考前押题06 完形填空题（期中专项训练）高二英语上学上海通用

专题06 完形填空题 话题1 科技与生活影响 话题4 健康与饮食 话题2 动物与生态保护 话题5 性格与成长 话题3 职场与社会趋势 话题6 社会文化与平等 话题 1 科技与生活影响 围绕科技产品（如电子屏幕、手机、无人机、AI 等）对人们日常生活、健康、行为习惯的影响展开，探讨科技应用中的争议与利弊。 P1：《Are Screens Bad for Our Bodies?》：分析电子屏幕普及带来的健康担忧，如 “方眼症”“科技颈” 等说法，通过科学研究指出多数关于屏幕严重危害的说法缺乏证据，但屏幕蓝光确实会影响睡眠，建议睡前一小时不使用屏幕。 P2：《“Say the magic word!”》：研究发现人们日常对话中使用 “please” 的频率远低于预期（仅 7%），且 “please” 并非提升请求成功率的关键，还可能让被请求者感到不适，说明语言习惯与社交礼仪的实际情况，间接反映现代沟通方式的变化。 P3：《A child’s view of intelligent machines》：通过对 4-11 岁儿童的研究，发现儿童易将 Roomba 扫地机器人、Alexa 智能音箱等科技产品视为有思想、情感甚至道德判断的存在，且年龄越小这种认知越明显，揭示人类对智能机器的天然直觉认知，为理解人们对 AI 的态度提供参考。 Passage 1                                            Are Screens Bad for Our Bodies? “You’ll get square eyes!” my mother used to say as I sat for hour after hour glued to the TV. I 1 her, of course. It was just something parents said. Fast-forward a few decades and now I’m the parent. My 5-year-old lives in a world where screens aren’t 2 pieces of furniture, but lie around on the kitchen table, on the sofa, by the bed, constantly accessible. You can’t even avoid them by going outside. “Screens are not only in our pockets, they’re on billboards, buses and bins,” says Tim Smith, a psychologist at Birkbeck, University of London. The concerns have 3 with the screens. In the past decade, we have heard that they will rewire our brains, 4 us of cognitive abilities and damage our mental health. Many of us feel more distracted by them, feeling grumpier, guiltier and more tired as a result. The list of ills makes square eyes sound 5 . So should we take these concerns more seriously? Given the amount of time so many of us spend with our lit-up devices, it is a(n) 6 question. The trouble is, many of the most emphatic answers are the least 7 . As the fears grow and the debate becomes ever more heated, it’s time to separate the proven health advice from the hyperbole. Smartphone pinky, tech neck, bone spurs at the back of our skulls: the ailments we are meant to have inflicted on ourselves through excessive phone use all sound terrifying. Hence the headlines 8 , there is no good evidence that such alarming conditions are caused by our tech habit. Any harm is likely to be far less 9 . The World Health Organization, for example, recommends limiting screentime as a way of tackling obesity, voicing 10 health concerns related to screens in particular. What about the effect of staring at small, bright screens on our eyesight? In the past few years, more children in the UK have been 11 glasses, says Max Davie at the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health in London. This has led some to claim that phones and tablets are to blame. But Davie thinks the 12 has more to do with aggressive management of existing conditions. “At the moment, we don’t have sufficient evidence for a causal link,” he says. One thing that does appear to be 13 is sleep. Studies have shown that people who are given a book to read in bed find it harder to go to sleep if they read it on a screen rather than on paper. This is probably because of the blue light that most screens emit, which throws off our circadian rhythm and tricks us into thinking it is daytime. Of course, most of us who look at our phones last thing at night aren’t reading a book. Much sleep disruption is related to mental 14 : waiting for the next notification, say, or scrolling through 15 news feeds. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to increased risk for all manner of health problems, including depression and other mental health concerns. “If there are any recommendations to be adopted, not using screens in the hour before bed seems to be the one with the greatest support,” says Smith. 1．A．followed B．wept C．ignored D．clarified 2．A．fixed B．wired C．plugged D．exposed 3．A．updated B．identified C．associated D．multiplied 4．A．comprise B．strip C．compromise D．destroy 5．A．intense B．nasty C．harmless D．inaccurate 6．A．important B．foggy C．objective D．constant 7．A．adorable B．consistent C．reliable D．subjective 8．A．In particular B．In truth C．In short D．In general 9．A．anxious B．sympathetic C．symphonic D．spectacular 10．A．no B．many C．prior D．fleeting 11．A．prescribed B．prospected C．presented D．provided 12．A．occurrence B．increase C．disease D．clue 13．A．playing a joke B．playing a role C．taking a hit D．taking a chance 14．A．depression B．concern C．status D．stimulation 15．A．current B．urgent C．endless D．fake 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．C 6．A 7．C 8．B 9．D 10．A 11．A 12．B 13．C 14．D 15．C 【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月第二次测试英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了屏幕使用对健康的影响，分析了各种关于屏幕危害的说法，并指出许多担忧缺乏科学证据支持，但屏幕使用对睡眠的负面影响确实存在。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我当然忽略了她的话。A. followed 跟随；B. wept 哭泣；C. ignored 忽略；D. clarified 澄清。根据后文“It was just something parents said”可知，作者认为这只是父母常说的话，因此没有在意，即忽略了。故选C。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我5岁孩子所处的环境中，电子屏幕并非固定不动的家具，而是随意摆放在厨房的餐桌上、沙发上、床边，触手可及。A. fixed 固定的；B. wired 接线的；C. plugged 插入的；D. exposed 暴露的。根据后文“but lie around on the kitchen table, on the sofa, by the bed”可知，屏幕不再固定在某处，而是随处可放。故选A。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：担忧随着屏幕的增多而增加。A. updated 更新；B. identified 识别；C. associated 关联；D. multiplied 增加。根据后文“In the past decade, we have heard that they will rewire our brains, 　　4　　 us of cognitive abilities and damage our mental health.”可知，随着屏幕普及，担忧也在增多。故选D。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在过去十年间，我们一直听到这样的说法：它们会改变我们大脑的神经连接，剥夺我们的认知能力，还会损害我们的心理健康。A. comprise 包含；B. strip 剥夺；C. compromise 妥协；D. destroy 破坏。根据后文“damage our mental health”可知，屏幕被认为有负面影响，因此“剥夺认知能力”符合语境。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一系列问题让“方眼睛”听起来无害。A. intense 强烈的；B. nasty 令人不快的；C. harmless 无害的；D. inaccurate 不准确的。根据前文“In the past decade, we have heard that they will rewire our brains, 　　4　　 us of cognitive abilities and damage our mental health.”列举了屏幕的多种危害，与之相比，“方眼睛”的警告显得无害。故选C。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：考虑到我们花在发光设备上的时间，这是一个重要的问题。A. important 重要的；B. foggy 模糊的；C. objective 客观的；D. constant 持续的。根据前文“So should we take these concerns more seriously?”可知，作者认为这是一个需要认真对待的重要问题。故选A。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：麻烦的是，许多最强调的答案是最不可靠的。A. adorable 可爱的；B. consistent 一致的；C. reliable 可靠的；D. subjective 主观的。根据后文“separate the proven health advice from the hyperbole”可知，许多说法夸大其词，缺乏可靠性。故选C。 8．考查介词短语辨析。句意：然而，事实上，没有好证据表明这些可怕的情况是由我们的科技习惯引起的。A. In particular 尤其；B. In truth 事实上；C. In short 简而言之；D. In general 总的来说。根据后文“there is no good evidence”可知，作者指出事实并非如此。故选B。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：任何危害可能远没有那么惊人。A. anxious 焦虑的；B. sympathetic 同情的；C. symphonic 交响乐的；D. spectacular 惊人的。根据前文“such alarming conditions”和“Any harm is likely to be far less”可知，实际危害可能不如声称的那么惊人。故选D。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：世界卫生组织建议限制屏幕时间作为解决肥胖的一种方式，但没有提出与屏幕特别相关的健康担忧。A. no 没有；B. many 许多；C. prior 先前的；D. fleeting 短暂的。根据前文“recommends limiting screentime as a way of tackling obesity”可知，WHO关注的是肥胖，而非屏幕本身的具体健康问题，因此没有提出与屏幕特别相关的健康担忧。故选A。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：伦敦皇家儿科与儿童健康学院的Max Davie表示，在过去几年里，英国越来越多的儿童被开具了配镜处方。A. prescribed 开处方；B. prospected 勘探；C. presented 呈现；D. provided 提供。根据后文“ says Max Davie at the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health in London”推知，这里指医生开具眼镜处方。故选A。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但Davie认为这种增加更多与对现有状况的积极管理有关。A. occurrence 发生；B. increase 增加；C. disease 疾病；D. clue 线索。根据“more children in the UK have been 　　11　　 glasses”可知，这里指配眼镜人数的增加。故选B。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：有一件事似乎确实受到了影响，那就是睡眠。A. playing a joke 开玩笑；B. playing a role 发挥作用；C. taking a hit 受到影响；D. taking a chance 冒险。根据后文“find it harder to go to sleep”可知，屏幕使用对睡眠有负面影响，即影响了睡眠。故选C。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多睡眠紊乱都与精神兴奋有关：比如，等待下一条消息通知，或是不停滑动浏览没完没了的新闻推送。A. depression 抑郁；B. concern 担忧；C. status 状态；D. stimulation 刺激。根据后文“waiting for the next notification”可知，手机通知等带来精神刺激，影响睡眠。故选D。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：许多睡眠紊乱都与精神兴奋有关：比如，等待下一条消息通知，或是不停滑动浏览没完没了的新闻推送。A. current 当前的；B. urgent 紧急的；C. endless 无尽的；D. fake 虚假的。根据前文“waiting for the next notification, say, or scrolling through”可知，新闻推送源源不断。故选C。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市上海中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 “Say the magic word!” As children, we’re taught that the polite thing to do is always to say “please.” In fact, it’s one of the top 1 we learn growing up. Today’s babies who cannot talk yet are even taught it using sign language. But how often do you really say “please” in everyday conversation? Whatever your 2 , it’s likely too high — way too high. New research published in Social Psychology Quarterly found that people use the word “please” when making a request a (n) 3 7% of the time. Using conversation analysis, the study investigated when and where people use “please” in everyday requests. Not only do people use “please” less than 10% of the time when making requests, but they also tend to use it most when a “no” response is 4 . More interestingly, research has found that requests phrased with “please” are no more likely to work than other polite requests — and sometimes they even have 5 effects. Why? Because the word “please” is being used as a way to convince or even 6 the other person into agreeing with a request they might not otherwise be inclined to do. This common small talk mistake can leave the person being asked feeling a little 7 . 8 , research shows similarly low numbers of using “please” going all the way back to the1970s. “And if your first reaction to hearing this was ‘OK, so other people might not say please, but I say it all the time,’ it turns out that people have pretty terrible 9 of what exactly they’ve said,” Stivers says. “What people are really trying to say by 10 that they say ‘please’ often is that they are polite people,” she says. “And you probably are. Just because you’re not saying ‘please,’ it doesn’t mean you’re not being polite. There are so many other 11 we use when making requests that show politeness.” “I think it’s so interesting that we teach children to do this thing that we as adults don’t do and will 12 them out of it as they get older,” Stivers says. But teaching kids to say please isn’t bad — teaching children politeness is always a(n) 13 . Just make sure you’re including other polite phrases as well. And this should go without saying, but you should never tell another 14 to say “please.” I run into this often with a family member who demands I use the word “please” when I ask for something, even if I already phrased it in a polite way. Instead of making me more 15 , it makes me want to punch them. 1．A．abilities B．priorities C．manners D．skills 2．A．imagination B．estimation C．attitude D．achievement 3．A．disappointing B．exceptional C．optimistic D．persistent 4．A．accepted B．anticipated C．answered D．refused 5．A．counter B．side C．beneficial D．immediate 6．A．trick B．encourage C．frighten D．force 7．A．astonished B．ashamed C．threatened D．uncomfortable 8．A．However B．Moreover C．Therefore D．For example 9．A．understanding B．explanations C．memories D．beliefs 10．A．assuming B．confirming C．insisting D．ignoring 11．A．phrases B．solutions C．commands D．instructions 12．A．carry B．convince C．socialize D．save 13．A．challenge B．aim C．burden D．virtue 14．A．family B．adult C．friend D．child 15．A．patient B．composed C．annoyed D．obedient 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B 5．B 6．A 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．C 11．A 12．B 13．D 14．B 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍小时候被教的礼貌用语实际上并没有多高的利用率。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，这是我们成长过程中学到的最重要的技能之一。A. abilities能力；B. priorities优先权；C. manners方式；D. skills技能。根据上文“As children, we’re taught that the polite thing to do is always to say “please.””可知，小时候被教着说礼貌用语是成长过程中学到的技能之一。故选D。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不管你怎么估计，它可能太高了——太高了。A. imagination想象力；B. estimation统计；C. attitude态度；D. achievement成就。根据上文“But how often do you really say “please” in everyday conversation?”可知，这里指对说“请”这个词的频繁程度的估计。故选B。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：发表在《社会心理学季刊》上的一项新研究发现，人们在提出请求时使用“请”这个词的情况只有令人失望的7%。A. disappointing令人失望的；B. exceptional例外的；C. optimistic积极的；D. persistent持久的。根据下文“7% of the time”可知，7%的人使用“请”，这个数字是令人失望的。故选A。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们不仅“please”的使用频率低于10%，并且人们最可能在预期对方拒绝时使用它。A. accepted接受；B. anticipated预期；C. answered回答；D. refused拒绝。根据上文“Not only do people use “please” less than 10% of the time when making requests, but they also tend to use it most ”可知，这里指人们使用“please”对的频率较低，且大多是在预料会被拒绝时使用。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：更有趣的是，研究发现，用“请”表达的请求并不比其他礼貌的请求更有效，有时甚至会产生副作用。A. counter反对的；B. side次要的；C. beneficial有益的；D. immediate立即的。根据下文“This common small talk mistake”可知，这样做是错误的，使用会产生副作用。side effects“副作用”。故选B。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因为“请”这个词被用来说服甚至欺骗对方同意他们可能不愿意做的请求。A. trick欺骗；B. encourage鼓励；C. frighten吓唬；D. force强迫。根据下文“This common small talk mistake”可知，这是错误的做法，应该是欺骗对方同意。故选A。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种常见的闲聊错误会让被问到的人感到有点不舒服。A. astonished震惊的；B. ashamed羞愧的；C. threatened被威胁的；D. uncomfortable不舒服的。根据上文“Because the word “please” is being used as a way to convince or even 　　6　　 the other person into agreeing with a request they might not otherwise be inclined to do.”可知，说服甚至欺骗对方同意他们可能不愿意做的请求会让人感到不舒服。故选D。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，研究表明，自20世纪70年代以来，使用“请”的人数同样很少。A. However然而；B. Moreover而且；C. Therefore因此；D. For example例如。根据下文“research shows similarly low numbers of using “please” going all the way back to the1970s.”可知，上下文是转折关系。故选A。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Stivers说：“如果你听到这个的第一反应是‘好吧，所以其他人可能不会说请，但我一直在说’，那么事实证明，人们对他们所说的话有着非常糟糕的记忆。”A. understanding理解；B. explanations解释；C. memories记忆；D. beliefs信念。根据下文“of what exactly they’ve said”可知，这里指人们对曾经说的话的记忆很不好。故选C。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说：“人们坚持经常说‘请’，真正想说的是他们是有礼貌的人。”A. assuming假如；B. confirming确认；C. insisting坚持；D. ignoring忽视。根据上文“other people might not say please, but I say it all the time”可知，有人还是会坚持说“请”的。故选C。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们在提出请求时还有很多其他表达礼貌的短语。A. phrases短语，词组；B. solutions解决；C. commands命令；D. instructions指示。根据上文“Just because you’re not saying ‘please,’ it doesn’t mean you’re not being polite.”可知，除了说“请”之外，还有其他的词来表示礼貌。故选A。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Stivers说：“我认为这很有趣，我们教孩子做我们成年人不会做的事情，并会在他们长大后说服他们放弃。”A. carry携带；B. convince使相信；C. socialize社交；D. save挽救。根据上文“it’s so interesting that we teach children to do this thing that we as adults don’t do”可知，小孩子小时候被教着说“请”，但是长大后却有被说服不这样说。故选B。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但教孩子说“请”并不坏——教孩子礼貌总是一种美德0。A. challenge挑战；B. aim目的；C. burden压力；D. virtue美德。根据上文“teaching children politeness”可知，教孩子礼貌是一种美德。故选D。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是不言而喻的，但你永远不应该告诉另一个成年人说“请”。A. family家人；B. adult成年人；C. friend朋友；D. child孩子。根据上文““I think it’s so interesting that we teach children to do this thing that we as adults don’t do and will 12 them out of it as they get older,” Stivers says.”及下文“ Instead of making me more 15 , it makes me want to punch them.”可知，此处指永远不应该告诉另一个成年人说“请”。故选B。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这非但没有让我更听话，反而让我想揍他们。A. patient有耐心的；B. composed镇定的；C. annoyed心烦的；D. obedient顺从的。根据下文“it makes me want to punch them”可知，作者不想顺从另外一个家庭成员的要求。故选D。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试试卷 A child’s view of intelligent machines Why do people so easily treat machines, and especially AI systems like ChatGPT, as if they had intentions, emotions and even morals? A new study suggests that this tendency may run deep. “Intelligent” machines that would once have seemed magical are now 1 .Millions of children have grown up with a Roomba robot vacuum cleaner that moves around the house, avoiding 2 and wiggling into corners. Millions more have grown up politely asking a small box called Alexa to play their favorite song or turn on their favorite TV show. How do children view these sophisticated computers in their homes? Roomba and Amazon’s Alexa are especially interesting because they don’t look at all like people— they don’t have faces or bodies — and while they do act sort of like people, they do so in 3 ways. Roombas can move by themselves and accomplish 4 goals, but they don’t talk. Alexa chatters away but can’t move. Tamar Kushner at Duke University and her students Teresa Flanagan and Gavin Wong 5 what children think about these technologies. They showed 127 children, ranging in age from 4 to 11, different kinds of machines and then gave the children a list of questions about the machines’ thoughts, feelings and moral status. Most of the children were already familiar with Alexa and Roomba. They told the researchers that both were more like computers than like people. But the younger children, 6 , thought that even these apparently 7 machines — a round vacuum and a black box — could have thoughts and feelings: They might get hungry or feel a tickle or think for themselves. How the machines interact made a difference; especially when it comes to higher 8 functions. The children said that the talkative Alexa was more likely to have a thought or know right from wrong than the 9 Roomba. But they thought that both could be hungry or ticklish. Younger children also thought that both types of machines could choose to do harm: Roomba could run over your toe 10 , or Alexa could say something that hurt your feelings. Older children were less likely to say that the machines had feelings or experiences. That might be because children become more 11 in thinking about agency, or because they had more experience of the machines’ limitations. 12 , even the older children thought that the machines might have some thoughts and feelings. Strikingly, both older and younger children thought that hitting or yelling at the machines was 13 . One 10- year- old said, “then the robot would feel really sad.” The study may help to explain why people so 14 treat AI systems as if they bad minds — it is an early, natural intuition. Perhaps the best news about people and technology in the study is that children think that treating a machine as if it had a mind means treating them 15 . 1．A．thrilling B．common C．boring D．frequent 2．A．obstacles B．mistakes C．interruptions D．humans 3．A．similar B．various C．opposite D．several 4．A．interactive B．physical C．restricted D．extraordinary 5．A．sought for B．sorted out C．look into D．found out 6．A．for instance B．in fact C．on the whole D．in particular 7．A．simple B．intelligent C．complicated D．handy 8．A．physical B．digital C．essential D．mental 9．A．practical B．diligent C．silent D．reserved 10．A．by mistake B．on purpose C．at random D．for no reason 11．A．advanced B．talented C．delighted D．sophisticated 12．A．Therefore B．Also C．However D．Otherwise 13．A．false B．terrific C．amusing D．wrong 14．A．promo B．readily C．directly D．intentionally 15．A．kindly B．carefully C．fairly D．skillfully 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．D 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．C 13．D 14．B 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过一项关于儿童对智能机器看法的研究，探讨了人们为何容易将机器尤其是人工智能系统视为有意图、情感甚至道德的存在。研究以Roomba和Alexa为例，展示了不同年龄段的孩子对这些智能机器的认知，包括他们认为这些机器可能具有的思想、情感和道德状态，以及孩子们对待机器的态度。同时，文章也指出随着年龄增长，孩子对机器的认知会发生变化，但即使是年长的孩子也认为机器可能有一些思想和情感。该研究有助于解释人们容易将人工智能系统视为有思想的原因，并揭示了孩子们对待机器的善良态度。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：曾经看起来很神奇的“智能”机器现在已经很常见。A. thrilling令人激动的；B. common常见的；C. boring无聊的；D. frequent频繁的。根据上文“ ‘Intelligent’ machines that would once have seemed magical are now”可知，曾经看似神奇的智能机器，现在应该是很常见了。故选B项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：数百万儿童在成长过程中都有一个Roomba机器人吸尘器相伴，它可以在房子里四处移动，避开障碍物并扭动着进入角落。A. obstacles障碍；B. mistakes错误；C. interruptions打断；D. humans人类。根据上文“Roomba robot vacuum cleaner that moves around the house”及下文“wiggling into corners”可知，Roomba 会在房子里移动，避开障碍，进入角落。故选A项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Roomba和Amazon的Alexa特别有趣，因为它们看起来根本不像人——它们没有面孔或身体——虽然它们的行为确实有点像人，但它们的行为方式恰恰相反。A. similar相似的；B. various各种各样的；C. opposite相反的；D. several不同的。根据上文“Roombas can move”及下文“but they don’t talk. Alexa chatters away but can’t move.”可知，Roombas和Alexa一个不能说话但能移动，一个能说话但不能移动，行为方式相反。故选C项。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Roombas可以自行移动并完成实际的任务，但它们不会说话。A. interactive互动的；B. physical实际的；C. restricted有限的；D. extraordinary非凡的。根据上文“Roombas can move by themselves and accomplish”可知，Roombas可以自己移动并完成一些实际的任务。故选B项。 5．考查动词短语辨析。句意：杜克大学的Tamar Kushne和她的学生 Teresa Flanagan和Gavin Wong调查了孩子们对这些技术的看法。A. sought for寻找；B. sorted out整理；C. look into调查；D. found out发现。根据下文“They showed 127 children, ranging in age from 4 to 11, different kinds of machines and then gave the children a list of questions about the machines’ thoughts, feelings and moral status.”可知，是Tamar Kushner和她的学生调查了孩子们对这些技术的看法。故选C项。 6．考查介词短语辨析。句意：但是年幼的孩子们尤其认为，即使是这些显然很简单的机器——一个圆形的吸尘器和一个黑盒子——也可能有思想和感情：它们可能会饿、感到痒痒或者独立思考。A. for instance例如；B. in fact事实上；C. on the whole整体上；D. in particular尤其是。根据上文“They told the researchers that both were more like computers than like people. But the younger children,”可知，前后转折，较小的孩子有独特的看法，与大多数孩子不同，“in particular”强调这一特定群体的特殊见解。故选D项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是年幼的孩子们尤其认为，即使是这些显然很简单的机器——一个圆形的吸尘器和一个黑盒子——也可能有思想和感情：它们可能会饿、感到痒痒或者独立思考。A. simple简单的；B. intelligent智能的；C. complicated复杂的；D. handy手边的。根据下文“a round vacuum and a black box”可知，这些设备看似简单，是一个圆形吸尘器和一个黑盒子，故选A项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：机器之间的交互方式会产生影响，尤其是在涉及到更高的心智功能时。A. physical物理的；B. digital数字的；C. essential本质的；D. mental心智的。根据下文“Alexa was more likely to have a thought or know right from wrong”可知，此处是指当涉及到更高的心智功能时，机器的互动方式会产生影响。故选D项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：孩子们说，健谈的Alexa比沉默的Roomba更有可能有思想或辨别是非。A. practical务实的；B. diligent勤奋的；C. silent沉默的；D. reserved内敛的。根据上文“goals, but they don’t talk. Alexa chatters away but can’t move.”可知，与能说话的Alexa相比，沉默的Roomba被认为不太可能有思想或知道对错。故选C项。 10．考查介词短语辨析。句意：年幼的孩子也认为这两种类型的机器都可能选择造成伤害：Roomba可能会故意碾过你的脚趾，或者Alexa可能会说一些伤害你感情的话。A. by mistake错误地；B. on purpose故意地；C. at random随机地；D. for no reason毫无原因地。根据上文“hat both types of machines could choose to do harm”可知，年幼的孩子认为 Roomba可能会故意踩到你的脚趾。故选B项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这可能是因为孩子们在思考能动性方面变得更加成熟，或者是因为他们对机器的局限性有更多的经验。A. advanced高级的；B. talented才华横溢的；C. delighted欣喜若狂的；D. sophisticated成熟的。根据下文“thinking about agency, or because they had more experience of the machines’ limitations.”可知，年长的孩子在思考能动性方面更加成熟。故选D项。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，即使是年龄较大的孩子也认为这些机器可能有一些想法和感受。A. Therefore因此；B. Also也是；C. However尽管如此；D. Otherwise否则。根据下文“even the older children thought that the machines might have some thoughts and feelings.”可知，年长的孩子多不相信机器有感情，尽管如此，他们仍觉得机器可能有思想和情感。故选C项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：引人注目的是，年龄较大和较小的孩子都认为击打或对着机器大喊是错误的。A. false假的；B. terrific了不起的；C. amusing有趣的；D. wrong错的。根据上文“older and younger children thought that hitting or yelling at the machines was”及下文“‘then the robot would feel really sad.’”可知，无论年龄大小，孩子们都认为打或骂机器是不对的。故选D项。 14．考查名词及副词词义辨析。句意：这项研究或许有助于解释为什么人们如此轻易地将人工智能系统视为有思想的存在——这是一种早期的、自然的直觉。A. promo促销；B. readily容易地；C. directly直接地；D. intentionally有意地。根据下文“treat AI systems as if they bad minds — it is an early, natural intuition.”可知，研究可以解释为什么人们很容易把人工智能系统当作有思想的。故选B项。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：在这项研究中，关于人与技术的最好消息或许是，孩子们认为，把机器当作有思想的东西来对待意味着善待它们。A. kindly亲切地、和蔼地；B. carefully小心地；C. fairly公平地；D. skillfully巧妙地。根据上文“children think that treating a machine as if it had a mind means treating them”可知，孩子们认为把机器当作有思想的意味着要亲切地对待它们。故选A项。 话题 2 动物与生态保护 聚焦动物生存现状、动物园伦理争议、动物行为特点及人类活动对生态的影响，探讨人与动物、自然的关系。 P1：《At a time when scientists know more than they ever have before...》：指出在动物权利意识提升的背景下，动物园需重大变革。以西雅图伍德兰公园动物园关闭大象展区为例，说明动物保护者对动物园圈养环境的质疑，同时探讨动物园存在的意义（教育、保护、培养对动物的同情心）与伦理困境。 P2：《Let’s Go Bats》：介绍蝙蝠因鸟类占据日间活动空间，进化出夜间觅食模式，通过自身声呐系统导航捕猎。同时提及人类受蝙蝠启发研发声呐、雷达技术，还提到深海鱼类等其他在黑暗中生存的动物，展现动物适应环境的能力及对人类科技的启发。 P3：《At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced...》：对比传统烟花与无人机表演，指出烟花会惊吓动物（导致鸟类离巢、幼鹤坠巢）、危害人类健康（引发创伤后应激障碍、火灾风险）、污染环境，而无人机表演虽仍有光污染和温室气体排放问题，但可重复使用，是更可持续的替代方案，体现对生态保护的重视。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市松江区第二中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试题 At a time when scientists know more than they ever have before about the inner lives of animals and when concerns about animal rights become large, many experts think that zoos need a major change if they’ re going to last. To some leaders in the field, the Philadelphia Zoo is the best model out there, but on the other side of the country, a 1 vision of the future is playing out. At Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo, the elephant exhibit, where countless children watched elephants play, now sits 2 . The zoo, long 3 as a world leader in innovative design, built a $3 million state-of-the-art facility for the species in the 1980s. But in recent years, animal-rights advocates had criticized the exhibit as inhumane for being too small and not 4 the elephants’ natural living area. Under pressure from activists following the death of an elephant in 2014, and thanks to new guidelines from the nation’s main zoo organization, Woodland Park officials decided to 5 one of its most popular exhibits and place the elephants elsewhere. Nearly two centuries after the first modern zoo opened in London’s Regent’s Park, the very concept of a place where families can visit and observe animals is being 6 like never before. Across the U. S. and around the world, zoos are finding that balancing the demands of entertainment, education and conservation is increasingly 7 . Ethical (伦理的) concerns have been coupled with 8 fears — both for people and for animals — following an incident in May when officials at the Cincinnati Zoo shot and killed a 17-year-old gorilla named Harambe to protect a child who’d fallen into the exhibit. More 9 , there’s a greater sensitivity to the environmental implications of zoos. Ask a dozen zoo directors why these places should exist today and you’ll get a different answer every time. Education, conservation and science all 10 . But the 11 answer is cultivating sympathy for animals. Study after study has shown that many animal species are far smarter and more 12 than previously understood, giving new insights into how they may suffer from anxiety and depression when they are removed from 13 . That has forced a difficult existential question: If we acknowledge that creatures suffer when they’re trapped. should they be kept in zoos? Not even those who have 14 the cause for more humane exhibits have an answer. “Even the best zoos today are based on captivity and coercion (囚禁与胁迫).” says Jon Coe, the legendary zoo designer, “To me, that’s the 15 fault.” 1．A．shared B．traditional C．clear D．different 2．A．modern B．crowded C．empty D．up-dated 3．A．predicted B．criticized C．recognized D．recalled 4．A．famous for B．dependent on C．certain about D．reflective of 5．A．close B．sustain C．open D．advertise 6．A．established B．questioned C．promoted D．accepted 7．A．possible B．difficult C．unnatural D．beneficial 8．A．culture B．economy C．environment D．safety 9．A．broadly B．strangely C．luckily D．amazingly 10．A．take in B．get off C．come up D．set out 11．A．most common B．most complex C．rarest D．quickest 12．A．grateful B．feeling C．disappointing D．annoying 13．A．research B．nature C．existence D．shelter 14．A．opposed B．located C．advanced D．twisted 15．A．fundamental B．manageable C．minimum D．maximum 【答案】 1．D 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．C 11．A 12．B 13．B 14．C 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文探讨了在面临来自伦理和环境方面的挑战以及动物权利意识提升的情况下，现代动物园需要重大变革。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于该领域的一些领导者来说，费城动物园是最好的典范，但在美国的另一边，一种不同的未来愿景正在上演。A. shared分享的，共有的；B. traditional传统的；C. clear清楚的；D. different不同的。根据上文“but on the other side of the country”以及下文“The zoo, long ___3___ as a world leader in innovative design, built a $3 million state-of-the-art facility for the species in the 1980s. But in recent years, animal-rights advocates had criticized the exhibit as inhumane for being too small and not ___4___ the elephants’ natural living area.”可知，对动物园的要求与愿景与以往不同。故选D。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在西雅图的伍德兰公园动物园（Woodland Park Zoo），曾经有无数孩子观看大象玩耍的大象展区现在是空的。A. modern现代的；B. crowded拥挤的；C. empty空的；D. up-dated更新的。根据空前“where countless children watched elephants play, now sits”以及下文“place the elephants elsewhere”可知，曾经有无数孩子观看大象玩耍的大象展区现在是空的。故选C。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：长期以来，该动物园一直被认为是世界上创新设计的领导者，在20世纪80年代为该物种建造了一个价值300万美元的最先进的设施。A. predicted预测；B. criticized批评；C. recognized认识，承认，认可；D. recalled回想起。根据下文“as a world leader in innovative design, built a $3 million state-of-the-art facility for the species in the 1980s”可知，伍德兰公园动物园长期以来一直被认为是世界上创新设计的领导者。故选C。 4．考查形容词短语词义辨析。句意：但近年来，动物权利倡导者批评该展馆太小，没有反映大象的自然生活区域，是不人道的。A. famous for以……而闻名；B. dependent on依赖于，取决于；C. certain about对……有把握，对……确信无疑；D. reflective of代表……的，体现……。根据上文“criticized the exhibit as inhumane for being too small”以及空后“the elephants’ natural living area”可知，此处指展馆太小，不能体现大象的自然生活区域。故选D。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：514年一头大象死亡后，在活动人士的压力下，加上美国主要动物园组织的新指导方针，伍德兰公园的官员决定关闭最受欢迎的展馆之一，把大象安置在其他地方。A. close关闭；B. sustain维持；C. open打开；D. advertise为……做广告。根据下文“place the elephants elsewhere”可知，迫于压力，大象展馆被关闭。故选A。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在伦敦摄政公园（Regent’s Park）第一家现代动物园开放近两个世纪后，家庭可以参观和观察动物的概念正受到前所未有的质疑。A. established建立，设立；B. questioned询问，质疑；C. promoted促进，宣传；D. accepted接受。根据上文“At a time when scientists know more than they ever have before about the inner lives of animals and when concerns about animal rights become large, many experts think that zoos need a major change if they’ re going to last.”以及下文“Ethical (伦理的) concerns have been coupled with ___8___ fears — both for people and for animals”可知，此处指开放近两个世纪后，伦敦摄政公园的家庭可以参观和观察动物的概念受到质疑。故选B。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在美国和世界各地，动物园发现平衡娱乐、教育和保护的需求越来越困难。A. possible可能的；B. difficult困难的；C. unnatural不自然的；D. beneficial有益的。根据上文“but on the other side of the country, a ___1___ vision of the future is playing out”、及下文“there’s a greater sensitivity to the environmental implications of zoos.”以及语境可知，此处指对于动物园来说，越来越难平衡娱乐、教育和保护的需求。故选B。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：今年5月，辛辛那提动物园的工作人员为了保护一名掉进展区的孩子，开枪打死了一只名叫哈兰贝的17岁大猩猩，这一事件发生后，人们对伦理问题的担忧与对人类和动物安全的担忧同时出现。A. culture文化；B. economy经济；C. environment环境；D. safety安全。根据下文“following an incident in May when officials at the Cincinnati Zoo shot and killed a 17-year-old gorilla named Harambe to protect a child who’d fallen into the exhibit”可知，此处指对动物和人类安全的担忧。故选D。 9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：更广泛地说，人们对动物园环境的影响更加敏感。A. broadly广泛地；B. strangely奇怪地；C. luckily幸运地，幸好；D. amazingly令人惊讶地。根据下文“giving new insights into how they may suffer from anxiety and depression when they are removed from ___13___”以及““Even the best zoos today are based on captivity and coercion (囚禁与胁迫).” says Jon Coe, the legendary zoo designer. “To me, that’s the ___15___ fault.””可知，此处指相对于伦理、安全方面的担忧，更广泛的讲，人们对于动物园环境对动物的影响更加敏感；more broadly“更广泛地讲”强调某种观点、概念或现象在更广泛、更全面的范围内的应用或影响，符合语境。故选A。 10．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：教育、环境保护和科学都出现了。A. take in吸收；B. get off下车，离开；C. come up出现；D. set out出发。根据上文“Ask a dozen zoo directors why these places should exist today and you’ll get a different answer every time.”可知，此处指被问及动物园这些地方为什么会存在到今天，每次出现的答案都不同，比如因为教育、环境保护和科学等原因。故选C。 11．考查形容词最高级词义辨析。句意：但最常见的答案是培养对动物的同情心。A. most common最常见的；B. most complex最复杂的；C. rarest最稀少的，最珍贵的；D. quickest最快的。根据上文“Ask a dozen zoo directors why these places should exist today and you’ll get a different answer every time. Education, conservation and science all ___10___.”可知，此处指当问十几个动物园的园长，为什么这些地方会存在到今天，他们会给出各种不同的答案，而为了培养对动物的同情心是其中最常见的答案。故选A。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一项又一项的研究表明，许多动物物种比我们之前所理解的要聪明得多，也更有感情，这为我们了解它们离开大自然后是如何患上焦虑和抑郁提供了新的见解。A. grateful感谢的；B. feeling多情善感的，表现强烈感情的；C. disappointing令人失望的；D. annoying令人恼火的。根据下文“how they may suffer from anxiety and depression”可知，此处指许多动物比我们之前所理解的要更聪明得多，表现出的感情也更强烈，更多情善感。故选B。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项又一项的研究表明，许多动物物种比我们之前所理解的要聪明得多，也更有感情，这为我们了解它们离开大自然后是如何患上焦虑和抑郁提供了新的见解。A. research研究；B. nature自然；C. existence存在；D. shelter庇护，住处。根据下文“If we acknowledge that creatures suffer when they’re trapped. should they be kept in zoos?”以及文章内容可知，此处指动物离开大自然（到动物园）可能会焦虑和抑郁。故选B。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使是那些提倡更人性化展览的人也没有答案。A. opposed反对；B. located确定……的位置；C. advanced发展，推动；D. twisted扭转。根据上文“That has forced a difficult existential question: If we acknowledge that creatures suffer when they’re trapped. should they be kept in zoos?”、“ Not even those”以及下文“the cause for more humane exhibits”可知，此处指对于动物是否应该被关在动物园里，即使是推动更人道展览的人也没有答案。故选C。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“即使是现在最好的动物园也是建立在圈养和强制的基础上的。传奇动物园设计师乔恩·科（Jon Coe）说，“对我来说，这是根本的错误。”A. fundamental根本的，基本的；B. manageable可操纵的，可处理的；C. minimum最小的，最低限度的；D. maximum最高的，最多的。根据上文“Even the best zoos today are based on captivity and coercion (囚禁与胁迫)”可知，最好的动物园也是建立在囚禁与胁迫基础上，这就是动物园最根本性的错误。故选A。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市第三女子中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 Let’s Go Bats Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark. They 1 at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits to live by day. But the daytime economy has already been thoroughly 2 by other creatures such as birds. 3 , it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy, so the bat ancestors managed to 4 the hunger by finding food at night. Maybe only after another mass 5 of species will bats be able to emerge into the daylight and occupy the daytime trades. As a matter of fact, bats are not the only creatures that face the engineering problem of finding their way and finding their prey in the 6 of light. Plenty of other animals such as deep-sea fish and whales also make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. 7 it, engineers considered possible solutions and made relevant research. The first one that might occur to them is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to 8 a large amount of body energy. Then, what else might the engineer think of? Human beings are 9 the serious problem of living in the dark as well. There are more than 2.2 billion sight 10 men throughout the world, according to the WHO statistics. Nonetheless, experiments showed that blind people sometimes have an uncanny (神秘的) sense of obstacles in their path that can help them “see” in the dark. They have reported that it feels like the obstacles being 11 in their mind without actually seeing them. It turns out that the sensation really goes in through the ears. Blind people are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds to sense the 12 of obstacles. After this Sonar (声呐) and Radar (雷达) technique had been discovered, weapons designers improved and 13 it to the detection of submarines in wars. All the world now knows that bats had perfected their own sonar and radar system tens of millions of years earlier. The American zoologist Donald Griffin coined the term “ecolocation”, a 14 of both sonar and radar, to generalize the features of bats. The accuracy and sensitivity of ecolocation is 15 accomplished, which strikes the radar engineers with great admiration. 1．A．fly B．wave C．hunt D．spot 2．A．exploited B．expanded C．stretched D．preserved 3．A．After all B．In consequence C．By contrast D．Above all 4．A．strike B．survive C．protect D．abandon 5．A．extinction B．development C．prosperity D．transformation 6．A．existence B．case C．sense D．absence 7．A．In line with B．In addition to C．In view of D．In response to 8．A．consume B．drive C．raise D．obtain 9．A．escaping B．exploring C．interpreting D．suffering 10．A．hurt B．disabled C．shortened D．affected 11．A．threatened B．visualized C．preserved D．warned 12．A．identity B．threat C．presence D．structure 13．A．supplied B．nominated C．stimulated D．applied 14．A．balance B．understanding C．combination D．statement 15．A．technically B．directly C．carefully D．favourably 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．A 6．D 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．B 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了蝙蝠等动物如何在黑暗中觅食导航，并提及人类通过声呐、雷达技术学习动物的导航能力。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们在夜晚捕食，无法使用光线来帮助它们找到猎物和避开障碍物。A. fly飞行；B. wave挥手；C. hunt捕猎；D. spot发现。根据下文“cannot use light to help them find prey”可知，蝙蝠在夜晚捕食。故选C项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，白天的经济活动已经被其他生物如鸟类彻底利用了。A. exploited利用；B. expanded扩大；C. stretched伸展；D. preserved保存。根据下文“it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy”可知，白天的经济活动已经被鸟类等生物占据或利用了。故选A项。 3．考查短语辨析辨析。句意：毕竟，这是关于自然选择的——鸟类主导了白天的经济，所以蝙蝠祖先通过在晚上寻找食物来生存。A. After all毕竟；B. In consequence因此；C. By contrast相比之下；D. Above all首先。根据上文“But the daytime economy has already been thoroughly 2 by other creatures such as birds.”和下文“it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy, so the bat ancestors managed to”可知，空处承接上文观点，进一步从根本原因的角度来解释前面所描述现象（蝙蝠只能在夜间活动觅食）的缘由，强调本质上这是自然选择的结果，因为鸟类主宰了白天的经济，所以蝙蝠祖先才不得不通过在夜间寻找食物来熬过饥饿。故选A项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：毕竟，这是关于自然选择的——鸟类主导了白天的经济，所以蝙蝠祖先通过在晚上寻找食物来生存。A. strike打击；B. survive生存；C. protect保护；D. abandon放弃。根据下文“the hunger by finding food at night”可知，蝙蝠的祖先通过夜间觅食来生存。故选B项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：也许只有在另一次物种大灭绝之后，蝙蝠才能出现在白天并占据白天的交易。A. extinction灭绝；B. development发展；C. prosperity繁荣；D. transformation转变。根据下文“species will bats be able to emerge into the daylight and occupy the daytime trades”可知，这里指的是物种大灭绝可能导致生态位的变化。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，蝙蝠并不是唯一面临在没有光照的情况下寻找方向和猎物的工程问题的生物。A. existence存在；B. case案例；C. sense感觉；D. absence缺席，缺乏。根据上文“cannot use light to help them find prey”可知，蝙蝠夜间觅食，此处指的是在缺乏光线的情况下，in the absence of为固定短语，意为“在没有的情况下”。故选D项。 7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：作为回应，工程师们考虑了可能的解决方案并进行了相关研究。A. In line with与……一致；B. In addition to除此之外；C. In view of鉴于；D. In response to作为回应。根据上文“Plenty of other animals such as deep-sea fish and whales also make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. (许多其他动物，如深海鱼类和鲸鱼，也在难以或不可能看到的条件下生活。)”和下文“engineers considered possible solutions and made relevant research”可知，很多动物们在面临光线不足条件下寻找食物的情况时，积极应对，考虑了可能的解决方案并进行了相关研究。故选D项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：萤火虫和一些鱼有制造自己光线的能力，但这个过程似乎要消耗大量的身体能量。A. consume消耗；B. drive驱动；C. raise提高；D. obtain获得。根据上文“Fireflies and some fish have the power to manufacture their own light, but”和下文“a large amount of body energy”可知，萤火虫和一些鱼制造光线的过程需要消耗能量。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人类也面临着在黑暗中生活的严重问题。A. escaping逃跑；B. exploring探索；C. interpreting解释；D. suffering遭受。根据下文“the serious problem of living in the dark as well”可知，这里指的是人类也面临着在黑暗中生活的困境。故选D项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：据世界卫生组织统计，全世界有22亿多视力残疾人士。A. hurt受伤的；B. disabled残疾的；C. shortened缩短的；D. affected受影响的。根据下文“blind people”可知，这里指的是视力残疾人士。故选B项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们报告说，障碍物就像在他们的脑海中被可视化了一样，而实际上并没有看到它们。A. threatened威胁；B. visualized可视化，使形象化；C. preserved保存；D. warned警告。根据上文“blind people sometimes have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path that can help them “see” in the dark”和下文“in their mind without actually seeing them”可知，盲人能够通过某种方式感知到障碍物，就像在心中看到了它们一样。故选B项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：盲人实际上是在利用自己脚步声和其他声音的回声来感知障碍物的存在。A. identity身份；B. threat威胁；C. presence存在；D. structure结构。根据上文“Blind people are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds to sense”可知，这里指的是盲人感知到障碍物的存在。故选C项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这种声呐和雷达技术被发现后，武器设计师对其进行了改进，并将其应用于战争中的潜艇探测。A. supplied提供；B. nominated提名；C. stimulated刺激；D. applied应用。根据下文“it to the detection of submarines in wars”可知，武器设计师将声呐和雷达技术应用于潜艇探测。故选D项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国动物学家唐纳德·格里芬创造了“回声定位”一词，它是声呐和雷达的结合，用来概括蝙蝠的特征。A. balance平衡；B. understanding理解；C. combination结合；D. statement陈述。根据下文“both sonar and radar”可知，“ecolocation”是声呐和雷达的结合。故选C项。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：回声定位的准确性和敏感性在技术上已经实现，这让雷达工程师们非常钦佩。A. technically技术上；B. directly直接地；C. carefully仔细地；D. favourably有利地。根据上文“The accuracy and sensitivity of ecolocation”和下文“which strikes the radar engineers with great admiration”可知，让雷达工程师们非常钦佩的是回声定位的准确性和敏感性在技术上已经实现。故选A项。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市同济大学第二附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced with large numbers of drones that create animated (栩栩如生的) images in the night sky. Why are drone shows 1 ? Supporters claim fireworks are bad for people, animals and the environment and that it’s time for a change. Bill Bateman, a professor of life sciences, 2 the “highly damaging” impacts of fireworks - scaring birds from nests, disturbing other animals with their sudden light and noise, and even affecting animal breeding. Part of the issue results from the startle 3 , a whole-body reaction that causes the muscles to swiftly contract, the eyes to blink (眨眼), and the pulse to 4 . Such reactions help animals and humans respond to danger, make them more alert and help them 5 their weakest parts. Bateman explains that the sounds and flashes of light associated with the explosions lead to the startle response in animals, causing their suffering and even deaths. Young cranes (鹤), for example, have been recorded leaping from their 6 in response to loud noises even though they cannot fly. Humans experience the startle response, too. How 7 one is startled can depend on mental health conditions and genetic factors. In fact, an overactive startle response is used to diagnose post-traumatic 8 disorder (PTSD). There are also plenty of other health reasons to avoid fireworks. The U.S. recorded 9,700 injuries and eight deaths from fireworks in 2023 alone-most due to misuse. Though 9 use of fireworks is often the major contributor, around 18% of all fireworks on the market in 2023 didn’t meet safety standards, putting even experienced operators at risk. Those dangers are even greater in an age of climate change and warming world. Heat waves, combined with more 10 and widespread droughts, are making things worse. And scientists predict more of the same as the world warms. Add fireworks to the 11 , and it’s a perfect recipe for wildfires. Fireworks 12 other problems, releasing large amounts of pollutants into the air, soil and water. These impacts contribute to respiratory (呼吸的) diseases and other health conditions. The reasons to cancel fireworks displays seem clear, but are drone shows the solution? These displays still create light pollution, and involve the production of greenhouse gases. 13 , drones can collide (相撞) with wildlife in the air. Research on drones’ environmental and wildlife impacts is still in its 14 . But for now, at least, the shows seem to be more environmentally friendly. The fact that drones can be reused also makes them a more 15 alternative to traditional fireworks. 1．A．on the rise B．in the way C．off the track D．under the table 2．A．compliments B．notes C．abandons D．prohibits 3．A．experience B．movement C．response D．condition 4．A．decline B．cease C．stabilize D．race 5．A．protect B．expose C．abandon D．correct 6．A．lab B．nest C．feet D．turns 7．A．naturally B．frequently C．easily D．necessarily 8．A．pressure B．resolution C．stress D．solution 9．A．exceptional B．delicate C．desperate D．amateur 10．A．foreseeable B．natural C．preventable D．frequent 11．A．mix B．waves C．prediction D．world 12．A．persist in B．leave behind C．compete with D．set out 13．A．However B．Rather C．Besides D．Therefore 14．A．infancy B．favor C．process D．capacity 15．A．unappealing B．sustainable C．affordable D．credible 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．C 9．D 10．D 11．A 12．B 13．C 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了世界各地烟花表演正被无人机表演所取代的现象，分析了烟花对环境、动物和人类健康的不良影响，以及无人机表演相对环保的优势。 1．考查介词短语辨析。句意：为什么无人机展越来越多？A. on the rise在上升；B. in the way挡道；C. off the track偏离轨道；D. under the table秘密地。根据前文“At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced with large numbers of drones that create animated (栩栩如生的) images in the night sky.”可知，越来越多的烟花表演正在被大量在夜空中创造动画图像的无人机所取代，所以是在问为什么无人机展越来越多。故选A项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：生命科学教授Bill Bateman指出，烟花具有“高度破坏性”的影响——把鸟巢里的鸟类吓跑，用突然发出的光和噪音打扰其他动物，甚至影响动物繁殖。A. compliments称赞；B. notes指出；C. abandons放弃；D. prohibits禁止。根据后文“the “highly damaging” impacts of fireworks - scaring birds from nests, disturbing other animals with their sudden light and noise, and even affecting animal breeding.”可知，此处应是Bill Bateman教授指出烟花的危害。故选B项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：问题的部分原因是惊吓反应，这是一种全身反应，导致肌肉迅速收缩，眼睛眨眼，脉搏加速。A. experience经验；B. movement运动；C. response回应；D. condition状况。根据后文“a whole-body reaction that causes the muscles to swiftly contract, the eyes to blink (眨眼), and the pulse to 　　　4　　　.”可知，此处描述的是一种惊吓反应。故选C项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：问题的部分原因是惊吓反应，这是一种全身反应，导致肌肉迅速收缩，眼睛眨眼，脉搏加速。A. decline下降；B. cease停止；C. stabilize稳定；D. race急速跳动。根据前文“Part of the issue results from the startle 　　　3　　　,”可知，在描述一种惊吓反应，结合常识，被惊吓时，脉搏应是加速的。故选D项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种反应有助于动物和人类对危险做出反应，使他们更加警觉，并帮助他们保护自己最薄弱的部分。A. protect保护；B. expose暴露；C. abandon抛弃；D. correct纠正。根据前文“make them more alert”以及后文“their weakest parts”可知，动物更警觉，应是保护自己最薄弱的部分。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，有记录显示，年幼的白鹤即使不会飞，也会因听到巨大的噪音而从巢中跳起。A. lab实验室；B. nest巢穴；C. feet脚；D. turns转弯。根据前文“Young cranes”可知，年幼的白鹤应是在巢中，所以是从巢中跳起。故选B项。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：一个人受到惊吓的容易程度取决于心理健康状况和遗传因素。A. naturally自然地；B. frequently频繁地；C. easily容易地；D. necessarily必要地。根据后文“one is startled can depend on mental health conditions and genetic factors”可知，此处指“一个人受到惊吓的容易程度取决于心理健康状况和遗传因素”之意。故选C项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，过度活跃的惊吓反应被用来诊断创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。A. pressure压力；B. resolution决心；C. stress压力(心理)；D. solution解决方案。根据后文的“PTSD”结合常识可知，其中的S指的是“stress压力(心理)”。故选C项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管业余燃放的烟花通常是主要原因，但到2023年，市场上约有18%的烟花不符合安全标准，即使是经验丰富的操作员也面临风险。A. exceptional杰出的；B. delicate精致的；C. desperate绝望的；D. amateur业余的。根据后文“putting even experienced operators at risk”以及前文的though可知，此处是though引导的让步状语从句，前后是转折关系，后文讲述的是经验丰富的操作员也面临风险，所以空处应是业余燃放的烟花。故选D项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：热浪，加上更频繁和更广泛的干旱，使情况变得更糟。A. foreseeable可预见的；B. natural自然的；C. preventable可预防的；D. frequent频繁的。根据前文“Those dangers are even greater in an age of climate change and warming world”以及后文“are making things worse”可知，目前，我们处于气候变化和全球变暖的时代，所以是更频繁和更广泛的干旱，使情况变得更糟。故选D项 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：再加上烟花，这就是野火的完美配方。A. mix混合；B. waves波浪；C. prediction预测；D. world世界。根据后文“it’s a perfect recipe for wildfires”可知，全球变暖，物质干燥，加上烟花混合，就是野火的完美配方。故选A项。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：烟花爆竹还会带来其他问题，向空气、土壤和水中释放大量污染物。A. persist in坚持；B. leave behind留下；C. compete with与......竞争；D. set out出发。根据后文“releasing large amounts of pollutants into the air, soil and water”可知，这是烟花爆竹留下的其他问题。故选B项。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，无人机可能会在空中与野生动物相撞。A. However然而；B. Rather宁愿；C. Besides此外；D. Therefore因此。根据前文“These displays still create light pollution, and involve the production of greenhouse gases.”以及后文“drones can collide (相撞) with wildlife in the air”可知，前后文都在讲述无人机的危害，是并列关系，用Besides修饰。故选C项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：无人机对环境和野生动物影响的研究仍处于起步阶段。A. infancy初期；B. favor偏爱；C. process过程；D. capacity能力。根据前文“Research on drones’ environmental and wildlife impacts”结合实际可知，无人机的流行并不是很久，所以对环境和野生动物影响的研究仍处于起步阶段。故选A项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：无人机可以重复使用的事实也使它们成为传统烟花的更可持续的替代品。A. unappealing无吸引力的；B. sustainable可持续的；C. affordable负担得起的；D. credible可信的。根据前文“drones can be reused”可知，无人机可以重复使用，所以是传统烟花的更可持续的替代品。故选B项。 话题 3 职场与社会趋势 涵盖职场角色认知（领导者与追随者）、职业选择变化（白领转体力劳动）、全球化对就业的影响等社会现象，分析背后的原因与挑战。 P1：《Dare to Follow》：指出职场中多数人是追随者而非领导者，但 “追随力” 常被忽视。分析追随者被忽视的原因（无需刻意争取、易与 “被动” 关联、下属能动性弱），同时强调积极追随的重要性（主动承担责任、适应角色变化），并介绍五种追随者类型（羊群型、唯唯诺诺型等）。 P2：《A phenomenon is attracting growing attention in China...》：描述中国年轻人放弃高压白领工作（如技术人员、会计、销售经理），转投体力劳动（收银员、卖香肠、送外卖）的趋势。分析原因：疫情后对工作价值的重新评估、白领岗位竞争激烈（失业率高）、体力劳动时间灵活且压力小，同时提及该趋势引发的争议（抢占低学历者工作、被指 “被宠坏”）。 P3：《At the turn of the century, there was a lot of talk about...》：探讨全球化的争议（跨国公司剥削穷国工人 vs 推动发展中国家生活水平提升），指出全球化不可避免，争论其好坏已无意义，关键是如何应对。举例说明人们通过日常选择（家长为孩子选语言课程、企业研发新产品）影响全球化对自身的影响，强调需制定灵活策略适应全球化变化。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高二上学期11月期中英语试题 Dare to Follow Almost everyone aspires to lead. If there is one thing anyone with a job and a pulse needs to learn, it is how to 1 . That, at least, is the message from the tsunami of books, courses, videos and podcasts on the topic. Business schools offer all kinds of leadership training. You are told how to lead without actually being a leader. 2 in all this is an inconvenient fact. Most people in the workforce are not leaders and pretty much everyone 3 someone else. The most useful skill to have in your current job may well be how to be a good follower. That leaders depend on followers might seem blindingly obvious, but the way that people lower down the ladder interact with those above them gets much less attention than the 4 . A corner of the management literature is 5 to “followership”, but it remains small, for several reasons. The first is that you don’t need any advice to achieve the position of 6 ; you will never be more of one than on the very first day of your very first job. The second reason is that, although some people have little desire to be in a position of authority, very few aspire to follow. The word itself is associated with 7 , weakness and complaints. In an experiment conducted by Colette Hoption of Seattle University and her co-authors, people who were randomly assigned to the role of followers felt unhappier and were less willing to do work at the weekends and early in the morning than those given the 8 of leaders. The third reason why the art of following gets little attention is that most subordinates (下属) have much less agency than the people 9 them. There is often no choice in whom you report to. Leaders, not followers, set the tone: 10 bosses are not old-school command-and- control types, they shape how everyone beneath them behaves.· If such things explain why leadership is 11 , the behaviour of followers is still crucial. Hierarchies (等级制度) can be more fluid（流动的） than they sometimes look: as teams form and dissolve, you may be leading a project one month and 12 the next. Things generally go better when people at every level are engaged in their work and prepared to take on responsibility. Proactivity is a big part of being an effective follower. One of the fathers of the field, Robert Kelley, has usefully 13 five styles of followership: sheep, yes-people, unfriendly followers, pragmatists, and stars. Which 14 of follower people fall into will undoubtedly depend on their boss. But it will also depend on them: on whether they ingratiate (讨好) themselves with their managers or 15 them; on whether they see their boss as someone to support or complain about. As the British Army puts it, “To follow effectively… is a choice.” 1．A．start B．lead C．acquire D．convey 2．A．Special B．Abundant C．Missing D．Competent 3．A．counts on B．reports to C．calls for D．alternates with 4．A．reverse B．authority C．agenda D．convention 5．A．blinded B．reduced C．dedicated D．accustomed 6．A．candidate B．consultant C．executive D．follower 7．A．courage B．passivity C．discrimination D．dignity 8．A．leisure B．duty C．label D．payment 9．A．supervising B．surrounding C．defending D．entertaining 10．A．even if B．now that C．given that D．provided that 11．A．under the weather B．in the dark C．in the spotlight D．on cloud nine 12．A．contributing B．dominating C．selecting D．appointing 13．A．hired B．surveyed C．identified D．designed 14．A．campaign B．category C．trap D．business 15．A．defend B．sponsor C．influence D．challenge 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．C 6．D 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．A 11．C 12．A 13．C 14．B 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。职场上的大多数人都不是领导者，几乎每个人都要向别人汇报工作，本文主要讲述了追随者形成的原因及类型。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果有工作有激情的人需要学习一件事，那就是如何领导。A. start开始；B. lead引导；C. acquire获得；D. convey传递。根据上文“Almost everyone aspires to lead.(几乎每个人都渴望成为领导者。)”可知，几乎每个人都渴望成为领导者，有工作有激情的人需要学如何领导。故选B。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在这一切中缺失的是一个难以忽视的事实。A. Special特殊的，特别的；B. Abundant大量的，丰富的；C. Missing 找不到的，丢失的；D. Competent能干的，能胜任的。根据上文“Business schools offer all kinds of leadership training. You are told how to lead without actually being a leader.(商学院提供各种各样的领导力培训。你被告知如何领导，而不是真正成为领导者。)”以及后文“Most people in the workforce are not leaders and pretty much everyone ___3___ someone else.(职场上的大多数人都不是领导者，几乎每个人都要向别人汇报工作。)”可知，职场上的大多数人都不是领导者，几乎每个人都要向别人汇报工作是一个难以忽视的事实是这一切中所缺失的。故选C。 3．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：职场上的大多数人都不是领导者，几乎每个人都要向别人汇报工作。A. counts on依靠，指望；B. reports to向……汇报工作；C. calls for要求，需要；D. alternates with与……交替。根据后句“The most useful skill to have in your current job may well be how to be a good follower.(在你目前的工作中，最有用的技能可能是如何成为一个好的追随者。)”以及上句“Most people in the workforce are not leaders(职场上的大多数人都不是领导者)”可知，在工作中，最有用的技能可能是如何成为一个好的追随者，因为几乎每个人都要向别人汇报工作。故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：领导者对追随者的依赖似乎是显而易见的，但相比于领导者对下属的依赖，下级与上级之间的互动方式受到的关注要少得多。A. reverse逆转，反向；B. authority专家，权威人士；C. agenda待议事项，议事日程；D. convention习俗，惯例。根据上文“That leaders depend on followers might seem blindingly obvious(领导者对追随者的依赖似乎是显而易见的)”以及“but the way that people lower down the ladder interact with those above them(下级与上级之间的互动方式)” but表示转折可知，下级与上级之间的互动方式受到的关注要少得多。故选A。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：管理文献的一个角落致力于“追随”，但由于一些原因，它仍然很小。A. blinded瞎的；B. reduced减少；C. dedicated专心致志的，献身的；D. accustomed习惯的，适应的。根据上文“Business schools offer all kinds of leadership training. You are told how to lead without actually being a leader.(商学院提供各种各样的领导力培训。你被告知如何领导，而不是真正成为领导者。)”可知，管理文献的一个角落致力于“追随”。故选C。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：首先，你不需要任何建议来达到追随者的地位。A. candidate候选人，申请者；B. consultant顾问；C. executive行政的，有执行权的；D. follower追随者。根据后句“you will never be more of one than on the very first day of your very first job.(在你的第一份工作的第一天，你将是最优秀的)”可知，在你的第一份工作的第一天，你将是最优秀的，你不需要任何建议来达到追随者的地位。故选D。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个词本身与被动、软弱和抱怨有关。A. courage勇气；B. passivity被动性；C. discrimination歧视，区别对待；D. dignity尊严，自尊。根据上句“The second reason is that, although some people have little desire to be in a position of authority, very few aspire to follow.(第二个原因是，虽然有些人不太渴望成为权威，但很少有人渴望跟随。)”以及空后“weakness and complaints(软弱和抱怨)”可知，这个词本身与被动、软弱和抱怨有关。故选B。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：被随机分配到“跟随者”角色的人比那些被分配到“领导者”角色的人感觉更不快乐，而且在周末和清晨更不愿意工作。A. leisure 闲暇，业余时间；B. duty责任，义务；C. label标签，标牌；D. payment付款。根据本句“In an experiment conducted by Colette Hoption of Seattle University and her co-authors, people who were randomly assigned to the role of followers felt unhappier(在西雅图大学的Colette Hoption和她的合作者进行的一项实验中，被随机分配到追随者角色的人感觉不快乐)”可知，在实验中，那些被分配到“领导者”角色的人感觉更不快乐。故选C。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：服从的艺术很少受到关注的第三个原因是，大多数下属的能动性比监督他们的人要小得多。A. supervising监督；B. surrounding围绕，环绕；C. defending 防护；D. entertaining使有兴趣，使快乐。根据本句“The third reason why the art of following gets little attention is that most subordinates（下属） have much less agency(追随的艺术很少受到关注的第三个原因是，大多数下属的能动性要小得多)”可知，大多数下属的能动性比监督他们的人要小得多。故选A。 10．考查连词词义辨析。句意：即使老板不是老派的命令和控制型，他们也会影响下属的行为。A. even if即使，尽管；B. now that既然，由于；C. given that考虑到，鉴于；D. provided that如果，只要。根据文本句“bosses are not old-school command-and- control types, they shape how everyone beneath them behaves(老板不是老派的命令和控制型，他们也会影响下属的行为)”可知，上下句之间存在让步关系，故选A。 11．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：如果这些事情解释了为什么领导是备受关注，追随者的行为仍然至关重要。A. under the weather    B. in the dark在黑暗中；C. in the spotlight备受关注；D. on cloud nine非常高兴。根据本句“the behaviour of followers is still crucial(追随者的行为仍然至关重要)”可知，为什么领导是备受关注，追随者的行为仍然至关重要。故选C。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：层级结构可能比它们有时看起来更灵活：随着团队的形成和解散，你可能这个月领导一个项目，下个月为下一个项目做贡献。A. contributing捐赠，捐助；B. dominating支配；C. selecting选择，挑选；D. appointing任命。根据本句“you may be leading a project one month(你可能这个月领导一个项目)”可知，下个月为下一个项目做贡献。故选A。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该领域的奠基人之一罗伯特·凯利（Robert Kelley）将追随者分为五种类型：羊群型、唯唯诺诺型、不友好型、实用主义者型和明星型。A. hired雇用；B. surveyed调查，俯视；C. identified认定，鉴定；D. designed设计。根据本句“five styles of followership(五种类型的追随者)”可知，罗伯特·凯利（Robert Kelley）将追随者分为五种类型。故选C。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：下属属于哪一类无疑将取决于他们的老板。A. campaign活动，运动；B. category种类；C. trap陷阱；D. business商业。根据上文“One of the fathers of the field, Robert Kelley, has usefully ___13___ five styles of followership: sheep, yes-people, unfriendly followers, pragmatists, and stars. (该领域的奠基人之一罗伯特·凯利（Robert Kelley）将追随者分为五种类型：羊群型、唯唯诺诺型、不友好型、实用主义者型和明星型。)”可知，下属属于哪一类无疑将取决于他们的老板。故选B。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这也取决于他们：取决于他们是讨好管理者还是挑战他们；取决于他们是否把老板视为值得支持或抱怨的人。A. defend保卫，防御；B. sponsor赞助；C. influence影响，作用；D. challenge 挑战。根据本句“on whether they ingratiate（讨好） themselves with their managers(取决于他们是讨好管理者)”可知，取决于他们是讨好管理者还是挑战他们。故选D。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市青浦高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 A phenomenon is attracting growing attention in China: young people trading high-pressure, decent white-collar jobs for manual labor. Social media have reported a tech worker becoming a grocery store cashier; an accountant selling street sausages; a 1 delivering takeout. 2 describe the joy of predictable hours and a less competitive atmosphere. They acknowledge that the change requires 3 , but say that it is worth escaping the spiritual draining of their former jobs. Ms. Liu said she much preferred the physical 4 to the mental strain of reviewing design assignments she had not chosen. Many also say they are looking for light physical labor, not 5 work like construction or factory jobs. Around the world, the coronavirus pandemic has spurred people to reassess the value of their work. Working hours are long but the economy is troubled, which 6 the prospect of upward mobility for a generation. The job-changing trend has 7 a debate about the futility (无效) of the rat race (内卷). Two years ago, a similar call to quit work and enjoy life, dubbed “lying flat,” spread widely online. Critics accused supporters of wasting their parents’ investment and abandoning the 8 that helped build China into a superpower. Since then, competition for white-collar jobs has grown even more intense. A record number of students are expected to graduate from universities this year, but companies have 9 hiring. The unemployment rate among people aged 16 to 24 was nearly 20 percent last summer, according to official statistics, with the rate being higher among college graduates. 10 , rather than competing even harder, some are finding the traditionally less desired career paths attractive. “The purpose of studying and accumulating knowledge is not to land an impressive job, but to have the bravery to 11 more possibilities,” reads the description for one online forum. Nevertheless, those who have made the change are likely still a 12 . Many who have posted in online forums are asking questions rather than jumping in. Some who left their higher-earning positions acknowledge that they do not know how long they will stay in their new occupations; some say they are now spending more than they earn. Online critics have commented the job switchers as 13 , suggesting that they are taking blue-collar jobs from less educated people who need them. But criticism has also flowed in the opposite direction: China’s state broadcaster recently blamed the unemployment problem partially on young, educated Chinese being too 14 to take on blue-collar work, suggesting that they were spoiled. Social media users responded wildly, pointing out that society has long valued mental labor above all else. And, especially since China’s economic reform began, manual labor has been cast aside as something to be 15 . 1．A．construction worker B．sales manager C．postal clerk D．shop assistant 2．A．Receptionists B．Opponents C．Advocates D．Residents 3．A．commission B．devotion C．sacrifice D．passion 4．A．exhaustion B．exploitation C．exploration D．excursion 5．A．extensive B．expansive C．immersive D．intensive 6．A．dims B．dips C．draws D．drives 7．A．revised B．reviewed C．remembered D．revived 8．A．cautiousness B．curiosity C．industriousness D．intelligence 9．A．cut back on B．fell back on C．looked back on D．turned back on 10．A．Additionally B．Accordingly C．Still D．Nevertheless 11．A．achieve B．access C．accept D．adapt 12．A．minority B．minimum C．majority D．maximum 13．A．native B．naive C．novel D．noble 14．A．earnest B．desperate C．unwilling D．vulnerable 15．A．called off B．turned off C．shaken off D．taken off 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 5．D 6．A 7．D 8．C 9．A 10．B 11．C 12．A 13．B 14．C 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国年轻人从高压白领工作转向体力劳动的趋势及背后原因。 1．考查名词短语辨析。句意：社交媒体报道称，一名技术人员成为了杂货店收银员；会计在街边卖香肠；一个销售经理送外卖。A. construction worker建筑工人；B. sales manager销售经理；C. postal clerk邮局职员；D. shop assistant店员。根据上文“A phenomenon is attracting growing attention in China: young people trading high-pressure, decent white-collar jobs for manual labor. Social media have reported a tech worker becoming a grocery store cashier; an accountant selling street sausages; a”可知，年轻人放弃高压、体面的白领工作，转而从事体力劳动，所以四个选项中销售经理属于高压、体面的白领工作，此处指一个销售经理送外卖。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：支持者描述了可预测的工作时间和竞争较少的氛围带来的快乐。A. Receptionists接待员；B. Opponents反对者；C. Advocates支持者，拥护者；D. Residents居民。根据下文“describe the joy of predictable hours and a less competitive atmosphere.”可知，这里描述的是支持这种转变的人的观点。故选C。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们承认这种变化需要牺牲，但认为逃离以前工作的精神消耗是值得的。A. commission佣金；B. devotion奉献；C. sacrifice牺牲；D. passion激情。根据上文“They acknowledge that the change requires”可知，这里描述的是职业转变需要付出的代价、牺牲。故选C。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：刘女士更喜欢身体上的劳累，而不是审查她未选择的设计作业所带来的精神压力。A. exhaustion疲惫；B. exploitation剥削；C. exploration探索；D. excursion郊游。根据上文“Ms. Liu said she much preferred the physical”和下文“to the mental strain”可知，这里描述的是身体上的劳累，与下文的精神压力对比。故选A。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：许多人表示，他们正在寻找轻松的体力劳动，而不是像建筑或工厂工作那样高强度工作。A. extensive广泛的；B. expansive扩展的；C. immersive沉浸式的；D. intensive密集的。根据上文“Many also say they are looking for light physical labor”和下文“work like construction or factory jobs”可知，他们正在寻找轻松的体力劳动，而不是像建筑或工厂工作那样高强度工作。intensive work“高强度工作”。故选D。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：工作时间长，但经济陷入困境，这使一代人向上流动的前景变得暗淡。A. dims使暗淡；B. dips浸入；C. draws绘制；D. drives驱动。根据上文“Around the world, the coronavirus pandemic has spurred people to reassess the value of their work. Working hours are long but the economy is troubled”和下文“the prospect of upward mobility for a generation”可知，冠状病毒大流行促使人们重新评估自己工作的价值。工作时间长，但经济陷入困境，这里描述的是经济状况对职业发展的负面影响，使一代人向上流动的前景变得暗淡。故选A。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：职业转变的趋势使关于内卷无意义性的辩论复苏。A. revised修订；B. reviewed回顾；C. remembered记住；D. revived使复苏。根据下文“a debate about the futility (无效) of the rat race (内卷). Two years ago, a similar call to quit work and enjoy life, dubbed “lying flat,” spread widely online.”可知，两年前，一个类似的呼吁辞职享受生活的呼吁，被称为“躺平”，在网上广泛传播。这里描述的是这一话题重新引起关注，使关于内卷无意义性的辩论复苏。故选D。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：批评者指责支持者浪费了父母的投资，放弃了帮助中国成为超级大国的勤奋精神。A. cautiousness谨慎；B. curiosity好奇心；C. industriousness勤奋；D. intelligence智力。根据下文“that helped build China into a superpower.”可知，这里描述的是批评者对支持者的指责，指责这种做法放弃了帮助中国成为超级大国的勤奋精神。故选C。 9．考查动词短语辨析。句意：预计今年将有创纪录数量的学生从大学毕业，但公司却减少了招聘。A. cut back on减少；B. fell back on依靠；C. looked back on回顾；D. turned back on关闭。根据上文提到很多白领从事体力劳动以及空前的转折词“but”可知，这里描述的是公司减少招聘的情况，虽然毕业生将很多，但是公司却减少了招聘。故选A。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，一些人不再更加努力地竞争，而是发现了传统上不太受欢迎的职业路径的吸引力。A. Additionally另外；B. Accordingly因此；C. Still仍然；D. Nevertheless尽管如此。根据上文“The unemployment rate among people aged 16 to 24 was nearly 20 percent last summer, according to official statistics, with the rate being higher among college graduates.”和下文“rather than competing even harder, some are finding the traditionally less desired career paths attractive”可知，失业率高，竞争很激烈，因此，一些人不再更加努力地竞争，而是发现了传统上不太受欢迎的职业路径的吸引力。故选B。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“学习和积累知识的目的不是为了找到一份令人印象深刻的工作，而是为了有勇气接受更多的可能性，”一个在线论坛的描述中写道。A. achieve实现；B. access访问；C. accept接受；D. adapt适应。根据下文“more possibilities”可知，这里描述的是学习的目的是为了有勇气接受更多可能性。故选C。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，做出改变的人可能仍然是少数。A. minority少数；B. minimum最小值；C. majority多数；D. maximum最大值。根据上文“Nevertheless, those who have made the change are likely still a ”和下文“Many who have posted in online forums are asking questions rather than jumping in.”可知，这里描述的是做出职业转变的人的数量，做出改变的人可能仍然是少数，多数人仍然只是旁观。故选A。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：网上评论者称职业转换者为无知，暗示他们从低学历的人手中夺走了蓝领工作。A. native本地的；B. naive幼稚的，无知的；C. novel新颖的；D. noble高贵的。根据下文“suggesting that they are taking blue-collar jobs from less educated people who need them”可知，这里描述的是对职业转换者的批评，暗示他们从低学历的人手中夺走了蓝领工作，所以此处指网上评论者称职业转换者为无知。故选B。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但批评也来自相反的方向：中国的官方媒体最近将失业问题部分归咎于年轻、受过教育的中国人不愿意从事蓝领工作，暗示他们被宠坏了。A. earnest认真的；B. desperate绝望的；C. unwilling不愿意的；D. vulnerable易受伤害的。根据下文“to take on blue-collar work, suggesting that they were spoiled.”可知，这里描述的是官方媒体的观点，受过教育的中国人被宠坏了，不愿意从事蓝领工作。故选C。 15．考查动词短语辨析。句意：而且，特别是自从中国经济改革开始以来，体力劳动已经被抛在一边，成为一种需要摆脱的东西。A. called off取消；B. turned off关闭；C. shaken off摆脱；D. taken off起飞。根据上文“Social media users responded wildly, pointing out that society has long valued mental labor above all else. And, especially since China’s economic reform began, manual labor has been cast aside as something to be”可知，长期以来，社会一直把脑力劳动看得高于一切，体力劳动已经被抛在一边，成为一种需要摆脱的东西。故选C。 Passage 3 【来源】上海师范大学附属嘉定高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 At the turn of the century, there was a lot of talk about whether globalization as a good thing or a bad thing. One side argued that it allowed big, multi-national corporations to 1 workers in poor countries for more profits. The other side objected that the 2 of these corporations into the developing world offered the best hope for raising living standards. One side 3 . The other side answered that these shifts were rapidly 4 the world’s ability to use its resource efficiently. Now it’s pretty clear that globalization, be it good or bad, is a(n) 5 thing. Rather than dealing with the problems of globalization head-on, it can be tempting to try to 6 the process. Yet that’s likely to postpone the problems, not solve them. Unless every country decides to close its border to commerce, migration and financial transactions, globalization will 7 . Tariffs (关税) exist, of course, as do restrictions on foreign workers and foreign investment. But as technology for moving goods, people and information improves, globalization will speed up. How and why this is happening is a well-explored field. Moreover, arguing about whether it’s good or bad has become something of a(n) 8 activity. The more relevant question now is how to manage the shift to a more globalized world. People are making 9 every day that change the impact of globalization on their lives. Parents choose whether to pay for extra language lessons for their children. The chief executive in a dying industry weighs how much his company should invest in researching new products. A government minister tries to figure out how to keep her country’s brightest scientists from moving overseas. Yet it’s not easy to plan for the future without 10 what the future will look like. Back in the 1980s, Americans were encouraging their children to learn Japanese. Now, Chinese is the language of choice. Though India still watches as hundreds of its brightest graduates head to the United States every year, more and more are 11 to start their own businesses. The ground-level challenges require flexible 12 . Developing specific skills, inventing specific technologies or passing specific laws to fit the circumstances of the moment may not be 13 . It may be more important to develop skills that help you 14 more skills, to invent technologies that set the stage for generations of innovation, and to pass laws that open the door to several different kinds of regulation — 15 , to create a platform of flexible decision-making in the process of rapid changes. 1．A．equip B．exploit C．educate D．evaluate 2．A．guidance B．expansion C．transmission D．restriction 3．A．recalled B．predicted C．praised D．complained 4．A．discussing B．applying C．improving D．possessing 5．A．dissatisfactory B．unavoidable C．inexhaustible D．irregular 6．A．slow B．follow C．select D．reverse 7．A．continue B．disappear C．result D．emerge 8．A．complicated B．simplistic C．realistic D．intense 9．A．inquiries B．alterations C．decisions D．wishes 10．A．sharing B．worrying C．forgetting D．knowing 11．A．going abroad B．keeping anxious C．staying home D．becoming alert 12．A．services B．styles C．requirements D．solutions 13．A．urgent B．timely C．enough D．personal 14．A．look up to B．make up C．run up to D．pick up 15．A．in other words B．what’s more C．as a result D．by contrast 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．B 6．A 7．A 8．B 9．C 10．D 11．C 12．D 13．A 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了全球化的好坏问题，指出全球化是不可避免的趋势，现在更重要的是如何管理向更全球化世界的转变，以及在快速变化的过程中创建灵活决策的平台。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一方认为，它允许大型跨国公司剥削贫穷国家的工人以获取更多利润。A. equip装备；B. exploit剥削；C. educate教育；D. evaluate评估。根据上文“One side argued that...”和下文“The other side objected that...”可知，两方对跨国公司的影响持相反的态度，下文中“these corporations into the developing world offered the best hope for raising living standards”认为跨国公司给发展中国家带来好处，由此推知，上文是说跨国公司剥削贫穷国家的工人，上下文构成对比关系。。故选B项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一方反对说，这些公司向发展中国家的扩张为提高生活水平提供了最好的希望。A. guidance指导；B. expansion扩张；C. transmission传输；D. restriction限制。根据上文“At the turn of the century, there was a lot of talk about whether globalization as a good thing or a bad thing.”和下文“these corporations into the developing world”可知，文中讨论的是跨国公司的全球化，即向发展中国家的扩张的问题。故选B项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一方抱怨。A. recalled回忆；B. predicted预测；C. praised赞扬；D. complained抱怨。根据上文“One side argued that...”和“The other side objected that...”可知，双方在争论，一方在抱怨，另一方在反驳。故选D项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：另一方回答说，这些转变正在迅速提高世界有效利用资源的能力。A. discussing讨论；B. applying应用；C. improving提高；D. possessing拥有。根据上文“The other side objected that the 2 of these corporations into the developing world offered the best hope for raising living standards.”和“The other side answered that these shifts were rapidly...”可知，“另一方”认为跨国公司的扩张是能带来好处的，能提高世界有效利用资源的能力。故选C项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：现在很明显，全球化，无论是好是坏，都是一件不可避免的事情。A. dissatisfactory不满意的；B. unavoidable不可避免的；C. inexhaustible无穷无尽的；D. irregular不规则的。根据下文“Unless every country decides to close its border to commerce, migration and financial transactions, globalization will 7 .”可知，“每个国家都决定关闭边境贸易”是不可能的，所以全球化是不可避免的。故选B项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：与其正面应对全球化带来的问题，不如试着放慢这一进程，这可能会很诱人。A. slow放慢；B. follow跟随；C. select选择；D. reverse反转。根据下文“Yet that’s likely to postpone the problems”可知，放慢全球化的进程可以推迟问题的出现。故选A项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：除非每个国家都决定关闭其商业、移民和金融交易的边境，否则全球化将继续。A. continue继续；B. disappear消失；C. result结果；D. emerge出现。结合常识和上文“Unless every country decides to close its border to commerce”可推知，“每个国家都决定关闭其商业、移民和金融交易”是不可能的，所以全球化将继续。故选A项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，争论它到底是好是坏已经成为一种过于简单化的活动。A. complicated复杂的；B. simplistic过于简单化的；C. realistic现实的；D. intense激烈的。根据下文“The more relevant question now is how to manage the shift to a more globalized world”可知，现在应该讨论的是如何应对向更加全球化的世界的转变，争论其是好是坏已经过于简单化，没有必要了。故选B项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：人们每天都在做决定，这些决定改变了全球化对他们生活的影响。A. inquiries询问；B. alterations改变；C. decisions决定；D. wishes愿望。根据下文“Parents choose whether to pay for extra language lessons for their children. The chief executive in a dying industry weighs how much his company should invest in researching new products. A government minister tries to figure out how to keep her country’s brightest scientists from moving overseas.”等例子可知，人们每天都在做决定，而这些决定改变了全球化对他们生活的影响。故选C项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，如果不知道未来会是什么样子，就很难为未来做计划。A. sharing分享；B. worrying担心；C. forgetting忘记；D. knowing知道。根据下文“what the future will look like”和“Back in the 1980s, Americans were encouraging their children to learn Japanese. Now, Chinese is the language of choice.”可知，20世纪80年代美国人让孩子学习日语的事例告诉我们，如果不知道未来会是什么样子，就很难为未来做出正确的计划。故选D项。 11．考查动词短语辨析。句意：尽管印度仍然看到每年有数百名最优秀的毕业生前往美国，但越来越多的人选择留在国内创业。A. going abroad出国；B. keeping anxious保持焦虑；C. staying home留在国内；D. becoming alert变得警觉。根据上文“Though India still watches as hundreds of its brightest graduates head to the United States every year”可知，上下文之间是转折关系，尽管印度每年有很多最优秀的毕业生前往美国，但越来越多的人选择留在国内创业。故选C项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：基层的挑战需要灵活的解决方案。A. services服务；B. styles风格；C. requirements要求；D. solutions解决方案。根据上文“The ground-level challenges”可推知，挑战需要灵活的解决方案。故选D项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：培养特定技能、发明特定技术或制定特定法律以适应当前情况可能并不紧迫。A. urgent紧迫的；B. timely及时的；C. enough足够的；D. personal个人的。根据下文“It may be more important to...”可知，上文提到的培养特定技能、发明特定技术或制定特定法律可能并不紧迫，因为有更重要的事情要做。故选A项。 14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：也许更重要的是，培养能帮助你掌握更多技能的技能，发明为几代人的创新奠定基础的技术，通过为几种不同类型的监管打开大门的法律——换句话说，在快速变化的过程中创造一个灵活决策的平台。A. look up to尊敬；B. make up组成；C. run up to跑到；D. pick up掌握。根据上文“develop skills that help you”和下文“more skills”可知，“帮助你掌握更多技能的技能”更重要。故选D项。 15．考查介词短语辨析。句意：也许更重要的是，培养能帮助你掌握更多技能的技能，发明为几代人的创新奠定基础的技术，通过为几种不同类型的监管打开大门的法律——换句话说，在快速变化的过程中创造一个灵活决策的平台。A. in other words换句话说；B. what’s more而且；C. as a result结果；D. by contrast相比之下。根据前文“...to invent technologies that set the stage for generations of innovation, and to pass laws that open the door to several different kinds of regulation”和后文“to create a platform of flexible decision-making in the process of rapid changes”可知，下文是对前文的解释说明，用“换句话说”符合语境。故选A项。 话题 4 健康与饮食 围绕过度加工食品的危害、饮食与健康的关联、生活习惯对健康的影响展开，提供科学的健康建议。 P1：《Although many over-processed foods can satisfy...》：研究表明过度加工食品会增加抑郁、焦虑、认知能力下降、痴呆的风险，因其含添加剂（如人工甜味剂）会干扰大脑化学物质分泌，且易让人上瘾（高糖高脂符合人类进化对高热量食物的偏好）。同时指出自然食物不会同时高糖高脂，呼吁警惕过度加工食品。 P2：《Why girls do better at school than boys?》：虽主要分析女生学业优于男生的原因，但提及男生花更多时间玩网络游戏、使用互联网，而女生花更多时间阅读和完成作业，间接反映生活习惯（屏幕使用、阅读）对学习效果及长远健康（如认知能力）的影响，与健康话题存在关联。 P3：《The disposable culture》：讨论一次性文化的兴起（从瓶盖到家电），指出家电因维修成本高于更换成本成为 “隐形一次性产品”，导致资源浪费和环境污染。而环境污染（如垃圾填埋）会间接影响人类健康（空气、土壤污染），同时提及自行维修可减少浪费，从环保角度间接关联健康话题。 Passage 1 【来源】2024届上海市青浦区高三下学期二模英语试题 Although many over-processed foods can satisfy the desire for sweet, fatty, salty foods, research suggests these items are particularly bad for the heart and brain, with mood and cognition taking a hit. The most recent research looking at the 1 of over-processed food found the most far-reaching results. Researchers 2 direct links between higher consumption of over-processed foods and a greater risk of many health issues. These results are 3 earlier studies. Diets high in these foods were linked to greater risk of depression and anxiety, according to an analysis published in the journal Nutrients. In one of these studies, risk rose from 4 just 33 percent of calories from over-processed food. A separate study found that taking in just 20 percent of calories from these foods was linked to a 28 percent faster rate of cognitive 5 compared with people who ate less processed food. Also 6 is a study tracking about half a million people living in England, Scotland, and Wales that found the risk of dementia (痴呆) went up by 25 percent for every 10 percent increase in over-processed food. While the exact cause-and-effect relationship is still unknown, the strongest evidence from prospective studies 7 the idea that eating high amounts of over-processed foods increases the risk of depression in the future. It is common knowledge that eating too much salt or sugar is linked to high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes. What the public may not appreciate, 8 , is that all these conditions affect the brain by raising the risk for dementia. 9 such as certain artificial sweeteners may also disturb the production and release of brain chemicals, such as dopamine, which can negatively affect mental and emotional 10 . Another problem with over-processed foods is that they might be addictive. Over-processed foods have more in common with a(n) 11 than foods by Mother Nature. Humans have evolved to respond to foods that are sweet, fatty, and high in calories. For most of human existence this helped us 12 . But in nature, foods are 13 modestly high in sugar — like berries — or high in fat, like nuts. You don’t find foods high in both sugar and fat. That’s a distinctive 14 of over-processed foods. Add in salt, artificial flavorings and bright colors, and our brain simply 15 these foods. 1．A．recipe B．flavor C．preparation D．impact 2．A．promoted B．identified C．evaluated D．dismissed 3．A．contrary to B．consistent with C．concerned about D．dependent on 4．A．consuming B．calculating C．reducing D．burning 5．A．improvement B．advantage C．quality D．decline 6．A．reassuring B．contradictory C．alarming D．sustainable 7．A．goes against B．casts doubt on C．leans towards D．puts forward 8．A．however B．therefore C．by chance D．for instance 9．A．Decorations B．Additives C．Options D．Contributors 10．A．problem B．capacity C．outburst D．well-being 11．A．appetizer B．cigarette C．dessert D．snack 12．A．survive B．emerge C．venture D．mature 13．A．still B．barely C．only D．rather 14．A．nutrition B．taste C．dish D．characteristic 15．A．gains insight into B．loses control over C．shows concern for D．gets hold of 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．C 7．C 8．A 9．B 10．D 11．B 12．A 13．C 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。研究表明，过度加工食品对心脏和大脑尤其有害，情绪和认知会受到影响。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近关于过度加工食品影响的研究发现了最深远的结果。A. recipe烹饪；B. flavor味道；C. preparation准备；D. impact影响。根据前文“Although many over-processed foods can satisfy the desire for sweet, fatty, salty foods, research suggests these items are particularly bad for the heart and brain, with mood and cognition taking a hit.”可知，尽管许多过度加工的食物可以满足人们对甜食、高脂肪、高盐食物的渴望，但研究表明这些食物对心脏和大脑尤其有害，情绪和认知会受到影响。说明过度加工食品对健康是有影响的，故此处指对过度加工食品的影响的研究，故答案为D。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员发现过度加工食品的高消耗和许多健康问题的高风险之间存在直接联系。A. promoted提升；B. identified确认；C. evaluated评估；D. dismissed解雇。根据前文“The most recent research looking at the 　　1　　 of over-processed food found the most far-reaching results.”可知，研究者研究了过度加工食物的影响，故此处指发现了过度加工食品的高消耗和许多健康问题的高风险之间存在直接联系，故选B。 3．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：这些结果与早期的研究一致。A. contrary to相反的；B. consistent with一致的；C. concerned about关心的；D. dependent on依靠的。根据后文“Diets high in these foods were linked to greater risk of depression and anxiety, according to an analysis published in the journal Nutrients.”可知，发表在《营养》杂志上的一项分析，富含这些食物的饮食与更大的抑郁和焦虑风险有关，说明这些结果与早期的研究一致，故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在其中一项研究中，从过度加工的食物中摄入33%的热量会增加患病风险。A. consuming消耗，吃，喝；B. calculating计算；C. reducing减少；D. burning燃烧。根据空后“just 33 percent of calories from over-processed food.”可知，此处指从过度加工的食物中摄入33%的热量就会增加患病风险，故选A。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一项独立研究发现，与较少食用加工食品的人相比，从这些食物中仅摄入20%热量的人认知能力下降的速度要快28%。A. improvement提升；B. advantage优势；C. quality质量；D. decline下降。根据前文“Although many over-processed foods can satisfy the desire for sweet, fatty, salty foods, research suggests these items are particularly bad for the heart and brain, with mood and cognition taking a hit.”可知，尽管许多过度加工的食物可以满足人们对甜食、高脂肪、高盐食物的渴望，但研究表明这些食物对心脏和大脑尤其有害，情绪和认知会受到影响，故说明从这些食物中仅摄入20%热量的人认知能力下降的速度要快28%。故答案为D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同样令人担忧的是，一项追踪生活在英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士约50万人的研究发现，消耗的过度加工食品每增加10%，患痴呆症的风险就会增加25%。A. reassuring可靠的；B. contradictory矛盾的；C. alarming令人担忧的；D. sustainable可维持的。根据后文“the risk of dementia (痴呆) went up by 25 percent for every 10 percent increase in over-processed food.”可知，消耗的过度加工食品每增加10%，患痴呆症的风险就会增加25%，这是令人担忧的，故选C。 7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：虽然确切的因果关系仍然未知，但前瞻性研究的最有力证据倾向于这样一种观点，即食用大量过度加工食品会增加未来患抑郁症的风险。A. goes against违背；B. casts doubt on怀疑；C. leans towards倾向于；D. puts forward提出。根据空后“the idea that eating high amounts of over-processed foods increases the risk of depression in the future”可知，前瞻性研究的最有力证据倾向于这样一种观点，即食用大量过度加工食品会增加未来患抑郁症的风险，故选为C。 8．考查副词和介词短语词义辨析。句意：然而，公众可能不知道的是，所有这些情况都会通过增加患痴呆症的风险来影响大脑。A. however然而；B. therefore因此；C. by chance偶然；D. for instance例如。根据空前“It is common knowledge that eating too much salt or sugar is linked to high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes.”和本句“What the public may not appreciate, 　　8　　, is that all these conditions affect the brain by raising the risk for dementia.”可知，前后句是转折关系：众所周知，吃太多盐或糖与高血压和二型糖尿病有关，然而公众可能不知道的是，所有这些情况都会通过增加患痴呆症的风险来影响大脑，故选A。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：某些人工甜味剂等添加剂也可能干扰大脑化学物质（如多巴胺）的产生和释放，从而对精神和情绪健康产生负面影响。A. Decorations装饰；B. Additives添加剂；C. Options选择；D. Contributors贡献者。根据空后“such as certain artificial sweeteners”可知，人工甜味剂是一种添加剂，故选B。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. problem问题；B. capacity能力；C. outburst爆发；D. well-being健康。根据前文“　　9　　 such as certain artificial sweeteners may also disturb the production and release of brain chemicals”可知，某些人工甜味剂等添加剂也可能干扰大脑化学物质（如多巴胺）的产生和释放，从而对精神和情绪健康产生负面影响，故选D。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：比起大自然的食物，过度加工的食物与香烟更相似。A. appetizer开胃小吃；B. cigarette香烟；C. dessert点心；D. snack零食。根据前文“Another problem with over-processed foods is that they might be addictive.”可知，过度加工食品的另一个问题是它们可能会上瘾，说明它和香烟一样让人上瘾，故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在人类存在的大部分时间里，这帮助我们生存下来。A. survive存活；B. emerge出现；C. venture敢于冒险；D. mature成熟。根据前文“Humans have evolved to respond to foods that are sweet, fatty, and high in calories.”可知，人类已经进化到对甜食、高脂肪和高热量的食物做出反应，说明在人类存在的大部分时间里，这帮助我们生存下来，故选A。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但是在自然界中，仅仅只有一些食物的含糖量不高，比如浆果，脂肪含量也不高，比如坚果。A. still仍然；B. barely几乎不；C. only仅仅；D. rather相当。根据空后“modestly high in sugar — like berries — or high in fat, like nuts.”可知，但是在自然界中，仅仅只有浆果的含糖量不高，坚果的脂肪含量不高，故答案为C。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是过度加工食品的一个显著特征。A. nutrition营养；B. taste口味；C. dish菜；D. characteristic特点。根据上文“You don’t find foods high in both sugar and fat.”可知，你不会发现高糖和高脂肪的食物，说明这是过度加工食品的一个显著特征，故答案为D。 15．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：再加上盐、人工调味品和鲜艳的颜色，我们的大脑就会失去对这些食物的控制。A. gains insight into洞察到；B. loses control over失去对…的控制；C. shows concern for对…表示关心；D. gets hold of得到。根据上文“Add in salt, artificial flavorings and bright colors,”可知，再加上盐、人工调味品和鲜艳的颜色，说明我们的大脑就会被这些食物所吸引，失去对这些食物的控制，故答案为B。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市嘉定区封浜高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 Why girls do better at school than boys? For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that’s no longer the case. A new study by the OECD, a club of mostly 1 countries in Europe and North America, examined how 15-year-old boys and girls performed at reading, mathematics and science. Boys still get somewhat better 2 at maths and physics, and in other science courses the genders are roughly 63 . But when it comes to the students who really struggle and suffer at school, the difference is 64 : boys are 50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in all three areas. 65 , why are girls performing better at school than their male classmates? First, girls read more than boys. Reading proficiency (熟练) is the basis upon which all other learning is built. When boys don’t do well in reading, their 3 in other school subjects suffers too. Second, girls spend much more time on their homework and out-of-class learning. 4 , girls spend five and a half hours per week doing homework while boys spend a little less than four and a half hours. Researchers suggest that doing homework 68 by teachers is linked to better accomplishment in maths, reading and science. Boys, it appears, spend more of their free time in the 5 world; they are 17% more likely to play cooperative online games than girls every day. They also use the internet more. Third, peer 6 plays a role. A lot of boys decide early on that they are just too cool for school. They adopt a so-called concept of masculinity (男子气概) that includes a disregard for 71 , which means they’re more likely to be rude and noisy in class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous (匿名的) tests, boys perform better. In fact, the gender gap in reading 7 by a third when teachers don’t know the gender of the pupil they are marking. So what can be done to close this gap? Getting boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help. And offering boys a 8 to read non-fiction would help too: they’re keener on comics and newspapers. But most of all, abandoning gender stereotypes (旧模式) would 74 all students. Thus, boys in all countries with the best schools read much better than girls. As we know, girls in Shanghai, Singapore and Seoul are good at mathematics, and they 75 boys from anywhere else in the world. 1．A．awkward B．wealthy C．patriotic D．rotten 2．A．scores B．database C．shelter D．wisdom 3．A．fashionable B．reliable C．relevant D．equal 4．A．stable B．vague C．obvious D．logical 5．A．However B．In addition C．Similarly D．Instead 6．A．intention B．comment C．preparation D．performance 7．A．In brief B．On average C．On the contrary D．In addition 8．A．researched B．designed C．assigned D．assumed 9．A．virtual B．realistic C．reusable D．artificial 10．A．process B．disaster C．responsibility D．pressure 11．A．experts B．authorities C．adults D．peers 12．A．develops B．widens C．narrows D．forms 13．A．chance B．volunteer C．favour D．resource 14．A．melt B．survive C．threaten D．benefit 15．A．purchase B．overtake C．hire D．challenge 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 5．A 6．D 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．C 13．A 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章主要分析了学校女生比男生表现好的现状和原因，并就如何缩小差距提出了相应的建议。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个主要由欧洲和北美富裕国家组成的俱乐部OECD的一项新研究调查了15岁的男孩和女孩在阅读、数学和科学方面的表现。A. awkward令人尴尬的、笨拙的；B. wealthy富有的、富裕的；C. patriotic爱国的；D. rotten腐败的、腐烂的。根据句中“Europe and North America(欧洲和北美洲)”可知，这两大洲的国家都是发达富裕的国家。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：男生在数学和物理上的分数仍然略高，在其他科学课程上，性别大致相当。A. scores分数；B. database数据库；C. shelter避难所；D. wisdom智慧。根据上句“examined how 15-year-old boys and girls performed at reading, mathematics and science.(研究了15岁的男孩和女孩在阅读、数学和科学方面的表现)”可知，OECD对男女生测试的是他们在阅读、数学和科学方面的学科成绩，即学科分数。故选A。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：男生在数学和物理上的分数仍然略高，在其他科学课程上，性别大致相当。A. fashionable时尚的；B. reliable可靠的、可信赖的；C. relevant有关的；D. equal平等的、相等的。根据句中“Boys still get somewhat better　2 at maths and physics”可知，在数学和物理上男生成绩略高，在其它科学上课程应该男女生没有明显差异，即大致相等。故选D。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但对于那些在学校里真正挣扎和痛苦的学生来说，区别是显而易见的。A. stable稳定的；B. vague不明确的、模糊的；C. obvious显而易见的；D. logical合情合理的。根据空处后“boys are 50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in all three areas.(男孩在这三个领域达不到基本标准的可能性比女孩高出50%)”可知，空处后清楚具体地表明了那些学生的区别，说明区别是很显而易见的。故选C。 5．考查副词词词义辨析。句意：然而，为什么女生在学校的表现比男生好呢？A. However然而；B. In addition此外；C. Similarly相似地、同样；D. Instead反而。根据文章开头“For centuries, boys were top of the class.(几个世纪以来，男生都是班里的尖子生)”和本句中“why are girls performing better at school than their male classmates?”可知，自古以来人们都认为男生比女生学习好，但是现在女生表现却比男生更好，与前文构成转折关系。故选A。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当男生在阅读方面表现不好时，他们在学校其他科目上的表现也会受到影响。A. intention意图，目的；B. comment评论；C. preparation准备；D. performance表现。根据第一段“why are girls performing better at school than their male classmates?(为什么女生在学校的表现比男生好？)”和本句中“When boys don’t do well in reading”可知，第二段主要分析了女生在学校表现比男生更好的一个原因是与阅读相关的，男生阅读方面不好的话，就会影响其它学科，其它学科的表现也就不会太好。故选D。 7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：通常情况下，女生每周花五个半小时做作业，而男生花不到四个半小时。A. In brief简而言之；B. On average通常情况下；C. On the contrary相反地；D. In addition此外。根据上句“Second, girls spend much more time on their homework and out-of-class learning.(其次，女孩花更多的时间在家庭作业和课外学习上)”和本句对男女生每周做作业时间的具体描述可知，这应该是他们通常情况下所花费的时间，证明了女生花在作业和课外学习上的时间要更多。故选B。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员认为，完成老师布置的家庭作业有助于学生在数学、阅读和科学方面取得更好的成绩。A. researched研究；B. designed设计；C. assigned分配，指定；D. assumed假设。根据句中“homework”可知，家庭作业一般都是由老师来指定、布置的。故选C。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：男生似乎把更多的空闲时间花在了虚拟世界上。A. virtual虚拟的；B. realistic现实的；C. reusable可再利用的；D. artificial人工的。根据文“they are 17% more likely to play cooperative online games than girls every day. They also use the internet more.(他们每天玩合作网络游戏的可能性比女孩高17%，他们也更多地使用互联网)”可知，男生空闲时间更喜欢上网打游戏，把时间花在了虚拟世界上。故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：第三，同伴压力也是一个重要因素。A. process进程、过程；B. disaster灾难；C. responsibility责任；D. pressure压力。根据下文“A lot of boys decide early on that they are just too cool for school. They adopt a so-called concept of masculinity(男子气概) that includes a disregard for　11　, which means they’re more likely to be rude and noisy in class.很多男孩刚入学时会认为自己很酷，不需要上学。他们采用了一种所谓的男子气概概念，其中包括无视权威，这意味着他们更有可能在课堂上粗鲁和吵闹)”可知，男生们之间会彼此影响，上课吵闹、不爱学习，这种同伴之间的压力会导致他们表现不如女生。故选D。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们采用了一种所谓的男子气概概念，其中包括无视权威，这意味着他们更有可能在课堂上粗鲁和吵闹。A. experts专家；B. authorities权威人士；C. adults成年人；D. peers同龄人。根据下句“Teachers mark them down for this.(老师会因此给他们打低分)”和“which means they’re more likely to be rude and noisy in class.”可知，在学校对学生而言，老师是有权威的，会因为他们在课堂上不遵守纪律或是吵闹给他们打低分，而这些男生会无视老师的权威，在课堂上吵闹。故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实上，如果老师在改卷过程中不被告知学生的性别，男女生阅读课的成绩差距可能会缩小三分之一。A. develops发展；B. widens扩大；C. narrows缩小、使变窄；D. forms形成。根据上句“In anonymous(匿名的) tests, boys perform better.(在匿名测试中，男生表现更好)”可知，在匿名测试中，老师不知道学生的性别，男生的成绩就会更好一些，这样与女生的成绩差距应该就会缩小了。故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：给男孩们提供阅读非小说类书籍的机会也会有所帮助。A. chance机会；B. volunteer志愿者；C. favour支持、帮助；D. resource资源。根据上文“So what can be done to close this gap? Getting boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help. ”和下句“they’re keener on comics and newspapers.(他们更喜欢看漫画和报纸)”可知，这里是指要让男生更喜欢看漫画和报纸这类非小说类书籍，应该给他们提供这种阅读的机会，会有所帮助。故选A. 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但最重要的是，摒弃对学生性别的偏见将使所有学生受益。A. melt融化；B. survive存活；C. threaten威胁；D. benefit使受益。根据下句“Thus, boys in all countries with the best schools read much better than girls. As we know, girls in Shanghai, Singapore and Seoul are good at mathematics, and they 　15　boys from anywhere else in the world.(因此，在所有拥有最好学校的国家里，男生的阅读能力都比女孩好得多。正如我们所知，上海、新加坡和首尔的女生擅长数学，她们超过了世界上其他任何地方的男生)”可知，摒弃对学生的性别偏见，可以看到男女生都各自有优秀的表现，说明这对所有学生都是有益处的。故选D。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：正如我们所知，上海、新加坡和首尔的女生擅长数学，她们超过了世界上其他任何地方的男生。A. purchase购买；B. overtake超过，超越；C. hire雇佣、租用；D. challenge挑战。根据句中“girls in Shanghai, Singapore and Seoul are good at mathematics”和常识可知，上海、新加坡和首尔的女孩擅长数学，比男生优秀，超过了世界上其他任何地方的男生。故选B。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市闵行区上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2023-2024学年期中英语试题 The disposable culture The disposable (一次性的) culture started small. In1892 William Painter, founder of the Baltimore Bottle Seal Company, patented the bottle cap. The bottles were returned and refilled, but the bottle caps were 1 . They only worked once. Painter’s chief salesman at the time was called Mr Gillette, who went on to apply the same principle to his own invention, the disposable version-cameras, contact lenses, barbecues- but the 2 has been taken a step further. For 3 reasons, most of the electrical equipment that we buy for the home is effectively disposable. This is because it is usually cheaper to 4 them than to mend them. This applies not just to radios and toasters, but also to fridges, televisions and dishwashers. We now live in a disposable culture. Most people feel 5 this new trend. We know we should be reducing the amount of waste we produce and recycling as much as possible although despite all our efforts, landfill continues to increase. It’s hard to slip a CD player into the bottom of the rubbish these days without feeling 6 especially if you suspect that all it needs is a simple repair. But who 7 that sort of thing these days? And how much would they charge you? With persistence, one may still 8 someone out there willing to make the necessary repairs to your broken bread-making machine, but even they will feel obliged to inform you that, given the likely price of the 9 , you’ d probably be better off throwing away the old one and buying the latest model. To 10 that something should be mended even though that will cost more than a brand-new replacement is weird, to say the least. This dilemma (困境) occasionally 11 the possibility of fixing the damaged goods yourself. If something is next to 12 anyway, why not take it apart and see if you can figure out what’s wrong? I have had particular luck with cheap, plastic, battery-operated children’s toys, where bad manufacture is usually the cause of the 13 and some strong glue or tape is usually all it needs to put it right. Small children tend to be impressed by this sort of thing, which is probably the only reason I bother. I wouldn’t suggest you attempt to repair your own microwave, although I managed it once. It was one of the most 14 experiences of my life a difficult success to mention in casual conversation, perhaps, but I’m still trying. While some repairs are certainly beyond the ability of the ordinary consumer, many are unbelievably simple. Finding willing 15 may be almost impossible, but tracking down spare parts has never been easier now that you can look on the Internet. There are also hundreds of sites offering step-by-step instructions for making repairs. 1．A．turned out B．thrown away C．held out D．kept away 2．A．invention B．concept C．version D．equipment 3．A．historic B．political C．cultural D．economic 4．A．replace B．produce C．maintain D．launch 5．A．motivated by B．accustomed to C．uncomfortable about D．independent of 6．A．wise B．relieved C．bored D．guilty 7．A．removes B．discovers C．fixes D．adjusts 8．A．tell B．miss C．find D．affect 9．A．service B．machine C．information D．part 10．A．doubt B．insist C．know D．recall 11．A．takes up B．puts up C．makes up D．opens up 12．A．worthless B．familiar C．priceless D．unavailable 13．A．fault B．stage C．mistake D．ease 14．A．popular B．disappointing C．accidental D．satisfying 15．A．managers B．salesmen C．repairmen D．deliverers 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．C 6．D 7．C 8．C 9．D 10．B 11．D 12．A 13．A 14．D 15．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一次性文化从瓶盖开始，蔓延至家电，因修理成本高而成为常态，引发大众不安，探索自我修理可能性，虽挑战重重，互联网让找配件变易，改变维修困境。 1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：瓶子被回收再利用，但是瓶盖被扔掉了。A. turned out变成；B. thrown away扔掉；C. held out伸出；D. kept away远离。根据前文的“The bottles were returned and refilled, but the bottle caps were”可知，此句描述了瓶盖的一次性使用特性，即瓶盖被扔掉了。故选B项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：佩因特当时的首席推销员叫吉列先生，他后来把同样的原理应用到他自己的发明上，即一次性产品——相机、隐形眼镜、烧烤架——但这个概念已经更进一步。A. invention发明；B. concept概念；C. version版本；D. equipment设备。根据前文的“who went on to apply the same principle to his own invention”可知，此处指的是一种设计理念或概念的扩展应用。故选B项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：出于经济原因，我们为家庭购买的大多数电器实际上都是一次性的。A. historic历史的；B. political政治的；C. cultural文化的；D. economic经济的。根据后文的“reasons, most of the electrical equipment that we buy for the home is effectively disposable.”可知，此句说明了家用电器成为一次性产品的经济因素。故选D项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是因为通常替换它们比修理它们更便宜。A. replace替换；B. produce生产；C. maintain维护；D. launch发起。根据前文的“This is because it is usually cheaper to”可知，比较了修理与替换的成本，表明后者更为经济。故选A项。 5．考查固定短语辨析。句意：大多数人对这一新趋势感到不安。A. motivated by由……激发；B. accustomed to习惯于；C. uncomfortable about对……感到不安；D. independent of独立于。根据前文的“Most people feel和后文“this new trend.”、“We know we should be reducing the amount of waste we produce and recycling as much as possible although despite all our efforts, landfill continues to increase.”可知，此处表达了人们对一次性文化兴起的情绪反应——大多数人对这一新趋势感到不安。故选C项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如今，很难在不感到内疚的情况下将CD播放器滑入垃圾堆底部，特别是当你怀疑它只需要简单的修理时。A. wise明智的；B. relieved宽慰的；C. bored无聊的；D. guilty内疚的。根据前文的“It’s hard to slip a CD player into the bottom of the rubbish these days without feeling”和后文“especially if you suspect that all it needs is a simple repair”可知，描述了在丢弃可能可修复物品时的内疚感。故选D项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但谁现在还在做那种事呢？A. removes移除；B. discovers发现；C. fixes修理；D. adjusts调整。根据前文的“especially if you suspect that all it needs is a simple repair”和后文的“that sort of thing these days?”可知，此处指现在还有谁会修理东西。故选C项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：只要你坚持不懈，你还是会发现有人愿意给你坏掉的面包机做必要的修理，但即使是他们也会觉得有义务告诉你，考虑到零件的可能价格，你最好扔掉旧的，买最新的。A. tell告诉；B. miss错过；C. find找到；D. affect影响。根据前文的“With persistence, one may still”可知，表明尽管不易，但还是有可能找到修理服务。故选C项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：只要你坚持不懈，你还是会发现有人愿意给你坏掉的面包机做必要的修理，但即使是他们也会觉得有义务告诉你，考虑到零件的可能价格，你最好扔掉旧的，买最新的。A. service服务；B. machine机器；C. information信息；D. part零件。根据前文的“they will feel obliged to inform you that, given the likely price of the”可知，这里提到的“零件”指的是修理所需的零件。故选D项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：坚持认为某物应该被修理，尽管这将比买一个新的更昂贵，至少可以说是奇怪的。A. doubt怀疑；B. insist坚持；C. know知道；D. recall回忆。根据后文的“that something should be mended even though that will cost more than a brand-new replacement is weird”可知，此处强调了坚持修理而不更换的非主流观点。故选B项。 11．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种困境偶尔开启了自己修理损坏物品的可能性。A. takes up占据；B. puts up提出；C. makes up组成；D. opens up开启。根据前文的“This dilemma occasionally”和后文“the possibility of fixing the damaged goods yourself”可知，指的是修理难题促使人们考虑开启自己修理。故选D项。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果某物几乎一文不值，为什么不拆开看看能否发现问题所在呢？A. worthless无价值的；B. familiar熟悉的；C. priceless无价的；D. unavailable不可用的。根据前文的“If something is next to”可知，此处描述了对几乎无价值物品尝试自我修理的逻辑。故选A项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我发现这在廉价的塑料电池操作儿童玩具上特别有用，其中不良制造通常是问题所在。A. fault故障；B. stage阶段；C. mistake错误；D. ease轻松。根据前文的“I have had particular luck with cheap, plastic, battery-operated children’s toys, where bad manufacture is usually the cause of the”可知，此处说明的是玩具故障的原因。故选A项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是我一生中最令人满意的经历之一——也许很难在随意的谈话中提及，但我仍在努力。A. popular受欢迎的；B. disappointing令人失望的；C. accidental意外的；D. satisfying令人满意的。根据后文的“experiences of my life”可知，此处表达了修理微波炉成功的成就感，这是作者一生中最令人满意的经历之一。故选D项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然找到愿意修理的人几乎是不可能的，但现在你可以在互联网上查找备件，这使得追踪备件变得前所未有的容易。A. managers经理；B. salesmen销售员；C. repairmen修理工；D. deliverers送货员。根据前文的“Finding willing”和后文“may be almost impossible, but tracking down spare parts has never been easier now that you can look on the Internet.”可知，本句提到寻找修理服务的难度以及网络查找备件的便利。故选C项。 话题 5 性格与成长 探讨性格的稳定性与变化、不同年龄段的认知特点、个人习惯对性格与行为的影响，展现人类成长过程中的心理与行为规律。 P1：《Good news for awkward teenagers around the world...》：基于持续时间最长的人格研究，发现人从青少年到老年性格变化巨大，老年性格与年轻时几乎难以辨认。短时间内性格看似稳定，但间隔时间越长，性格关联性越弱，说明性格并非一成不变，为青少年成长提供启示。 P2：《Most of us know someone who is always late...》：分析习惯性迟到的原因：遗传父母的时间观念、文化背景（如巴西人比美国人时间观念松散）、“时间乐观主义”（低估完成事情的时间）、拖延症、对熟悉路线的时间误判、不愿提前到达（讨厌等待），并给出解决建议（承诺早到、预留缓冲时间）。 P3：《The part of the environmental movement that draws...》：虽聚焦环保建筑，但提及人们对环保的认知变化（从忽视到重视），以及通过选择环保材料（如绿色涂料）、可回收产品（如可循环地毯）改变行为习惯，体现个人观念与习惯的成长，间接关联性格与成长话题（环保意识的提升也是一种成长）。 Passage 1 Good news for awkward teenagers around the world.As time goes by,you could 191 up like a completely different person. This comes from the longest running personality study ever 192 by scientists.According to researchers from the University of Edinburgh in the U.K,our personality changes so much from youth to old age that most people's personalities in older age are barely 193 compared to their younger selves. The researchers analyzed results from a study in 1947,which gathered 1,208 teenagers in Scotland aged 14 and asked their teachers to 194 .Their personalities based on six traits(特征) Now more than six decades later,the University of Edinburgh team has managed to contact 635 of the 195 students,and 174 agreed to have their personalities tested once more. At an average age of 76.7 years old,the group were asked to 196 themselves on the same six personality traits,then pick a close friend or family member to do the same. By 197 the then-and-now test results,the researchers found that there is hardly a relationship between traits people had as teenagers and those in their older years. It was"as if the second tests had been given to 198 people,"the study's researchers wrote in their report,which was published in journal Psychology and Aging. The results were a surprise because research in the past found personality 199 in people tested from childhood to middle-age,and from middle-age to older age. As the team explained,our personality appears stable over short intervals- 200 so throughout adulthood. 201 ,the longer the intervals between two tests of personality,the 202 the relationship between the two tends to be. It is clear that more studies are needed to find out what is going on here.but it could be the first 203 that is not just our cells that are being 204 throughout life--the way we think,feel and behave might not be as 205 as we once thought. 1．A．hold B．wake C．end D．cheer 2．A．carried out B．applied to C．participated in D．made up 3．A．incredible B．accessible C．changeable D．recognizable 4．A．assemble B．assess C．assume D．access 5．A．alternative B．individual C．original D．separate 6．A．score B．rate C．comment D．remark 7．A．comparing B．reviewing C．presenting D．observing 8．A．young B．similar C．amateur D．different 9．A．combination B．stability C．transformation D．flexibility 10．A．increasingly B．strangely C．subsequently D．obviously 11．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．However D．Otherwise 12．A．stronger B．closer C．further D．weaker 13．A．option B．sign C．symptom D．cause 14．A．replaced B．exposed C．divided D．cultivated 15．A．stuck in mud B．buried in sand C．lost in thought D．set in stone 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D 13．B 14．A 15．D 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项研究测试发现人青少年时期的性格和老年时期的性格差别很大，几乎没有任何关系。测试间隔的时间越长，这种性格特征之间的关系就越弱。但是在比较短的时间间隔内性格还是稳定的。这一迹象表明不仅仅是我们的细胞在生命中不断被替换，我们思考、感受和行为的方式可能并不像我们曾经认为的那样是一成不变的。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着时间的推移，你最后可能会变成一个完全不同的人。A. hold持有；B. wake叫醒；C. end结束；D. cheer使高兴。结合后文的研究可知，研究发现随着时间的推移，青少年的性格会发生改变，可能最后会变成一个完全不同的人。短语end up“结束，告终”。故选C。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这是科学家进行的一项持续时间最长的实施人格研究得出的结论。A. carried out实施；B. applied to适用于；C. participated in参加；D. made up编造。根据上文This comes from the longest running personality study ever可知是指实施人格研究。故选A。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：据英国爱丁堡大学的研究人员称，从年轻到老年，我们的性格变化很大，以至于大多数人在老年时的性格与年轻时相比几乎认不出来了。A. incredible难以置信的；B. accessible易接近的；C. changeable无常的；D. recognizable可辨认的。根据上文our personality changes so much from youth to old age可知性格变化很大，以至于到老年时的性格与年轻时相比几乎认不出来了。故选D。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员分析了47年的一项研究的结果，该研究收集了1208名14岁的苏格兰青少年，并要求他们的老师进行评估。A. assemble集合；B. assess评定；C. assume设想；D. access接近。根据上文asked their teachers to可知是指让这些青少年的老师去评估他们的性格。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：60多年后的今天，爱丁堡大学的研究小组成功联系到了635名原来的学生，其中174人同意再次接受人格测试。A. alternative供选择的；B. individual个人的；C. original原来的；D. separate分开的。结合上文可知研究主要是为了对比同一群人年轻时和老年时的性格变化，所以是联系了原来参加了研究的那些学生。故选C。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在平均年龄76.7岁的时候，这组人被要求对同样的六种性格特征进行自我评价，然后挑选一位亲朋好友进行同样的评价。A. score分数；B. rate评价，比率；C. comment评论；D. remark言辞，评论。结合后文themselves on the same six personality traits可知是指让这些人对同样的六种性格特征进行自我评价。故选B。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过比较当时和现在的测试结果，研究人员发现，人们在青少年时期的特征和他们在老年时期的特征之间几乎没有关系。A. comparing比较；B. reviewing回顾；C. presenting赠送；D. observing观察。根据后文then-and-now test results可知是指比较年轻时和老年时的测试结果。故选A。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究人员在发表在《心理学与衰老》杂志上的报告中写道，这“就好像是对不同的人进行了第二次测试”。A. young年轻的；B. similar相似的；C. amateur业余的；D. different不同的。上文中there is hardly a relationship between traits people had as teenagers and those in their older years.提到这同一组人，在青少年时期的特征和他们在老年时期的特征之间几乎没有关系，所以就好像是对完全不同的人进行了测试。故选D。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一结果令人惊讶，因为过去的研究发现，接受测试的人从童年到中年，以及从中年到老年，性格都比较稳定。A. combination结合；B. stability稳定性；C. transformation转换；D. flexibility灵活性。根据上文The results were a surprise可知结果令人惊讶，说明过去的研究发现不同时期的性格都是稳定的。故选B。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：正如研究小组解释的那样，我们的性格在很短的时间间隔内显得稳定——在整个成年期愈发如此。A. increasingly愈发，越来越多地；B. strangely奇怪地；C. subsequently随后；D. obviously明显地。上文中our personality appears stable over short intervals提到性格在很短的时间间隔内显得稳定，那么在成年期更是愈发稳定的。故选A。 11．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，两次性格测试的间隔时间越长，两者之间的关系就越弱。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover而且；C. However然而；D. Otherwise否则。结合上下文语境可知，前后文为转折关系，应用however。故选C。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，两次性格测试的间隔时间越长，两者之间的关系就越弱。A. stronger更强壮的；B. closer更近的；C. further更远的；D. weaker更弱的。结合上文可知，研究间隔了六十年，六十年后发现同一群人性格变化非常大，说明性格测试的间隔时间越长，两者之间的关系就越弱。故选D。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：很明显，我们还需要更多的研究来发现这是怎么回事，但这可能是第一个迹象，表明不仅仅是我们的细胞在生命中不断被替换，我们思考、感受和行为的方式可能并不像我们曾经认为的那样是一成不变的。A. option选择；B. sign迹象；C. symptom症状；D. cause原因。结合文章内容可知人性格变化，可能是一种人身体细胞在被替换、思考、感受和行为的方式在改变的一种迹象。故选B。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：很明显，我们还需要更多的研究来发现这是怎么回事，但这可能是第一个迹象，表明不仅仅是我们的细胞在生命中不断被替换，我们思考、感受和行为的方式可能并不像我们曾经认为的那样是一成不变的。A. replaced取代；B. exposed暴露；C. divided分开；D. cultivated发展。根据上文可知细胞会随着人变化，不断被新的细胞所替换。故选A。 15．考查动词短语辨析。句意：很明显，我们还需要更多的研究来发现这是怎么回事，但这可能是第一个迹象，表明不仅仅是我们的细胞在生命中不断被替换，我们思考、感受和行为的方式可能并不像我们曾经认为的那样是一成不变的。A. stuck in mud陷入泥里；B. buried in sand埋在沙里；C. lost in thought陷入沉思；D. set in stone一成不变。结合文章内容可知，研究发现人年轻时和老年时性格的变化，说明我们思考、感受和行为的方式可能并不像我们曾经认为的那样是一成不变的。故选D。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市洋泾中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 Most of $ 专题06 完形填空题 话题1 科技与生活影响 话题4 健康与饮食 话题2 动物与生态保护 话题5 性格与成长 话题3 职场与社会趋势 话题6 社会文化与平等 话题 1 科技与生活影响 围绕科技产品（如电子屏幕、手机、无人机、AI 等）对人们日常生活、健康、行为习惯的影响展开，探讨科技应用中的争议与利弊。 P1：《Are Screens Bad for Our Bodies?》：分析电子屏幕普及带来的健康担忧，如 “方眼症”“科技颈” 等说法，通过科学研究指出多数关于屏幕严重危害的说法缺乏证据，但屏幕蓝光确实会影响睡眠，建议睡前一小时不使用屏幕。 P2：《“Say the magic word!”》：研究发现人们日常对话中使用 “please” 的频率远低于预期（仅 7%），且 “please” 并非提升请求成功率的关键，还可能让被请求者感到不适，说明语言习惯与社交礼仪的实际情况，间接反映现代沟通方式的变化。 P3：《A child’s view of intelligent machines》：通过对 4-11 岁儿童的研究，发现儿童易将 Roomba 扫地机器人、Alexa 智能音箱等科技产品视为有思想、情感甚至道德判断的存在，且年龄越小这种认知越明显，揭示人类对智能机器的天然直觉认知，为理解人们对 AI 的态度提供参考。 Passage 1                     【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月第二次测试英语试题                        Are Screens Bad for Our Bodies? “You’ll get square eyes!” my mother used to say as I sat for hour after hour glued to the TV. I 1 her, of course. It was just something parents said. Fast-forward a few decades and now I’m the parent. My 5-year-old lives in a world where screens aren’t 2 pieces of furniture, but lie around on the kitchen table, on the sofa, by the bed, constantly accessible. You can’t even avoid them by going outside. “Screens are not only in our pockets, they’re on billboards, buses and bins,” says Tim Smith, a psychologist at Birkbeck, University of London. The concerns have 3 with the screens. In the past decade, we have heard that they will rewire our brains, 4 us of cognitive abilities and damage our mental health. Many of us feel more distracted by them, feeling grumpier, guiltier and more tired as a result. The list of ills makes square eyes sound 5 . So should we take these concerns more seriously? Given the amount of time so many of us spend with our lit-up devices, it is a(n) 6 question. The trouble is, many of the most emphatic answers are the least 7 . As the fears grow and the debate becomes ever more heated, it’s time to separate the proven health advice from the hyperbole. Smartphone pinky, tech neck, bone spurs at the back of our skulls: the ailments we are meant to have inflicted on ourselves through excessive phone use all sound terrifying. Hence the headlines 8 , there is no good evidence that such alarming conditions are caused by our tech habit. Any harm is likely to be far less 9 . The World Health Organization, for example, recommends limiting screentime as a way of tackling obesity, voicing 10 health concerns related to screens in particular. What about the effect of staring at small, bright screens on our eyesight? In the past few years, more children in the UK have been 11 glasses, says Max Davie at the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health in London. This has led some to claim that phones and tablets are to blame. But Davie thinks the 12 has more to do with aggressive management of existing conditions. “At the moment, we don’t have sufficient evidence for a causal link,” he says. One thing that does appear to be 13 is sleep. Studies have shown that people who are given a book to read in bed find it harder to go to sleep if they read it on a screen rather than on paper. This is probably because of the blue light that most screens emit, which throws off our circadian rhythm and tricks us into thinking it is daytime. Of course, most of us who look at our phones last thing at night aren’t reading a book. Much sleep disruption is related to mental 14 : waiting for the next notification, say, or scrolling through 15 news feeds. Insufficient or disrupted sleep has been linked to increased risk for all manner of health problems, including depression and other mental health concerns. “If there are any recommendations to be adopted, not using screens in the hour before bed seems to be the one with the greatest support,” says Smith. 1．A．followed B．wept C．ignored D．clarified 2．A．fixed B．wired C．plugged D．exposed 3．A．updated B．identified C．associated D．multiplied 4．A．comprise B．strip C．compromise D．destroy 5．A．intense B．nasty C．harmless D．inaccurate 6．A．important B．foggy C．objective D．constant 7．A．adorable B．consistent C．reliable D．subjective 8．A．In particular B．In truth C．In short D．In general 9．A．anxious B．sympathetic C．symphonic D．spectacular 10．A．no B．many C．prior D．fleeting 11．A．prescribed B．prospected C．presented D．provided 12．A．occurrence B．increase C．disease D．clue 13．A．playing a joke B．playing a role C．taking a hit D．taking a chance 14．A．depression B．concern C．status D．stimulation 15．A．current B．urgent C．endless D．fake Passage 2 【来源】上海市上海中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 “Say the magic word!” As children, we’re taught that the polite thing to do is always to say “please.” In fact, it’s one of the top 1 we learn growing up. Today’s babies who cannot talk yet are even taught it using sign language. But how often do you really say “please” in everyday conversation? Whatever your 2 , it’s likely too high — way too high. New research published in Social Psychology Quarterly found that people use the word “please” when making a request a (n) 3 7% of the time. Using conversation analysis, the study investigated when and where people use “please” in everyday requests. Not only do people use “please” less than 10% of the time when making requests, but they also tend to use it most when a “no” response is 4 . More interestingly, research has found that requests phrased with “please” are no more likely to work than other polite requests — and sometimes they even have 5 effects. Why? Because the word “please” is being used as a way to convince or even 6 the other person into agreeing with a request they might not otherwise be inclined to do. This common small talk mistake can leave the person being asked feeling a little 7 . 8 , research shows similarly low numbers of using “please” going all the way back to the1970s. “And if your first reaction to hearing this was ‘OK, so other people might not say please, but I say it all the time,’ it turns out that people have pretty terrible 9 of what exactly they’ve said,” Stivers says. “What people are really trying to say by 10 that they say ‘please’ often is that they are polite people,” she says. “And you probably are. Just because you’re not saying ‘please,’ it doesn’t mean you’re not being polite. There are so many other 11 we use when making requests that show politeness.” “I think it’s so interesting that we teach children to do this thing that we as adults don’t do and will 12 them out of it as they get older,” Stivers says. But teaching kids to say please isn’t bad — teaching children politeness is always a(n) 13 . Just make sure you’re including other polite phrases as well. And this should go without saying, but you should never tell another 14 to say “please.” I run into this often with a family member who demands I use the word “please” when I ask for something, even if I already phrased it in a polite way. Instead of making me more 15 , it makes me want to punch them. 1．A．abilities B．priorities C．manners D．skills 2．A．imagination B．estimation C．attitude D．achievement 3．A．disappointing B．exceptional C．optimistic D．persistent 4．A．accepted B．anticipated C．answered D．refused 5．A．counter B．side C．beneficial D．immediate 6．A．trick B．encourage C．frighten D．force 7．A．astonished B．ashamed C．threatened D．uncomfortable 8．A．However B．Moreover C．Therefore D．For example 9．A．understanding B．explanations C．memories D．beliefs 10．A．assuming B．confirming C．insisting D．ignoring 11．A．phrases B．solutions C．commands D．instructions 12．A．carry B．convince C．socialize D．save 13．A．challenge B．aim C．burden D．virtue 14．A．family B．adult C．friend D．child 15．A．patient B．composed C．annoyed D．obedient Passage 3 【来源】上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试试卷 A child’s view of intelligent machines Why do people so easily treat machines, and especially AI systems like ChatGPT, as if they had intentions, emotions and even morals? A new study suggests that this tendency may run deep. “Intelligent” machines that would once have seemed magical are now 1 .Millions of children have grown up with a Roomba robot vacuum cleaner that moves around the house, avoiding 2 and wiggling into corners. Millions more have grown up politely asking a small box called Alexa to play their favorite song or turn on their favorite TV show. How do children view these sophisticated computers in their homes? Roomba and Amazon’s Alexa are especially interesting because they don’t look at all like people— they don’t have faces or bodies — and while they do act sort of like people, they do so in 3 ways. Roombas can move by themselves and accomplish 4 goals, but they don’t talk. Alexa chatters away but can’t move. Tamar Kushner at Duke University and her students Teresa Flanagan and Gavin Wong 5 what children think about these technologies. They showed 127 children, ranging in age from 4 to 11, different kinds of machines and then gave the children a list of questions about the machines’ thoughts, feelings and moral status. Most of the children were already familiar with Alexa and Roomba. They told the researchers that both were more like computers than like people. But the younger children, 6 , thought that even these apparently 7 machines — a round vacuum and a black box — could have thoughts and feelings: They might get hungry or feel a tickle or think for themselves. How the machines interact made a difference; especially when it comes to higher 8 functions. The children said that the talkative Alexa was more likely to have a thought or know right from wrong than the 9 Roomba. But they thought that both could be hungry or ticklish. Younger children also thought that both types of machines could choose to do harm: Roomba could run over your toe 10 , or Alexa could say something that hurt your feelings. Older children were less likely to say that the machines had feelings or experiences. That might be because children become more 11 in thinking about agency, or because they had more experience of the machines’ limitations. 12 , even the older children thought that the machines might have some thoughts and feelings. Strikingly, both older and younger children thought that hitting or yelling at the machines was 13 . One 10- year- old said, “then the robot would feel really sad.” The study may help to explain why people so 14 treat AI systems as if they bad minds — it is an early, natural intuition. Perhaps the best news about people and technology in the study is that children think that treating a machine as if it had a mind means treating them 15 . 1．A．thrilling B．common C．boring D．frequent 2．A．obstacles B．mistakes C．interruptions D．humans 3．A．similar B．various C．opposite D．several 4．A．interactive B．physical C．restricted D．extraordinary 5．A．sought for B．sorted out C．look into D．found out 6．A．for instance B．in fact C．on the whole D．in particular 7．A．simple B．intelligent C．complicated D．handy 8．A．physical B．digital C．essential D．mental 9．A．practical B．diligent C．silent D．reserved 10．A．by mistake B．on purpose C．at random D．for no reason 11．A．advanced B．talented C．delighted D．sophisticated 12．A．Therefore B．Also C．However D．Otherwise 13．A．false B．terrific C．amusing D．wrong 14．A．promo B．readily C．directly D．intentionally 15．A．kindly B．carefully C．fairly D．skillfully 话题 2 动物与生态保护 聚焦动物生存现状、动物园伦理争议、动物行为特点及人类活动对生态的影响，探讨人与动物、自然的关系。 P1：《At a time when scientists know more than they ever have before...》：指出在动物权利意识提升的背景下，动物园需重大变革。以西雅图伍德兰公园动物园关闭大象展区为例，说明动物保护者对动物园圈养环境的质疑，同时探讨动物园存在的意义（教育、保护、培养对动物的同情心）与伦理困境。 P2：《Let’s Go Bats》：介绍蝙蝠因鸟类占据日间活动空间，进化出夜间觅食模式，通过自身声呐系统导航捕猎。同时提及人类受蝙蝠启发研发声呐、雷达技术，还提到深海鱼类等其他在黑暗中生存的动物，展现动物适应环境的能力及对人类科技的启发。 P3：《At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced...》：对比传统烟花与无人机表演，指出烟花会惊吓动物（导致鸟类离巢、幼鹤坠巢）、危害人类健康（引发创伤后应激障碍、火灾风险）、污染环境，而无人机表演虽仍有光污染和温室气体排放问题，但可重复使用，是更可持续的替代方案，体现对生态保护的重视。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市松江区第二中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试题 At a time when scientists know more than they ever have before about the inner lives of animals and when concerns about animal rights become large, many experts think that zoos need a major change if they’ re going to last. To some leaders in the field, the Philadelphia Zoo is the best model out there, but on the other side of the country, a 1 vision of the future is playing out. At Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo, the elephant exhibit, where countless children watched elephants play, now sits 2 . The zoo, long 3 as a world leader in innovative design, built a $3 million state-of-the-art facility for the species in the 1980s. But in recent years, animal-rights advocates had criticized the exhibit as inhumane for being too small and not 4 the elephants’ natural living area. Under pressure from activists following the death of an elephant in 2014, and thanks to new guidelines from the nation’s main zoo organization, Woodland Park officials decided to 5 one of its most popular exhibits and place the elephants elsewhere. Nearly two centuries after the first modern zoo opened in London’s Regent’s Park, the very concept of a place where families can visit and observe animals is being 6 like never before. Across the U. S. and around the world, zoos are finding that balancing the demands of entertainment, education and conservation is increasingly 7 . Ethical (伦理的) concerns have been coupled with 8 fears — both for people and for animals — following an incident in May when officials at the Cincinnati Zoo shot and killed a 17-year-old gorilla named Harambe to protect a child who’d fallen into the exhibit. More 9 , there’s a greater sensitivity to the environmental implications of zoos. Ask a dozen zoo directors why these places should exist today and you’ll get a different answer every time. Education, conservation and science all 10 . But the 11 answer is cultivating sympathy for animals. Study after study has shown that many animal species are far smarter and more 12 than previously understood, giving new insights into how they may suffer from anxiety and depression when they are removed from 13 . That has forced a difficult existential question: If we acknowledge that creatures suffer when they’re trapped. should they be kept in zoos? Not even those who have 14 the cause for more humane exhibits have an answer. “Even the best zoos today are based on captivity and coercion (囚禁与胁迫).” says Jon Coe, the legendary zoo designer, “To me, that’s the 15 fault.” 1．A．shared B．traditional C．clear D．different 2．A．modern B．crowded C．empty D．up-dated 3．A．predicted B．criticized C．recognized D．recalled 4．A．famous for B．dependent on C．certain about D．reflective of 5．A．close B．sustain C．open D．advertise 6．A．established B．questioned C．promoted D．accepted 7．A．possible B．difficult C．unnatural D．beneficial 8．A．culture B．economy C．environment D．safety 9．A．broadly B．strangely C．luckily D．amazingly 10．A．take in B．get off C．come up D．set out 11．A．most common B．most complex C．rarest D．quickest 12．A．grateful B．feeling C．disappointing D．annoying 13．A．research B．nature C．existence D．shelter 14．A．opposed B．located C．advanced D．twisted 15．A．fundamental B．manageable C．minimum D．maximum Passage 2 【来源】上海市第三女子中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 Let’s Go Bats Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark. They 1 at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits to live by day. But the daytime economy has already been thoroughly 2 by other creatures such as birds. 3 , it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy, so the bat ancestors managed to 4 the hunger by finding food at night. Maybe only after another mass 5 of species will bats be able to emerge into the daylight and occupy the daytime trades. As a matter of fact, bats are not the only creatures that face the engineering problem of finding their way and finding their prey in the 6 of light. Plenty of other animals such as deep-sea fish and whales also make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. 7 it, engineers considered possible solutions and made relevant research. The first one that might occur to them is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to 8 a large amount of body energy. Then, what else might the engineer think of? Human beings are 9 the serious problem of living in the dark as well. There are more than 2.2 billion sight 10 men throughout the world, according to the WHO statistics. Nonetheless, experiments showed that blind people sometimes have an uncanny (神秘的) sense of obstacles in their path that can help them “see” in the dark. They have reported that it feels like the obstacles being 11 in their mind without actually seeing them. It turns out that the sensation really goes in through the ears. Blind people are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds to sense the 12 of obstacles. After this Sonar (声呐) and Radar (雷达) technique had been discovered, weapons designers improved and 13 it to the detection of submarines in wars. All the world now knows that bats had perfected their own sonar and radar system tens of millions of years earlier. The American zoologist Donald Griffin coined the term “ecolocation”, a 14 of both sonar and radar, to generalize the features of bats. The accuracy and sensitivity of ecolocation is 15 accomplished, which strikes the radar engineers with great admiration. 1．A．fly B．wave C．hunt D．spot 2．A．exploited B．expanded C．stretched D．preserved 3．A．After all B．In consequence C．By contrast D．Above all 4．A．strike B．survive C．protect D．abandon 5．A．extinction B．development C．prosperity D．transformation 6．A．existence B．case C．sense D．absence 7．A．In line with B．In addition to C．In view of D．In response to 8．A．consume B．drive C．raise D．obtain 9．A．escaping B．exploring C．interpreting D．suffering 10．A．hurt B．disabled C．shortened D．affected 11．A．threatened B．visualized C．preserved D．warned 12．A．identity B．threat C．presence D．structure 13．A．supplied B．nominated C．stimulated D．applied 14．A．balance B．understanding C．combination D．statement 15．A．technically B．directly C．carefully D．favourably Passage 3 【来源】上海市同济大学第二附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced with large numbers of drones that create animated (栩栩如生的) images in the night sky. Why are drone shows 1 ? Supporters claim fireworks are bad for people, animals and the environment and that it’s time for a change. Bill Bateman, a professor of life sciences, 2 the “highly damaging” impacts of fireworks - scaring birds from nests, disturbing other animals with their sudden light and noise, and even affecting animal breeding. Part of the issue results from the startle 3 , a whole-body reaction that causes the muscles to swiftly contract, the eyes to blink (眨眼), and the pulse to 4 . Such reactions help animals and humans respond to danger, make them more alert and help them 5 their weakest parts. Bateman explains that the sounds and flashes of light associated with the explosions lead to the startle response in animals, causing their suffering and even deaths. Young cranes (鹤), for example, have been recorded leaping from their 6 in response to loud noises even though they cannot fly. Humans experience the startle response, too. How 7 one is startled can depend on mental health conditions and genetic factors. In fact, an overactive startle response is used to diagnose post-traumatic 8 disorder (PTSD). There are also plenty of other health reasons to avoid fireworks. The U.S. recorded 9,700 injuries and eight deaths from fireworks in 2023 alone-most due to misuse. Though 9 use of fireworks is often the major contributor, around 18% of all fireworks on the market in 2023 didn’t meet safety standards, putting even experienced operators at risk. Those dangers are even greater in an age of climate change and warming world. Heat waves, combined with more 10 and widespread droughts, are making things worse. And scientists predict more of the same as the world warms. Add fireworks to the 11 , and it’s a perfect recipe for wildfires. Fireworks 12 other problems, releasing large amounts of pollutants into the air, soil and water. These impacts contribute to respiratory (呼吸的) diseases and other health conditions. The reasons to cancel fireworks displays seem clear, but are drone shows the solution? These displays still create light pollution, and involve the production of greenhouse gases. 13 , drones can collide (相撞) with wildlife in the air. Research on drones’ environmental and wildlife impacts is still in its 14 . But for now, at least, the shows seem to be more environmentally friendly. The fact that drones can be reused also makes them a more 15 alternative to traditional fireworks. 1．A．on the rise B．in the way C．off the track D．under the table 2．A．compliments B．notes C．abandons D．prohibits 3．A．experience B．movement C．response D．condition 4．A．decline B．cease C．stabilize D．race 5．A．protect B．expose C．abandon D．correct 6．A．lab B．nest C．feet D．turns 7．A．naturally B．frequently C．easily D．necessarily 8．A．pressure B．resolution C．stress D．solution 9．A．exceptional B．delicate C．desperate D．amateur 10．A．foreseeable B．natural C．preventable D．frequent 11．A．mix B．waves C．prediction D．world 12．A．persist in B．leave behind C．compete with D．set out 13．A．However B．Rather C．Besides D．Therefore 14．A．infancy B．favor C．process D．capacity 15．A．unappealing B．sustainable C．affordable D．credible 话题 3 职场与社会趋势 涵盖职场角色认知（领导者与追随者）、职业选择变化（白领转体力劳动）、全球化对就业的影响等社会现象，分析背后的原因与挑战。 P1：《Dare to Follow》：指出职场中多数人是追随者而非领导者，但 “追随力” 常被忽视。分析追随者被忽视的原因（无需刻意争取、易与 “被动” 关联、下属能动性弱），同时强调积极追随的重要性（主动承担责任、适应角色变化），并介绍五种追随者类型（羊群型、唯唯诺诺型等）。 P2：《A phenomenon is attracting growing attention in China...》：描述中国年轻人放弃高压白领工作（如技术人员、会计、销售经理），转投体力劳动（收银员、卖香肠、送外卖）的趋势。分析原因：疫情后对工作价值的重新评估、白领岗位竞争激烈（失业率高）、体力劳动时间灵活且压力小，同时提及该趋势引发的争议（抢占低学历者工作、被指 “被宠坏”）。 P3：《At the turn of the century, there was a lot of talk about...》：探讨全球化的争议（跨国公司剥削穷国工人 vs 推动发展中国家生活水平提升），指出全球化不可避免，争论其好坏已无意义，关键是如何应对。举例说明人们通过日常选择（家长为孩子选语言课程、企业研发新产品）影响全球化对自身的影响，强调需制定灵活策略适应全球化变化。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高二上学期11月期中英语试题 Dare to Follow Almost everyone aspires to lead. If there is one thing anyone with a job and a pulse needs to learn, it is how to 1 . That, at least, is the message from the tsunami of books, courses, videos and podcasts on the topic. Business schools offer all kinds of leadership training. You are told how to lead without actually being a leader. 2 in all this is an inconvenient fact. Most people in the workforce are not leaders and pretty much everyone 3 someone else. The most useful skill to have in your current job may well be how to be a good follower. That leaders depend on followers might seem blindingly obvious, but the way that people lower down the ladder interact with those above them gets much less attention than the 4 . A corner of the management literature is 5 to “followership”, but it remains small, for several reasons. The first is that you don’t need any advice to achieve the position of 6 ; you will never be more of one than on the very first day of your very first job. The second reason is that, although some people have little desire to be in a position of authority, very few aspire to follow. The word itself is associated with 7 , weakness and complaints. In an experiment conducted by Colette Hoption of Seattle University and her co-authors, people who were randomly assigned to the role of followers felt unhappier and were less willing to do work at the weekends and early in the morning than those given the 8 of leaders. The third reason why the art of following gets little attention is that most subordinates (下属) have much less agency than the people 9 them. There is often no choice in whom you report to. Leaders, not followers, set the tone: 10 bosses are not old-school command-and- control types, they shape how everyone beneath them behaves.· If such things explain why leadership is 11 , the behaviour of followers is still crucial. Hierarchies (等级制度) can be more fluid（流动的） than they sometimes look: as teams form and dissolve, you may be leading a project one month and 12 the next. Things generally go better when people at every level are engaged in their work and prepared to take on responsibility. Proactivity is a big part of being an effective follower. One of the fathers of the field, Robert Kelley, has usefully 13 five styles of followership: sheep, yes-people, unfriendly followers, pragmatists, and stars. Which 14 of follower people fall into will undoubtedly depend on their boss. But it will also depend on them: on whether they ingratiate (讨好) themselves with their managers or 15 them; on whether they see their boss as someone to support or complain about. As the British Army puts it, “To follow effectively… is a choice.” 1．A．start B．lead C．acquire D．convey 2．A．Special B．Abundant C．Missing D．Competent 3．A．counts on B．reports to C．calls for D．alternates with 4．A．reverse B．authority C．agenda D．convention 5．A．blinded B．reduced C．dedicated D．accustomed 6．A．candidate B．consultant C．executive D．follower 7．A．courage B．passivity C．discrimination D．dignity 8．A．leisure B．duty C．label D．payment 9．A．supervising B．surrounding C．defending D．entertaining 10．A．even if B．now that C．given that D．provided that 11．A．under the weather B．in the dark C．in the spotlight D．on cloud nine 12．A．contributing B．dominating C．selecting D．appointing 13．A．hired B．surveyed C．identified D．designed 14．A．campaign B．category C．trap D．business 15．A．defend B．sponsor C．influence D．challenge Passage 2 【来源】上海市青浦高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 A phenomenon is attracting growing attention in China: young people trading high-pressure, decent white-collar jobs for manual labor. Social media have reported a tech worker becoming a grocery store cashier; an accountant selling street sausages; a 1 delivering takeout. 2 describe the joy of predictable hours and a less competitive atmosphere. They acknowledge that the change requires 3 , but say that it is worth escaping the spiritual draining of their former jobs. Ms. Liu said she much preferred the physical 4 to the mental strain of reviewing design assignments she had not chosen. Many also say they are looking for light physical labor, not 5 work like construction or factory jobs. Around the world, the coronavirus pandemic has spurred people to reassess the value of their work. Working hours are long but the economy is troubled, which 6 the prospect of upward mobility for a generation. The job-changing trend has 7 a debate about the futility (无效) of the rat race (内卷). Two years ago, a similar call to quit work and enjoy life, dubbed “lying flat,” spread widely online. Critics accused supporters of wasting their parents’ investment and abandoning the 8 that helped build China into a superpower. Since then, competition for white-collar jobs has grown even more intense. A record number of students are expected to graduate from universities this year, but companies have 9 hiring. The unemployment rate among people aged 16 to 24 was nearly 20 percent last summer, according to official statistics, with the rate being higher among college graduates. 10 , rather than competing even harder, some are finding the traditionally less desired career paths attractive. “The purpose of studying and accumulating knowledge is not to land an impressive job, but to have the bravery to 11 more possibilities,” reads the description for one online forum. Nevertheless, those who have made the change are likely still a 12 . Many who have posted in online forums are asking questions rather than jumping in. Some who left their higher-earning positions acknowledge that they do not know how long they will stay in their new occupations; some say they are now spending more than they earn. Online critics have commented the job switchers as 13 , suggesting that they are taking blue-collar jobs from less educated people who need them. But criticism has also flowed in the opposite direction: China’s state broadcaster recently blamed the unemployment problem partially on young, educated Chinese being too 14 to take on blue-collar work, suggesting that they were spoiled. Social media users responded wildly, pointing out that society has long valued mental labor above all else. And, especially since China’s economic reform began, manual labor has been cast aside as something to be 15 . 1．A．construction worker B．sales manager C．postal clerk D．shop assistant 2．A．Receptionists B．Opponents C．Advocates D．Residents 3．A．commission B．devotion C．sacrifice D．passion 4．A．exhaustion B．exploitation C．exploration D．excursion 5．A．extensive B．expansive C．immersive D．intensive 6．A．dims B．dips C．draws D．drives 7．A．revised B．reviewed C．remembered D．revived 8．A．cautiousness B．curiosity C．industriousness D．intelligence 9．A．cut back on B．fell back on C．looked back on D．turned back on 10．A．Additionally B．Accordingly C．Still D．Nevertheless 11．A．achieve B．access C．accept D．adapt 12．A．minority B．minimum C．majority D．maximum 13．A．native B．naive C．novel D．noble 14．A．earnest B．desperate C．unwilling D．vulnerable 15．A．called off B．turned off C．shaken off D．taken off Passage 3 【来源】上海师范大学附属嘉定高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 At the turn of the century, there was a lot of talk about whether globalization as a good thing or a bad thing. One side argued that it allowed big, multi-national corporations to 1 workers in poor countries for more profits. The other side objected that the 2 of these corporations into the developing world offered the best hope for raising living standards. One side 3 . The other side answered that these shifts were rapidly 4 the world’s ability to use its resource efficiently. Now it’s pretty clear that globalization, be it good or bad, is a(n) 5 thing. Rather than dealing with the problems of globalization head-on, it can be tempting to try to 6 the process. Yet that’s likely to postpone the problems, not solve them. Unless every country decides to close its border to commerce, migration and financial transactions, globalization will 7 . Tariffs (关税) exist, of course, as do restrictions on foreign workers and foreign investment. But as technology for moving goods, people and information improves, globalization will speed up. How and why this is happening is a well-explored field. Moreover, arguing about whether it’s good or bad has become something of a(n) 8 activity. The more relevant question now is how to manage the shift to a more globalized world. People are making 9 every day that change the impact of globalization on their lives. Parents choose whether to pay for extra language lessons for their children. The chief executive in a dying industry weighs how much his company should invest in researching new products. A government minister tries to figure out how to keep her country’s brightest scientists from moving overseas. Yet it’s not easy to plan for the future without 10 what the future will look like. Back in the 1980s, Americans were encouraging their children to learn Japanese. Now, Chinese is the language of choice. Though India still watches as hundreds of its brightest graduates head to the United States every year, more and more are 11 to start their own businesses. The ground-level challenges require flexible 12 . Developing specific skills, inventing specific technologies or passing specific laws to fit the circumstances of the moment may not be 13 . It may be more important to develop skills that help you 14 more skills, to invent technologies that set the stage for generations of innovation, and to pass laws that open the door to several different kinds of regulation — 15 , to create a platform of flexible decision-making in the process of rapid changes. 1．A．equip B．exploit C．educate D．evaluate 2．A．guidance B．expansion C．transmission D．restriction 3．A．recalled B．predicted C．praised D．complained 4．A．discussing B．applying C．improving D．possessing 5．A．dissatisfactory B．unavoidable C．inexhaustible D．irregular 6．A．slow B．follow C．select D．reverse 7．A．continue B．disappear C．result D．emerge 8．A．complicated B．simplistic C．realistic D．intense 9．A．inquiries B．alterations C．decisions D．wishes 10．A．sharing B．worrying C．forgetting D．knowing 11．A．going abroad B．keeping anxious C．staying home D．becoming alert 12．A．services B．styles C．requirements D．solutions 13．A．urgent B．timely C．enough D．personal 14．A．look up to B．make up C．run up to D．pick up 15．A．in other words B．what’s more C．as a result D．by contrast 话题 4 健康与饮食 围绕过度加工食品的危害、饮食与健康的关联、生活习惯对健康的影响展开，提供科学的健康建议。 P1：《Although many over-processed foods can satisfy...》：研究表明过度加工食品会增加抑郁、焦虑、认知能力下降、痴呆的风险，因其含添加剂（如人工甜味剂）会干扰大脑化学物质分泌，且易让人上瘾（高糖高脂符合人类进化对高热量食物的偏好）。同时指出自然食物不会同时高糖高脂，呼吁警惕过度加工食品。 P2：《Why girls do better at school than boys?》：虽主要分析女生学业优于男生的原因，但提及男生花更多时间玩网络游戏、使用互联网，而女生花更多时间阅读和完成作业，间接反映生活习惯（屏幕使用、阅读）对学习效果及长远健康（如认知能力）的影响，与健康话题存在关联。 P3：《The disposable culture》：讨论一次性文化的兴起（从瓶盖到家电），指出家电因维修成本高于更换成本成为 “隐形一次性产品”，导致资源浪费和环境污染。而环境污染（如垃圾填埋）会间接影响人类健康（空气、土壤污染），同时提及自行维修可减少浪费，从环保角度间接关联健康话题。 Passage 1 【来源】2024届上海市青浦区高三下学期二模英语试题 Although many over-processed foods can satisfy the desire for sweet, fatty, salty foods, research suggests these items are particularly bad for the heart and brain, with mood and cognition taking a hit. The most recent research looking at the 1 of over-processed food found the most far-reaching results. Researchers 2 direct links between higher consumption of over-processed foods and a greater risk of many health issues. These results are 3 earlier studies. Diets high in these foods were linked to greater risk of depression and anxiety, according to an analysis published in the journal Nutrients. In one of these studies, risk rose from 4 just 33 percent of calories from over-processed food. A separate study found that taking in just 20 percent of calories from these foods was linked to a 28 percent faster rate of cognitive 5 compared with people who ate less processed food. Also 6 is a study tracking about half a million people living in England, Scotland, and Wales that found the risk of dementia (痴呆) went up by 25 percent for every 10 percent increase in over-processed food. While the exact cause-and-effect relationship is still unknown, the strongest evidence from prospective studies 7 the idea that eating high amounts of over-processed foods increases the risk of depression in the future. It is common knowledge that eating too much salt or sugar is linked to high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes. What the public may not appreciate, 8 , is that all these conditions affect the brain by raising the risk for dementia. 9 such as certain artificial sweeteners may also disturb the production and release of brain chemicals, such as dopamine, which can negatively affect mental and emotional 10 . Another problem with over-processed foods is that they might be addictive. Over-processed foods have more in common with a(n) 11 than foods by Mother Nature. Humans have evolved to respond to foods that are sweet, fatty, and high in calories. For most of human existence this helped us 12 . But in nature, foods are 13 modestly high in sugar — like berries — or high in fat, like nuts. You don’t find foods high in both sugar and fat. That’s a distinctive 14 of over-processed foods. Add in salt, artificial flavorings and bright colors, and our brain simply 15 these foods. 1．A．recipe B．flavor C．preparation D．impact 2．A．promoted B．identified C．evaluated D．dismissed 3．A．contrary to B．consistent with C．concerned about D．dependent on 4．A．consuming B．calculating C．reducing D．burning 5．A．improvement B．advantage C．quality D．decline 6．A．reassuring B．contradictory C．alarming D．sustainable 7．A．goes against B．casts doubt on C．leans towards D．puts forward 8．A．however B．therefore C．by chance D．for instance 9．A．Decorations B．Additives C．Options D．Contributors 10．A．problem B．capacity C．outburst D．well-being 11．A．appetizer B．cigarette C．dessert D．snack 12．A．survive B．emerge C．venture D．mature 13．A．still B．barely C．only D．rather 14．A．nutrition B．taste C．dish D．characteristic 15．A．gains insight into B．loses control over C．shows concern for D．gets hold of Passage 2 【来源】上海市嘉定区封浜高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 Why girls do better at school than boys? For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that’s no longer the case. A new study by the OECD, a club of mostly 1 countries in Europe and North America, examined how 15-year-old boys and girls performed at reading, mathematics and science. Boys still get somewhat better 2 at maths and physics, and in other science courses the genders are roughly 63 . But when it comes to the students who really struggle and suffer at school, the difference is 64 : boys are 50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in all three areas. 65 , why are girls performing better at school than their male classmates? First, girls read more than boys. Reading proficiency (熟练) is the basis upon which all other learning is built. When boys don’t do well in reading, their 3 in other school subjects suffers too. Second, girls spend much more time on their homework and out-of-class learning. 4 , girls spend five and a half hours per week doing homework while boys spend a little less than four and a half hours. Researchers suggest that doing homework 68 by teachers is linked to better accomplishment in maths, reading and science. Boys, it appears, spend more of their free time in the 5 world; they are 17% more likely to play cooperative online games than girls every day. They also use the internet more. Third, peer 6 plays a role. A lot of boys decide early on that they are just too cool for school. They adopt a so-called concept of masculinity (男子气概) that includes a disregard for 71 , which means they’re more likely to be rude and noisy in class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous (匿名的) tests, boys perform better. In fact, the gender gap in reading 7 by a third when teachers don’t know the gender of the pupil they are marking. So what can be done to close this gap? Getting boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help. And offering boys a 8 to read non-fiction would help too: they’re keener on comics and newspapers. But most of all, abandoning gender stereotypes (旧模式) would 74 all students. Thus, boys in all countries with the best schools read much better than girls. As we know, girls in Shanghai, Singapore and Seoul are good at mathematics, and they 75 boys from anywhere else in the world. 1．A．awkward B．wealthy C．patriotic D．rotten 2．A．scores B．database C．shelter D．wisdom 3．A．fashionable B．reliable C．relevant D．equal 4．A．stable B．vague C．obvious D．logical 5．A．However B．In addition C．Similarly D．Instead 6．A．intention B．comment C．preparation D．performance 7．A．In brief B．On average C．On the contrary D．In addition 8．A．researched B．designed C．assigned D．assumed 9．A．virtual B．realistic C．reusable D．artificial 10．A．process B．disaster C．responsibility D．pressure 11．A．experts B．authorities C．adults D．peers 12．A．develops B．widens C．narrows D．forms 13．A．chance B．volunteer C．favour D．resource 14．A．melt B．survive C．threaten D．benefit 15．A．purchase B．overtake C．hire D．challenge Passage 3 【来源】上海市闵行区上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2023-2024学年期中英语试题 The disposable culture The disposable (一次性的) culture started small. In1892 William Painter, founder of the Baltimore Bottle Seal Company, patented the bottle cap. The bottles were returned and refilled, but the bottle caps were 1 . They only worked once. Painter’s chief salesman at the time was called Mr Gillette, who went on to apply the same principle to his own invention, the disposable version-cameras, contact lenses, barbecues- but the 2 has been taken a step further. For 3 reasons, most of the electrical equipment that we buy for the home is effectively disposable. This is because it is usually cheaper to 4 them than to mend them. This applies not just to radios and toasters, but also to fridges, televisions and dishwashers. We now live in a disposable culture. Most people feel 5 this new trend. We know we should be reducing the amount of waste we produce and recycling as much as possible although despite all our efforts, landfill continues to increase. It’s hard to slip a CD player into the bottom of the rubbish these days without feeling 6 especially if you suspect that all it needs is a simple repair. But who 7 that sort of thing these days? And how much would they charge you? With persistence, one may still 8 someone out there willing to make the necessary repairs to your broken bread-making machine, but even they will feel obliged to inform you that, given the likely price of the 9 , you’ d probably be better off throwing away the old one and buying the latest model. To 10 that something should be mended even though that will cost more than a brand-new replacement is weird, to say the least. This dilemma (困境) occasionally 11 the possibility of fixing the damaged goods yourself. If something is next to 12 anyway, why not take it apart and see if you can figure out what’s wrong? I have had particular luck with cheap, plastic, battery-operated children’s toys, where bad manufacture is usually the cause of the 13 and some strong glue or tape is usually all it needs to put it right. Small children tend to be impressed by this sort of thing, which is probably the only reason I bother. I wouldn’t suggest you attempt to repair your own microwave, although I managed it once. It was one of the most 14 experiences of my life a difficult success to mention in casual conversation, perhaps, but I’m still trying. While some repairs are certainly beyond the ability of the ordinary consumer, many are unbelievably simple. Finding willing 15 may be almost impossible, but tracking down spare parts has never been easier now that you can look on the Internet. There are also hundreds of sites offering step-by-step instructions for making repairs. 1．A．turned out B．thrown away C．held out D．kept away 2．A．invention B．concept C．version D．equipment 3．A．historic B．political C．cultural D．economic 4．A．replace B．produce C．maintain D．launch 5．A．motivated by B．accustomed to C．uncomfortable about D．independent of 6．A．wise B．relieved C．bored D．guilty 7．A．removes B．discovers C．fixes D．adjusts 8．A．tell B．miss C．find D．affect 9．A．service B．machine C．information D．part 10．A．doubt B．insist C．know D．recall 11．A．takes up B．puts up C．makes up D．opens up 12．A．worthless B．familiar C．priceless D．unavailable 13．A．fault B．stage C．mistake D．ease 14．A．popular B．disappointing C．accidental D．satisfying 15．A．managers B．salesmen C．repairmen D．deliverers 话题 5 性格与成长 探讨性格的稳定性与变化、不同年龄段的认知特点、个人习惯对性格与行为的影响，展现人类成长过程中的心理与行为规律。 P1：《Good news for awkward teenagers around the world...》：基于持续时间最长的人格研究，发现人从青少年到老年性格变化巨大，老年性格与年轻时几乎难以辨认。短时间内性格看似稳定，但间隔时间越长，性格关联性越弱，说明性格并非一成不变，为青少年成长提供启示。 P2：《Most of us know someone who is always late...》：分析习惯性迟到的原因：遗传父母的时间观念、文化背景（如巴西人比美国人时间观念松散）、“时间乐观主义”（低估完成事情的时间）、拖延症、对熟悉路线的时间误判、不愿提前到达（讨厌等待），并给出解决建议（承诺早到、预留缓冲时间）。 P3：《The part of the environmental movement that draws...》：虽聚焦环保建筑，但提及人们对环保的认知变化（从忽视到重视），以及通过选择环保材料（如绿色涂料）、可回收产品（如可循环地毯）改变行为习惯，体现个人观念与习惯的成长，间接关联性格与成长话题（环保意识的提升也是一种成长）。 Passage 1 Good news for awkward teenagers around the world.As time goes by,you could 191 up like a completely different person. This comes from the longest running personality study ever 192 by scientists.According to researchers from the University of Edinburgh in the U.K,our personality changes so much from youth to old age that most people's personalities in older age are barely 193 compared to their younger selves. The researchers analyzed results from a study in 1947,which gathered 1,208 teenagers in Scotland aged 14 and asked their teachers to 194 .Their personalities based on six traits(特征) Now more than six decades later,the University of Edinburgh team has managed to contact 635 of the 195 students,and 174 agreed to have their personalities tested once more. At an average age of 76.7 years old,the group were asked to 196 themselves on the same six personality traits,then pick a close friend or family member to do the same. By 197 the then-and-now test results,the researchers found that there is hardly a relationship between traits people had as teenagers and those in their older years. It was"as if the second tests had been given to 198 people,"the study's researchers wrote in their report,which was published in journal Psychology and Aging. The results were a surprise because research in the past found personality 199 in people tested from childhood to middle-age,and from middle-age to older age. As the team explained,our personality appears stable over short intervals- 200 so throughout adulthood. 201 ,the longer the intervals between two tests of personality,the 202 the relationship between the two tends to be. It is clear that more studies are needed to find out what is going on here.but it could be the first 203 that is not just our cells that are being 204 throughout life--the way we think,feel and behave might not be as 205 as we once thought. 1．A．hold B．wake C．end D．cheer 2．A．carried out B．applied to C．participated in D．made up 3．A．incredible B．accessible C．changeable D．recognizable 4．A．assemble B．assess C．assume D．access 5．A．alternative B．individual C．original D．separate 6．A．score B．rate C．comment D．remark 7．A．comparing B．reviewing C．presenting D．observing 8．A．young B．similar C．amateur D．different 9．A．combination B．stability C．transformation D．flexibility 10．A．increasingly B．strangely C．subsequently D．obviously 11．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．However D．Otherwise 12．A．stronger B．closer C．further D．weaker 13．A．option B．sign C．symptom D．cause 14．A．replaced B．exposed C．divided D．cultivated 15．A．stuck in mud B．buried in sand C．lost in thought D．set in stone Passage 2 【来源】上海市洋泾中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 Most of us know someone who is always late — a person who seems to have a chronic blind spot when it comes to timekeeping. It can become a source of jokey banter (无恶意的玩笑) among friends, but in another context it can have serious and stressful 1 from being late for work, meetings to missing flights and doctors’ appointments. There could be various reasons why you’re 2 late. First, you could just be really relaxed. This might be linked to the way you were 3 — perhaps you inherited your parents’ relaxed attitude to timekeeping. This might have something to do with your 4 heritage (遗产), too. For instance, there’s evidence that people in some countries, such as Brazil, tend to be much less 5 than those in America. Zooming in on some specific psychological processes, you could be what some psychologists call a “time 6 ” — that is, you tend to underestimate how long things will take. A related issue is procrastination. Getting to places on time means being able to stop what you’re doing and prepare to 7 . Being a procrastinator might affect your ability to do that in a timely fashion. Another 8 reason that could contribute to your problem, at least in some contexts, is 9 with particular routes — the walk to your local bus stop, for example, or across campus from your halls of residence to a lecture theatre. A fascinating study by psychologists at the University of California and University College London found that we tend to 10 the time it will take us to traverse (横越) highly familiar physical spaces. One final causal factor to consider is whether you are 11 to arrive early. Of course, it’s very difficult to plan to arrive anywhere exactly on time, so being punctual usually means being early. You might not even 12 it at a conscious level, but perhaps you hate waiting around. If these reasons 13 you can begin to address them. One simple, powerful step you can take is to make a firm 14 not to just be on time, but to be early. Get into the habit of breaking down, in realistic detail, how long it’ll take to get to where you need to be, then add on a generous buffer — say, 15 minutes. The longer the journey, the longer you should make the buffer. If you hate the idea of 15 , think about how you’ll spend all this extra waiting time — catch up with text messages, play online chess or get stuck into a language-learning app, for example. 1．A．consequences B．experiences C．associations D．scenery 2．A．deliberately B．routinely C．preferably D．ritually 3．A．introduced B．accepted C．raised D．trained 4．A．global B．cultural C．environmental D．natural 5．A．outgoing B．diligent C．patient D．tense 6．A．achiever B．professional C．wanderer D．optimist 7．A．abandon B．overturn C．depart D．deposit 8．A．general B．professional C．particular D．mental 9．A．association B．uniformity C．overfamiliarity D．similarity 10．A．assess B．overlook C．underestimate D．overstate 11．A．anxious B．reluctant C．determined D．thrilled 12．A．tackle B．detect C．justify D．neglect 13．A．resolve B．refer C．accumulate D．exist 14．A．appointment B．commitment C．statement D．transition 15．A．catching up B．holding out C．meeting up D．hanging around Passage 3 【来源】上海市吴淞中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中试卷英语试题 The part of the environmental movement that draws my firm’s attention is the design of buildings. Today, thousands of people come to 1 building conferences, and the idea that buildings can be good for people and the environment will be increasingly 2 in years to come. Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration weren’t designed for 3 use. The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis 4 indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So for 20 years, we’ve been looking for ways to make these materials 5 for people and the planet. Home builders can now use materials, such as green paints, that release significantly 6 amounts of chemical compounds, which people believe don’t 7 the quality of the air. 8 , our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating 9 healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil or 10 by industry again and again. For example, the world’s largest carpet manufacturer has already 11 a carpet that is fully and safely recyclable. Look at it this way: no one 12 to create a building that destroy the planet. But our current industrial systems are basically causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So 13 of simply trying to reduce the damage, we are 14 a positive approach. We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a 15 effect on the world. It is not just the building industry, either. Entire cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. 1．A．commercial B．green C．traditional D．simple 2．A．efficient B．changeable C．influential D．effective 3．A．relevant B．indoor C．flexible D．outdoor 4．A．revealed B．demonstrated C．exhibited D．discovered 5．A．careful B．comfortable C．stable D．safe 6．A．reduced B．revised C．delayed D．defined 7．A．destroy B．deny C．dissolve D．depress 8．A．Therefore B．Besides C．Instead D．However 9．A．exactly B．completely C．partially D．superficially 10．A．restored B．regained C．reused D．replaced 11．A．developed B．stretched C．researched D．constructed 12．A．sets in B．sets about C．sets out D．sets up 13．A．instead B．because C．out D．regardless 14．A．adjusting B．adopting C．adapting D．admitting 15．A．functional B．sensible C．beneficial D．precious 话题 6 社会文化与平等 关注社会文化中的性别平等、种族歧视、消费文化等议题，探讨不同群体的生存现状与社会观念的进步。 P1：《The picture of miseries and sufferings of the black woman in America...》：揭露美国黑人女性的悲惨遭遇：自奴隶制时期起遭受种族与性别双重压迫（工资最低、从事最底层工作），作为母亲目睹孩子被贩卖、缺乏教育、入狱，同时面临男性（黑人与白人）的虐待，导致自我认同缺失。指出美国女权主义对黑人女性意义特殊，黑人女性是天生的女权主义者。 P2：《Celebrity has become one of the most important representatives...》：分析名人文化对消费的影响：公众消费从关注产品本身转向关注名人关联产品，时尚杂志用名人而非模特做封面，名人从代言产品转向开发自有品牌（如服装线）。同时指出名人品牌的风险（过度高估自身吸引力导致失败），反映消费文化中 “名人效应” 的利弊。 P3：《China is a country of gamers. However, many Chinese have long grieved...》：讲述中国游戏公司 GameScience 开发的《黑神话：悟空》打破中国无优质 3A 游戏的困境，该游戏基于《西游记》改编，艺术与设计出色，但也存在战斗模式单一、章节选择有限等问题。体现中国文化 IP 的创新与突破，以及国产游戏产业的成长，反映文化自信的提升。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市位育中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 The picture of miseries and sufferings of the black woman in America may appear, perhaps darker and more depressing than Dante’s (但丁) description of Hell because in the history of human race, the black woman in America has suffered the most. A close and critical 1 of the history of the black woman’s life and condition since ber arrival in a strange land will unfold very well the long story of her pain and sorrow 2 her mutilated (残缺不全的) soul. Since her arrival on the foreign shore, the black woman has been facing the worst kind of 3 and oppression. As a black she has had to endure all the horrors of slavery and has been the 4 of continually inhumane treatment in all kinds of work, 5 the lowest place on the wage scale and restricted to the lowest-status and the most uncreative jobs. Since times of slavery, black womanhood has been destroyed, twisted and abused with racial and inhuman 6 by black men and white men and women. In the process, they have lost their genuine “self” and have developed a（n） 7 in themselves — though as black women, they see themselves with the eyes of white men and women and black men. This has ultimately been responsible for the destruction of their self-confidence and the feeling of being human. They 8 themselves as masters’ belongings. As a mother she has seen her children sold into slavery. She has seen them left at home without attention while she 9 to the needs of the children of the ruling class. She has seen her children suffer from drug addiction, the 10 of decent education and experience attacks by a racist society, and 11 the prisons of this nation. In addition, besides suffering the common fate of all oppressed people, the African-American women continue to 12 the oppression of women by men, which existed for long. In the home she becomes “the slave of a slave.” Men may be cruelly treated and subjected to all sorts of dehumanizing treatment on the part of the ruling class. 13 , at least they can take out their frustration on someone else, their women. Thus, feminism in America means much more than what it stands for in other European countries, chiefly because it has different role and meaning 14 the black women. If a feminist is commonly defined as one who is involved in transforming and 15 familiar realities, then black women are innate (天生的) feminists. Black women writing exhibits and constructs a Black women’s literary tradition that is inherently feminist. Barbara Smith, an influential Black feminist critic, states that the ability of Black women to survive in the face of White America exhibits an innate feminist potential. 1．A．respect B．comment C．account D．judgement 2．A．associated with B．completed with C．involved in D．joined by 3．A．exploration B．exhaustion C．exploitation D．explosion 4．A．article B．item C．substance D．object 5．A．including B．occupying C．consuming D．striking 6．A．procedures B．process C．descriptions D．practices 7．A．complexity B．anxiety C．simplicity D．gravity 8．A．look to B．look upon C．look over D．look through 9．A．took B．kept C．attended D．appealed 10．A．richness B．lack C．variety D．possibility 11．A．populate B．emphasize C．charge D．criticize 12．A．undertake B．underline C．undervalue D．undergo 13．A．Therefore B．Additionally C．However D．Moreover 14．A．with respect to B．in line with C．in addition to D．in parallel with 15．A．reappointing B．representing C．reconsidering D．reinterpreting Passage 2 【来源】上海市控江中学2022-2023学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 Celebrity has become one of the most important representatives of popular culture. Fans used to be crazy about a specific film, but now the public 1 to base its consumption on the interest of celebrity attached to any given product. Besides, fashion magazines have almost 2 the practice of putting models on the cover because they don’t sell nearly as well as famous 3 . As a result, celebrities have realized their unbelievably powerful market potential, moving from advertising for others’ products to 4 their own. Celebrity clothing lines aren’t a 5 new phenomenon, but in the past they were typically aimed at the ordinary consumers, and 6 a few TV actresses. Today they’re started by first-class stars whose products enjoy equal fame with some world top 7 . The most successful start-ups have been those by celebrities with 8 personal style. As celebrities become more and more experienced at the market, they expand their production scale rapidly, 9 almost all the products of daily life. However, for every success story, there’s a related 10 tale of a celebrity who overvalued his consumer appeal. No matter how famous the product’s 11 is, if it fails to impress consumers with its own qualities, it begins to resemble an exercise in self-promotional marketing. And once the 12 attention dies down, consumer interest might fade, loyalty returning to tried-and-true labels. Today, celebrities face even more severe embarrassment. The pop-cultural circle might be bigger than ever, but its rate of turnover has speeded up as well. Each misstep threatens to 13 a celebrity’s shelf life, and the same newspaper or magazine that once brought him fame has no problem picking him to pieces when the opportunity appears. 14 , the ego’s (自我的) potential for expansion is limitless. Having already achieved great wealth and public recognition, many celebrities see fashion as the next frontier to be conquered. As the saying goes, success and failure always go hand in hand. Their success as 15 might last a lifetime, but fashion-like celebrity-has always been short-lived. 1．A．tends B．returns C．aims D．means 2．A．abandoned B．delayed C．established D．assumed 3．A．films B．faces C．issues D．stories 4．A．inventing B．composing C．exploring D．developing 5．A．dramatically B．completely C．steadily D．normally 6．A．taken by B．set for C．limited to D．listed on 7．A．brands B．trends C．sales D．editions 8．A．common B．specific C．potential D．artificial 9．A．promoting B．extending C．engaging D．covering 10．A．disappointing B．warning C．greeting D．amazing 11．A．origin B．organization C．release D．intention 12．A．continuous B．crazy C．initial D．sincere 13．A．strike B．isolate C．promote D．reduce 14．A．Still B．Thus C．Moreover D．Indeed 15．A．stars B．models C．designers D．advertisers Passage 3 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校等四校联考2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 China is a country of gamers. However, many Chinese have long grieved over Chinese tech firms’ inability to produce a video game as thrilling as “Grand Theft Auto” or “World of Warcraft” (which originated in Scotland and America 1 . GameScience, based in Hangzhou, is hoping to 2 the dilemma. GameScience strived to create a game world that would be a 3 for “Grand Theft Auto”. Luckily, its blockbuster game, “Black Myth: Wukong”, has gone viral overnight since the first release. As a veteran video gamer, I logged on Wukong immediately. I would describe it as a game that appears truly incredible in terms of art and game design, but also falters on so many things elsewhere that the whole experience feels hollow? Though there were many times that Black Myth: Wukong had made my 4 , there were an equal number of moments that left me 5 to the point where I wasn’t sure if I would even finish the game. Let’s start from the game’s 6 . You can reset all the points you have gained at any checkpoint so that you can essentially experiment with what works best for you in certain situations. But I found focusing on one combat stance(战斗模式) makes the most sense to fully power up all your abilities rather than 7 and wasting points on abilities that you probably won’t use that much. However, it confuses me why we are given all this customization only to be locked into 8 choices or non-choices for the rest of the game. At the end of each chapter, you are allowed to pick a single passive benefit out of three. Too bad, this choice is (as far as I can tell) final— hopefully you have the 9 to know ahead of time precisely what build you want to have hours later. The combat is also a 10 bag. Dodging(闪避) is your main way of evading damage, but some of the late-game bosses don’t really give you much 11 room. Besides, just attacking with an extendable staff, Wukong also lets you use magic spells in combat. They are incredibly useful in battle but use up your magic meter, forcing you to decide when is the best time to use them. “Immobilize”, 12 , freezes an enemy letting you smack it for a few seconds until its effect 13 . Finally, you can call on defeated spirits who can be equipped and called out mid-combat like Pokémon to assist you. 14 , I can see a 10/10 in this game somewhere, but multiple questionable-level design and game design choices unfortunately drag it down. Anyway, the combat offers you plenty of ways to experiment what works for you, but it also offers you enough difficulty keeping you on your toes and adapting to each new situation. While its world is not 15 to explore or to comprehend, Wukong’s rewards are worth it and make for a thrilling journey of discovery. 1．A．comparably B．respectively C．respectably D．independently 2．A．transform B．reserve C．reverse D．avoid 3．A．match B．signal C．symbol D．fit 4．A．chin rise B．jaw drop C．shoulders shrug D．eyebrow lift 5．A．frustrated B．concerned C．thrilled D．amazed 6．A．energetics B．mechanics C．logistics D．tactics 7．A．powering them down B．levelling them down C．evening them out D．giving them out 8．A．permanent B．temporary C．contemporary D．momentous 9．A．intelligence B．insight C．foresight D．wisdom 10．A．mixed B．neutral C．thrilled D．confused 11．A．training B．waiting C．changing D．breathing 12．A．in turn B．in other words C．in fact D．for example 13．A．keeps up B．cancels out C．holds on D．wears off 14．A．Overall B．Conversely C．Besides D．Essentially 15．A．the oddest B．the likeliest C．the hardest D．the easiest 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $