不缺成分，用that引导表语从句， 所以填that。 ②答案：how解析：根据语境可知，此处表示“我如何实现这个目标”，在从句中作方式状语，所以填how。 ③答案：that解析：“I can keep my passion for medicine”是完整的陈述句，不缺成分，用that引导表语从句，所以填 that。 ④答案：whether解析：句意为“有时，挑战是我是否能平衡学习和实践”，表示“是否”，在表语从句中用/hether,所以填 whether. ⑤答案：that解析：“as long as I work hard,I will realize my dream”是完整的陈述句，作believe的宾语从句，that可省 略，但此处为了句子结构清晰，保留that。 ⑥答案：why解析：根据语境可知，此处解释“我一直努力学习的原因”，用why引导表语从句，所以填wy。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①连接词：that成分：在从句中不充当任何成分作用：引导表语从句，起连接作用，说明主语“The truth"的具体内容是 "he has been working secretly on this project" ②连接词：why成分：在从句中作原因状语作用：引导表语从句，解释主语“That”(指代前文内容)所指情况的原因，即 “he failed in the exam'的原因是“he didnt study hard enough”。 5.句子改写 1)答案：y opinion is that we should protect the environment ②答案：The reason why he didnt come to school is that he was ill. ③答案：It seems that the problem is which way we should choose. 6.写作应用 ①答案：that I can travel around the world one day②答案：how we can improve our English grades ③答案：why he is so happy④答案：that we should do more exercise⑤答案：as if he has finished the work 118吾法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 2 Reading cultures 宾语从句 一、宾语从句的基本概念与结构 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，可位于及物动词、介词或某些形容词（如sure,glad,sory等）之 后，用来补充说明动作的对象或内容。 基本结构为：主句+连接词+宾语从句 She said(that)she would come tomorrow.她说明天会来。 I dont know what he wants.我不知道他想要什么。 Are you sure(that)you can finish the work?你确定能完成这项工作吗？ 二、宾语从句的连接词 1.从属连词 ①that无实义可省略 He told me(that)he had passed the exam.他告诉我他通过了考试。 ②whether/if是否 I wonder whether/if he will agree.我想知道他是否会同意。 2.连接代词 ①what什么 Can you tell me what you are reading?你能告诉我你在读什么吗？ 2 who/whom谁 I dont know who/whom she is talking to..我不知道她在和谁说话。 3 whose谁的 Do you know whose book this is?你知道这本书是谁的吗？ ④which哪一个 She asked me which dress I liked best.她问我最喜欢琊条裙子， 3.连接副词 ①when何时 Tell me when you will arrive.告诉我你什么时候到。 ②where何地 I dont know where he lives.我不知道他住在哪里。 ③why为什么 Can you explain why you were late?你能解释-下你为什么迟到吗？ ④how(如何) She asked me how I solved the problem.她问我是如何解决这个问题的。 (观察试题) I cant rememberI put my keys. A.where B.what C.who D.why 跟着课文学语法 人教版（必修+选必修119 答案：A解析：根据句意“我不记得把钥匙放在哪里了”，表地点用where引导宾语从句。 三、宾语从句的时态呼应 1.主句为现在时态（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），宾语从句时态根据实际情况确定。 She says(that)she is happy.她现在很开心a I have heard(that)he will come tomorrow.我听说他明天会来。 2.主句为过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时），宾语从句时态需相应调整为过去的某种时态。 He said(that)he was busy.他说他当时很忙， She told me(that)she had finished the work.她告诉我她已经完成了工作。 They wondered if it would rain.他们想知道是否会下雨。 3.客观事实或真理，无论主句时态如何，宾语从句始终用一般现在时。 The teacher said(that)the earth goes around the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。 (观察试题) Our teacher told us that light faster than sound A.travels B.traveled C.is traveling D.will travel 答案：A解析：“光比声音传播快”是客观真理，宾语从句用一般现在时。 四、宾语从句的语序 宾语从句必须用陈述句语序（主语+谓语），即使是疑问句变来的宾语从句也不例外。 错误：Do you know what time is it? 正确：Do you know what time it is?你知道现在几点了吗？ 错误：She asked me where did I live. 正确：She asked me where I lived.她问我住在哪里。 (观察试题) Could you tell me A.where is the nearest hospital B.where the nearest hospital is C.how can I get to the hospital D.how do I get to the hospital 答案：B解析：宾语从句用陈述句语序，A、C、D选项均为疑问句语序错误。 五、宾语从句的否定转移 当主句主语为第一人称(IIwe),谓语动词为think,believe,suppose等时，宾语从句的否定通常转移到 主句。如： I dont think he is right..我认为他不对。 Ne dont believe they will come.我们相信他们不会来。 六、宾语从句在语篇中的应用 Last week,my friend asked me if I wanted to join a volunteer project.I told her that I was interested but worried about the time.She explained that we would only work on weekends.I 120法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 time it would take each day.She said that it usually lasted about three hours.Finally,I decided that I would join because I thought it would be meaningful. 上周，朋友问我是否想参加一个志愿者项目。我告诉她我感兴趣但担心时间问题。她解释说我们只在 周末工作。我想知道每天会花费多少时间。她说通常持续约三个小时。最后，我决定参加，因为我觉得这 会很有意义。 (观察试题) According to the passage,what did the writer decide? A.That she didnt want to join. B.That the project took too much time. C.That she would join the project D.That her friend was not helpful. 答案：C解析：根据语篇中“Finally,I decided that I would join.”可知，作者决定参加项目。 【总结】 连接词选择：根据从句类型和句意选择合适的连接词(that/whether/if刊疑问词)。 时态呼应：主句为过去时，从句用相应过去时态；客观真理用一般现在时。 语序规则：宾语从句必须用陈述句语序。 否定转移：注意“I/we think/believe.”结构的否定转移现象。 语篇理解：在语境中准确识别和运用宾语从句，理解其表意功能 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（每空限填一词） ①I wonder he will agree to the plan.(if/whether) ②She told me she had finished her homework.(that/what) 3 Do you know the meeting will start?(when/where) (4 The teacher asked us we understood the question.(if/that) 5 I dont know book this is.(whose/who) 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与宾语从句相关的错误，找出并改正） 1 I dont know when will he come back. 2 She asked me that if I could help her. 3 The teacher told us the sun rose in the east. 4 He believes what he can solve the problem easily. 5 Could you tell me where is the post office? 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式）》 Dear Tom, Im writing to tell you about my weekend.Last Saturday,my friend invited me to a concert.I asked her 1.it would start.She said it 2.(begin)at 7:30 p.m.When I arrived,I found that the hall was full of people.I wondered 3. so many people liked this kind of music.My friend explained 4. the singer was very famous.During the concert,I enjoyed every song.After that, 跟着课文学语法 人教版（必修+选必修121 should have dinner together.Finally,we decided 6._ _we would go to a nearby restaurant.The food there was delicious!I hope you can share your weekend stories with me and tell me 7._ you did last weekend. Yours,Li Hua 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中宾语从句的连接词、语序、时态，并说明其在句中的作用） 1 The manager asked the secretary if she had finished typing the report. 2 I told my parents that I would work harder at school from then on. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子） ①“Do you like reading books?”My teacher asked me.(改为间接引语) 2 She doesnt know where she can find her keys.(改为简单句) ③He said,.“I have seen the film.”(改为间接引语) 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用宾语从句完成英语句子） ①我不知道他为什么昨天没有来上学。I dont know ②老师告诉我们要遵守交通规则。The teacher told us ③她问我是否看过这部电影。She asked me_ ④我想知道你是如何提高英语成绩的。I want to know ⑤他说他下周将去上海出差。He said 【答案】 1.单句语法填空 ①答案：whether解析：宾语从句表“是否”，介词后只能用whether。 2)答案：that解析：陈述句作宾语从句，用that引导，可省略。 3)答案：when解析：根据语境表时间，用when引导宾语从句 ④答案：f解析：一般疑问句变宾语从句，用f引导。 ⑤答案：whose解析：根据book表所属关系，用whose引导宾语从句。 2.短文改错 ①答案：将“when will he come back'"改为“when he will come back'”解析：宾语从句要用陈述句语序，将助动词will移 至主语he之后。 ②答案：去掉“that”解析：that和if都可引导宾语从句，此处重复，根据句意保留f即可。 ③答案：将“rose"改为“ises”解析：“太阳从东方升起”是客观真理，宾语从句时态不受主句影响，用一般现在时。 4答案：将“what”改为“that”解析：“he can solve the problem easily'是完整陈述句，用that引导宾语从句，that无实际 意义且在从句中不充当成分。 ⑤答案：将“where is the post office”改为“where the post office is”解析：宾语从句要用陈述句语序，将is移至主语 the post office之后。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：when解析：根据语境可知，此处询问音乐会“什么时候”开始，用when引导宾语从句。 ②答案：would begin解析：主句“She said'”是过去时，从句表示从过去看将来的动作，用过去将来时would begin。 ③答案：y解析：根据语境，“我”想知道“为什么”这么多人喜欢这种音乐，用wy引导宾语从句。 4)答案：that解析：“the singer was very famous”是完整陈述句，用that引导宾语从句，可省略，此处为了句子结构清 晰，保留that。 ⑤答案：whether/if解析：句意为“我们讨论是否应该一起吃晚餐”，表示“是否”，用whether或if引导宾语从句。 ⑥答案：that解析：“we would go to a nearby restaurant'"是完整陈述句，用that引导宾语从句，可省略，此处保留that。 ⑦答案：what解析：“you did'"缺少宾语，此处表示“你做了什么”，用what引导宾语从句。 122法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①连接词：if语序：陈述句语序(she had finished typing the report)时态：主句是一般过去时，从句用过去完成时(had finished),表示从句动作发生在主句动作之前。 作用：作asked的宾语，说明经理询问秘书的内容是她是否完成了报告的打印工作。 ②连接词：that语序：陈述句语序(I would work harder at school from then on)时态：主句是一般过去时，从句用过去 将来时(would work),表示从过去看将来的动作。 作用：作tod的宾语，表明“我”告诉父母的具体内容是从那时起会在学校更加努力学习。 5.句子改写 ①答案：My teacher asked me if/whether I liked reading books. ②)答案：She doesnt know where to find her keys. ③)答案：He said that he had seen the film. 6.写作应用 ①答案：why he didnt come to school yesterday②答案：that we should obey the traffic rules ③)答案：if/whether I had seen the film ④答案：how you improved your English grades ⑤答案：that he would go to Shanghai on business next week 眼着课文学语法 一人教版（必修+选必修123 Unit 3 Food and culture 过去完成时主动和被动语态 一、过去完成时主动语态 过去完成时主动语态的结构为had+过去分词”，用于表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动 作，即“过去的过去”，强调动作的执行者。 By the end of last month,she had finished all the tasks.到上个月底，她已经完成了所有任务。 (“完成任务”在“上个月底”之前) When I arrived at the cinema,they had already bought the tickets.当我到达电影院时，他们已经买好 了票。 (“买票”在“我到达”之前)》 He told me that he had seen the film twice.他告诉我他已经看过这部电影两次了。 (“看电影”在“他告诉我”之前) (观察试题) When we got to the station,the train A.left B.has left C.had left D.was leaving 答案：C解析：“火车离开”发生在“我们到达车站"这个过去动作之前，是“过去的过去”，要用过去完成时had let。 二、过去完成时被动语态 过去完成时被动语态的结构为*“had been+过去分词'”*，表示在过去某个时间之前，某人或某物承受了某 个动作，强调动作的承受者。 The house had been built before I moved here.在我搬到这里之前，这房子就已经建好了。 (“房子被建好”在“我搬到这里”之前) All the work had been done by the time she came back.她回来的时候，所有工作都已经做完了， (“工作被完成”在“她回来”之前) The old books had been given away before I found them.在我找到那些旧书之前，它们就已经被赠送出 去了。 (“旧书被赠送”在“我找到”之前) (观察试题) The project by the end of last year A.had completed B.was completed C.had been completed D.completed 答案：C解析：“项目”是被完成，且“完成项目”在“去年年底”这个过去时间之前，是“过去的过去"”的被动动作 要用过去完成时被动语态had been completed。. 三、过去完成时与一般过去时被动语态的区别 般过去时被动语态表示过去某一时间主语承受的动作；过去完成时被动语态强调在过去某一时间之 前，主语已经承受了某个动作。如： 124法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍