考前押题07 六选四题（期中专项训练）高二英语上学期上海通用

专题07 六选四题 话题1 科技应用与影响 话题4 社会人物与文化 话题2 生物与生态 话题5 记忆与认知 话题3 个人成长与心理 话题6 网络与媒体 话题 1 科技应用与影响 聚焦科技产品（如 AI、动作捕捉技术、无人机等）的原理、应用场景及带来的利弊，探讨科技对生活、行业、社会的多方面影响。 1.《In game development, the drive for realism and immersion never stops》：介绍游戏开发中动作捕捉（mocap）技术的发展历程、工作原理（记录真人动作并映射到数字角色），以及其在提升游戏真实感、加快动画制作流程、激发创造力等方面的优势，展现科技对游戏行业的革新作用。 2.《Have you ever wondered what you would look like as a cartoon character...》：讲解 AI 文本生成图像技术的工作机制（通过机器学习大量图像并存储细节，根据文本指令生成独特图像），提及该技术为艺术家提供灵感，但也存在训练图像包含暴力内容、开源技术可移除内容过滤等风险，分析科技的双面性。 3.《A child’s view of intelligent machines》：通过对 4-11 岁儿童的研究，发现儿童易将 Roomba 扫地机器人、Alexa 智能音箱等科技产品视为有思想、情感的存在，且年龄越小认知越明显，揭示人类对智能机器的天然直觉，为理解科技与人类认知的关系提供参考。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市同济大学第二附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 In game development, the drive for realism and immersion (沉浸体验) never stops. One key tool for achieving lifelike animation is motion capture, or mocap. This technology has revolutionized the gaming industry by transforming the way characters move and interact in a virtual world. Motion capture has come a long way since its early days. 1 Since the 1990s, game studios have adopted this tool to bring characters to life. The process involves recording the movements of real people in 3D space. The capture environment is carefully set up to ensure precise tracking. Actors wear suits equipped with markers or sensors and perform various actions, from complex combat scenes to subtle facial expressions. 2 Animators further adjust the movements to make sure they fit well with the game’s overall visual style. Mocap’s precise recording of human movement adds to the realism of in-game animation. It gives players a more immersive experience, making them feel as if they were part of the virtual world. 3 Traditional animation requires animators to design each frame (帧) carefully, which can take a lot of time. Mocap, by contrast, captures movements in real time, which reduces editing time and the need for additional retakes (镜头重拍). The simplified workflow allows game studios to meet tight deadlines while still delivering high-quality products. 4 With this tool, animators can try out different performances and capture a wide range of emotions and actions. It would take much longer to do this by hand. The more mocap is used, the more time animators have to perfect their work and make each movement as expressive as possible. A．Mocap isn’t just about saving time; it encourages creativity as well. B．Despite its many benefits, mocap comes with its own set of challenges. C．Beyond improving immersion, mocap speeds up the animation process. D．Looking ahead, we see that motion capture will continue to shape the gaming industry. E．Initially, it was mainly used in films to capture realistic movements for animated characters. F．The recorded data is then cleaned to remove noise or errors and mapped onto digital characters Passage 2 【来源】上海市宝山区2023~2024学年高三上学期期末教学质量监测试卷英语试卷 Have you ever wondered what you would look like as a cartoon character or a marvel superhero? With the power of artificial intelligence (AI) text-to-image generators, you can create images just like that - without any art skills. 1 How does it work? AI text-to-image generators are trained through a process called machine learning. In this process, the generator’s “brain” is fed massive numbers of images and learns to distinguish what they are. But the generator doesn’t just learn to tell the difference between a banana and a balloon. 2 These pixel-level details are then stored in a mathematical space. When someone gives the generator a text passage such as “Doraemon riding a white horse,” the program uses algorithms (算法) to “think.” Moments later, the program will create an entirely unique image that you requested. Some artists worry that they are being replaced by this technology. But other artists like to cooperate with the generator, using its power for ideas and inspiration. This powerful tool is now available to anyone through generators like Stable Diffusion and DALL-E. You can use them to create all kinds of imaginative images. 3 The dark side Generators like Stable Diffusion are trained using images that are gathered from all over the internet. But the training process doesn’t exclude (排除) images that are violent or inappropriate, so the generators “learn” those as well. The DALL-E program comes with built-in filters that prevent it from generating perverse (变态的) images. But Stable Diffusion is an open-source technology, meaning that people can modify its code and remove the content filters. Despite this, Stable Diffusion’s founder Emad Mostaque remains optimistic about how people will use his generator. He says, “The bad stuff that people create ... will be a very, very small percentage of the total use.” For better or for worse, 2 But don’t generate anything you’d be ashamed to show your mother! A．But this technology can be dangerous as well. B．You just need to have some experience with technology as well as a proper computer. C．Therefore, AI technology will be used more and more wildly in the future. D．AI text-to-image generators will become as common and easy to use as Google image search. E．Rather, it will categorize every possible detail. F．Meanwhile, the generator can help people to recognize various information accurately. Passage 3 话题 2 生物与生态 围绕动物的特殊生存方式、人类活动对生态的影响、生物与环境的适应关系展开，展现生物世界的多样性与生态保护的重要性。 1.《The biology of sleep: Forty thousand naps near the sea》：介绍帽带企鹅独特的睡眠模式（成千上万次短暂小憩），分析其原因：一是为应对棕贼鸥等外部威胁，在孵蛋时保持警惕；二是企鹅栖息地嘈杂，中心区域竞争激烈，边缘区域更易入睡，体现动物对环境的适应。 2.《Is Tom Really the Natural Enemy of Jerry?》：探讨猫是否真的是老鼠天敌，指出猫捕鼠行为与其个性（部分猫对捕鼠无兴趣）、环境（室内猫因未接触狩猎或吃饱而忽略老鼠）、本能反应（对类似蛇的移动物体敏感，但可能因从未见过老鼠而警惕）相关，打破 “猫必捕鼠” 的固有认知。 3.《Soil conservation methods help farmers protect their land...》：介绍土壤保护方法中的防风林技术，说明防风林由树木和植物构成，能防止土壤流失、保护农作物（如西非地区谷物收成提高 20%），还提及防风林的科学设计（保留 60%-80% 植被密度、至少两行布局）及额外价值（提供木材、为动物遮阳），体现人类对生态保护的实践。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高二上学期11月期中英语试题 The biology of sleep: Forty thousand naps near the sea Sleep is a bit of an evolutionary mystery. A sleeping animal cannot look for food, defend its territory or flee from danger. The fact that sleep is nonetheless common among animals suggests its restorative powers are essential. So does the fact that, if laboratory animals are deprived of it for long enough, they die. Some animals, though, have developed unique ways to balance the need for sleep and the need for staying alert. Dolphins and ducks can sleep with only half their brains at a time, leaving the other half alert. 1 Chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅), it seems, take their sleep in the form of thousands of tiny micro-naps. The researchers captured 14 penguins on King George Island, and their brain activity was tracked remotely through electrodes. While ducks sleep in long stretches, the researchers discovered that the penguins were napping for just a few seconds at a time, hundreds of times an hour. They offer two explanations for the penguins’ sleep patterns. The first is to do with external threats. Penguins often incubate (孵化) their eggs alone while their partners are away foraging for food. Colonies are threatened by brown skuas (棕贼鸥). 2 Broken sleep may be an evolutionarily smart way of getting some shut-eye during long egg-guarding watches while still remaining able to react to danger. 3 Birds with nests near the edge of the colony ought to be at greater risk than those in the centre. But birds on the edges of the colony seemed to enjoy longer and deeper naps than those near the middle. That leads to the second suggestion, which is to do with the penguins themselves. Penguin colonies are noisy, crowded places, and threats may come from within as well as without. 4 Birds in the bustling, crime-ridden centre of the colony may simply find it harder to get any shut-eye than those living in the safer, quieter suburbs. Choosing between those theories will require more research. Both, of course, could prove to be true. A．But that is complicated by another of the researchers’ findings. B．They are predatory birds that will gladly seize unattended eggs. C．Now a paper by Libourel and Lee reports another clever adaptation. D．The birds may readily steal nesting materials from unguarded neighbours, for instance. E．But the fact that the birds are able to incubate eggs under such conditions proves the naps useful. F．Like ducks, chinstrap penguins can sleep with either their whole brain or with just one hemisphere at a time. Passage 2 【来源】上海市青浦高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 Is Tom Really the Natural Enemy of Jerry? I’ve seen such scenes for many times — some cats are not interested in catching mice, and even seem genuinely afraid of mice. How can a natural hunter be like this? Are mice really more aggressive now? 1 Some cats hunt and kill, others play with prey before killing it, and some, like mine, scamper up the stairs wailing at their own shadow. All cats, like people, have personalities and preferences. Moreover, it has much to do with the environment whether a cat is a qualified mice hunter. When cats live indoors and are not exposed to hunting or game, they may ignore mice. While they have natural hunting instincts, most cats are not professional mice hunters. Cats which live in a house are usually well-fed and will only pursue mice for fun. 22 However, cats have lightning-fast reflexes (本能反应) and frequently leap before they realize why, especially if something resembles the way a snake moves. 2 The truth is, they may never see one if they’ve always been in the house. Cats are highly alert to other creatures that could damage or kill them. Rats, on the other hand, are even more dangerous. A giant rat is not a prey that a cat would pursue. The rats’ bite could injure or infect the cat with a deadly disease. What can we do to naturally keep away from mice? Regarding which cat is the best for hunting mice, the cat breed is unimportant. 3 Get two of them, but ensure you are feeding them and providing them with medical treatment rather than simply employing them to kill mice and failing to care for them properly. A．A shelter cat which had previously lived outside is a good choice. B．Actually, it is mainly dependent on the cat. C．If they’ve never seen one, they’re correct to be suspicious! D．That is to say, if the cat is full, curiosity is the only motivation to deal with a moving creature. E．Most of the time, it’s not that the cat is afraid of such creatures. F．Cats are intelligent when deciding which target to follow and which to avoid. Passage 3 【来源】上海市闸北第八中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中英语试卷 Soil conservation methods help farmers protect their land from the damage caused by farming and the forces of nature. One method of soil conservation is the use of windbreaks. Windbreaks are barriers formed by trees and other plants. 53 Windbreaks help prevent the loss of soil. They stop the wind from blowing soil away. They also keep the wind from damaging or destroying crops. Windbreaks can be highly valuable for protecting grain crops. For example, studies have been done on windbreaks in parts of West Africa. These studies found that grain harvests were as much as twenty percent higher in fields protected by windbreaks compared to fields without them. 1 They seem to work best when they allow some wind to pass through the barrier of trees or plants around a field. If not, then the movement of air close to the ground will lift the soil. Then the soil will be blown away. For this reason, a windbreak works best if it contains only sixty to eighty percent of the trees and plants that would be needed to make a solid line. An easy rule to remember is that windbreaks can protect areas up to ten times the height of the tallest trees in the windbreak. There should be at least two lines in each windbreak. 2 The second line, right next to it, can be shorter trees and other plants with leaves. Locally grown trees and plants are considered the best choices for windbreaks. Windbreaks not only protect land and crops from the wind. Surplus trees can be cut down and used or sold for wood. Trees reduce the damaging effects of wind and rain. Their roots help protect soil from being washed away. And trees can provide another valuable service for agriculture. 56 A．Crops in fields can be protected by windbreaks. B．Farmers plant these barriers around their fields. C．One line should be large trees. D．But here is something interesting about windbreaks. E．Then the soil will be washed away. F．They can provide grazing animals with shade from the sun. 话题 3 个人成长与心理 涵盖冒险对个人成长的作用、自言自语的心理价值、儿童与成人的认知差异等，探讨影响个人心理与成长的因素及规律。 1.《The Role of Adventure in Personal Growth》：指出冒险的本质是走出舒适区，能培养韧性、提升自我认知、促进神经可塑性（增强大脑敏捷度），还能建立自信并迁移到生活各领域（如职业发展、社交），以疫情期间冒险者更具适应力为例，强调冒险对个人成长的积极意义。 2.《Your Own Best Friend》：打破 “自言自语是疯狂迹象” 的误区，指出自言自语是重要思考工具，儿童通过 “私人言语” 调节行为，成人将其内化，且用第二人称自我对话效果更佳，还提到运动员等群体仍会大声自我激励，说明自言自语对心理调节的价值。 3.《Young children value the lives of animals more than adults do》：通过实验发现，6-9 岁儿童中约 42% 会选择救狗而非人（成人仅 17%），28% 优先救黑猩猩而非人（成人仅 11%），分析原因：儿童将 “关心他人” 规则适用于人与动物，成人受文化影响更重视人类生命，且与狗接触多的儿童更倾向救狗，展现不同年龄段的认知差异。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市上海中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 The Role of Adventure in Personal Growth In a world that often confines us within the boundaries of routine and familiarity, inviting in adventure can boost growth and well-being. The very essence of adventure—stepping beyond comfort zones, facing new challenges, and embracing uncertainty—is a gateway accessible to most to personal transformation. It propels us into experiences that are not only thrilling but also deeply enriching. 1 Instead, it provides a unique landscape for cultivating resilience, enhancing self-awareness, and rediscovering the joy of learning through experience. Whether navigating the rapids of a river, exploring a new culture, or undertaking a creative endeavor, each adventure carries the potential to reshape our perspectives, improve our mental strength and add a vibrant layer to the carpet of our lives. The true value of adventure lies not just in the excitement of the moment but in the lasting impact it has on our journey towards a resilient self. The COVID-19 pandemic, a period of great global challenge, provided a testing ground for highlighting the intrinsic value of adventure-based activities. When the world faced lockdowns, individuals who regularly engaged in adventure activities demonstrated a unique resilience compared to those who lacked adventure. Those engaged in adventure applied the mental frameworks developed through their experiences (e.g., adaptability, problem-solving under pressure, and emotional regulation) to deal with the uncertainties of the pandemic. 2 Moreover, venturing into unexplored territories is not merely an escape from the ordinary; science suggests it’s a vital exercise for our brains. Engaging in adventures stimulates our ability to be adaptative and to solve problems. Yes, we make amazing memories and have wonderful stories to tell, but research suggests we are also fostering neuroplasticity (神经可塑性). 3 Every new adventure, therefore, contributes to making our minds more agile. 4 When we nurture our awareness that we alone can overcome challenges, this earned internal strength isn’t limited to simply overcoming physical barriers. This skill extends to embracing almost any new role or experience that challenges us mentally and emotionally. Whether solving a complex problem, embarking on a new career path, or engaging in a new social setting, the confidence gained from adventures spills over into various aspects of our lives, too. Simply put, adventure is instrumental in shaping a more robust and confident self. A．By taking adventures, we uncover hidden strengths and develop valuable skills. B．Additionally, the role of adventure in building self-confidence is well-studied. C．Adventure, in its many forms, offers more than mere escapism. D．Adventure can challenge us, push our boundaries, and foster a sense of achievement. E．By creating new neural junctions and strengthening existing ones, we enhance our brain’s health and capacity. F．Accordingly, it’s clear that adventure’s benefits extend well beyond leisure of the moment. Passage 2 【来源】上海市第三女子中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 Your Own Best Friend Talking to yourself may seem a little shameful. If you’ve ever been overheard criticizing yourself for a foolish mistake or practicing a tricky speech ahead of time, you’ll have felt the social restriction against communicating with yourself in words. According to the well-known saying, talking to yourself is the first sign of madness. But there’s no need for embarrassment. 1 It allows us to plan what we are going to do, manage our activities, regulate our emotions and even create a narrative of our experience. Take a trip to any preschool and watch a small child playing with her toys. You are very likely to hear her talking to herself: offering herself directions and giving voice to her frustrations. 14 In fact, almost all of us do a lot of private speech when we are young, and as we grow older, we don’t abandon this system-we internalize it. 15 Besides, psychological experiments have further shown that the distancing effect of our words can give us a valuable perspective on our actions. One recent study suggested that self-talk is most effective when we address ourselves in the second person: as “you” rather than “I”. We internalize the private speech we use as children — but we never entirely put away the out-loud version. 2 You’re, sure to see an athlete or two getting themselves ready for a sharp phrase or scolding themselves after a bad shot. Both kinds of self-talk seem to bring a range of benefits to our thinking. Those words to the self, spoken silently or aloud, are so much more than lazy talk. A．If you want proof, turn on the sports channel. B．According to Lev Vygotsky, adults use public speech to control the behavior of others just the same as the young use private speech to regulate their own actions. C．Far from a sign of foolishness, talking to ourselves is actually a valuable tool for thought. D．This so-called inner speech can improve our performance on various tasks. E．Conducting a dialogue with ourselves might turn out to be one of the keys to human creativity. F．Psychologists refer to this as private speech-language that is spoken out loud but directed at the self. Passage 3 【来源】上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试试卷 Young children value the lives of animals more than adults do If you had to save the life of a person or an animal, which would you choose? Most adults say they would pick the person, but almost half of young children would prefer to save the animal, according to a study in Poland. “The finding really surprised us,” says Matti Wilks at the University of Edinburgh, UK. 1 For example, a survey of millions of people in 233 countries, most of them in their 20s and 30s, found they largely agreed that self- driving cars should crash into dogs or cats instead of people if they had to choose. However, growing evidence suggests many young children feel differently. Using a toy railway and Lego figures, Wilks and her colleagues presented 170 children aged 6 to 9 in an urban part of Poland with scenarios based on a thought experiment called the trolley problem. The children had to decide whether to direct a runaway rail car down one of two tracks so that it crashed into a Lego person or a Lego animal — either a dog or chimpanzee. 42 About 42 per cent of the children wanted to save the dog and make the rail car collide with the person, compared with just 17 per cent of adults. About 28 per cent of children also prioritized the chimpanzee over the person, compared with 11 per cent of adults. “Children learn from their parents, teachers and others that it’s really important to care for others, but it may be easier for them to learn this as a blanket rule that applies to both humans and animals,” says Karri Neldner at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. 2 “However, as they get older, they might pick up on cultural narratives that tell us it’s really important to care for other people,” says Neldner. 3 When she asked Australian children aged 4 to 10 to order pictures of people, animals, plants and objects according to how much they cared about them, the 4- year- olds tended to care more about dogs, cats and dolphins than about classmates, police officers and sick people, but this was reversed in the 10- year- olds. The reason children value dogs so highly is probably due to familiarity, says Wilks. Her studies have found that children who spent more time with dogs were more likely to say they would save a dog over a person. A．Most adults view human life as especially precious. B．Her research suggests this shift starts by the age of 10. C．Surprisingly, children were more likely to save a dog over a person. D．For comparison, the researchers repeated this with 178 Polish adults aged 18 to 50. E．As a result, they don’t show a strong preference for saving one over the other, she says. F．About 28 per cent of children aged 5 to 9 said they would save a dog over a person, compared with 8 per cent of adults. 话题 4 社会人物与文化 介绍具有影响力的社会人物事迹、不同地区的文化现象（如机场、祠堂），展现社会个体的贡献与独特的文化景观。 1.《The youngest Nobel Prize Laureate, Malala Yousafzai...》：讲述诺贝尔和平奖得主马拉拉的经历，她因推动女性教育遭塔利班袭击，康复后成立马拉拉基金，在巴基斯坦建学校、助力叙利亚和缅甸女性教育，同时提及对她的不同评价（有人视其为希望，有人认为她受西方影响），展现其对女性教育的贡献与争议。 2.《Hanwengong Shrine》：介绍位于潮州的韩文公祠，建于宋朝，是纪念韩愈的重要遗迹，讲述韩愈被贬潮州后推动教育、农业发展，当地人为纪念他建祠，还提及祠前 51 级台阶对应韩愈到潮州时的年龄、韩愈驱鳄等故事，体现文化纪念与历史传承。 3.《The World’s Worst Airport》：描述南苏丹朱巴机场的糟糕状况，如候机区是闷热帐篷、无厕所和餐饮、安检形同虚设（行李不扫描）、官员随意拦截联合国救援航班、新航站楼建设停滞，展现该地区落后的基础设施与社会管理问题，反映特殊地区的社会现状。 Passage 1 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校等四校联考2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 The youngest Nobel Prize Laureate, Malala Yousafzai, is back in Pakistan after five long years. She is a female activist and focuses on female education. She herself was a victim of a Taliban terrorist attack. On October 9, 2012, in her native town of Swat, while on her way home after taking an exam, she was attacked and injured by the Taliban for her role in promoting education for young females. 1 In 2014, she was the winner of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Kailash Satyarthi, from India. Malala has been a human rights activist since her childhood and was the author of a blog at age 11. Even threats from the Taliban could not change her mind-set and she kept working to promote female education. She established the Malala Fund and received generous donations from all over the world. 2 She has established a very good school in Swat, Pakistan to provide good and affordable education. In addition, she also has worked to promote education among children, especially girls in war-torn Syria. She’s also spoken in defense of the Rohingya people in Myanmar. Her heroes include Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the father of Pakistan, and Benazir Bhutto, former prime minster of Pakistan. Malala is highly educated and was partly brought up in the West. She has a very broad vision and believes in western values. She has a keen interest in Pakistan’s politics. 3 She is ambitious and brave. 4 Some people welcomed her and regarded her as a hope for Pakistan, as she was well educated at famous educational institutions and very well trained in the West. Her contributions for the welfare of females, especially in their education, is very much admired. Others believe that she might be a western envoy (特使) to fulfill a western plan in Pakistan. They think as she was blessed and the beneficiary of the western world, she might play into their hands. Moreover, she was out of Pakistan for the last five years, and may not be well aware of domestic current politics. A．In 2012 and 2013, she was the recipient of Pakistan’s first National Youth Peace Prize. B．On her return to Pakistan, a mixed reaction was observed. C．Pakistan is an open country where freedom of expression is ensured by the constitution. D．She also has expressed a desire to become prime minister of Pakistan. E．She studied philosophy, politics and economics. F．The fund is dedicated only for education, especially for females. Passage 2 【来源】上海市松江区第二中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试题 Hanwengong Shrine Now we come to Hanwengong Shrine, which is beside Hanjiang river and west of Bijia Mountain. 1 In the square in front of the hall, an ancient book-shaped stone is carved with two famous sayings of Han Yu on it, meaning hard work is the precondition for success, and deep thought is the guarantee of success. In the year of A．D．819, for some political reason, Han Yu was exiled (流放) to Chaozhou, a backland at that time. But he was not depressed by this, and he helped local people to develop education, agriculture, irrigation and release slaves. 6 The shrine was built against the mountain and divided into two parts, the front part and the back part. Now we play a small game: count the stone steps. and later I’ll tell you a secret. How many steps are there? Yes, 51 steps! Why? 2 The first time Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was impressed by the beautiful scenery and hospitality of local people. You see that old tree? People say the more flowers in the tree, the more well-educated students are. But in Qing Dynasty, this magic tree, planted by Han Yu himself, died, so people planted this tree instead. 3 Here is one: when Han Yu was living in Chaozhou, there was a very fierce and cruel crocodile in the Hanjiang river, which was a big social harm. One day, Han Yu drafted a statement against the crocodile and made it public by the river. Incredibly, from the next day on, the crocodile was gone. Later, the statue, made of a portrait of Han Yu, was built and his words were left on the monument to mark his achievements. A．When Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was 51 years old. B．Han Yu was a Confucian figure, and there are many stories about him in Chaozhou. C．Although Han Yu’s ideas had no obvious practical effect at the time, they had a great impact on society decades later. D．Built in the Song Dynasty, the shrine is the oldest and best preserved monument to Han Yu, one of the greatest literary men in the Tang dynasty. E．To memorize what he had contributed to the development of Chaozhou, people constructed this shrine and named him Hanwengong respectfully. F．There are so many tourists that. to relieve the pressure on the monuments, the scenic spot requires a maximum of 500 people visit at a time. Passage 3 【来源】上海市曹杨二中2023-2024学年高二上学期期中试卷英语试题 The World’s Worst Airport Like expensive watches that never break, the world’s best airports can be boring. You land, breeze through passport control and check into a hotel within minutes. The experience is pleasant, but not memorable. 1 To adapt Tolstoy, lovely airports are all alike, but every wretched (不幸的) airport is wretched in its own way. Consider Juba, the airport in South Sudan’s capital, which is a hot tent. Planes are often late, so passengers must sweat for hours. The departure hall has no toilets, no food and no queuing system. Lucky is the traveller who finds a chair that is only half-broken. Since dirty water and tropical diseases are common, so are upset stomachs. Tough luck. Travellers should have thought twice before eating salad. 2 Big important people’s servants carry their bags, which are ostentatiously (卖弄地)) passed round, not through, the scanner. Since the machine seldom works, little peopled are in effect up-graded to big important status by not having their bags scanned for guns and explosives, either. South Sudan is at war, so many UN planes take off from Juba carrying aid workers and emergency supplies. 3 When a journalist was booked on a UN flight, he was assured by the government that his papers were in order. Yet at the airport he was told to get a fourth permit, as well as the three expensive ones he had already obtained. This required a trip across town. Predictably, he missed his plane. Juba has three terminals, but only one is in use. After South Sudan became independent in 2011, the government planned to build an airy structure of glass, steel and concrete. 4 In 2016 the government decided to build a more modest terminal. But it, too, stands half-completed and empty, next to the tented camp that people actually have to use. Travellers are advised to bring a good, long book. A．Aggressive officials in sunglasses take pleasure in blocking them. B．Working out which is the world’s worst airport is not easy. C．Security is terrible. D．Work started in 2012, but stopped when the bills were paid. E．The worst airports have more characters. F．Although each awful airport is unique, four themes are very common. 话题 5 记忆与认知 探讨短期记忆的特点、年龄对记忆的影响、人类对平衡等能力的认知，揭示记忆与认知的规律及误区。 1.《The Myth of Short-Term Memory》：指出短期记忆易受干扰，且年龄并非影响短期记忆的主因，20 岁与 70 岁人群都会犯短期记忆错误，差异在于对错误的解读（年轻人归因为睡眠不足，老年人担忧脑损伤），强调无脑部疾病时，85 岁以上老人记忆也无明显衰退，打破 “年龄导致记忆衰退” 的固有认知。 2.《Until we start to lose our balance...》：说明平衡是身体多系统（肌肉、神经、内耳等）的复杂协作能力，失衡与严重健康风险相关（如死亡风险翻倍），指出女性因活动量少平衡能力更易下降，建议通过抗阻力运动（如举重、徒步）早期干预，强调平衡能力需提前维护。 3.《Magazine Articles: More Valuable Than You May Think》：反驳 “杂志低估阅读能力” 的观点，指出杂志文章篇幅短（适合注意力短的儿童）、语言生动（激发阅读兴趣），能培养儿童读新闻的终身习惯，还能拓展视野、促进家庭交流，说明杂志对儿童阅读能力与认知发展的积极作用。 Passage 1 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 The Myth of Short-Term Memory Short-term memory contains the contents of your thoughts right now, including what you intend to do in the next few seconds. 1 You may think about what you’ll say next in a conversation or walk to the hall closet with the intention of getting a pair of gloves. Short-term memory is easily disturbed or disrupted. 2 You do this by thinking about them, perhaps repeating them over and over again (“I’m going to the closet to get gloves”). But any distraction-new thought, someone asking you a question, the telephone ringing-can disrupt your short-term memory. Our ability to automatically restore the contents of our short-term memory declines slightly with every decade after 30. 3 I’ve been teaching undergraduates for my entire career and I can say that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory errors-loads of them. They walk into the wrong classroom; they show up to exams without the prerequisite No.2 pencil; they forget something I had just said two minutes before. These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do. The relevant difference is not age but rather how we describe these events, the stories we tell ourselves about them. Twenty-year-olds don’t think, “Oh, dear, this must be early-onset brain damage.” They think, “I really need to get more than four hours of sleep.” The 70-year-old observes these same events and worries about her brain health. This is not to say that brain damage-related memory impairments (损伤) are fiction. 4 In the absence of brain disease, even the oldest adults show little or no memory or cognitive decline beyond age 85 and 90. A．Actually, it is doing some mental calculations. B．But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed. C．Some aspects of our memory actually get better with age. D．This is widely understood to be a basic problem of aging. E．It depends on your active attention to the items in the “next thing to do” file in your mind. F．Instead, every lapse (记错) of short-term memory doesn’t necessarily indicate a biological disorder. Passage 2 【来源】2024届上海市浦东新区高三下学期三模英语试卷 Until we start to lose our balance, we barely notice that it’s there at all. “It starts for a lot of people with simple stuff,” says Dr Anna Lowe, an expert on healthy ageing and physical activity. “ 1 It’s easy to either miss the signs or just put it down to ageing — but it really is something you can affect.” The key, it is increasingly becoming clear, is to address the decline before it gets serious: and that can happen earlier than you might think. What is balance? Technically, it’s the complex interaction of several different systems in your body — from muscles, nerves, eyesight and the inner ear to the sensory system that lets you recognise where your body is touching the ground, along with movement receptors within your joints that tell you where your body is in space. 50 A lack of balance is, globally, associated with serious health problems. Earlier this year, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published the results of a decade-long study involving more than 1,700 middle-aged participants, which concluded that an inability to balance was associated with an almost twofold increase in risk of death. “ 2 ” agrees Lowe, an associate professor researching strength and balance in midlife. “Older women are far less active than older men, and general activity, just moving around and doing stuff, affects balance a lot. Single-legged movements, such as walking lunges, are a great test of dynamic (动态的) balance, but even bilateral movements, like squats (深蹲), can provide a challenge.” 3 Resistance exercise, whether that means lifting weights or hiking with a backpack, comes with a host of other proven health benefits, from improved bone density to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s. As Locker puts it: everyone’s told to save money for their retirement, and nobody’s taught to save their balance. But both are difficult to get back once they’re gone. A．Early interventions are key, so you’ve got to stay active. B．Perhaps surprisingly, those who deal with it have struggled to settle on a single definition. C．It’s not something we’re born with, but also it’s not something we learn, but an ability that we gain early and lose over time. D．For some people. just try to build in an element of balance and muscle strengthening. E．Maybe you used to be able to quickly stand on one leg to put a shoe on, and you’ve stopped doing that at some point. F．Whatever activity you choose, the lesson is to work on your balance before you need to, not when it becomes an issue. Passage 3 【来源】上海市黄浦区敬业中学2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 Magazine Articles: More Valuable Than You May Think Parents are often surprised when teachers suggest their children read magazines. They feel their kids’ reading abilities have been underestimated. 1 Magazine articles can provide reluctant readers with a lively writing style that can inspire them to read more. 2 So a child can finish reading an article without losing interest due to a short attention span (持续时间) . The writing in magazines also tends to be easy to read, especially if it is a children’s publication. By allowing children to read magazines at an early age, parents are encouraging development of a useful skill. Magazines and newspapers provide adults with critical news. Getting into the habit of reading magazines as a child will develop the lifelong habit of reading news articles. 3 Magazine articles challenge students to think about issues they may have never considered or cause them to rethink their world view. Information is available in a wide variety of reading levels because magazines are written for every audience imaginable. Many publications cover the same material in different writing styles that might make it easier for your child to comprehend. When reading magazines together, family members get to learn about each other’s interest. 4 Once each family member has finished reading each magazine, parents can even design art and writing projects for the whole family to work on. All in all, magazines are valuable for many people, but in particular to children. The skills that they use and strengthen when reading magazines can be applied to further study. Encouraging children to read magazines could change them from a reluctant reader to a lover of reading. A．Reading magazines enables children to be exposed to various subjects. B．Instead, it is necessary to introduce their kids to a wide range of books as well as magazines. C．The benefits of reading magazine articles can be achieved through school activities. D．Children can pass a magazine on to a brother or sister when they finish reading it. E．However, reading magazines offers many benefits to young readers. F．The articles in magazines are generally short. 话题 6 网络与媒体 围绕博客、在线日记等网络媒体的发展历程、特点及影响，展现网络传播方式的演变与作用。 1.《Diary writing has been part of literature...》：介绍网络日记（博客）的发展，1994 年贾斯汀开创先河，1999 年博客平台（如blogger.com）出现后普及，2001 年达百万个博客，博客能快速报道新闻且互动性强，2003 年谷歌收购blogger.com后可投放广告，热门博客月入数千美元，体现网络媒体的发展与商业价值。 2.《What Happens During a School Pep Rally?》：虽聚焦学校动员大会，但提及通过校园公告等媒体提前宣传（如精神周、竞赛报名），动员大会后学生通过交流等方式延续热情，体现校园内部媒体对集体活动的推动，展现小型社会群体中的信息传播与文化凝聚。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市浦东新区2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 Diary writing has been part of literature all over the world since ancient times. And online diaries today are making the genre more popular than ever. The first online writing of this type is thought to be Justin Hall’s Links from the Underground. Justin wrote a detailed and honest account of his life between 1994 and 2005. At its peak, his website was receiving thousands of visitors a day. Three years after Justin’s first post, someone came up with a term for what he, and a few other people, were writing — a weblog. The word comes from the words web and log. 9 The early bloggers needed some technical computing skills to make their pages. But from 1999, websites as blogger.com, which helped anyone to publish their own blog, started to appear. 1 By 2001 there were about a million blogs on the internet — from “what I had for breakfast, lunch and dinner today” blogs, receiving few, if any, visits — to protesting anti-war blogs, read and commented on by hundreds of people every hour. 2 They can report on news events within a few minutes and can include photos and even video. Their readers can participate in the debate on the blogs and can add additional information and links. The news has never been so interactive. About 60 million people now self-publish their diaries, thoughts and observations online — although this is undoubtedly an overestimation because many of them are no longer being updated. 3 When Google bought blogger.com in 2003, it gave its users the ability to put adverts on their websites. Popular blogs are now able to earn thousands of dollars each month through this method, with advertising on blogs now a multi-million-dollar business. A．The non-stop rise of blogs is in part due to money. B．Then the phenomenon of blogging exploded. C．Now blogging is not as popular as it used to be ten years ago. D．In 1999 a fellow diarist jokingly rewrote the word as “we blog” and soon the English language had a new verb: to blog. E．Now it is accepted that blogs have redefined journalism. F．Those who used to work for newspapers and magazines started to turn to blogging. Passage 2 【来源】上海市吴淞中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中试卷英语试题 What Happens During a School Pep Rally? One of many school-based gatherings a pep rally is designed to generate school spirit and arouse unity within a school community. Pep rallies are often held before big contests, such as homecoming games or playoff games, and provide opportunities for students, faculty, sports teams and other groups to honor and celebrate their team in preparation for the upcoming event. 1 Informing the school community of an upcoming pep rally not only gives participants time to prepare but also builds excitement and expectation before attendance. Announcements might include details about a school spirit week leading up to the rally or encouraging students and teachers to sign up for competitions that will take place during the pep rally. Pep rallies are meant to showcase school pride and engage the crowd in enthusiastic displays of school spirit. 2 Students are led in while listening to familiar pep tunes from the school band or drum line and are seated with their graduating class. From there, the rally follows an agenda of introductions and announcements spirited performances from various school organizations, acknowledgement of key members of the community, humorous energetic programs and engaging competitions between the classes. Near the end of a rally, the students may sing the school’s fight song in the lead of the band and cheerleaders. The atmosphere is loud and enthusiastic during a pep rally and motivates students to actively participate. 3 It’s not uncommon for a speaker, such as a team captain or a particularly engaging coach or faculty member, to excite the audience by announcing team records, narrating a slide show of celebrated moments in the team’s competitive history or leading the entire school in a spirit cheer. Once a pep rally has ended, students generally return to class or leave school feeling uplifted and enthusiastic about their school’s team and the upcoming contest. 4 A．Therefore, students are too involved and excited in the pep rally to stay calm. B．Hopefully, they are inspired to make plans to attend the event and become a contributing member in preparing the team to compete. C．Ideally, a pep rally creates an environment of enthusiasm and will likely lead all in attendance to lively cheering in support of their team. D．In the rally, students can enjoy many performances like music from the band and drum line. E．Headmaster will usually highlight the school history to arouse everyone’s love for it. F．Generally, pep rallies are held in spacious locations, like gymnasiums or multipurpose rooms. 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 六选四题 话题1 科技应用与影响 话题4 社会人物与文化 话题2 生物与生态 话题5 记忆与认知 话题3 个人成长与心理 话题6 网络与媒体 话题 1 科技应用与影响 聚焦科技产品（如 AI、动作捕捉技术、无人机等）的原理、应用场景及带来的利弊，探讨科技对生活、行业、社会的多方面影响。 1.《In game development, the drive for realism and immersion never stops》：介绍游戏开发中动作捕捉（mocap）技术的发展历程、工作原理（记录真人动作并映射到数字角色），以及其在提升游戏真实感、加快动画制作流程、激发创造力等方面的优势，展现科技对游戏行业的革新作用。 2.《Have you ever wondered what you would look like as a cartoon character...》：讲解 AI 文本生成图像技术的工作机制（通过机器学习大量图像并存储细节，根据文本指令生成独特图像），提及该技术为艺术家提供灵感，但也存在训练图像包含暴力内容、开源技术可移除内容过滤等风险，分析科技的双面性。 3.《A child’s view of intelligent machines》：通过对 4-11 岁儿童的研究，发现儿童易将 Roomba 扫地机器人、Alexa 智能音箱等科技产品视为有思想、情感的存在，且年龄越小认知越明显，揭示人类对智能机器的天然直觉，为理解科技与人类认知的关系提供参考。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市同济大学第二附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 In game development, the drive for realism and immersion (沉浸体验) never stops. One key tool for achieving lifelike animation is motion capture, or mocap. This technology has revolutionized the gaming industry by transforming the way characters move and interact in a virtual world. Motion capture has come a long way since its early days. 1 Since the 1990s, game studios have adopted this tool to bring characters to life. The process involves recording the movements of real people in 3D space. The capture environment is carefully set up to ensure precise tracking. Actors wear suits equipped with markers or sensors and perform various actions, from complex combat scenes to subtle facial expressions. 2 Animators further adjust the movements to make sure they fit well with the game’s overall visual style. Mocap’s precise recording of human movement adds to the realism of in-game animation. It gives players a more immersive experience, making them feel as if they were part of the virtual world. 3 Traditional animation requires animators to design each frame (帧) carefully, which can take a lot of time. Mocap, by contrast, captures movements in real time, which reduces editing time and the need for additional retakes (镜头重拍). The simplified workflow allows game studios to meet tight deadlines while still delivering high-quality products. 4 With this tool, animators can try out different performances and capture a wide range of emotions and actions. It would take much longer to do this by hand. The more mocap is used, the more time animators have to perfect their work and make each movement as expressive as possible. A．Mocap isn’t just about saving time; it encourages creativity as well. B．Despite its many benefits, mocap comes with its own set of challenges. C．Beyond improving immersion, mocap speeds up the animation process. D．Looking ahead, we see that motion capture will continue to shape the gaming industry. E．Initially, it was mainly used in films to capture realistic movements for animated characters. F．The recorded data is then cleaned to remove noise or errors and mapped onto digital characters 【答案】1．E 2．F 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了动画中“动作捕捉”的发展和作用。 1．根据上文“Motion capture has come a long way since its early days.(动作捕捉技术从早期发展至今已经取得了长足的进步)”以及下文“Since the 1990s, game studios have adopted this tool to bring characters to life.(自20世纪90年代以来，游戏工作室便开始使用这一工具去创造角色)”可知，选项承上启下说明此技术早期的应用情况。故E选项“最初，它主要用于电影中捕捉动画人物的真实动作”切题。故选E项。 2．根据上文“Actors wear suits equipped with markers or sensors and perform various actions, from complex combat scenes to subtle facial expressions.(演员们穿着装有标记或传感器的服装，表演各种各样的动作，从复杂的战斗场景到微妙的面部表情)”可知，选项承接上文说明处理的下一个步骤。故F选项“然后对记录的数据进行清理以去除噪声或错误，并将其映射到数字字符上”切题。故选F项。 3．根据上文“Mocap’s precise recording of human movement adds to the realism of in-game animation. It gives players a more immersive experience, making them feel as if they were part of the virtual world.(动作捕捉对人体运动的精确记录增加了游戏动画的真实感。它给玩家一种更加身临其境的体验，让他们觉得自己是虚拟世界的一部分)”可知，选项承接上文说明动作捕捉动画制作的影响。故C选项“除了提高沉浸感，动作捕捉还加快了动画制作过程”切题。故选C项。 4．根据上文“Mocap, by contrast, captures movements in real time, which reduces editing time and the need for additional retakes (镜头重拍). The simplified workflow allows game studios to meet tight deadlines while still delivering high-quality products.(相比之下，动作捕捉实时捕捉动作，这减少了编辑时间和需要额外的重拍。简化的工作流程使游戏工作室能够在紧迫的截止日期前交付高质量的产品)”以及下文“With this tool, animators can try out different performances and capture a wide range of emotions and actions. It would take much longer to do this by hand. The more mocap is used, the more time animators have to perfect their work and make each movement as expressive as possible.(有了这个工具，动画师可以尝试不同的表演，捕捉各种各样的情绪和动作。手工做这个要花更长的时间。动作捕捉使用得越多，动画师就有越多的时间来完善他们的工作，并使每个动作尽可能地富有表现力)”可知，选项承上启下，说明动作捕捉在节省时间上和在培养创造力上的作用。故A选项“动作捕捉不仅仅是为了节省时间；它也鼓励创造力”切题。故选A项。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市宝山区2023~2024学年高三上学期期末教学质量监测试卷英语试卷 Have you ever wondered what you would look like as a cartoon character or a marvel superhero? With the power of artificial intelligence (AI) text-to-image generators, you can create images just like that - without any art skills. 1 How does it work? AI text-to-image generators are trained through a process called machine learning. In this process, the generator’s “brain” is fed massive numbers of images and learns to distinguish what they are. But the generator doesn’t just learn to tell the difference between a banana and a balloon. 2 These pixel-level details are then stored in a mathematical space. When someone gives the generator a text passage such as “Doraemon riding a white horse,” the program uses algorithms (算法) to “think.” Moments later, the program will create an entirely unique image that you requested. Some artists worry that they are being replaced by this technology. But other artists like to cooperate with the generator, using its power for ideas and inspiration. This powerful tool is now available to anyone through generators like Stable Diffusion and DALL-E. You can use them to create all kinds of imaginative images. 3 The dark side Generators like Stable Diffusion are trained using images that are gathered from all over the internet. But the training process doesn’t exclude (排除) images that are violent or inappropriate, so the generators “learn” those as well. The DALL-E program comes with built-in filters that prevent it from generating perverse (变态的) images. But Stable Diffusion is an open-source technology, meaning that people can modify its code and remove the content filters. Despite this, Stable Diffusion’s founder Emad Mostaque remains optimistic about how people will use his generator. He says, “The bad stuff that people create ... will be a very, very small percentage of the total use.” For better or for worse, 2 But don’t generate anything you’d be ashamed to show your mother! A．But this technology can be dangerous as well. B．You just need to have some experience with technology as well as a proper computer. C．Therefore, AI technology will be used more and more wildly in the future. D．AI text-to-image generators will become as common and easy to use as Google image search. E．Rather, it will categorize every possible detail. F．Meanwhile, the generator can help people to recognize various information accurately. 【答案】1．B 2．E 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了AI如何通过文本生成图像以及不好的地方。 1．根据前文“Have you ever wondered what you would look like as a cartoon character or a marvel superhero? With the power of artificial intelligence (AI) text-to-image generators, you can create images just like that - without any art skills.(你有没有想过自己变成卡通人物或漫威超级英雄会是什么样子？借助人工智能(AI)文本到图像生成器的力量，您可以创建这样的图像-无需任何美术技能)”可知，B项“You just need to have some experience with technology as well as a proper computer.(你只需要有一些技术经验和一台合适的电脑)”承接上文，表明不需要美术技能，只需要一些技术经验和一台合适的电脑，符合文意。故选B项。 2．根据前文“AI text-to-image generators are trained through a process called machine learning. In this process, the generator’s “brain” is fed massive numbers of images and learns to distinguish what they are. But the generator doesn’t just learn to tell the difference between a banana and a balloon.(人工智能文本到图像生成器通过一种称为机器学习的过程进行训练。在这个过程中，生成器的“大脑”被输入大量的图像，并学会区分它们是什么。但生成器不仅学会区分一个香蕉和一个气球)”可知，接下来，应该讲述人工智能更加精细的能力，根据后文“These pixel-level details are then stored in a mathematical space.(然后将这些像素级的细节存储在数学空间中)”可知，E项“Rather, it will categorize every possible detail.(相反，它将对每一个可能的细节进行分类)”符合文意，承接上文，引出下文内容。故选E项。 3．根据前文“This powerful tool is now available to anyone through generators like Stable Diffusion and DALL-E. You can use them to create all kinds of imaginative images.(这个强大的工具现在可以通过像稳定扩散和DALL-E这样的生成器提供给任何人。你可以用它们来创造各种富有想象力的图像)”可知，此处是对前文的总结，以及后文“The dark side(黑暗的一面)”可知，后文开始讲述这项技术不好的一面，所以A项“But this technology can be dangerous as well.(但这项技术也可能是危险的)”和前文构成转折，并引出下文，符合文意。故选A项。 4．根据前文“For better or for worse(不管是好是坏)”可知，此处是在对前文做总结，所以D项“AI text-to-image generators will become as common and easy to use as Google image search.(人工智能文本到图像生成器将变得像谷歌图像搜索一样普遍和容易使用)”符合文意，是作者对前文的总结，认为它会像谷歌图像搜索一样普遍。故选D项。 Passage 3 话题 2 生物与生态 围绕动物的特殊生存方式、人类活动对生态的影响、生物与环境的适应关系展开，展现生物世界的多样性与生态保护的重要性。 1.《The biology of sleep: Forty thousand naps near the sea》：介绍帽带企鹅独特的睡眠模式（成千上万次短暂小憩），分析其原因：一是为应对棕贼鸥等外部威胁，在孵蛋时保持警惕；二是企鹅栖息地嘈杂，中心区域竞争激烈，边缘区域更易入睡，体现动物对环境的适应。 2.《Is Tom Really the Natural Enemy of Jerry?》：探讨猫是否真的是老鼠天敌，指出猫捕鼠行为与其个性（部分猫对捕鼠无兴趣）、环境（室内猫因未接触狩猎或吃饱而忽略老鼠）、本能反应（对类似蛇的移动物体敏感，但可能因从未见过老鼠而警惕）相关，打破 “猫必捕鼠” 的固有认知。 3.《Soil conservation methods help farmers protect their land...》：介绍土壤保护方法中的防风林技术，说明防风林由树木和植物构成，能防止土壤流失、保护农作物（如西非地区谷物收成提高 20%），还提及防风林的科学设计（保留 60%-80% 植被密度、至少两行布局）及额外价值（提供木材、为动物遮阳），体现人类对生态保护的实践。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高二上学期11月期中英语试题 The biology of sleep: Forty thousand naps near the sea Sleep is a bit of an evolutionary mystery. A sleeping animal cannot look for food, defend its territory or flee from danger. The fact that sleep is nonetheless common among animals suggests its restorative powers are essential. So does the fact that, if laboratory animals are deprived of it for long enough, they die. Some animals, though, have developed unique ways to balance the need for sleep and the need for staying alert. Dolphins and ducks can sleep with only half their brains at a time, leaving the other half alert. 1 Chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅), it seems, take their sleep in the form of thousands of tiny micro-naps. The researchers captured 14 penguins on King George Island, and their brain activity was tracked remotely through electrodes. While ducks sleep in long stretches, the researchers discovered that the penguins were napping for just a few seconds at a time, hundreds of times an hour. They offer two explanations for the penguins’ sleep patterns. The first is to do with external threats. Penguins often incubate (孵化) their eggs alone while their partners are away foraging for food. Colonies are threatened by brown skuas (棕贼鸥). 2 Broken sleep may be an evolutionarily smart way of getting some shut-eye during long egg-guarding watches while still remaining able to react to danger. 3 Birds with nests near the edge of the colony ought to be at greater risk than those in the centre. But birds on the edges of the colony seemed to enjoy longer and deeper naps than those near the middle. That leads to the second suggestion, which is to do with the penguins themselves. Penguin colonies are noisy, crowded places, and threats may come from within as well as without. 4 Birds in the bustling, crime-ridden centre of the colony may simply find it harder to get any shut-eye than those living in the safer, quieter suburbs. Choosing between those theories will require more research. Both, of course, could prove to be true. A．But that is complicated by another of the researchers’ findings. B．They are predatory birds that will gladly seize unattended eggs. C．Now a paper by Libourel and Lee reports another clever adaptation. D．The birds may readily steal nesting materials from unguarded neighbours, for instance. E．But the fact that the birds are able to incubate eggs under such conditions proves the naps useful. F．Like ducks, chinstrap penguins can sleep with either their whole brain or with just one hemisphere at a time. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了企鹅的睡眠方式是成千上万次的小憩，并解释其原因。 1．根据上文“Dolphins and ducks can sleep with only half their brains at a time, leaving the other half alert. (海豚和鸭子一次只能用一半的大脑睡觉，而另一半大脑则保持清醒。)”和下文“Chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅), it seems, take their sleep in the form of thousands of tiny micro-naps. (帽带企鹅的睡眠方式是成千上万次的小憩。)”可知设空处应承上启下，所以C选项“现在，Libourel和Lee的一篇论文报告了另一种聪明的适应方法。”承接上文的睡觉方法，并引出下文帽带企鹅不同的睡眠方式。故选C。 2．根据上文“Penguins often incubate (孵化) their eggs alone while their partners are away foraging for food. Colonies are threatened by brown skuas (棕贼鸥). (企鹅经常在伴侣外出觅食时独自孵蛋。殖民地受到棕贼鸥的威胁。)”可推断下文应介绍棕贼鸥怎样威胁企鹅的殖民地的，B选项“它们是掠食性鸟类，会很高兴地抓住无人看管的蛋。”符合题意，并引出下文“Broken sleep may be an evolutionarily smart way of getting some shut-eye during long egg-guarding watches while still remaining able to react to danger. (从进化的角度来看，睡眠中断可能是一种聪明的方式，既能在长时间看守鸡蛋的过程中获得一些睡眠，又能对危险做出反应。) ”说明切的这种睡眠方式的好处。故选B。 3．根据下文“Birds with nests near the edge of the colony ought to be at greater risk than those in the centre. But birds on the edges of the colony seemed to enjoy longer and deeper naps than those near the middle. (在群体边缘筑巢的鸟比在中心筑巢的鸟面临更大的风险。但是边缘的鸟似乎比中间的鸟睡得更久、更深。)” 与上文提到的关于外部威胁影响企鹅睡眠模式的观点相矛盾，所以这是另一个发现带来的复杂情况，A 选项 “但研究人员的另一项发现使情况变得复杂了。”符合题意。所以选 A。 4．根据上文“Penguin colonies are noisy, crowded places, and threats may come from within as well as without. (企鹅群是嘈杂拥挤的地方，威胁可能来自内部也可能来自外部。) ”和下文“Birds in the bustling, crime-ridden centre of the colony may simply find it harder to get any shut-eye than those living in the safer, quieter suburbs. (在熙熙攘攘、犯罪猖獗的市中心，鸟类可能会比生活在更安全、更安静的郊区更难被闭上眼睛。)”可推知设空处是关于来自内部的威胁，D选项“例如，这些鸟可能很容易从无人看守的邻居那里偷走筑巢材料。”符合语境。故选D。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市青浦高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 Is Tom Really the Natural Enemy of Jerry? I’ve seen such scenes for many times — some cats are not interested in catching mice, and even seem genuinely afraid of mice. How can a natural hunter be like this? Are mice really more aggressive now? 1 Some cats hunt and kill, others play with prey before killing it, and some, like mine, scamper up the stairs wailing at their own shadow. All cats, like people, have personalities and preferences. Moreover, it has much to do with the environment whether a cat is a qualified mice hunter. When cats live indoors and are not exposed to hunting or game, they may ignore mice. While they have natural hunting instincts, most cats are not professional mice hunters. Cats which live in a house are usually well-fed and will only pursue mice for fun. 22 However, cats have lightning-fast reflexes (本能反应) and frequently leap before they realize why, especially if something resembles the way a snake moves. 2 The truth is, they may never see one if they’ve always been in the house. Cats are highly alert to other creatures that could damage or kill them. Rats, on the other hand, are even more dangerous. A giant rat is not a prey that a cat would pursue. The rats’ bite could injure or infect the cat with a deadly disease. What can we do to naturally keep away from mice? Regarding which cat is the best for hunting mice, the cat breed is unimportant. 3 Get two of them, but ensure you are feeding them and providing them with medical treatment rather than simply employing them to kill mice and failing to care for them properly. A．A shelter cat which had previously lived outside is a good choice. B．Actually, it is mainly dependent on the cat. C．If they’ve never seen one, they’re correct to be suspicious! D．That is to say, if the cat is full, curiosity is the only motivation to deal with a moving creature. E．Most of the time, it’s not that the cat is afraid of such creatures. F．Cats are intelligent when deciding which target to follow and which to avoid. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了猫是否真的是老鼠的天敌这一问题，分析了猫捕鼠行为与其个性、环境以及本能反应的关系，并给出了如何自然驱鼠的建议。 1．上文“I’ve seen such scenes for many times — some cats are not interested in catching mice, and even seem genuinely afraid of mice. How can a natural hunter be like this? Are mice really more aggressive now?(我见过很多次这样的场景——有些猫对抓老鼠不感兴趣，甚至看起来真的很害怕老鼠。一个天生的猎手怎么会这样呢？现在老鼠真的更具攻击性了吗？)”提出了关于猫不捕鼠的疑问，并询问是否是因为老鼠变得更具攻击性。B选项“Actually, it is mainly dependent on the cat.(实际上，这主要取决于猫)”回答了上文的问题，指出猫是否捕鼠并非由老鼠的攻击性决定，而是主要取决于猫本身，同时引出下文“Some cats hunt and kill, others play with prey before killing it, and some, like mine, scamper up the stairs wailing at their own shadow. All cats, like people, have personalities and preferences.(有些猫会捕猎并杀死猎物，有些猫在杀死猎物之前会玩弄猎物，还有一些猫，比如我的猫，会冲上楼梯对着自己的影子哀号。所有的猫，就像人一样，都有自己的个性和偏好)”对猫个性差异的详细介绍，上下文语意连贯。故选B项。 2．上文“When cats live indoors and are not exposed to hunting or game, they may ignore mice. While they have natural hunting instincts, most cats are not professional mice hunters. Cats which live in a house are usually well-fed and will only pursue mice for fun.(当猫生活在室内，没有接触过狩猎或游戏时，它们可能会忽略老鼠。虽然它们有天生的狩猎本能，但大多数猫并不是专业的捕鼠者。养在家里的猫通常吃得很好，追逐老鼠只是为了好玩)”说明了室内猫通常不会认真捕鼠，只是出于好玩。D选项“That is to say, if the cat is full, curiosity is the only motivation to deal with a moving creature.(也就是说，如果猫吃饱了，好奇心就是它对付活动生物的唯一动力)”进一步解释了室内猫追逐老鼠的动机只是好奇心，与上文语意一致。故选D项。 3．上文“However, cats have lightning-fast reflexes (本能反应) and frequently leap before they realize why, especially if something resembles the way a snake moves.(然而，猫的反应速度极快，经常在意识到为什么之前就跳起来，尤其是当某物像蛇一样移动时)”描述了猫对类似蛇的移动物体的快速反应。C选项“If they’ve never seen one, they’re correct to be suspicious!(如果它们从未见过这样的东西，那么它们产生怀疑是对的！)”承接上文，解释了猫对未知或类似危险物体的警惕和怀疑态度是合理的，因为猫可能从未见过这样的东西。故选C项。 4．上文“What can we do to naturally keep away from mice? Regarding which cat is the best for hunting mice, the cat breed is unimportant.(我们能做些什么来自然地远离老鼠呢？关于哪种猫最适合捕鼠，猫的品种并不重要)”提出了如何自然驱鼠的问题，并指出猫的品种不是关键因素。A选项“A shelter cat which had previously lived outside is a good choice.(一只以前生活在户外的流浪猫是一个不错的选择)”给出了具体的建议，即选择有过户外生活经历的流浪猫来捕鼠，与上文关于如何驱鼠的话题紧密相关。故选A项。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市闸北第八中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中英语试卷 Soil conservation methods help farmers protect their land from the damage caused by farming and the forces of nature. One method of soil conservation is the use of windbreaks. Windbreaks are barriers formed by trees and other plants. 53 Windbreaks help prevent the loss of soil. They stop the wind from blowing soil away. They also keep the wind from damaging or destroying crops. Windbreaks can be highly valuable for protecting grain crops. For example, studies have been done on windbreaks in parts of West Africa. These studies found that grain harvests were as much as twenty percent higher in fields protected by windbreaks compared to fields without them. 1 They seem to work best when they allow some wind to pass through the barrier of trees or plants around a field. If not, then the movement of air close to the ground will lift the soil. Then the soil will be blown away. For this reason, a windbreak works best if it contains only sixty to eighty percent of the trees and plants that would be needed to make a solid line. An easy rule to remember is that windbreaks can protect areas up to ten times the height of the tallest trees in the windbreak. There should be at least two lines in each windbreak. 2 The second line, right next to it, can be shorter trees and other plants with leaves. Locally grown trees and plants are considered the best choices for windbreaks. Windbreaks not only protect land and crops from the wind. Surplus trees can be cut down and used or sold for wood. Trees reduce the damaging effects of wind and rain. Their roots help protect soil from being washed away. And trees can provide another valuable service for agriculture. 56 A．Crops in fields can be protected by windbreaks. B．Farmers plant these barriers around their fields. C．One line should be large trees. D．But here is something interesting about windbreaks. E．Then the soil will be washed away. F．They can provide grazing animals with shade from the sun. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了防风林的作用和特点。 1．根据上文“Windbreaks are barriers formed by trees and other plants.(防风林是由树木和其他植物形成的屏障)”可知，上文提到了防风林的概念，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文。选项B“农民在田地周围种植这些障碍物”符合语境，介绍了防风林通常出现在哪儿，故选B。 2．根据后文“They seem to work best when they allow some wind to pass through the barrier of trees or plants around a field. If not, then the movement of air close to the ground will lift the soil. Then the soil will be blown away.(当它们允许一些风穿过田地周围树木或植物的屏障时，它们似乎效果最好。如果不是，那么靠近地面的空气运动将抬升土壤。然后土壤就会被吹走)”可知，后文提到允许风穿过屏障的效果最好，可知是在介绍防风林原理的一些相关知识。故选项D“但这里有一些关于防风林的有趣之处”可以反映本段的主题，介绍一些关于防风林的有趣之处，故选D。 3．根据上文“There should be at least two lines in each windbreak.(每个防风林至少要有两行)”以及后句后文“The second line, right next to it, can be shorter trees and other plants with leaves.(第二行，就在它旁边，可以是较矮的树和其他有叶子的植物)”可知，上文提到防风林有两行，后文提到了第二行，可知本句是在说明第一行。故选项C“一行应该是大树”符合语境，介绍防风林的构成，故选C。 4．根据上文“Trees reduce the damaging effects of wind and rain. Their roots help protect soil from being washed away. And trees can provide another valuable service for agriculture.(树木减少了风和雨的破坏性影响。它们的根有助于保护土壤不被冲走。树木可以为农业提供另一种有价值的服务)”可知，本句承接上文，说明树木提供的另一种有价值的服务具体是什么。故选项F“它们可以为放牧动物提供遮阳处”可以承接上文，介绍树木的另一个作用，故选F。 话题 3 个人成长与心理 涵盖冒险对个人成长的作用、自言自语的心理价值、儿童与成人的认知差异等，探讨影响个人心理与成长的因素及规律。 1.《The Role of Adventure in Personal Growth》：指出冒险的本质是走出舒适区，能培养韧性、提升自我认知、促进神经可塑性（增强大脑敏捷度），还能建立自信并迁移到生活各领域（如职业发展、社交），以疫情期间冒险者更具适应力为例，强调冒险对个人成长的积极意义。 2.《Your Own Best Friend》：打破 “自言自语是疯狂迹象” 的误区，指出自言自语是重要思考工具，儿童通过 “私人言语” 调节行为，成人将其内化，且用第二人称自我对话效果更佳，还提到运动员等群体仍会大声自我激励，说明自言自语对心理调节的价值。 3.《Young children value the lives of animals more than adults do》：通过实验发现，6-9 岁儿童中约 42% 会选择救狗而非人（成人仅 17%），28% 优先救黑猩猩而非人（成人仅 11%），分析原因：儿童将 “关心他人” 规则适用于人与动物，成人受文化影响更重视人类生命，且与狗接触多的儿童更倾向救狗，展现不同年龄段的认知差异。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市上海中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 The Role of Adventure in Personal Growth In a world that often confines us within the boundaries of routine and familiarity, inviting in adventure can boost growth and well-being. The very essence of adventure—stepping beyond comfort zones, facing new challenges, and embracing uncertainty—is a gateway accessible to most to personal transformation. It propels us into experiences that are not only thrilling but also deeply enriching. 1 Instead, it provides a unique landscape for cultivating resilience, enhancing self-awareness, and rediscovering the joy of learning through experience. Whether navigating the rapids of a river, exploring a new culture, or undertaking a creative endeavor, each adventure carries the potential to reshape our perspectives, improve our mental strength and add a vibrant layer to the carpet of our lives. The true value of adventure lies not just in the excitement of the moment but in the lasting impact it has on our journey towards a resilient self. The COVID-19 pandemic, a period of great global challenge, provided a testing ground for highlighting the intrinsic value of adventure-based activities. When the world faced lockdowns, individuals who regularly engaged in adventure activities demonstrated a unique resilience compared to those who lacked adventure. Those engaged in adventure applied the mental frameworks developed through their experiences (e.g., adaptability, problem-solving under pressure, and emotional regulation) to deal with the uncertainties of the pandemic. 2 Moreover, venturing into unexplored territories is not merely an escape from the ordinary; science suggests it’s a vital exercise for our brains. Engaging in adventures stimulates our ability to be adaptative and to solve problems. Yes, we make amazing memories and have wonderful stories to tell, but research suggests we are also fostering neuroplasticity (神经可塑性). 3 Every new adventure, therefore, contributes to making our minds more agile. 4 When we nurture our awareness that we alone can overcome challenges, this earned internal strength isn’t limited to simply overcoming physical barriers. This skill extends to embracing almost any new role or experience that challenges us mentally and emotionally. Whether solving a complex problem, embarking on a new career path, or engaging in a new social setting, the confidence gained from adventures spills over into various aspects of our lives, too. Simply put, adventure is instrumental in shaping a more robust and confident self. A．By taking adventures, we uncover hidden strengths and develop valuable skills. B．Additionally, the role of adventure in building self-confidence is well-studied. C．Adventure, in its many forms, offers more than mere escapism. D．Adventure can challenge us, push our boundaries, and foster a sense of achievement. E．By creating new neural junctions and strengthening existing ones, we enhance our brain’s health and capacity. F．Accordingly, it’s clear that adventure’s benefits extend well beyond leisure of the moment. 【答案】1．C 2．F 3．E 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是冒险在个人成长中的作用。 1．由第一段“The very essence of adventure—stepping beyond comfort zones, facing new challenges, and embracing uncertainty—is a gateway accessible to most to personal transformation.(冒险的本质——走出舒适区，面对新的挑战，拥抱不确定性——是通往个人转变的大门。)”可知，空格前的一句中的It指代的是adventure，空后“Instead, it provides a unique landscape for cultivating resilience, enhancing self-awareness, and rediscovering the joy of learning through experience.(相反，它为培养韧性、增强自我意识和重新发现通过经验学习的乐趣提供了一个独特的环境。)”说明了冒险为我们所提供的好的东西，Instead意为“相反”，因此空格处应该说冒险不仅仅提供某物，C选项“Adventure, in its many forms, offers more than mere escapism.(冒险，以其多种形式，提供的不仅仅是逃避现实。)”说明了冒险不仅仅让我们逃避现实，和后文冒险还提供的东西相呼应，因此C选项承上启下，符合语境，故选C。 2．空前“Those engaged in adventure applied the mental frameworks developed through their experiences (e.g., adaptability, problem-solving under pressure, and emotional regulation) to deal with the uncertainties of the pandemic.(参与冒险活动的人运用其经历形成的心理框架（例如，适应能力、在压力下解决问题和情绪调节）来应对疫情的不确定性。)”说明了冒险可以让人应对疫情的不确定性，空格处作为本段最后一句，应该对空前所说的冒险带给人的东西做总结，F选项“Accordingly, it’s clear that adventure’s benefits extend well beyond leisure of the moment.(因此，很明显，冒险的好处远远超出了当下的休闲。)”说明了冒险的好处远远超出了当下的休闲，是对前面冒险的好处的总结，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选F。 3．空前“Engaging in adventures stimulates our ability to be adaptative and to solve problems. Yes, we make amazing memories and have wonderful stories to tell, but research suggests we are also fostering neuroplasticity (神经可塑性).(参与冒险可以激发我们的适应能力和解决问题的能力。是的，我们有惊人的记忆，有精彩的故事要讲，但研究表明，我们也在培养神经可塑性。)”说明了冒险可以培养神经可塑性，这是对大脑的影响，空后“Every new adventure, therefore, contributes to making our minds more agile.(因此，每一次新的冒险都有助于使我们的思维更加敏捷。)”也说明的是冒险有利于思维，空格处应该和冒险促进大脑功能有关，E选项“By creating new neural junctions and strengthening existing ones, we enhance our brain’s health and capacity.(通过创造新的神经连接并加强现有的神经连接，我们增强了大脑的健康和能力。)”说明冒险增强大脑的能力，和前后内容都一致，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选E。 4．空格处是本段主旨句，由空后“Whether solving a complex problem, embarking on a new career path, or engaging in a new social setting, the confidence gained from adventures spills over into various aspects of our lives, too. Simply put, adventure is instrumental in shaping a more robust and confident self.(无论是解决一个复杂的问题，开始一条新的职业道路，还是参与一个新的社会环境，从冒险中获得的信心也会渗透到我们生活的各个方面。简单地说，冒险有助于塑造一个更强壮、更自信的自我。)”可知，本段主要讲的是冒险可以培养自信，B选项“Additionally, the role of adventure in building self-confidence is well-studied.(此外，冒险在建立自信中的作用也得到了充分的研究。)”说明了冒险在建立自信中的作用被充分地研究，引出了下文对冒险增强自信的具体描述，是本段的主旨，因此可作为主旨句，故选B。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市第三女子中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 Your Own Best Friend Talking to yourself may seem a little shameful. If you’ve ever been overheard criticizing yourself for a foolish mistake or practicing a tricky speech ahead of time, you’ll have felt the social restriction against communicating with yourself in words. According to the well-known saying, talking to yourself is the first sign of madness. But there’s no need for embarrassment. 1 It allows us to plan what we are going to do, manage our activities, regulate our emotions and even create a narrative of our experience. Take a trip to any preschool and watch a small child playing with her toys. You are very likely to hear her talking to herself: offering herself directions and giving voice to her frustrations. 14 In fact, almost all of us do a lot of private speech when we are young, and as we grow older, we don’t abandon this system-we internalize it. 15 Besides, psychological experiments have further shown that the distancing effect of our words can give us a valuable perspective on our actions. One recent study suggested that self-talk is most effective when we address ourselves in the second person: as “you” rather than “I”. We internalize the private speech we use as children — but we never entirely put away the out-loud version. 2 You’re, sure to see an athlete or two getting themselves ready for a sharp phrase or scolding themselves after a bad shot. Both kinds of self-talk seem to bring a range of benefits to our thinking. Those words to the self, spoken silently or aloud, are so much more than lazy talk. A．If you want proof, turn on the sports channel. B．According to Lev Vygotsky, adults use public speech to control the behavior of others just the same as the young use private speech to regulate their own actions. C．Far from a sign of foolishness, talking to ourselves is actually a valuable tool for thought. D．This so-called inner speech can improve our performance on various tasks. E．Conducting a dialogue with ourselves might turn out to be one of the keys to human creativity. F．Psychologists refer to this as private speech-language that is spoken out loud but directed at the self. 【答案】1．C 2．F 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过研究举例证明我们内化了我们小时候使用的私人言语——但我们从来没有完全放弃大声说出来的论点。这种私人言语是有价值的思考工具，能帮我们做事、调节情绪等。 1．根据上文“Talking to yourself may seem a little shameful.(自言自语可能看起来有点丢脸)”“According to the well-known saying, talking to yourself is the first sign of madness.(俗话说，自言自语是疯狂的第一个迹象)”“But there’s no need for embarrassment. (但没必要尴尬)”可知，后文应该承接这个观点，指出自言自语并不是愚蠢和疯狂的表现。C选项“Far from a sign of foolishness, talking to ourselves is actually a valuable tool for thought. (与自己交谈远非愚蠢的表现，实际上是一种宝贵的思考工具)”能够承接上文，符合文意。故选C。 2．根据上文“Take a trip to any preschool and watch a small child playing with her toys. You are very likely to hear her talking to herself: offering herself directions and giving voice to her frustrations. (去任何一所幼儿园旅行，看一个小孩玩她的玩具。你很可能听到她自言自语：给自己指路，表达自己的沮丧)”以及下文“In fact, almost all of us do a lot of private speech when we are young, and as we grow older, we don’t abandon this system-we internalize it. (事实上，我们几乎所有人在年轻时都会做很多私人演讲，随着年龄的增长，我们不会放弃这个系统，而是将其内化)”可知，前文提到小孩自言自语的情形，后文提到随着年龄增长我们内化了小时候的这种私下言语，空处应是对小孩子这种自言自语行为在心理学上的一种定义或者说法，使前后内容衔接自然。F选项中的“this”指代上文提到的自言自语现象，心理学家将此称为“私人言语”，即大声说出但指向自我的语言，能够承接上文并引出对自言自语这一现象的专业解释。故F选项“Psychologists refer to this as private speech-language that is spoken out loud but directed at the self. (心理学家将其称为私人言语——大声说出但指向自我的语言)”能够承上启下，符合题意。故选F。 3．根据上文“In fact, almost all of us do a lot of private speech when we are young, and as we grow older, we don’t abandon this system-we internalize it. (事实上，我们几乎所有人在年轻时都会做很多私人演讲，随着年龄的增长，我们不会放弃这个系统，而是将其内化)”可知，此处指出我们年轻时经常自言自语，长大后也没有放弃这一系统，而是将其内化。B选项“According to Lev Vygotsky, adults use public speech to control the behavior of others just the same as the young use private speech to regulate their own actions. (根据Lev Vygotsky的说法，成年人使用公共言论来控制他人的行为，就像年轻人使用私人言论来规范自己的行为一样)”能够承接上文，进一步解释了内部言语与公共言语的相似性，从而暗示了内部言语的重要性，以及我们为何会保留这一习惯。故选B。 4．根据上文“We internalize the private speech we use as children — but we never entirely put away the out-loud version. (我们内化了我们小时候使用的私人语言——但我们从来没有完全放弃大声说出来的版本)”以及下文“You’re, sure to see an athlete or two getting themselves ready for a sharp phrase or scolding themselves after a bad shot. (你肯定会看到一两个运动员在投篮不好后准备好接受尖锐的措辞或责骂自己)”可知，空处需要一个引出后面以运动员为例来证明大声自言自语存在的语句。A选项“If you want proof, turn on the sports channel. (如果你想要证据，就打开体育频道)”能够承上启下，符合题意。故选A。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试试卷 Young children value the lives of animals more than adults do If you had to save the life of a person or an animal, which would you choose? Most adults say they would pick the person, but almost half of young children would prefer to save the animal, according to a study in Poland. “The finding really surprised us,” says Matti Wilks at the University of Edinburgh, UK. 1 For example, a survey of millions of people in 233 countries, most of them in their 20s and 30s, found they largely agreed that self- driving cars should crash into dogs or cats instead of people if they had to choose. However, growing evidence suggests many young children feel differently. Using a toy railway and Lego figures, Wilks and her colleagues presented 170 children aged 6 to 9 in an urban part of Poland with scenarios based on a thought experiment called the trolley problem. The children had to decide whether to direct a runaway rail car down one of two tracks so that it crashed into a Lego person or a Lego animal — either a dog or chimpanzee. 42 About 42 per cent of the children wanted to save the dog and make the rail car collide with the person, compared with just 17 per cent of adults. About 28 per cent of children also prioritized the chimpanzee over the person, compared with 11 per cent of adults. “Children learn from their parents, teachers and others that it’s really important to care for others, but it may be easier for them to learn this as a blanket rule that applies to both humans and animals,” says Karri Neldner at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. 2 “However, as they get older, they might pick up on cultural narratives that tell us it’s really important to care for other people,” says Neldner. 3 When she asked Australian children aged 4 to 10 to order pictures of people, animals, plants and objects according to how much they cared about them, the 4- year- olds tended to care more about dogs, cats and dolphins than about classmates, police officers and sick people, but this was reversed in the 10- year- olds. The reason children value dogs so highly is probably due to familiarity, says Wilks. Her studies have found that children who spent more time with dogs were more likely to say they would save a dog over a person. A．Most adults view human life as especially precious. B．Her research suggests this shift starts by the age of 10. C．Surprisingly, children were more likely to save a dog over a person. D．For comparison, the researchers repeated this with 178 Polish adults aged 18 to 50. E．As a result, they don’t show a strong preference for saving one over the other, she says. F．About 28 per cent of children aged 5 to 9 said they would save a dog over a person, compared with 8 per cent of adults. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．E 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要是关于儿童与成年人在面对生命选择时不同态度的研究。 1．根据上文““The finding really surprised us,” says Matti Wilks at the University of Edinburgh, UK.(“这一发现确实让我们感到惊讶，”英国爱丁堡大学的马蒂·威尔克斯说道。)”和下文“For example, a survey of millions of people in 233 countries, most of them in their 20s and 30s, found they largely agreed that self- driving cars should crash into dogs or cats instead of people if they had to choose.(例如，一项针对233个国家数百万人的调查（其中大多数为20多岁和30多岁的人）发现，他们在很大程度上都认为，如果必须做出选择，自动驾驶汽车应该撞向狗或猫，而不是人。)”可知，空处承上启下，进一步说明上文提出的观点，并通过例子说明成年人认为人的生命比动物珍贵。选项A“大多数成年人认为人的生命尤其珍贵”符合语境。故选A。 2．根据上文“Using a toy railway and Lego figures, Wilks and her colleagues presented 170 children aged 6 to 9 in an urban part of Poland with scenarios based on a thought experiment called the trolley problem.(威尔克斯（Wilks）和她的同事们使用玩具火车和乐高人物，在波兰的一个城市地区向170名6至9岁的儿童展示了基于一个名为“电车问题”的思想实验的场景。)”可知，Wilks和她的同事使用玩具火车和乐高人物，向波兰城市地区的170名6至9岁的儿童展示了基于一个名为电车问题的思想实验的场景。此处提到了对6至9岁的儿童进行了实验，再结合下文“About 2 per cent of the children wanted to save the dog and make the rail car collide with the person, compared with just 17 per cent of adults.( 大约2%的孩子想救狗，让火车撞人，相比之下，只有17%的成年人会这样做。)”可知，此处需要对比儿童和成年人在这一实验中的不同表现，选项D“为了比较，研究人员对18至50岁的178名波兰成年人重复了这项实验”符合语境。故选D。 3．根据上文“Children learn from their parents, teachers and others that it’s really important to care for others, but it may be easier for them to learn this as a blanket rule that applies to both humans and animals.(孩子们从父母、老师和其他人那里学到，关心他人是非常重要的，但对他们来说，可能更容易将此作为一个既适用于人类也适用于动物的普遍规则来学习。)”可知，此处提到了孩子们更容易把关心他人这一规则当作适用于人类和动物的普遍规则来学习，再结合下文“However, as they get older, they might pick up on cultural narratives that tell us it’s really important to care for other people.(然而，随着年龄的增长，他们可能会接触到文化叙事，这些叙事告诉我们关心他人是非常重要的。)”可知，孩子们在成长过程中，对于关心人类和动物的态度会有所转变，选项E“因此，她说，他们并没有表现出对拯救一方而非另一方的强烈偏好”符合语境，其中“she”指的是上文提到的Karri Neldner。故选E。 4．根据下文“When she asked Australian children aged 4 to 10 to order pictures of people, animals, plants and objects according to how much they cared about them, the 4-year-olds tended to care more about dogs, cats and dolphins than about classmates, police officers and sick people, but this was reversed in the 10-year-olds.(当她让4至10岁的澳大利亚儿童根据他们关心的程度对人物、动物、植物和物体的图片进行排序时，4岁的孩子往往更关心狗、猫和海豚，而不是同学、警察和病人，但10岁的孩子则相反。)”可知，这一研究关注的是4至10岁的儿童，选项B“她的研究表明这种转变从10岁开始”符合语境，其中“this shift”指的是孩子们对于关心人类和动物态度的转变。故选B。 话题 4 社会人物与文化 介绍具有影响力的社会人物事迹、不同地区的文化现象（如机场、祠堂），展现社会个体的贡献与独特的文化景观。 1.《The youngest Nobel Prize Laureate, Malala Yousafzai...》：讲述诺贝尔和平奖得主马拉拉的经历，她因推动女性教育遭塔利班袭击，康复后成立马拉拉基金，在巴基斯坦建学校、助力叙利亚和缅甸女性教育，同时提及对她的不同评价（有人视其为希望，有人认为她受西方影响），展现其对女性教育的贡献与争议。 2.《Hanwengong Shrine》：介绍位于潮州的韩文公祠，建于宋朝，是纪念韩愈的重要遗迹，讲述韩愈被贬潮州后推动教育、农业发展，当地人为纪念他建祠，还提及祠前 51 级台阶对应韩愈到潮州时的年龄、韩愈驱鳄等故事，体现文化纪念与历史传承。 3.《The World’s Worst Airport》：描述南苏丹朱巴机场的糟糕状况，如候机区是闷热帐篷、无厕所和餐饮、安检形同虚设（行李不扫描）、官员随意拦截联合国救援航班、新航站楼建设停滞，展现该地区落后的基础设施与社会管理问题，反映特殊地区的社会现状。 Passage 1 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校等四校联考2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 The youngest Nobel Prize Laureate, Malala Yousafzai, is back in Pakistan after five long years. She is a female activist and focuses on female education. She herself was a victim of a Taliban terrorist attack. On October 9, 2012, in her native town of Swat, while on her way home after taking an exam, she was attacked and injured by the Taliban for her role in promoting education for young females. 1 In 2014, she was the winner of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Kailash Satyarthi, from India. Malala has been a human rights activist since her childhood and was the author of a blog at age 11. Even threats from the Taliban could not change her mind-set and she kept working to promote female education. She established the Malala Fund and received generous donations from all over the world. 2 She has established a very good school in Swat, Pakistan to provide good and affordable education. In addition, she also has worked to promote education among children, especially girls in war-torn Syria. She’s also spoken in defense of the Rohingya people in Myanmar. Her heroes include Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the father of Pakistan, and Benazir Bhutto, former prime minster of Pakistan. Malala is highly educated and was partly brought up in the West. She has a very broad vision and believes in western values. She has a keen interest in Pakistan’s politics. 3 She is ambitious and brave. 4 Some people welcomed her and regarded her as a hope for Pakistan, as she was well educated at famous educational institutions and very well trained in the West. Her contributions for the welfare of females, especially in their education, is very much admired. Others believe that she might be a western envoy (特使) to fulfill a western plan in Pakistan. They think as she was blessed and the beneficiary of the western world, she might play into their hands. Moreover, she was out of Pakistan for the last five years, and may not be well aware of domestic current politics. A．In 2012 and 2013, she was the recipient of Pakistan’s first National Youth Peace Prize. B．On her return to Pakistan, a mixed reaction was observed. C．Pakistan is an open country where freedom of expression is ensured by the constitution. D．She also has expressed a desire to become prime minister of Pakistan. E．She studied philosophy, politics and economics. F．The fund is dedicated only for education, especially for females. 【答案】1．A 2．F 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍最年轻的诺贝尔奖得主马拉拉·尤萨法扎伊（Malala Yousafzai）在五年之后回到了巴基斯坦的过程。 1．根据上文“On October 9, 2012, in her native town of Swat, while on her way home after taking an exam, she was attacked and injured by the Taliban for her role in promoting education for young females. (2012年10月9日，在她的家乡斯瓦特，她参加完考试后在回家的路上被塔利班袭击并受伤，因为她在促进年轻女性教育方面发挥了作用。)”和下文“In 2014, she was the winner of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Kailash Satyarthi, from India. (2014年，她与来自印度的凯拉什·萨蒂亚尔希一起获得了2014年诺贝尔和平奖。)”可知，A选项“2012年和2013年，她获得了巴基斯坦首届国家青年和平奖。”在时间和内容上承上启下，使文章更连贯，故选A。 2．根据上文“She established the Malala Fund and received generous donations from all over the world. (她成立了马拉拉基金，并收到了来自世界各地的慷慨捐赠。)”可推知，下文应和基金的用处有关，所以F选项“该基金专门用于教育，尤其是女性教育。”正好承接上文，故选F。 3．根据上文“She has a keen interest in Pakistan’s politics. (她对巴基斯坦的政治有着浓厚的兴趣。)”可知，D选项“她还表达了成为巴基斯坦总理的愿望。”是对她对巴基斯坦的政治有着浓厚的兴趣的进一步具体的说明，所以D合题意，故选D。 4．根据下文“Some people welcomed her and regarded her as a hope for Pakistan, as she was well educated at famous educational institutions and very well trained in the West. Her contributions for the welfare of females, especially in their education, is very much admired. Others believe that she might be a western envoy (特使) to fulfill a western plan in Pakistan. They think as she was blessed and the beneficiary of the western world, she might play into their hands. (有些人欢迎她，认为她是巴基斯坦的希望，因为她在著名的教育机构受过良好的教育，在西方受过良好的训练。她对女性福利的贡献，特别是在女性教育方面的贡献，令人钦佩。其他人则认为她可能是西方在巴基斯坦执行西方计划的使者。他们认为，由于她是西方世界的祝福和受益者，她可能会落入他们的手中。)”可知，有些人欢迎她，有些人质疑她，所以设空处应是她回到巴基斯坦后不同人的反应，B选项“她回到巴基斯坦后，人们的反应不一。”符合题意，故选B。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市松江区第二中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试题 Hanwengong Shrine Now we come to Hanwengong Shrine, which is beside Hanjiang river and west of Bijia Mountain. 1 In the square in front of the hall, an ancient book-shaped stone is carved with two famous sayings of Han Yu on it, meaning hard work is the precondition for success, and deep thought is the guarantee of success. In the year of A．D．819, for some political reason, Han Yu was exiled (流放) to Chaozhou, a backland at that time. But he was not depressed by this, and he helped local people to develop education, agriculture, irrigation and release slaves. 6 The shrine was built against the mountain and divided into two parts, the front part and the back part. Now we play a small game: count the stone steps. and later I’ll tell you a secret. How many steps are there? Yes, 51 steps! Why? 2 The first time Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was impressed by the beautiful scenery and hospitality of local people. You see that old tree? People say the more flowers in the tree, the more well-educated students are. But in Qing Dynasty, this magic tree, planted by Han Yu himself, died, so people planted this tree instead. 3 Here is one: when Han Yu was living in Chaozhou, there was a very fierce and cruel crocodile in the Hanjiang river, which was a big social harm. One day, Han Yu drafted a statement against the crocodile and made it public by the river. Incredibly, from the next day on, the crocodile was gone. Later, the statue, made of a portrait of Han Yu, was built and his words were left on the monument to mark his achievements. A．When Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was 51 years old. B．Han Yu was a Confucian figure, and there are many stories about him in Chaozhou. C．Although Han Yu’s ideas had no obvious practical effect at the time, they had a great impact on society decades later. D．Built in the Song Dynasty, the shrine is the oldest and best preserved monument to Han Yu, one of the greatest literary men in the Tang dynasty. E．To memorize what he had contributed to the development of Chaozhou, people constructed this shrine and named him Hanwengong respectfully. F．There are so many tourists that. to relieve the pressure on the monuments, the scenic spot requires a maximum of 500 people visit at a time. 【答案】1．D 2．E 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了韩文公祠的地理位置、历史背景、建筑特色以及与韩愈相关的故事。 1．上文“Now we come to Hanwengong Shrine, which is beside Hanjiang river and west of Bijia Mountain.(现在我们来到韩文公祠，它位于韩江旁，笔架山西侧)”介绍了韩文公祠的位置，D 选项“Built in the Song Dynasty, the shrine is the oldest and best preserved monument to Han Yu, one of the greatest literary men in the Tang dynasty.(这座祠堂建于宋朝，是纪念唐朝最伟大的文人之一韩愈的最古老且保存最完好的遗迹)”进一步介绍祠堂的建造年代以及其对纪念韩愈的意义，与上文衔接紧密，继续围绕韩文公祠展开介绍，上下文语意连贯。故选D项。 2．上文“In the year of A. D. 819, for some political reason, Han Yu was exiled to Chaozhou, a backland at that time. But he was not depressed by this, and he helped local people to develop education, agriculture, irrigation and release slaves.(公元819年，由于一些政治原因，韩愈被贬到当时的偏远地区潮州。但他并没有因此而沮丧，他帮助当地人发展教育、农业、灌溉并释放奴隶)”讲述了韩愈被贬潮州后的功绩，E 选项 “To memorize what he had contributed to the development of Chaozhou, people constructed this shrine and named him Hanwengong respectfully.(为了纪念他对潮州发展所做出的贡献，人们建造了这座祠堂，并尊称他为韩文公)”说明人们因韩愈的贡献而建祠，与上文因果关系明显，上下文逻辑连贯。故选E项。 3．上文“How many steps are there? Yes, 51 steps! Why?(有多少级台阶呢?对，51 级台阶!为什么呢?)”提出关于台阶数量的疑问，A选项“When Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was 51 years old.(韩愈来到潮州时，他 51 岁)”解释了台阶数量与韩愈年龄的关联，回答了上文的疑问。故选A项。 4．下文“Here is one: when Han Yu was living in Chaozhou, there was a very fierce and cruel crocodile in the Hanjiang river, which was a big social harm.(这里有一个：韩愈在潮州生活时，韩江中有一条非常凶猛残忍的鳄鱼，这对社会造成了很大危害)”讲述了一个关于韩愈在潮州的故事，B 选项“Han Yu was a Confucian figure, and there are many stories about him in Chaozhou.(韩愈是一位儒家人物，在潮州有很多关于他的故事)”引出下文，说明了韩愈在潮州有很多故事流传。故选B项。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市曹杨二中2023-2024学年高二上学期期中试卷英语试题 The World’s Worst Airport Like expensive watches that never break, the world’s best airports can be boring. You land, breeze through passport control and check into a hotel within minutes. The experience is pleasant, but not memorable. 1 To adapt Tolstoy, lovely airports are all alike, but every wretched (不幸的) airport is wretched in its own way. Consider Juba, the airport in South Sudan’s capital, which is a hot tent. Planes are often late, so passengers must sweat for hours. The departure hall has no toilets, no food and no queuing system. Lucky is the traveller who finds a chair that is only half-broken. Since dirty water and tropical diseases are common, so are upset stomachs. Tough luck. Travellers should have thought twice before eating salad. 2 Big important people’s servants carry their bags, which are ostentatiously (卖弄地)) passed round, not through, the scanner. Since the machine seldom works, little peopled are in effect up-graded to big important status by not having their bags scanned for guns and explosives, either. South Sudan is at war, so many UN planes take off from Juba carrying aid workers and emergency supplies. 3 When a journalist was booked on a UN flight, he was assured by the government that his papers were in order. Yet at the airport he was told to get a fourth permit, as well as the three expensive ones he had already obtained. This required a trip across town. Predictably, he missed his plane. Juba has three terminals, but only one is in use. After South Sudan became independent in 2011, the government planned to build an airy structure of glass, steel and concrete. 4 In 2016 the government decided to build a more modest terminal. But it, too, stands half-completed and empty, next to the tented camp that people actually have to use. Travellers are advised to bring a good, long book. A．Aggressive officials in sunglasses take pleasure in blocking them. B．Working out which is the world’s worst airport is not easy. C．Security is terrible. D．Work started in 2012, but stopped when the bills were paid. E．The worst airports have more characters. F．Although each awful airport is unique, four themes are very common. 【答案】1．E 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上最差的机场——南苏丹首都朱巴机场的情况。 1．根据上文“Like expensive watches that never break, the world’s best airports can be boring. You land, breeze through passport control and check into a hotel within minutes. The experience is pleasant, but not memorable.(就像昂贵的手表永远不会坏一样，世界上最好的机场也可能很无聊。你降落后，轻松通过护照检查，几分钟内就能入住酒店。这种经历令人愉快，但并不令人难忘)”以及后文“To adapt Tolstoy, lovely airports are all alike, but every wretched (不幸的) airport is wretched in its own way.(用托尔斯泰的话来说，可爱的机场都是相似的，但每个倒霉的机场却各有各的倒霉)”可知，后文提到了倒霉的机场，上文提到了并不令人难忘，可知本句为过渡句，意在指出令人难忘的最差的机场。故选E项“最差的机场有更多的特点”符合语境，故选E。 2．根据本段内容“Big important people’s servants carry their bags, which are ostentatiously (卖弄地)) passed round, not through, the scanner. Since the machine seldom works, little peopled are in effect up-graded to big important status by not having their bags scanned for guns and explosives, either.(重要人物的仆人帮他们拿着包，这些包会被招摇地绕过扫描仪，而不是通过扫描仪。由于这台机器很少工作，小人物实际上也被升级为大人物，因为他们的行李也没有被扫描是否有枪支和爆炸物)”可知，后文提到了行李没有被扫描是否有枪支和爆炸物，说明安全问题糟糕。故C选项“安全问题很糟糕”符合语境，故选C。 3．根据上文“South Sudan is at war, so many UN planes take off from Juba carrying aid workers and emergency supplies.(南苏丹处于战争状态，所以许多联合国飞机从朱巴起飞，运送救援人员和紧急物资)”以及后文“When a journalist was booked on a UN flight, he was assured by the government that his papers were in order. Yet at the airport he was told to get a fourth permit, as well as the three expensive ones he had already obtained. This required a trip across town. Predictably, he missed his plane.(当一名记者预定联合国航班时，政府向他保证，他的证件都是齐全的。然而，在机场，他被告知要获得第四张许可证，以及他已经获得的三张昂贵的许可证。这需要横穿整个城市。不出所料，他错过了飞机)”可知，后文记者被拦截的例子表明，这个机场的官员喜欢没有理由地拦截救援人员和紧急物资，A选项中them指代上文aid workers and emergency supplies。故A选项“戴着墨镜的好斗官员以阻挡他们为乐”符合语境，故选A。 4．根据上文“Juba has three terminals, but only one is in use. After South Sudan became independent in 2011, the government planned to build an airy structure of glass, steel and concrete.(朱巴有三个终端，但只有一个在使用。2011年南苏丹独立后，政府计划建造一个由玻璃、钢铁和混凝土组成的通风结构)”可知，上文提到了2011年计划建造，可知本句继续说明工程进行的情况。故D选项“工程始于2012年，但在支付账单后停止了”符合语境，故选D。 话题 5 记忆与认知 探讨短期记忆的特点、年龄对记忆的影响、人类对平衡等能力的认知，揭示记忆与认知的规律及误区。 1.《The Myth of Short-Term Memory》：指出短期记忆易受干扰，且年龄并非影响短期记忆的主因，20 岁与 70 岁人群都会犯短期记忆错误，差异在于对错误的解读（年轻人归因为睡眠不足，老年人担忧脑损伤），强调无脑部疾病时，85 岁以上老人记忆也无明显衰退，打破 “年龄导致记忆衰退” 的固有认知。 2.《Until we start to lose our balance...》：说明平衡是身体多系统（肌肉、神经、内耳等）的复杂协作能力，失衡与严重健康风险相关（如死亡风险翻倍），指出女性因活动量少平衡能力更易下降，建议通过抗阻力运动（如举重、徒步）早期干预，强调平衡能力需提前维护。 3.《Magazine Articles: More Valuable Than You May Think》：反驳 “杂志低估阅读能力” 的观点，指出杂志文章篇幅短（适合注意力短的儿童）、语言生动（激发阅读兴趣），能培养儿童读新闻的终身习惯，还能拓展视野、促进家庭交流，说明杂志对儿童阅读能力与认知发展的积极作用。 Passage 1 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 The Myth of Short-Term Memory Short-term memory contains the contents of your thoughts right now, including what you intend to do in the next few seconds. 1 You may think about what you’ll say next in a conversation or walk to the hall closet with the intention of getting a pair of gloves. Short-term memory is easily disturbed or disrupted. 2 You do this by thinking about them, perhaps repeating them over and over again (“I’m going to the closet to get gloves”). But any distraction-new thought, someone asking you a question, the telephone ringing-can disrupt your short-term memory. Our ability to automatically restore the contents of our short-term memory declines slightly with every decade after 30. 3 I’ve been teaching undergraduates for my entire career and I can say that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory errors-loads of them. They walk into the wrong classroom; they show up to exams without the prerequisite No.2 pencil; they forget something I had just said two minutes before. These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do. The relevant difference is not age but rather how we describe these events, the stories we tell ourselves about them. Twenty-year-olds don’t think, “Oh, dear, this must be early-onset brain damage.” They think, “I really need to get more than four hours of sleep.” The 70-year-old observes these same events and worries about her brain health. This is not to say that brain damage-related memory impairments (损伤) are fiction. 4 In the absence of brain disease, even the oldest adults show little or no memory or cognitive decline beyond age 85 and 90. A．Actually, it is doing some mental calculations. B．But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed. C．Some aspects of our memory actually get better with age. D．This is widely understood to be a basic problem of aging. E．It depends on your active attention to the items in the “next thing to do” file in your mind. F．Instead, every lapse (记错) of short-term memory doesn’t necessarily indicate a biological disorder. 【答案】1．A 2．E 3．B 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了短期记忆的误区，指出年龄并非导致短期记忆错误的主要因素，并探讨了人们对记忆错误的描述和看法。 1．由上文“Short-term memory contains the contents of your thoughts right now, including what you intend to do in the next few seconds.(短时记忆包含你当下的想法，包括你接下来几秒钟打算做的事。)”及下文“You may think about what you’ll say next in a conversation or walk to the hall closet with the intention of getting a pair of gloves.(你可能会思考对话中接下来要说的话，或者走向门厅的壁橱，打算拿一副手套。)”可知，空格处需列举短时记忆的具体例子。A选项“Actually, it is doing some mental calculations.(实际上，它（短时记忆）还包括进行一些心算。)”能承上启下，符合逻辑。故选A。 2．由上文“Short-term memory is easily disturbed or disrupted. (短时记忆很容易被干扰或打断。)”及下文“You do this by thinking about them, perhaps repeating them over and over again (“I’m going to the closet to get gloves”). (你可以通过思考它们来做到这一点，也许可以一遍又一遍地重复它们（“我要去壁橱里拿手套”）。)”可知，空格处应说明维持短时记忆的条件，以引出下文“如何维持”的方法。E选项“It depends on your active attention to the items in the “next thing to do” file in your mind. (它取决于你对大脑中“接下来要做的事”清单里内容的主动关注。)”解释了短时记忆的维持依赖“主动关注”，既承接上文“易被干扰”的特性，又引出下文“重复思考”的维持方式，符合语境。故选E。 3．由下文“I’ve been teaching undergraduates for my entire career and I can say that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory errors-loads of them.(在我的整个职业生涯中，我一直在教本科生，我可以说，即使是20岁的人也会犯短期记忆错误——很多错误。)”以及“These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do.(这些和70岁老人所做的事情类似。)”可知，空格处需提出“年龄并非短时记忆问题的主因”这一观点，以统领下文的举例论证，B选项“But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed. (但年龄并不是人们通常认为的主要因素。)”说明年龄不是导致短期记忆错误的主要因素，引出下文对年轻人和老年人都会犯短期记忆错误的讨论，符合题意。故选B。 4．由上文“The relevant difference is not age but rather how we describe these events, the stories we tell ourselves about them. Twenty-year-olds don’t think, “Oh, dear, this must be early-onset brain damage.” They think, “I really need to get more than four hours of sleep.” The 70-year-old observes these same events and worries about her brain health. This is not to say that brain damage-related memory impairments (损伤) are fiction.(相关的区别不在于年龄，而在于我们如何描述这些事件，以及我们对自己讲述的关于这些事件的故事。20岁的人不会想，“哦，天哪，这一定是早期脑损伤。”他们会想，“我真的需要睡四个多小时。”70岁的人观察到同样的事情，会担心自己的大脑健康。这并不是说与脑损伤相关的记忆障碍是虚构的。)”及下文“In the absence of brain disease, even the oldest adults show little or no memory or cognitive decline beyond age 85 and 90.(在没有脑部疾病的情况下，即使是最年长的成年人，在85岁和90岁以后也很少或根本没有记忆力或认知能力下降。)”可知，本空应强调短期记忆错误不一定意味着生物性紊乱。F选项“Instead, every lapse (记错) of short-term memory doesn’t necessarily indicate a biological disorder.(相反，每次短期记忆的失误并不一定表明有生物紊乱。)”能承上启下，符合题意。故选F。 Passage 2 【来源】2024届上海市浦东新区高三下学期三模英语试卷 Until we start to lose our balance, we barely notice that it’s there at all. “It starts for a lot of people with simple stuff,” says Dr Anna Lowe, an expert on healthy ageing and physical activity. “ 1 It’s easy to either miss the signs or just put it down to ageing — but it really is something you can affect.” The key, it is increasingly becoming clear, is to address the decline before it gets serious: and that can happen earlier than you might think. What is balance? Technically, it’s the complex interaction of several different systems in your body — from muscles, nerves, eyesight and the inner ear to the sensory system that lets you recognise where your body is touching the ground, along with movement receptors within your joints that tell you where your body is in space. 50 A lack of balance is, globally, associated with serious health problems. Earlier this year, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published the results of a decade-long study involving more than 1,700 middle-aged participants, which concluded that an inability to balance was associated with an almost twofold increase in risk of death. “ 2 ” agrees Lowe, an associate professor researching strength and balance in midlife. “Older women are far less active than older men, and general activity, just moving around and doing stuff, affects balance a lot. Single-legged movements, such as walking lunges, are a great test of dynamic (动态的) balance, but even bilateral movements, like squats (深蹲), can provide a challenge.” 3 Resistance exercise, whether that means lifting weights or hiking with a backpack, comes with a host of other proven health benefits, from improved bone density to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s. As Locker puts it: everyone’s told to save money for their retirement, and nobody’s taught to save their balance. But both are difficult to get back once they’re gone. A．Early interventions are key, so you’ve got to stay active. B．Perhaps surprisingly, those who deal with it have struggled to settle on a single definition. C．It’s not something we’re born with, but also it’s not something we learn, but an ability that we gain early and lose over time. D．For some people. just try to build in an element of balance and muscle strengthening. E．Maybe you used to be able to quickly stand on one leg to put a shoe on, and you’ve stopped doing that at some point. F．Whatever activity you choose, the lesson is to work on your balance before you need to, not when it becomes an issue. 【答案】1．E 2．C 3．A 4．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了身体保持平衡的原理，及其锻炼的重要性。 1．下文“It’s easy to either miss the signs or just put it down to ageing — but it really is something you can affect. (人们很容易忽视这些迹象，或者只是把它归结为年龄的增长——但这确实是你可以影响的事情。)”说明有一种迹象，某些事情随着年龄增长就不能做了。选项E“也许你过去可以很快地用一条腿站起来穿鞋，但你在某个时候停止了这样做。”描述了下文所说的迹象，独立穿鞋的动作随着时间的推移，年龄的衰老就不得不停止。故选E项。 2．上文“What is balance? Technically, it’s the complex interaction of several different systems in your body — from muscles, nerves, eyesight and the inner ear to the sensory system that lets you recognise where your body is touching the ground, along with movement receptors within your joints that tell you where your body is in space. (什么是平衡？从技术上讲，这是你身体中几个不同系统的复杂相互作用——从肌肉、神经、视力和内耳到让你识别身体接触地面的感觉系统，以及关节内的运动感受器，它们告诉你身体在空间中的位置。)”说明平衡不是天生的，是身体几个不同系统的复杂相互作用而形成的感觉系统，选项C“它不是我们与生俱来的，也不是我们学到的，而是一种能力，我们在早期获得，随着时间的推移而失去。”进一步解释平衡的特点。故选C项。 3．下文“Older women are far less active than older men, and general activity, just moving around and doing stuff, affects balance a lot. (老年女性远不如老年男性活跃，一般的活动，只是四处走动和做一些事情，会对平衡产生很大影响。)”说明应该保持活跃，老年后才能更好地保持平衡能力，选项A“早期干预是关键，所以你必须保持活跃。”建议早期干预，保持活跃。故选A项。 4．下文“Resistance exercise, whether that means lifting weights or hiking with a backpack, comes with a host of other proven health benefits, from improved bone density to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s. (抗阻力运动，无论是举重还是背着背包徒步旅行，都有许多其他被证明的健康益处，从改善骨密度到降低患阿尔茨海默氏症的风险。)”说明运动是有许多健康益处的，选项F“无论你选择什么活动，这给我们的教训是，在你需要保持平衡之前，不要等到它成为问题的时候再去锻炼。”引领下文，建议趁早进行运动。故选F项。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市黄浦区敬业中学2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 Magazine Articles: More Valuable Than You May Think Parents are often surprised when teachers suggest their children read magazines. They feel their kids’ reading abilities have been underestimated. 1 Magazine articles can provide reluctant readers with a lively writing style that can inspire them to read more. 2 So a child can finish reading an article without losing interest due to a short attention span (持续时间) . The writing in magazines also tends to be easy to read, especially if it is a children’s publication. By allowing children to read magazines at an early age, parents are encouraging development of a useful skill. Magazines and newspapers provide adults with critical news. Getting into the habit of reading magazines as a child will develop the lifelong habit of reading news articles. 3 Magazine articles challenge students to think about issues they may have never considered or cause them to rethink their world view. Information is available in a wide variety of reading levels because magazines are written for every audience imaginable. Many publications cover the same material in different writing styles that might make it easier for your child to comprehend. When reading magazines together, family members get to learn about each other’s interest. 4 Once each family member has finished reading each magazine, parents can even design art and writing projects for the whole family to work on. All in all, magazines are valuable for many people, but in particular to children. The skills that they use and strengthen when reading magazines can be applied to further study. Encouraging children to read magazines could change them from a reluctant reader to a lover of reading. A．Reading magazines enables children to be exposed to various subjects. B．Instead, it is necessary to introduce their kids to a wide range of books as well as magazines. C．The benefits of reading magazine articles can be achieved through school activities. D．Children can pass a magazine on to a brother or sister when they finish reading it. E．However, reading magazines offers many benefits to young readers. F．The articles in magazines are generally short. 【答案】1．E 2．F 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了阅读杂志对儿童的益处。文章从不同方面阐述了阅读杂志能激发孩子的阅读兴趣，培养他们的阅读技能，并帮助他们接触不同的主题和观点。 1．根据上文“Parents are often surprised when teachers suggest their children read magazines. They feel their kids’ reading abilities have been underestimated.(当老师们建议孩子们读杂志时，家长们往往很惊讶。他们觉得孩子们的阅读能力被低估了。)”以及下文“Magazine articles can provide reluctant readers with a lively writing style that can inspire them to read more.(杂志文章可以为不喜欢读书的人提供一种生动的写作风格，可以激励他们读更多的书。)”可知，上文提到家长们觉得孩子们的阅读能力被低估了，下文则指出杂志文章能激励孩子们读更多的书，由此可知，空处应当是在指出读杂志对年轻读者有很多好处，E项“However, reading magazines offers many benefits to young readers.(然而，阅读杂志对年轻读者有许多好处)”符合语境，故选E项。 2．根据后文“So a child can finish reading an article without losing interest due to a short attention span (持续时间).(所以，一个孩子可以读完一篇文章，不会因为注意力持续时间短而失去兴趣。)”可知，空处应说明杂志文章的特点，指出孩子可以读完一篇文章，F项“The articles in magazines are generally short.(杂志中的文章通常很短)”说明杂志文章的特点促使孩子可以读完整篇文章，选项中short与后文“a short attention span”相呼应，符合语境，故选F项。 3．根据后文“Magazine articles challenge students to think about issues they may have never considered or cause them to rethink their world view. Information is available in a wide variety of reading levels because magazines are written for every audience imaginable.(杂志文章挑战学生思考他们可能从未考虑过的问题，或者促使他们重新思考自己的世界观。由于杂志面向各种可以想象的读者群体，因此提供的信息涵盖了广泛的阅读水平。)”可知，杂志可以将各种信息提供给各种阅读水平的读者，促使孩子思考，空处也应说明读杂志文章的好处，A项“Reading magazines enables children to be exposed to various subjects.(读杂志能让孩子们接触到各种各样的主题。)”符合语境，故选A项。 4．根据上文“When reading magazines together, family members get to learn about each other's interest.(当一起读杂志时，家庭成员们可以了解彼此的兴趣。)”以及后文“Once each family member has finished reading each magazine, parents can even design art and writing projects for the whole family to work on.(一旦每个家庭成员都读完了每本杂志，父母甚至可以为全家人设计艺术和写作项目。)”可知，上文提到家庭成员们一起读杂志，后文则指出每个家庭成员都读完了每本杂志之后可以设计艺术和写作项目，由此可知，空处应当是在说明杂志如何在家庭成员之间传递，D项“Children can pass a magazine on to a brother or sister when they finish reading it.(孩子们读完杂志后可以传给兄弟姐妹。)”符合语境，故选D项。 话题 6 网络与媒体 围绕博客、在线日记等网络媒体的发展历程、特点及影响，展现网络传播方式的演变与作用。 1.《Diary writing has been part of literature...》：介绍网络日记（博客）的发展，1994 年贾斯汀开创先河，1999 年博客平台（如blogger.com）出现后普及，2001 年达百万个博客，博客能快速报道新闻且互动性强，2003 年谷歌收购blogger.com后可投放广告，热门博客月入数千美元，体现网络媒体的发展与商业价值。 2.《What Happens During a School Pep Rally?》：虽聚焦学校动员大会，但提及通过校园公告等媒体提前宣传（如精神周、竞赛报名），动员大会后学生通过交流等方式延续热情，体现校园内部媒体对集体活动的推动，展现小型社会群体中的信息传播与文化凝聚。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市浦东新区2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 Diary writing has been part of literature all over the world since ancient times. And online diaries today are making the genre more popular than ever. The first online writing of this type is thought to be Justin Hall’s Links from the Underground. Justin wrote a detailed and honest account of his life between 1994 and 2005. At its peak, his website was receiving thousands of visitors a day. Three years after Justin’s first post, someone came up with a term for what he, and a few other people, were writing — a weblog. The word comes from the words web and log. 9 The early bloggers needed some technical computing skills to make their pages. But from 1999, websites as blogger.com, which helped anyone to publish their own blog, started to appear. 1 By 2001 there were about a million blogs on the internet — from “what I had for breakfast, lunch and dinner today” blogs, receiving few, if any, visits — to protesting anti-war blogs, read and commented on by hundreds of people every hour. 2 They can report on news events within a few minutes and can include photos and even video. Their readers can participate in the debate on the blogs and can add additional information and links. The news has never been so interactive. About 60 million people now self-publish their diaries, thoughts and observations online — although this is undoubtedly an overestimation because many of them are no longer being updated. 3 When Google bought blogger.com in 2003, it gave its users the ability to put adverts on their websites. Popular blogs are now able to earn thousands of dollars each month through this method, with advertising on blogs now a multi-million-dollar business. A．The non-stop rise of blogs is in part due to money. B．Then the phenomenon of blogging exploded. C．Now blogging is not as popular as it used to be ten years ago. D．In 1999 a fellow diarist jokingly rewrote the word as “we blog” and soon the English language had a new verb: to blog. E．Now it is accepted that blogs have redefined journalism. F．Those who used to work for newspapers and magazines started to turn to blogging. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．E 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了网络日记（博客）的发展历程、影响以及现状。 1．根据上文“Justin wrote a detailed and honest account of his life between 1994 and 2005. (贾斯汀详细而诚实地描述了他在1994年至2005年间的生活。)”以及“Three years after Justin’s first post...(贾斯汀发第一篇帖子三年后……)”以及下文“But from 1999...(但是从1999年开始……)”可知，作者按时间顺序介绍了博客的历史和发展演变；上文“Three years after Justin’s first post, someone came up with a term for what he, and a few other people, were writing — a weblog. The word comes from the words web and log.(贾斯汀第一篇帖子发表三年后，有人想出了一个词来形容他和其他几个人正在写的东西——博客。这个词来自web和log两个词)”说明weblog这个词的来源，D项“1999年，一位日记作者开玩笑地把这个词改写成了‘we blog’，很快英语里就有了一个新的动词：blog”解释了从“weblog”到“blog”的演变过程，并介绍了新动词“to blog”，与上下文衔接紧密。故选D。 2．上文提到“But from 1999, websites as blogger.com, which helped anyone to publish their own blog, started to appear.(但从1999年开始，像blogger.com这样的帮助任何人发布自己博客的网站开始出现)”，说明博客网站的出现，B项“然后，博客现象爆发了”承接上文，说明了博客的迅速普及；下文“By 2001 there were about a million blogs on the internet(到2001年，互联网上有大约一百万个博客)”是对博客数量增长的具体说明。故选B。 3．下文“They can report on news events within a few minutes and can include photos and even video.(他们可以在几分钟内报道新闻事件，并可以包含照片甚至视频)”说明博客在新闻报道方面的能力与优势；E项“现在人们普遍认为，博客已经重新定义了新闻业”引出下文，说明了博客对新闻业的影响，与下文内容紧密相关，下文中的“They”指代blogs。故选E。 4．上文“About 60 million people now self-publish their diaries, thoughts and observations online — although this is undoubtedly an overestimation because many of them are no longer being updated.(现在大约有6000万人在网上自我发表他们的日记、想法和观察，尽管这无疑是一个高估，因为其中许多已经不再更新)”提到很多博客不再更新，说明博客的数量和更新情况。A项“博客的持续崛起部分归因于金钱”承接上文提到博客在线发布的广泛趋势，解释了为何博客保持流行，并引出下文对博客盈利方式的介绍，与下文“When Google bought blogger.com in 2003, it gave its users the ability to put adverts on their websites.(当谷歌在2003年收购blogger.com时，它赋予了用户在其网站上投放广告的能力)”提到的“Google收购blogger.com后给用户提供了放置广告的能力”相呼应，承上启下。故选A。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市吴淞中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中试卷英语试题 What Happens During a School Pep Rally? One of many school-based gatherings a pep rally is designed to generate school spirit and arouse unity within a school community. Pep rallies are often held before big contests, such as homecoming games or playoff games, and provide opportunities for students, faculty, sports teams and other groups to honor and celebrate their team in preparation for the upcoming event. 1 Informing the school community of an upcoming pep rally not only gives participants time to prepare but also builds excitement and expectation before attendance. Announcements might include details about a school spirit week leading up to the rally or encouraging students and teachers to sign up for competitions that will take place during the pep rally. Pep rallies are meant to showcase school pride and engage the crowd in enthusiastic displays of school spirit. 2 Students are led in while listening to familiar pep tunes from the school band or drum line and are seated with their graduating class. From there, the rally follows an agenda of introductions and announcements spirited performances from various school organizations, acknowledgement of key members of the community, humorous energetic programs and engaging competitions between the classes. Near the end of a rally, the students may sing the school’s fight song in the lead of the band and cheerleaders. The atmosphere is loud and enthusiastic during a pep rally and motivates students to actively participate. 3 It’s not uncommon for a speaker, such as a team captain or a particularly engaging coach or faculty member, to excite the audience by announcing team records, narrating a slide show of celebrated moments in the team’s competitive history or leading the entire school in a spirit cheer. Once a pep rally has ended, students generally return to class or leave school feeling uplifted and enthusiastic about their school’s team and the upcoming contest. 4 A．Therefore, students are too involved and excited in the pep rally to stay calm. B．Hopefully, they are inspired to make plans to attend the event and become a contributing member in preparing the team to compete. C．Ideally, a pep rally creates an environment of enthusiasm and will likely lead all in attendance to lively cheering in support of their team. D．In the rally, students can enjoy many performances like music from the band and drum line. E．Headmaster will usually highlight the school history to arouse everyone’s love for it. F．Generally, pep rallies are held in spacious locations, like gymnasiums or multipurpose rooms. 【答案】1．C 2．F 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了学校动员大会的目的、准备工作、活动现场的气氛以及对参与者的影响，强调了这类活动在学校生活中激发团队精神和凝聚力的作用。 1．由上文“One of many school-based gatherings a pep rally is designed to generate school spirit and arouse unity within a school community. Pep rallies are often held before big contests, such as homecoming games or playoff games, and provide opportunities for students, faculty, sports teams and other groups to honor and celebrate their team in preparation for the upcoming event. (在许多以学校为基础的集会中，动员会的目的是激发学校精神，唤起学校社区的团结。动员会通常在大型比赛之前举行，比如返校比赛或季后赛，为学生、教师、运动队和其他团体提供机会，为即将到来的比赛做准备，向他们的球队致敬和庆祝。)”可知，上文描述了学校动员大会的目的和意义，本空应承接上文，强调动员大会的目的。选项C“Ideally, a pep rally creates an environment of enthusiasm and will likely lead all in attendance to lively cheering in support of their team. (理想情况下，动员大会创造了一个充满热情的环境，并可能会让所有与会者为支持他们的团队而欢呼。)”能承接上文，符合题意。故选C。 2．由下文“From there, the rally follows an agenda of introductions and announcements spirited performances from various school organizations, acknowledgement of key members of the community, humorous energetic programs and engaging competitions between the classes. (学生们一边听着熟悉的学校乐队或鼓点的鼓声，一边被领进礼堂，与毕业班的学生们坐在一起。从那里开始，集会的议程是介绍和宣布各种学校组织的精神表演，表彰社区的主要成员，幽默的充满活力的节目和班级之间的参与比赛。)”可知，下文提到学生被带到动员大会的地点，因此，这里的空格应填写与集会举办地点相关的信息。选项F“Ideally, a pep rally creates an environment of enthusiasm and will likely lead all in attendance to lively cheering in support of their team. (一般来说，动员会在宽敞的地方举行，比如体育馆或多功能室。)”能引起下文，符合题意。故选F。 3．由上文“The atmosphere is loud and enthusiastic during a pep rally and motivates students to actively participate. (动员大会的气氛是响亮和热情的，激励学生积极参与。)”可知，上文提到动员大会的气氛热烈，激励学生积极参与。因此，这里的空格应填写导致动员大会的气氛热烈的活动。选项D“In the rally, students can enjoy many performances like music from the band and drum line. (在集会上，学生们可以欣赏到许多表演，如乐队和鼓队的音乐。)”能承接上文，符合题意。故选D。 4．由上文“Once a pep rally has ended, students generally return to class or leave school feeling uplifted and enthusiastic about their school’s team and the upcoming contest. (一旦动员会结束，学生们通常会回到教室或离开学校，对他们学校的团队和即将到来的比赛感到振奋和热情。)”可知，上文提到动员大会结束后，学生们通常会带着提升的情绪返回课堂或离开学校。本空应描述这种情绪对学生的影响。选项B“Hopefully, they are inspired to make plans to attend the event and become a contributing member in preparing the team to compete. (希望他们能受到启发，制定参加活动的计划，并成为团队准备比赛的贡献者。)”能承接上文，符合题意。故选B。 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $