Unit 3 The Art of Painting Grammar and usage & Integrated skills 导学案-2025-2026学年高中英语译林版选择性必修第一册

该高中英语导学案聚焦选择性必修一U3分词形容词及核心词汇，通过复习动词分词用法导入，搭建从分词到形容词转化的学习支架，系统梳理“令人…”与“感到…”的用法区别，衔接前后语法知识脉络。 资料融合词汇辨析与语法应用，设计分层练习（单句填空到语篇阅读）和能力拓展模块，助力学生提升语言理解与表达能力，培养分析对比的思维品质，高效掌握语法要点并灵活运用。

年 级：高二 科 目：英语 内 容：选择性必修一 U3 Grammar and usage - Integrated skills 【同步知识梳理】 1.arrange vt. 整理，布置，排列； v. 安排，筹备；商定 →arrangement n. [常用复数]安排，布置 arrange sth. We must arrange the room before the guests arrive. 在客人到达前, 我们必须整理房间。 make arrangements for… 为…做安排 I've arranged for Jack to meet her at the airport.我已经安排杰克到机场接她。(for不可省) Our class has made good arrangements for the celebration.我们班已为庆典做好了筹备工作。 2.raw a. 未经加工的，自然状态的；生的，未烹制的 collect raw materials 收集原材料/素材 raw data 原始数据 raw vegetables / meat 生的蔬菜/生肉 3.shade n. 阴影部分；色度；阴凉处; 荫 →shady a. 在背阴处的 twelve shades of green 12种色度不同的绿色 sit in the shade 坐在阴凉处 Don't cut down the tree that gives you shade. 不可忘恩负义。 4.bathe vt. [书面语]以(光线)洒满，覆盖，使沐浴（在光线里）; 用(水/药水清洗；浸洗 v. (给某人) 洗澡； vi. 游泳 →bath n. 洗澡；浴室; (Br.E)浴缸;澡盆 (Am.E)bathtub bathe the village in brilliant light使村庄沐浴在灿烂的阳光里 be bathed in the sunlight沐浴在阳光里 bathe the wound / cut with …用…清洗伤口 He bathed the children and put them to bed.他给孩子们洗了澡，然后安顿他们上床睡觉。 have/ take a bath洗澡 5.wage vt.&n.vt. 开始，发动(运动，战争等)； n. (通常指按周领的)工资，工钱(常用复数) The government is determined to wage a war against poverty and disease. 政府下决心要进行一场消灭贫穷和疾病的斗争。 high/low wages 高/低薪 a weekly wage of $ 300 周薪300美元 6.campaign n. &v. n. (宣传)活动，(政治/商业/社会)运动；战役； v. 发起运动，参加运动 → campaigner n. 运动领导者，经验丰富的活动家 start/begin/launch/wage/organize/run a campaign for/against…发起/开展支持或反对…的运动 campaign to do sth. campaign for/against…发起运动支持或反对…的 She launched a publicity campaign to promote her new book. 她发起了一场宣传活动来宣传她的新书。 They are campaigning to save the area from building development. 他们正开展一场反对在这个地区进行房地产开发的运动。 7.toast n. & vt. n.吐司，烤面包片；干杯，祝酒； vt. 为…干杯； (口)烤；取暖 two slices of toast 两块吐司 exchange toasts相互敬酒 make/propose a toast to sb./ sth.= toast sb./sth.＝drink a toast to sb. /sth 向某人敬酒;为…干杯 a toasted sandwich 烤过的三明治 I toast your health.我为你的健康千杯。 8.reduce be reduced to降低到；沦落为 be reduced by降低了 reduce ... from ... to ... 把……从……减少到…… 【同步语法梳理】 一、分词形容词概述 英语中，有一些动词的现在分词和过去分词可以转化为形容词用法，在句中主要用作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。其中有一类表示人的心理或情绪变化的“使令性动词”，由此演变而来的现在分词和过去分词，已经成为形容词，我们称为“分词形容词”。它们属于同一个词源：现在分词表示事物本身的性质以及给他人的感受，意为“令人怎样”；过去分词表示人的心理和情绪的变化，是被动的感觉，意为“感到怎样”。一般都认为，以-ed结尾的分词形容词修饰人，以-ing结尾的分词形容词修饰事物。 其区别主要在于： 1.以-ing结尾的分词形容词，常用来描述人或事物本身具有的特征，即人或事物具有能够令人产生某种情绪的作用或能力。 This is a disappointing result.这是一个令人失望的结果。 2.以-ed结尾的分词形容词，常用来描述人对某事物做出的反应，而产生一种 被动的心理变化或情绪，其主语通常是人。 He wasn't surprised when he heard the news.听到这个消息时，他并没有感到惊讶。 3.同源的情绪使令动词、现在分词和过去分词，用法对比如下，仔细体会其含义： (1) The news excited all of us. That is to say, the news was exciting, and we were all excited at the news. 这消息使我们大家都很兴奋。也就是说，这个消息是令人兴奋的，我们都对这个消息感到兴奋。 (2) It is encouraging news that our team has won the match. Before that, my parents encouraged me to compete, and I also received a lot of encouragement from my friends. Now I am really encouraged.我们队赢了这场比赛，这是个令人鼓舞的消息。此前，我父母鼓励我参加比赛，我也从我的朋友 那里得到了许多鼓励，现在我真的受到了鼓舞。 (3 ) This is a shocking sight, it has shocked everyone, and everyone is shocked at the sight. 这是一个令人震惊的景象，它震惊了所有人，每个人都对这一景象感到震惊。 (4 ) The tiger was so frightening, it frightened the children, and the children were frightened by the tiger.老虎太可怕了，吓到这些孩子了，孩子们被老虎吓坏了。 (5 ) This is amazing news, it has amazed everyone, and everyone is amazed at the news.这是令人惊讶的消息，它让每个人惊讶，每个人都对这个消息感到惊讶。 (6) This is a puzzling question, and it has puzzled me. So I am puzzled at the question.这是一个令人费解的问题，它使我迷惑不解。所以我对这个问题感到困惑。 (7 ) His experience was terrifying, and it terrified his children. All of them were terrified.他的经历很可怕，所以吓坏了他的孩子。他们都吓坏了。 (8 ) The noise has disturbed all of us. It is disturbing noise because it has made us feel disturbed.这噪音使我们大家都不安。这是令人不安的噪音，因为它让我们感到了不安。 (9 ) This is a confusing question, and it has confused us. So everyone is confused about the question. 这是一个令人困惑的问题，它把我们大家弄糊涂了。所以每个人都对这个问题感到困惑。 ( 10 ) This is astonishing news, because it has astonished everyone. So everyone is astonished at the news.这是一个令人震惊的消息，因为它让每个人都惊讶。所以每个人都对这个消息感到惊讶。 (11 ) This is a boring lecture. We are all bored with it, because it has really bored all of us.这是一个无聊的讲座。我们都对它感到厌烦,因为它真的让我们所有人感到无聊。 ( 12 )What he said convinced us. His words are really convincing, so we are convinced that he is an honest man.他的话使我们信服。他的话很有说服力，所以我们相信他是个诚实的人。 ( 13 )I think this is an amusing story because it has amused us. Of course it makes us amused rather than amazed, because an amazing story is not really amusing.我认为这是一个有趣的故事，因为它把我们逗乐了。当然，它使我们感到有趣而不是惊奇，因为一个令人惊奇的故事并不一定真的有趣。 二、分词形容词作表语 The speech you have delivered is very interesting and encouraging.你的演讲很有趣且很鼓舞人。 Her point of view was very convincing.她的观点很令人信服。 He became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. 当他想到帮助那些感染霍乱的普通人时，他感到很振奋。 The teacher was pleased with my answer to the question.老师对我给出的问题答案很满意。 三、分词形容词作定语 That must have been a terrifying experience.那肯定是一段可怕的经历。 She told us a moving story，and we were all moved.她给我们讲了一个感人的故事，我们都被感动了。 The worried parents were all concerned for the children’s safety.忧心忡忡的家长们都为孩子们的安全担忧。 Without satisfied customers，companies cannot survive either.没有满意的顾客，公司也不可能生存。 四、分词形容词作宾补 We all consider this game very exciting.我们都认为这场比赛很刺激。 She found the story quite interesting.她觉得这个故事很有趣。 His jokes made the children amused.他的笑话把孩子们逗乐了。 The experiment result made us disappointed.实验结果使我们感到失望。 五、分词形容词作状语 分词形容词作状语，可以从非谓语动词作状语的角度去理解。由过去分词变来的形容词，加不加being均可，因为它曾经是分词，本身就是非谓语动词。例如： (Being) worried about his health, she couldn't sleep.由于担心他的健康，她睡不着。 (Being) surprised at the news, he kept asking how.他听到这个消息很惊讶，一直问怎么回事。 如果单个的形容词作原因状语，这时应加being，变成非谓语动词，即现在分词。单个的形容词之前加being，主要是为了避免单调。例如: Being ill, he can attend today's meeting.由于生病，他不能参加今天的会议了 Being hungry，they had to look for food.由于饥饿，他们不得不寻找食物。 (1)常见的表示情绪变化的现在分词形容词和过去分词形 容词对比: annoying恼人的 annoyed生气的; boring令人厌烦的 bored感到厌烦的; challenging富有挑战性的 challenged受到挑战的; convincing令人信服的 convinced被说服的; disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的; discouraging令人丧气的 discouraged感到丧气的; disturbing令人不安的 disturbed心神不安的; embarrassing令人尴尬的 embarrassed感到尴尬的; encouraging令人鼓舞的 encouraged受到鼓舞的； exciting令人兴奋的 excited感到兴奋的; frightening使惊恐的 frightened受惊的; inspiring令人鼓舞的 inspired受到鼓舞的; interesting令人感兴趣的 interested感兴趣的; moving感动人的 moved受感动的; puzzling令人困惑的 puzzled感到困惑的; relaxing令人放松的 relaxed感到放松的; satisfying令人满意的 satisfied感到满意的; shocking骇人听闻的 shocked震惊的; surprising令人惊讶的 surprised感到惊讶的; tiring令人疲劳的 tired感到疲劳的; worrying令人担忧的 worried感到担忧的 (2)常见的复合分词形容词: badly-paid低工资的 long-lived长寿的 newly-married新婚的 easy-going随和的 clear-cut 轮廓鲜明的；清晰的 ever-lasting 永恒的 one-eyed一只眼的 cold-hearted无情的 peace-loving爱好和平的 well-written写得好的 nice-smelling香气扑鼻的 ice-covered冰封的 warm-hearted热心肠的 absent-minded心不在焉的 able- minded能干的 like-minded看法相同的 good-tempered好脾气的 middle-aged中年的 five-storeyed五层的 fine-looking美貌的 long-standing长久的 well-received受欢迎的 well-known著名的 man-made人工的 grass-covered被草覆盖的 far-reaching意义深远的 newly-built新建的 forward-looking有远见的 ordinary-looking相貌平平的 snow-covered 被雪覆盖的 这类带连字符的复合分词形容词，一般都是作定语，不作表语。 例如： a well-received story 一个受欢迎的故事 a well-known writer一位著名的作家 a man-made lake一座人工湖 the grass-covered ground被草覆盖的地面 a far-reaching speech一个意义深远的演讲 a newly-built library一座新建的图书馆 (3)过去分词形容词作表语和被动语态的区别: 有些行为动词变成过去分词后，由动作变成了状态，成为形容词。例如: broken (被打破后的结果)， written (写完后的情况)等。如何区分过去分词作表语表示状态还是被动语态？特征比较: The vase is broken. It isn't worth so much money.(表示状态) The vase was broken by my little brother yesterday. (被动语态) The article is written in simple English. (表示状态) The article was written in 1990. (被动语态) 通过比较发现，过去分词作表语表示状态，多用一般现在时，不用by sb.;被动语态表示动作，常跟过去时间连用，可以加by sb. 以下都是常见的分词形容词表状态: He is an experienced teacher.他是个有经验的教师。 This is an organized trip.这是一次有组织的旅行。 Some villagers died from polluted water.有些村民死于被污染的水。 She has a broken heart.她有一颗破碎的心。 a written report一份书面报告 a retired teacher退休教师 a returned overseas Chinese归国华侨 a developed country发达国家 faded flowers凋谢的花 departed friends离去的朋友 used books用过的书 cooked food熟食 boiled water开水 furnished rooms有家具的房间 fallen leaves落叶 (4)动名词作表语和现在分词形容词作表语的区别: a. Her job is looking after children. b. Her job is boring. 句a的意思是“她的工作是照料孩子”。这是动名词短语looking after children作表语，它说明主语的具体内容。主语和表语是对等关系，所以可以互换位置而意思保持不变: Looking after children is her job. 句b的意思是“她的工作很无聊”。这是现在分词boring作表语，表明boring具备了形容词的作用。由于它是由使令性动词bore变化而来，具有主动使令意味，所以，可以转换为一个主谓宾的句子: Her job bores her.她的工作令她厌倦。 但是，“Her job is boring." 这句话，不能像"Her job is looking after children."那样主语和表语可以交换位置。我们不能说: Boring is her job. 特别提示： 凡是表语可以跟主语交换位置的，都是“确认性表语”。如果表语不能跟主语交换位置，则是“归属性表语”。这是区别动名词作表语和现在分词形容词作表语的关键标志。 “确认性表语”举例(主表可以交换) : His hobby is collecting stamps.→Collecting stamps is his hobby. (正) Mary is my best friend.→My best friend is Mary. (正) “归属性表语”举例(主表不可交换): The news is very exciting.→Very exciting is the news. (误) Mary is hard-working.→Hard-working is Mary. (误) ①动名词作表语，说明主语的具体内容。例如: His ambition is working as a lawyer.他的抱负是当律师。 The only way to cure your disease is going to bed.治疗你的病的唯一办法是上床睡觉。 Her job is keeping the offices clean.她的工作是清洁办公室。 Her work is teaching children music.她的工作是教孩子音乐。 His only wish is finding a job in an office.他唯一的愿望就是找一份办公室的工作。 The ant queen's full-time job is laying eggs.蚁后的专职工作是产卵。 The boy's hobby is playing games online.这个男孩的爱好是玩网上游戏。 My favourite sport is playing tennis我最喜欢的运动是打网球。 Her first delight was going to the tower.她第一件想做的事情是参观塔楼。 以上例句中，表语跟主语是对等关系，是主语的“确认性表语”。所以可以交换位置而意思保持不变。例如： His ambition is working as a lawyer.他的抱负是当律师。 →Working as a lawyer is his ambition.当律师是他的抱负。 The only way to cure your disease is going to bed. 治疗你的病的唯一办法是上床睡觉。 →Going to bed is the only way to cure your disease. 上床睡觉是治疗你的病的唯一办法。 ②现在分词作表语，说明该现在分词具备了形容词的作用。它表示句子的主语所具备的某种性质，这个性质是主动的，具备使令意味，让人在情绪上发生变化。 Tom's progress in English is satisfying.汤姆在英语上的进步是令人满意的。 The examination result is discouraging.考试结果很令人沮丧。 The story about space travelling is interesting.那个关于字宙旅行的故事很有趣。 The film was boring to a degree.这部影片非常枯燥。 The songs we heard last night were most inspiring.昨晚我们听的歌曲很鼓舞人。 The joke he told us was amusing.他给我们讲的笑话很有趣。 It was amazing that he knew nothing about the event.他对这个事件毫不知情，真让人感到诧异， It is astonishing to me that he should be absent.他竟然缺席，使我十分惊异。 That game was not very exciting.那场比赛并不怎么精彩刺激。 The people upstairs are very annoying.楼上的那些人非常令人厌烦。 The spelling of English is often puzzling.英语的拼写常常使人伤脑筋。 The meaning of this word is confusing.这个词的意思很令人费解。 I don't like making speeches in public; it' s so embarrassing.我不喜欢在公开场合演说，太难为情了。 My job can be very frustrating sometimes.我的工作有时非常令人无奈。 The soft music sounds very pleasing to the ear.那轻柔的音乐听起来十分悦耳。 The overall picture for farming is encouraging.农业的总体形势是令人鼓舞的。 This work is tiring; it has tired me out.这工作很累人，可把我累坏了。 Walking in the rain is really fascinating.雨中漫步非常令人陶醉。 The news from the front is very disturbing.来自前线的消息令人极为不安。 The crawl of a snake is terrifying.蛇爬行起来真可怕。 以上例句中，表语跟主语不是对等关系，是“归属性表语”，所以不可以互换位置。 例句中的现在分词形容词，说明主语具备了“使令”意味:令人感觉如何。我们可以把这个分词转换为动词作句子的谓语,后面补上所缺的宾语。例如: The service here is disappointing.这儿的服务令人失望。 →The service here disappoints us.这儿的服务令我们失望。 Her facility for languages was surprising.她在语言方面的才能令人吃惊。 →Her facility for languages surprised us all.她在语言方面的才能令我们吃惊。 The speed of the bus was frightening.这辆公共汽车的速度真吓人。 →The speed of the bus frightened the passengers.这辆公共汽车的速度吓坏了乘客。 ◆观点 a frightened look还是a frightening look? ①实际上，“过去分词形 容词修饰人，现在分词形容词修饰事物”，这个说法是不全面的。这只是一种表象，不是问题的实质。请看下面的句子: You always look frightening when you wake up.你醒来时总是露出令人害怕的样子。 You always look frightened when you wake up.你醒来时总是露出感到恐惧的样子 The little boy is very interesting.这个小男孩很有趣。 The little boy is very interested in the toy.这个小男孩对这个玩具很感兴趣。 同样是人，为何出现上述两种情况？问题的关键在哪里呢? 本书认为，问题的关键在于分词形容词的性质：现在分词形容词表主动，过去分词形容词表被动。所以，过去分词或现在分词都可以修饰人。 ②有的语法书和教辅书特别指出:像look(表情)，expression(表情)，voice(声音)，smile(微笑)等词，一般用过去分词修饰，如:a frightened look, an astonished expression, a satisfied smile，an excited voice。事实果真如此吗?请看例句： You look frightening. Since you look frightening, you have a frightening look.你看起来令人恐惧，因为这样，所以你有一个令人恐惧的表情。 You look frightened. Since you look frightened, you have a frightened look.你看起来很恐惧，因为这样，所以你有一个恐惧的表情。 又如: a satisfied smile： (感到)满意的微笑(这种微笑是在人感到满意后表现出来的微笑) a satisfying smile：(让人)满意的微笑(这种微笑是让人满意的微笑。意味着笑得真诚自然，不做作) an astonished expression：(感到)惊讶的表情(这种表情是在人感到吃惊后显现出来的表情) an astonishing expression：(令人)惊讶的表情(这种表情是让人吃惊的表情。意味着这个表情有些可怕，使人惊讶) an excited voice：(感到)兴奋的声音(这是人在兴奋时，说话带出来的声音) an exciting voice：(令人)兴奋的声音(意味着说话的人声音很有号召力，令人鼓舞，令人兴奋) 特别提示： 人的表情、声音或微笑，是通过人的情绪表现出来的，它同样有两种情况。由于现在分词形容词表主动，过去分词形容词表被动，所以，反映在同一个人或事物身上，可以有两种不同的情况或结果，所以要从根本上理解这个问题，不要死记硬背某些条条框框。一般都认为: Tigers are terrifying老虎很可怕。但是，它们自己也有害怕的时候。大家一定熟悉唐代文学家柳宗元创作的一篇寓言小品《黔之驴》。其中有一句话是“驴一鸣，虎大骇”，翻译成英语是“When the donkey brays, the tiger is terrified.",这里，老虎不再是令人恐惧，而是自已感到恐惧了。这就是语言背后的逻辑。 【精题精练精讲】 一、单句语法填空 I.用所给动词的-ing形式或-ed形式，完成下列句子 1.The portraits and landscape paintings displayed at the gallery possess ________ features. ( strike) 2. As I wandered around the gallery, I wondered why this portrait was so vivid and ________( amuse) 3. Many tourists have been ________ to this neighbourhood in the past decades. ( attract) 4. Their paintings focused on real life, as ________ to the history paintings dominating European art. ( oppose ) 5. The artist employed new brushwork to produce art works which were realistic, vivid and ________(move) 6. Visitors were ________ to find many outstanding paintings on display in the exhibition hall. ( surprise ) 7. Tourists are not ________ because these scenic spots are not worthy of being visited. (satisfy) 8. Painted mostly with a pond as their setting, his paintings were ________. Most people were ________(bore). 9. The exhibition contains nothing ________ that is worthy of note. (interest) 10. What is the essence of art? It should be ________(inspire). 11. They have waged an ________campaign, and everyone is ________( encourage). 12. The host arranged an ________ party and prepared raw vegetables, mushrooms, garlic and toast for dinner. (excite) 13. The landscape featuring a winding river, a sailing boat and crop fields is ________ to our vision. ( fascinate) 14. I am ________ to see his painting has exposed serious political and social problems. ( astonish) 15. Modern architecture is more ________ than ever.( challenge) II .用表示情绪变化的分司形容词填空，“令人怎样”还是“感到怎样” 1. Richard felt ________ with their ________ service at the hotel. (satisfy ) 2. The movie was ________. Rose was greatly ________( move ). 3. Sophia wasn’t ________ though her answer was ________.( discourage ) 4. Jenny is ________ at the ________ news. ( surprise ) 5. William became ________ at his ________ job. (bore ) 6. The tiger looked ________, but Lily wasn't ________.( frighten ) 7. His speech was very ________. Mary became ________.( inspire ) 8. Charles wasn't ________ though the story you had told was ________.( amuse) 9. The scene was quite ________. Catherine got ________.(amaze) 10. The result of the examination was ________, so Judy became ________.( disappoint ) 二、单词拼写 1. In hot, sunny climates，wide-edged hats provide s_____________ from the sun. 2. According to the new policy, there are extra benefits for people on low w_____________. 3. I b_____________, washed my hair, got dressed and went to the party with my cousin. 4. I’d like to propose/make a t_____________ to the bride and bridegroom as well as all the guests. 5. It’s a great island with some really interesting _____________ (建筑风格). 6. The government is launching an advertising _____________(运动) in order to tell people about the danger of drug. 7. We need to use our _____________ (未经加工的) materials in the best possible way, otherwise they will be soon used up. 8. However difficult you find it to a_____________ your time, it will pay off in the long run. 一、I .1. striking 2. amusing 3. attracted 4. opposed 5. moving 6. surprised 7. satisfied 8. boring; bored 9. interesting 10. inspiring 11. encouraging, encouraged 12. exciting 13. fascinating 14. astonished 15. challenging II .1. satisfied, satisfying 2. moving; moved 3. discouraged, discouraging 4. surprised, surprising 5. bored, boring 6. frightening, frightened 7. inspiring，inspired 8. amused, amusing 9. amazing; amazed 10. disappointing, disappointed 二、1. shade在炎热的天气里，宽檐帽可以阳。 2. wages根据新政策，低薪者有额外补助。 3. bathed 4. toast 5. architecture那是个很棒的岛屿，岛上的建筑风格饶有趣味。 6. campaign政府正在发起宣传活动，以告诫人们毒品的危害。 7. raw我们需要以最好的方式使用我们的原材料, 否则他们很快会被用光。 8. arrange 无论如何你发现安排时间 有多困难，这从长远来看总会得到回报。 【能力拓展训练】 一、七选五 What Are the Roots of Your Self-Esteem? Self-esteem is a person's subjective assessment of his or her worth to himself or herself. Self- esteem covers various beliefs about oneself (such as 'Tm a failure" and "I'm beautiful") as well as physiological states, including sadness, joy, and shame. The more we believe that we are worthy of happiness and good things in life, the more self-fulfilled we will be. When we don't believe that we are worthy of these things, our ability to enjoy them can suffer. ____1____ Healthy self-esteem as an adult can be a gift given in your childhood. It is a blessing that most people overlook. There are so many ways adults with high self-esteem were supported as children that resulted in them having high self-esteem. For instance, they were praised for what they had achieved. ____2____They likely experienced affection and were given enough attention. It is also possible that they excelled in studies or in sports and were admired for it by peers. ____3____As children, many of these people were criticized, yelled at, or abused in one way or another. There is also a high chance that they were given no attention by the adults who were supposed to care for them. In some cases, adults with poor self-esteem were often ridiculed for their shortcomings or bullied by peers. It is common that these adults also believe that in order to be appreciated they need to be perfect. ____4____There are people who are obsessed with their careers or hobbies because in their mind they need to tie their worthiness to something concrete. Oftentimes these people have to pretend to be something they are not just to get approval. How you feel about yourself impacts how you live your life. People with high self-esteem tend to have better relationships than those with low self-esteem. ____5____ So if you struggle to reach out for assistance, it could be rooted in your low self-esteem. A. There is also a good chance that they were spoken to respectfully. B. When we start to doubt what's important in life, we tend to do less of it. C. Since self-esteem is connected to how we perform, it is important to work on it. D. People with poor self-esteem, on the other hand, often experienced the opposite. E. This creates an image in their mind that without accomplishment they are worthless. F. They face failure too, but they understand that failure or success doesn't define them. G. High self-esteem enables you to ask for help and support from the people around you when you need it. 【答案】16. B 17. A 18. D 19. E 20. G 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。自尊是一个人对自己价值的主观评价。自尊包括对自己的各种信念和生理状态。文章对高自尊和低自尊的人进行了对比和说明。 【16题详解】 根据前文“When we don't believe that we are worthy of these things, our ability to enjoy them can suffer. (当我们不相信自己值得拥有这些东西时，我们享受它们的能力就会受到伤害)”可知，此处是指当我们对人生和自己产生怀疑时，就会有不好的影响。所以选项B. When we start to doubt what's important in life, we tend to do less of it. (当我们开始怀疑生活中重要的东西，我们往往会对此做得更少)切合文意，且和前文句式相同。故选B。 【17题详解】 根据后文“They likely experienced affection and were given enough attention. It is also possible that they excelled in studies or in sports and were admired for it by peers. (他们可能经历了感情，并得到了足够的关注。也有可能他们在学习或体育方面表现优异，并因此受到同龄人的崇拜)”可知，此处是指他们被怀有敬意地对待，所以选项A. There is also a good chance that they were spoken to respectfully. (也有一个很好的机会让人们向他们尊敬地说话)切合文意。故选A。 【18题详解】 根据后文“In some cases, adults with poor self-esteem were often ridiculed for their shortcomings or bullied by peers. (在某些情况下，缺乏自尊的成年人经常因为自己的缺点而被嘲笑或被同龄人欺负)”可知，此处是讲缺乏自尊的人往往不被尊重，所以选项D. People with poor self-esteem, on the other hand, often experienced the opposite. (另一方面，缺乏自尊的人所经历的往往恰恰相反)切合文意。故选D。 【19题详解】 根据前文“It is common that these adults also believe that in order to be appreciated they need to be perfect. (这些成年人也普遍认为，为了被欣赏，他们需要变得完美)”可知，选项E中的this是指人们认为为了被欣赏他们需要变得完美，根据后文“There are people who are obsessed with their careers or hobbies because in their mind they need to tie their worthiness to something concrete. (有些人痴迷于自己的事业或爱好，因为在他们的脑海中，他们需要把自己的价值与具体的东西联系起来)”可知，有些人往往把自己的价值和成就联系在一起，所以选项E. This creates an image in their mind that without accomplishment they are worthless. (这在他们的脑海中造成了一种形象，没有成就，他们是毫无价值的)切合文意。故选E。 【20题详解】 根据后文“So if you struggle to reach out for assistance, it could be rooted in your low self-esteem. (所以如果你挣扎着去寻求帮助，那可能是因为你的自卑)”可知，自尊心高的人不会纠结于是否要寻求帮助，所以选项G. High self-esteem enables you to ask for help and support from the people around you when you need it. (高自尊能让你在需要的时候向周围的人寻求帮助和支持)切合文意。故选G。 二、完形填空 Tackling behavioral problems at school is not easy, but Dr. Terrance Newton is doing that with a ____1____ effective solution. In his first year as principal of Warner Elementary School, Newton has already seen a ____2____ change in his at-risk students. All it took was a few quality ____3____ and a pair of clippers. Newton saw the ____4____ as soon as he started at the school. Bullying was ____5____ and students were constantly being ____6____. He believed the best way to solve this was to build positive relationships with students. So, he ____7____ to set up a barbershop at school. Having cut hair before, Newton ____8____ the barbershop could be a safe space for students to ____9____. And he was right- not only has he bonded with former _____10_____, but suspensions have dropped from 103 to 4 in the last year! Even better, bullying has all but stopped. Kamisha Collins has seen the _____11_____ in her 11-year-old son, Brandon Ponzo. “In the beginning of the school year, my son started off really _____12_____ and was not getting along with Dr. Newton, but now they have built this _____13_____-he loves him very much,” Collins said.“Dr. Newton says positive things to them while cutting their hair. And my son’s behavior and grades have improved so much.” What a brilliant idea not to mention a _____14_____ leader! A little love and care can make a big impact on _____15_____ kids. 1. A. suddenly B. similarly C. surprisingly D. hardly 2. A. great B. slight C. harmful D. risky 3. A. haircuts B. conversations C. performances D. services 4. A. fear B. problem C. project D. reason 5. A. out of place B. under control. C. under discussion D. out of hand 6. A. suspended B. criticized C. praised D. protected 7. A. decided B. preferred C. learned D. afforded 8. A. promised B. admitted C. rejected D. figured 9. A. calm down B. open up C. show up D. break down 10. A. classmates B. colleagues C. housekeepers D. troublemakers 11. A. increase B. encouragement C. difference D. difficulty 12. A. rough B. pleasant C. easy D. mild 13. A. barrier B. barbershop C. reputation D. bond 14. A. strict B. brave C. fantastic D. modest 15. A. appealing B. disappointing C. struggling D. lying 【答案】21. C 22. A 23. B 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. A 28. D 29. B 30. D 31. C 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了解决学校里的行为问题并不容易，但特伦斯·牛顿博士正在用一种惊人有效的方法解决这个问题。 【21题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：解决学校里的行为问题并不容易，但特伦斯·牛顿博士正在用一种惊人有效的方法解决这个问题。A. suddenly突然地；B. similarly相似地；C. surprisingly惊人地；D. hardly几乎不。根据上文“Tackling behavioral problems at school is not easy”说明解决问题不容易，以及此处的but转折故可推知，此处为但特伦斯·牛顿博士正在用一种惊人有效的方法解决这个问题。故选C项。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在担任华纳小学校长的第一年，牛顿就已经看到了他那些有危险的学生的巨大变化。A. great巨大的；B. slight轻的；C. harmful有害的；D. risky冒险的。根据上文所说牛顿博士正在用一种惊人有效的方法解决这个问题，以及此处“change in his at-risk students”变化在危险学生上，故可推知，此处为看到学生巨大的变化。故选A项。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：只需要几次高质量的谈话和一把剪刀。A. haircuts理发；B. conversations谈话；C. performances表演；D. services服务。根据下文“Newton says positive things to them while cutting their hair.”可知，此处为只需要几次高质量的谈话和一把剪刀。故选B项。 【24题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：牛顿一到这所学校就发现了这个问题。A. fear害怕；B. problem问题；C. project项目；D. reason理由。根据下文“Bullying was ____5____ and students were constantly being.”可知，此处为牛顿一到这所学校就发现了这个问题。故选B项。 【25题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：欺凌行为无法控制，学生经常被停学。A. out of place不在适当的位置；B. under control在控制下；C. under discussion在讨论中；D. out of hand失控。根据“but suspensions have dropped from 103 to 4 in the last year!”可知，在采取措施前欺凌已经无法控制。故选D项。 【26题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：欺凌行为无法控制，学生经常被停学。A. suspended暂令停学；B. criticized批评；C. praised赞扬；D. protected保护。根据上文所说欺凌行为无法控制，故可推知，此处为学生经常被停学。且下文的“but suspensions have dropped from 103 to 4 in the last year!”也是提示。故选A项。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：所以，他决定在学校开一家理发店。A. decided决定；B. preferred更喜爱；C. learned学习；D. afforded提供。根据下文“Having cut hair before”之前剪过头发，故可推知，此处为他决定在学校开一家理发店。故选A项。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：牛顿以前剪过头发，他认为理发店可以成为学生开放的安全空间。A. promised承诺；B. admitted承认；C. rejected拒绝；D. figured认为。根据“Having cut hair before”之前剪过头发以及下文“the barbershop could be a safe space for students to ____9____.”故可推知，此处为他认为理发店可以成为学生开放的安全空间。故选D项。 【29题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：牛顿以前剪过头发，他认为理发店可以成为学生开放的安全空间。A. calm down冷静下来；B. open up打开，开发；C. show up出现；D. break down打破，坏掉。 根据上文所说欺凌行为无法控制推知，此处为他认为理发店可以成为学生开放的安全空间。故选B项。 【30题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他是对的——他不仅和以前的麻烦制造者建立了良好的关系，而且去年被停学的次数从103次降到了4次！A. classmates同学；B. colleagues同事；C. housekeepers管家；D. troublemakers麻烦制造者。根据上文所说欺凌行为以及“but suspensions have dropped…”可知，此处为他不仅和以前的麻烦制造者建立了良好的关系，而且去年被停学的次数从103次降到了4次！故选D项。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：卡米沙·柯林斯(Kamisha Collins)看到了她11岁儿子布兰登·庞佐(Brandon Ponzo)身上的变化。A. increase增加；B. encouragement鼓励；C. difference不同，变化；D. difficulty困难。根据下文“In the beginning of…”以及“but now they…”可知，此处为开始到现在的转变。故选C项。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“在新学年开始的时候，我的儿子开始的时候非常不顺，他和牛顿博士相处得很不好，但现在他们建立了这种关系——他非常爱他，”柯林斯说。A. rough困难的；B. pleasant高兴的；C. easy简单的；D. mild温和的。根据and连接的“and was not getting along with Dr. Newton”可知，此处为在新学年开始的时候，斯克林儿子开始的时候非常不顺，他和牛顿博士相处得很不好。故选A项。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：“在新学年开始的时候，我的儿子开始的时候非常不顺，他和牛顿博士相处得很不好，但现在他们建立了这种关系——他非常爱他，”柯林斯说。A. barrier屏障；B. barbershop理发店；C. reputation名誉；D. bond联系，关系。根据“he loves him very much,”可知，此处为但现在他们建立了这种关系——他非常爱他。故选D项。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：多么聪明的想法，更不要说他是一个了不起的领导了！A. strict严厉的；B. brave勇敢的；C. fantastic了不起的；D. modest谦逊的。根据“What a brilliant idea”以及根据全文内容可知，这是对Dr. Terrance Newton赞扬。故选C项。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一点点的爱和关心会对挣扎中的孩子产生很大的影响。A. appealing吸引人的；B. disappointing令人失望的；C. struggling苦苦挣扎的；D. lying撒谎的。结合全文内容可知，爱和关心会对“苦苦挣扎的(struggling)”学生，即上文提到的制造麻烦的学生，产生大大的影响。故选C项。 三、语法填空 In Chinese art history, Qi Baishi ranks ____1____ a towering figure. His unusual and playful style opened up a new vista in the imagery of traditional Chinese painting, and has left a rich legacy still widely ____2____ (recognize) in modern society. Lifelike shrimps play a key role in Qi’s vast body of visual artworks. The “shrimps” are so popular ____3____ they have become synonymous with the painter himself. Unlike his predecessors, Qi Baishi painted shrimps in an impressionistic style with swift and definite brush strokes. He used different shades of ink ____4____ (model) the shrimp’s torso (躯干) and head. These shrimps are not just passive subject matter; rather they are asserting their presence. Qi was an all-round artist. Born to a family of farmers in Hunan in 1864, he learned carpentry in his teens, and later taught ____5____ (he) the arts of painting, poetry, calligraphy and seal cutting. The years spent in rural areas ____6____ (sow) in him a deep-rooted love of nature. During his youth, he traveled around the country to seek ____7____ (inspire) from nature while ____8____ (enthusiastic) studying the masterpieces of early Chinese painters. Qi settled in Beijing in 1919 and soon achieved wide fame in the Chinese capital. Qi Baishi opened ____9____ new window for the fine art world. He ______10______ (name) the “People’s Painter” and awarded the title of “People’s Artist” by China’s Ministry of Culture. 【答案】36. as 37. recognized 38. that 39. to model 40. himself 41. sowed 42. inspiration 43. enthusiastically 44. a 45. was named 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了中国著名画家齐白石。 【36题详解】 考查介词。句意：在中国美术史上，齐白石是一位举足轻重的人物。固定搭配rank as“被列为”。故填as。 【37题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他独特而俏皮的画风开辟了中国传统绘画意象的新视野，留下了丰富的遗产，至今仍为现代社会所广泛认可。此处修饰a rich legacy，与recognize是逻辑动宾关系，应用过去分词，作后置定语。故填recognized。 【38题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：这些“虾”是如此受欢迎，以至于它们已经成为画家本人的同义词。分析句子结构可知，此处是so...that句型，that引导结果状语从句。故填that。 【39题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他用不同色调的墨水来展示虾的躯干和头部。此处作目的状语，应用动词不定式。故填to model。 【40题详解】 考查反身代词。句意：他于1864年出生于湖南的一个农民家庭，十几岁时学习木工，后来自学绘画、诗歌、书法和篆刻艺术。此处表示“他（齐白石）自学”，应用反身代词。故填himself。 【41题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：在农村生活的岁月在他心中播下了对自然根深蒂固的热爱。此处陈述过去的事情，应用一般过去时。故填sowed。 【42题详解】 考查名词。句意：年轻时，他游历全国各地，在大自然中寻找灵感，同时热情地研究中国早期画家的杰作。此处作seek的宾语，应用名词inspiration，不可数。故填inspiration。 【43题详解】 考查副词。句意：年轻时，他游历全国各地，在大自然中寻找灵感，同时热情地研究中国早期画家的杰作。此处修饰动词studying，应用副词，作状语。故填enthusiastically。 【44题详解】 考查冠词。句意：齐白石为美术界打开了一扇新的窗口。此处泛指“一扇新的窗口”，应用不定冠词，new是以辅音音素开头的词，应用a。故填a。 【45题详解】 考查动词语态。句意：他被中国文化部命名为“人民画家”并授予“人民艺术家”称号。name与主语是逻辑动宾关系，应用被动语态，句子陈述的事情已经发生，应用一般过去时。故填was named。 【课后巩固训练】 一、阅读理解 A In the animal kingdom, killer whales (虎鲸) are social stars: they travel in varied family groups, care for grandchildren, and even imitate human speech. Now, scientists are adding one more behavior to the list: forming fast friendships. A new study shows killer whales can rival animals such as chimpanzees and macaques (a kind of monkey), and even humans when it comes to the kind of “social touch” that indicates strong bonds. Some ocean animals maintain social structures — including male dolphins that learn the “names” of their close allies (盟友). But there is little data about wild killer whales. That’s where drone technology came in. Michael Weiss, a behavioral ecologist, teamed up with his colleagues to launch drones, flying them 30 to 120 meters above a group of killer whales. That was high enough not to trouble the whales, marking the first time drones have been used to study friendly physical contact in whales. The researchers recorded over 800 instances of physical contact between individuals. Those included hugs, back-to-back and nose-to-nose touches between pairs of whales. Other whales playfully threw young whales into the air, letting them fall into the water. Besides, the drone images revealed clear preferences among individuals, usually for one “best friend” of the same sex and age. Take J49 and J51 — two distantly related young males aged 9 and 6 — for instance. “Every time you see a group of whales, those two are right there interacting with each other,” Weiss says. The young led most of these interactions, rather than the older females or males. Older males in particular were less important. “The young individuals really seem to be the glue (胶水) holding the groups together,” Weiss says. As individuals age, this gradual loss of “centrality” is known in many social mammals, including humans. That finding is “especially appealing” to Stacey Tecot, who wasn’t involved in the study. “Scientists have long observed this social aging trend in animals, but there are still many unanswered questions,” she says. That’s certainly on the researchers’ radar. “We’re already gathering new data, with more advanced equipment,” says Weiss. 1. What does the underlined word “rival” in Paragraph l probably mean? A. Benefit from. B. Be equal to. C. Depend on. D. Be fond of. 2. What is new about Weiss’ research? A. The research method. B. The variety of species. C. The size of the research team. D. The time spent on the research. 3. What did Weiss find about J49 and J51? A. They have a stable friendship. B. Their interactions are more complicated. C. Their communicating ways change frequently. D. They prefer playing with young female whales. 4. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. More researchers will be involved in the study. B. Other scientists take a negative attitude to the research. C. Researchers will collect more data to study killer whales. D. Researchers will uncover the social aging trend in animals soon. 【答案】4. B 5. A 6. A 7. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了社交明星虎鲸的建立快速友谊的能力。行为生态学家迈克尔·韦斯（Michael Weiss）与同事合作发射无人机研究虎鲸的友好身体接触。 【4题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一自然段“Now, scientists are adding one more behavior to the list: forming fast friendships.”（现在，科学家们又给这个清单增加了一种行为：建立快速友谊。）可知，科学家们对于虎鲸的社交能力又有一项新的发现——建立快速友谊。所以可推知下文“A new study shows killer whales can rival animals such as chimpanzees and macaques (a kind of monkey), and even humans when it comes to the kind of “social touch” that indicates strong bonds.”（一项新的研究表明，虎鲸可以与黑猩猩和猕猴（猴子的一种）等动物，甚至人类rival，因为它们的“社交接触”表明它们之间有着牢固的联系。）是说虎鲸的建立快速友谊的能力可以与黑猩猩和猕猴等动物，甚至人类相匹敌。A. Benefit from.从……受益；B. Be equal to.与……相当；C. Depend on.依靠；D. Be fond of.喜爱。故选B。 【5题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二自然段“But there is little data about wild killer whales. That’s where drone technology came in. Michael Weiss, a behavioral ecologist, teamed up with his colleagues to launch drones, flying them 30 to 120 meters above a group of killer whales.”（但关于野生虎鲸的数据很少。这就是无人机技术的起源。行为生态学家迈克尔·韦斯（Michael Weiss）与同事合作发射无人驾驶飞机，在一群虎鲸上方30至120米处飞行。）可知，迈克尔·韦斯使用无人机进行研究，也就是说他的研究方法新颖。故选A。 【6题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三自然段“Take J49 and J51 — two distantly related young males aged 9 and 6 — for instance. “Every time you see a group of whales, those two are right there interacting with each other,” Weiss says.”（以J49和J51这两个9岁和6岁的远亲年轻雄性虎鲸为例。韦斯说：“每次你看到一群虎鲸时，它们就在那里相互交流。”）可知，J49和J51有稳定的友谊。故选A。 【7题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段““Scientists have long observed this social aging trend in animals, but there are still many unanswered questions,” she says. That’s certainly on the researchers’ radar. “We’re already gathering new data, with more advanced equipment,” says Weiss.”（她说：“科学家们长期以来一直观察到动物的这种社会老龄化趋势，但仍有许多问题没有答案。”。这当然是研究人员关注的问题。Weiss说：“我们已经在用更先进的设备收集新数据。”）可知，研究人员将收集更多数据来研究虎鲸。故选C。 B Generation Z is different. As a whole, Americans born between the late 1990s and early 2000s are less likely to have work or look for it: their labour- force-participation rate is 71%, compared with 75% for millennials (born between 1980 and the late 1990s) and 78% for Generation X (born in the decade or so to 1980) when each came of age. As a result, they make up a smaller share of the workforce. With graduation ceremonies behind them, the latest group of diploma-holders are entering the job market. What they want from employers is also not quite the same as in generations past. Although Gen-Z employees felt more lonely and isolated than their older colleagues at the start of the pandemic, the ability to work remotely has brought new possibilities. The benefits go beyond working in your pyjamas. Many are taking calls from beach chairs and hammocks (吊床) in more comfortable places or fleeing big cities in search for cheaper or larger homes. This has big implications. Industries with jobs that cannot be done from home are falling out of favour with recent graduates. A study by ManpowerGroup, an employment company, suggests an inverse relationship (反比关系) between talent shortages and flexible working policies. The sectors which are either less able to offer remote work or have been slower to embrace it- including construction, finance and manufacturing-have faced some of the biggest skills gaps for all types of job. That in turn has accelerated a pre-existing trend of young employees trading Wall Street for Silicon Valley. Now technology bosses are more willing than their opposite numbers in finance to let employees work from home (or anywhere else). Annual rankings of employer desirability by Universum, a graduate-staffing consultancy, bear this out. In 2008 the list of best employers graded by American graduates was dominated by big banks and the Big Four consulting firms. By 2021 seven of the ten highest spots were occupied by tech and media giants. 5. What does the underlined word “diploma-holders" in the first paragraph refer to? A. Employees. B. Students. C. Graduates. D. Shareholders. 6. Why do Gen-Z employees prefer work remotely? A. They want more holidays on the beach. B. They love wearing pyjamas while working. C. They want to work in a more flexible way. D. They can’t afford the residents in big cities. 7. What does the study by ManpowerGroup suggest? A. All walks of life are facing some of the biggest skills gaps. B. Construction, finance and manufacturing can’t offer remote work. C. Industries with flexible working policies may suffer talent shortages. D. Industries with jobs that cannot be done from home are less popular. 8. Why does the author mention Wall Street and Silicon Valley? A. To weigh up the pros and cons of the two industries. B. To prove industries in technology are more appealing. C. To predict the change of preference among employees. D. To show Silicon Valley is a better place to settle down. 【答案】8. C 9. C 10. D 11. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Z世代（也称为“互联网世代”，通常是指1995年至2009年出生的一代人）毕业生对就业需求的变化，他们更青睐能够让他们在家灵活办公的科技公司。 【8题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段划线词前半句“With graduation ceremonies behind them, (随着毕业典礼的结束，)”可知，随着毕业典礼的结束，最新一批文凭持有者正在进入就业市场。可以推出，diploma-holders指的是那些参加完毕业典礼，准备进入就业市场的毕业生。这与diploma-holder“毕业文凭持有者”的字面意思也相符。故选C。 【9题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Although Gen-Z employees felt more lonely and isolated than their older colleagues at the start of the pandemic, the ability to work remotely has brought new possibilities. The benefits go beyond working in your pyjamas. Many are taking calls from beach chairs and hammocks (吊床) in more comfortable places or fleeing big cities in search for cheaper or larger homes.(尽管在疫情开始时，Z世代的员工比年长的同事更感到孤独和孤立，但远程工作的能力带来了新的可能性。这样做的好处不仅仅是穿着睡衣工作。许多人在更舒适的地方坐在沙滩椅和吊床上接听电话，或者逃离大城市，寻找更便宜或更大的房子。)”可知，远程办公带来了很多新的可能性。其中的好处不仅仅是可以居家工作，许多人还可以在更闲适的地方处理工作电话，或者在大城市以外的地方找到更便宜或更宽敞的房子。这些都是一种更为灵活的工作方式。故选C。 【10题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“A study by ManpowerGroup, an employment company, suggests an inverse relationship (反比关系) between talent shortages and flexible working policies.(招聘公司ManpowerGroup的研究表明，人才短缺程度和就业政策的灵活性之间成反比关系。)”可推断，很难实现远程办公或者对远程办公接受较慢的行业，其各种岗位都或多或少存在着重大技能人才短缺的问题。故选D。 【11题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“That in turn has accelerated a pre-existing trend of young employees trading Wall Street for Silicon Valley. (这反过来又加速了年轻员工从华尔街转投硅谷的趋势。)”可知，上一段提到的人才短缺问题，反过来又加速了年轻求职者从美国金融中心华尔街转投高科技事业云集的硅谷的既有倾向。可见科技产业更加受欢迎。故选B。 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $