跟着课文学语法丨北师大版·必修二

Unit 4 Information technology me that she had bought the tickets the day before.She had waited for me for 10 minutes before I arrived.I felt sorry for being late. 八、过去将来时 1.形式 would+动词原形； was/ere going to+动词原形。 2.语用功能 ①表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如： He said he would come to see me the next day.他说他第二天会来看我。 ②表示过去计划、打算要做的事。如： She told me she was going to learn to swim during the summer vacation.她告诉我她暑假打算学游泳。 观察考题 He said that he _us as soon as he got there. A.will call B.would call C.called D.has called 【解析】主句用一般过去时，宾语从句表示从过去看将要发生的动作，用过去将来时，选B。 3.语篇示例 Last week,Tom told me his plan for the holiday.He said he would go to the mountains.He was going to climb the mountains and take photos.He thought he would have a good time.He also said he would buy me a gift 九、现在完成进行时 1.形式 have/has+been+动词-ing形式，如I have been studying for3 hours.She has been waiting for you.; 否定式为have/has+not+been+动词-ing形式，如They have not been working..; 疑问式为Have/Has+主语+been+动词-ing形式，如Have you been listening?。 2.语用功能 ①表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且该动作还在进行中。如： I have been learning English since I was10 years old.我从10岁起就-直在学英语。 ②强调动作的持续性和重复性，以及对现在造成的影响。如： He has been working all day,,so he is very tired.他一整天都在工作，所以很累。 观察考题 -How long you_on this project? -For about a month,and we are still working on it. A.do;work B.did;work C.have;worked D.have;been working 【解析】For about a month表示从过去持续到现在的时间，且动作仍在进行，用现在完成进行时，选D。 3.语篇示例 The workers have been building the bridge for two years.They work very hard every day.So far, 28 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 they have completed half of the project.Everyone is looking forward to its completion.The bridge, when finished,will make peoples travel much more convenient. 十、过去完成进行时 1.形式 had+been+动词-ing形式，如He had been working for 10 hours before he rested.They had been talking for a while when I came in. 否定式为had+not+been+动词-ing形式，如She had not been studying.; 疑问式为Had+主语+been+动词-ing形式，如Had you been waiting long?。 2.语用功能 ①表示在过去某一时间之前开始，一直持续到过去该时间的动作，并且该动作在过去该时间可能刚刚结束 或仍在进行。如： She was tired because she had been running for an hour..她很累，因为她已经跑了一个小时了。 ②强调动作在过去某段时间内的持续性。如： By the time the rain stopped,we had been staying indoors for three days.雨停的时候，我们已经在 室内待了三天了。 观察考题 When the police arrived,the thieves the jewelry for 10 minutes A.stole B.had stolen C.were stealing D.had been stealing 【解析】when引导的从句用一般过去时，主句动作在从句动作之前开始并持续了一段时间，用过去完成 进行时，选D。 3.语篇示例 The old man was sitting on the bench,looking tired.He had been walking for hours in the sun.His legs ached a lot.A kind girl noticed him and gave him a bottle of water.He thanked her repeatedly.He said he had been trying to find his way home but got lost. 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（根据语境用所给动词的适当形式填空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内动词的正确形式。 It was a cold winter morning.Tom 1.(wake)up early.He 2._(know)he had to catch the 7:30 train to London.He 3.(hurry)to the bathroom,4.(wash)his face and 5._ (brush)his teeth.Then he 6.(run)downstairs.His mother 7.(cook)breakfast in the kitchen."Hurry up,Tom!The train 8._(leave)in 20 minutes,"she 9.(shout).Tom 10. _(grab)a sandwich and 11.(rush)out of the house.He 12.(reach)the station just in time.As he 13.(get)on the train,he 14.(see)his friend Jack."I 15.(wait) for you for 5 minutes,Jack said."We 16.(meet)at the library at 10 oclock,remember?"Tom 17.(nod).He 18.(be)glad he 19.(not miss)the train.He 20.(look) forward to their day in London. 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）29 2.读后续写（根据所给语段，用适当的时态完成续写） 阅读下面语段，根据提示进行续写，注意时态的正确使用。 Yesterday,Lily went to the park with her dog,Lucky.They usually 1. (play）fetch in the park.Lucky 2. (be)a very smart dog.He always 3. (bring)the ball back to Lily.But yesterday,something unexpected happened.When Lily 4.(throw)the ball,Lucky 5. (run)after it,but he 6.(not come)back.Lily 7.(be)worried.She 8. (call)his name again and again,but there 9. (be)no response.She 10. (start)to look for him. 续写提示：Lily在寻找Lucky的过程中，遇到了一位老人…最终Lily找到了Lucky。 要求：续写两段，每段不少于100词，注意时态的正确运用。 3.短文改错（找出文中时态错误并改正） 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错 误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 Dear Mary, I am writing to tell you about my trip to the mountains last weekend.It is a wonderful experience. On Saturday morning,we set off early.The sun shines brightly when we started our journey.We drive for about two hours before we arrived at the foot of the mountain.The mountain is covered with green trees and colorful flowers.We start climbing.It was a bit tiring,but we all enjoyed us.When we reached the top,we see a beautiful view.The air is fresh,and the wind blew gently.We had a picnic there.We eat sandwiches and fruits.After that,we played games.We laughed a lot. In the afternoon,we began to go down.We were walking when it rains suddenly.We got wet,but we were still happy.When we got home,we are very tired.But we had a great time. I hope you can go there with me next time. Yours, LiHua 4.语法填空（用括号内动词的适当形式填空，注意时态与语境的搭配） A:Hi,John!I 1. (not see)you for a long time.Where 2. you (be)? B:13. (be)in Shanghai.I 4.(work)there for a project A:When 5. you _(come)back? B:16. (return)last week. A:How 7. your trip(be)? B:It 8. (be)great.I 9.(learn)a lot.What 10.you(do)recently? A:I11. (prepare)for the final exam.It 12.(be)next month B:113. (hope)you 14.(pass)it. A:Thank you.I 15.(study)hard every day 30 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 【答案】 1.语法填空 1.woke 2.knew 3.hurried 4.washed 5.brushed 6.ran 7.was cooking 8.will leave 9.shouted 10.grabbed 11. rushed 12.reached 13.was getting 14.saw 15.have been waiting 16.will meet 17.nodded 18.was 19.hadnt missed 20.was looking 2.读后续写（略） 3.短文改错 tis→twas(根据last weekend可知用一般过去时) shines→shone(根据when we started可知用一般过去时) drive→drove(根据before we arrived可知用一般过去时) stat→started(叙述过去的事情用一般过去时) see→saw(根据上下文可知用一般过去时) is→was(叙述过去的事情用一般过去时) eat一ate(叙述过去的事情用一般过去时) rains一rained(根据we were walking可知用一般过去时) are→were(根据when we got home可知用一般过去时) 4.语法填空 1.havent seen 2.have;been 3.have been 4.was working 5.did;come 6.returned 7.was;like 8.was 9.learned 10.have;been doing 11.have been preparing 12.will be 13.hope 14.will pass 15.am studying 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）31 关系代词及关系副词 引导的非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，与主句之间通常用逗号隔开，即使去掉，主句意思依然完 整。它可以修饰主句中的名词、短语，甚至整个主句。 一、关系代词引导的非限定性定语从句 1.who/whom引导 who在从句中作主语，whom作宾语，二者都用于指人。 My English teacher,who is very patient,often helps me with my pronunciation.我的英语老师，她非 常有耐心，经常帮助我纠正发音。 (“who is very patient'”补充说明老师的特点，“who”作从句主语) The man,whom I met at the party last week,is a famous scientist.那个男人，我上周在派对上遇见 的，是一位著名的科学家。 (“whom I met at the party last week”修饰“the man”,“whom”作“met”的宾语) (观察试题) My grandfather, is over eighty years old,still goes for a walk every day. A.that B.whom C.who D.which 【解析】先行词是“My grandfather'”,指人，在从句中作主语，非限定性定语从句用who引导，选C。 语篇示例 Lily has a brother,who is a doctor in a big hospital.He works very hard,which makes him very popular among patients.Last week,Lily visited him,whom she hadnt seen for half a year.They had a great time together 2.which引导 whih指代物，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语，它还能指代主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整 个主句。 This book,which I bought yesterday,is very interesting.这本书，我昨天买的，非常有趣。 (“which I bought yesterday”修饰“book”,“which”作“bought'”的宾语) She passed the exam with flying colors,which made her parents very proud.她以优异的成绩通过 了考试，这让她的父母非常骄傲。 (“which made her parents very proud'”中“which”指代前面整个句子“She passed the exam with flying colors”) He is always busy,which we all know.他总是很忙，这一点我们都知道。 (“which”指代“He is always busy”这个事实，在从句中作宾语) (观察试题) The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect. 32 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 A.what B.which C.that D.it 【解析which引导非限定性定语从句，指代前面整个句子The weather turned out to be very good,选 B。 语篇示例 We went to a bookstore,which is near our school.There are many books there,which attract a lot of students.I bought a novel,which is written by my favorite author.Reading it,which I do every night, brings me a lot of happiness. 3.whose引导 whose是who的所有格形式，可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语。 The girl,whose hair is long and black,is my sister.那个头发又长又黑的女孩是我的妹妹。 (“whose hair is long and black”修饰“the girl'”,“whose”修饰“hair”作定语) I have a dog,whose name is Coco.我有一只狗，它的名字叫可可。 (“whose name is Coco”修饰“dog”,“whose”修饰“name”) (观察试题) The factory, _products are of high quality,has received many orders recently A.which B.whose C.that D.where 【解析】先行词是“the factory'”,“products”与“factory”是所属关系，“工厂的产品”，在从句中作定语， 用whose引导非限定性定语从句，所以选B。 语篇示例 There is a girl in my class,whose parents are both teachers.She has a notebook,whose cover is decorated with beautiful stickers.The notebook,whose pages are full of her notes,helps her study well. 3.as引导 as引导非限定性定语从句时，可指代整个主句内容，意为“正如…”，从句位置灵活，可置于句首、句中 或句末。 As we all know,the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。 (“As we all know”位于句首，“as”指代后面整个句子) The plan was a great success,as we had expected.这个计划非常成功，正如我们所期望的。 (“as we had expected”位于句末，“as”指代“The plan was a great success”) Taiwan,as is known to everyone,is an inalienable part of China.台湾，众所周知，是中国不可分割的 一部分。 (“as is known to everyone'”位于句中，“as”指代“Taiwan is an inalienable part of China”) (观察试题) The Beatles, _many of you are old enough to remember,came from Liverpool. A.what B.that C.how D.as 【解析】as引导非限定性定语从句，意为“正如”，指代后面整个句子“The Beatles came from Liverpool'”,选D。 语篇示例 As is reported,our school will hold a sports meeting next month.Many students are looking forward to it,as it is a good chance to show their abilities.The event,as we all think,will be a great success. 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）33 二、关系副词引导的非限定性定语从句 1.when引导 when在从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。 Ve will go on a trip to Beijing next week,when the weather will be more pleasant.(我们下周将去北 京旅行，那时天气会更宜人。 (“when the weather will be more pleasant”修饰“next week”,“when”作时间状语) He was born in1990,when the world was experiencing great changes.他出生于1990年，那时世界 正在经历巨大的变化。 (“when the world was experiencing great changes'”说明“1990年”的情况，“hen”作时间状语) (观察试题) We will have a party on Christmas Eve, (when/which)everyone will dress up 【解析】先行词是“Christmas Eve”,表示时间，在从句中作时间状语，用when引导非限定性定语从句， 所以填when。 语篇示例 I was born in 2005,when my parents were still young.I started primary school in 2011,when I made many good friends.Now I am in high school,when I face more challenges. 2.where引导 where在从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。 They visited the small town,where they spent their childhood..他们参观了那个小镇，在那里他们度 过了童年。 (“where they spent their childhood”修饰“the small town”,“where”作地点状语) This is the park,where we often have picnics on weekends.这就是那个公园，我们周末经常在那里 野餐。 (“where we often have picnics on weekends”描述公园的用途，“where”作地点状语) (观察试题) They set up a new school, (where/which)many children can receive education. 【解析】先行词是“a new school'”,在从句“many children can receive education”中作地点状语，用 where引导非限定性定语从句，所以填where。 语篇示例 We went to a village,where the scenery is very beautiful.There is a river in the village,where many fish swim happily.We stayed in a small hotel,where the service is very good. 34 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 【单元练习】 1.单项选择 ①He has two sons, work as doctors. A.two of which B.both of whom C.both of them D.all of whom ②The old man, abroad for twenty years,is on the way back to his motherland. A.to work B.working C.to have worked D.having worked ③ is known to us all is that the 2022 Winter Olympics will be held in Beijing. A.It B.What C.As D.Which 4 She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students, allows them to communicate freely with each other. A.which B.where C.what D.who 5 The number of smokers, _is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. A.it B.which C.what D.as ⑥The book,.the cover_ is broken,is not mine. A.of it B.for which C.whose D.of which ⑦Ve are living in an age. many things are done on computer. A.which B.that C.whose D.when 8 I will never forget the dayswe spent together last year. A.when B.which C.where D.on which ⑨The meeting, was held in the hall,was a great success. A.that B.which C.where D.when 10 The book, I paid 20 yuan,is very interesting. A.which B.for which C.that D.to which 2.语法填空 ①The factory,_ _(which/where)workers are all women,is closed for the Spring Festival. ②My friend, (who/whom)I havent seen for a long time,will come to visit me tomorrow. 3 He bought a new car,(which/that)cost him a lot of money. 4 The house,(whose/which)windows face south,is very bright ⑤The city,_ (where/which)I spent my childhood,has changed a lot. ⑥The boy,_ (who/whom)I talked to just now,is my classmate. 7 She has a lot of books,(most of which/most of them)are about history. 3.语篇填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 I have a wonderful English teacher,1 name is Ms.Green.She is from the UK and has been teaching in our school for five years.She always makes her classes lively and interesting,2) makes us love English more. 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）35 Last week,she organized an English speech contest in our class.Many students took part in it,3 most of them did a great job.The winner of the contest was a girl 4(call)Lily.She is a hard-working student,5English is very good. Ms.Green also encourages us to read English books.She often says,"Reading is like a key 6 can open the door to a new world."With her help,we have made great progress in English. We all appreciate her,7help has been so important to us. She will leave our school next term,8we are all very sad about.But we know she will start a new life in a different place,9 she will continue to inspire more students.We will always remember her,10 has taught us not only knowledge but also how to be a better person. 【答案】 1.单项选择 ①选B。先行词是“two sons”指人，且“both of+关系代词”结构，作从句主语，用whom,所以选both of whom。 ②选D。“work”与“the old man”是主动关系，且“for twenty years”表明动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成式 having worked。 ③)选B。 is known to us all'”为主语从句，从句中缺少主语，用what引导 ④选A。which引导非限定性定语从句，指代前面整个句子“She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students'”, 在从句中作主语。 ⑤选D。as引导非限定性定语从句，意为“正如”，指代后面整个句子“The number of smokers has dropped by17 percent in just one year" ⑥选D。“the cover of which'”相当于whose cover,“of which'”引导非限定性定语从句修饰“'the book”。 ⑦选D。先行词是“an age”表示时间，在从句中作时间状语，用when引导。 ⑧选B。先行词是“the days”,在从句中作“spent'”的宾语，用which引导。 ⑨选B。先行词是“the meeting”,指物，在从句中作主语，且是非限定性定语从句，不能用that,所以用which引导，选B。 0选B。“pay for.”为固定搭配，先行词是“the book”,指物，在从句中作“for”的宾语，非限定性定语从句用“for which” 引导，选B。 2.语法填空 ①whose。workers与factory是所属关系，用whose引导非限定性定语从句 2whom。先行词是“My friend”,在从句中作宾语，用whom引导。 3)which。which引导非限定性定语从句，指代“a new car”,在从句中作主语。 ④whose。windows与house是所属关系，用whose引导非限定性定语从句。 ⑤where。先行词是“The city”,在从句“I spent my childhood”中作地点状语，用where引导非限定性定语从句。 ⑥whom。先行词是“The boy”,在从句“I talked to just now”中作宾语，非限定性定语从句中，作宾语指人用whom。 ⑦most of which.。逗号后面是从句，“most of+关系代词”结构，先行词是“books”,指物，用most of which引导非限定性 定语从句。 3.语篇填空 ①)whose。name与teacher是所属关系，用whose引导非限定性定语从句。 ②which。which引导非限定性定语从句，指代前面整个句子“She always makes her classes lively and interesting”。 ③)and。“Many students took part in it”和“most of them did a great job”是并列关系，用and连接。 ④called。“a girl'”与“call”是被动关系，用过去分词called作后置定语。 5)whose。English与student是所属关系，用whose引导非限定性定语从句。 ⑥that/which。先行词是“akey',在从句中作主语，用that或which引导定语从句。 7 whose。help与Ms.Green是所属关系，用whose引导非限定性定语从句。 ⑧which。which引导非限定性定语从句，指代前面整个句子“She will leave our school next term”。 9)where。先行词是“a different place”,在从句中作地点状语，用where引导非限定性定语从句。 0who。先行词是“her”,在从句中作主语，用who引导非限定性定语从句。 36 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 6 The admirable 限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句概述 限制性定语从句是对先行词进行修饰、限制和确定的从句，它与主句关系紧密，中间不用逗号隔开。如 果去掉该从句，主句的意思会不完整或不明确。限制性定语从句在句中起着至关重要的作用，能够精准地 界定先行词的范围。 一、限制性定语从句的引导词 1.关系代词 ①that 既可指人也可指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。指人时可与who/whom互换，指物时可与which 互换。但在以下情况中只能用that:先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰；先行词是不定代词（如a, everything,nothing等)；先行词既有人又有物。 This is the book that I bought yesterday.这是我昨天买的那本书，(that指物，作宾语) The first student that raises his hand will get the prize.第一个举手的学生将获得奖品。 (that指人，作主语，先行词被序数词修饰) All that glitters is not gold.闪光的不都是金子。(that指物，作主语，先行词是不定代词) ②who 指人，在从句中作主语。 The girl who is standing there is my sister.站在那里的那个女孩是我的妹妹，(who作主语) ③whom 指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略。 The man whom you met yesterday is our teacher..你昨天遇到的那个男人是我们的老师。 (whom作宾语，可省略) ④which 指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语。 The pen which is on the desk is mine.桌子上的那支钢笔是我的，(which作主语) This is the bag which I lost last week.这是我上周丢失的那个包.(which作宾语，可省略) ⑤whose 既可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语，其后接名词。 Do you know the girl whose hair is red?你认识那个红头发的女孩吗？(whose指人，修饰hair) This is the house whose windows are broken.这是那座窗户破了的房子。 (whose指物，修饰windows) 观察考题 This is the best filmI have ever seen. A.which B.that C.who D.whom 【解析】先行词被形容词最高级best修饰，关系代词只能用that,选B。 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）37