专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，浙江专用）高二英语上学期

专题03 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江金砖联盟·期中） O. Henry (1862-1910) was an American short story author whose real name was William Sydney Porter. Henry’s works reflected his wide-range of experiences and are distinctive for its witticism(俏皮话), clever wordplay, and unexpected twist endings. Like many other writers, O. Henry’s early career aims were unfocused and he wandered across different activities and professions before he finally found his calling as a short story writer. He started working in his uncle’s drugstore in 1879. Later, he moved to Texas where he lived on a farm and learned sheep shepherding, cooking, babysitting, and bits of Spanish and German from the many migrant farmhands. Over the next several years, he took a number of different jobs, from drafting to journalism, and banking, but he was careless with accounting, thus fired by the bank and charged with a crime in 1894. He fled the day before the trial in 1896, first to New Orleans, then to Honduras, where he learned his wife was dying and could not join him, so he returned to Austin and turned himself in to the court. His father-in-law helped him out so he could remain with his wife until her death in 1897. Later he was sentenced and served in Federal prison in Ohio from 1899-1902. The many twists and turns of O. Henry’s own life, including his travels in Latin America and time spent in prison, clearly inspired his stories’ twists and wordplay. His prolific writing period began in 1902 in New York City, where he wrote 381 short stories which show his obvious affection for this City and its diversity of people and places. O. Henry’s trademark is his witty, plot-twisting endings, and his warm characterization of the awkward and difficult situations and the creative ways people find to deal with them, which typically features in his work like The Last Leaf, The Gift of the Magi, etc. All of his stories are highly entertaining, whether read for pleasure or studied in classrooms around the world. Unfortunately, O. Henry’s personal tragedy was heavy drinking. He died in 1910 of several diseases. He was a gifted short story writer and left us a rich legacy of great stories to enjoy. 1．What happened to O. Henry in his early life? A．He took up writing as his lifelong profession early on. B．He had a pretty good command of Spanish and German. C．He engaged himself with numerous jobs to experience life. D．He failed to live a stable life and switched jobs for a living. 2．What does the underlined word “prolific” in paragraph 4 mean? A．relevant B．productive C．profitable D．original 3．Which of the following words can best describe O. Henry’s works? A．Educational and tragic. B．Unpredictable and serious. C．Fascinating and twisty. D．Extraordinary and formal. 4．What does O. Henry’s life story convey? A．More haste, less speed. B．Time and tide wait for no man. C．He who laughs last laughs best. D．Suffering is a stepping stone to genius. Passage 2 （24-25高二上·浙江浙南名校·期中） Roald Dahl wrote lots of books for both children and adults, and lots of people say that he is their favourite children’s author. We’ve compiled a list of our favourite Roald Dahl books for you. James And The Giant Peach After his parents are killed by a rhinoceros, four-year-old James is forced to live with his horrible aunts, Spiker and Sponge. After years of being treated as a slave by them (and being forced to sleep on the floor), James accidentally creates a giant peach, in which he escapes and flies around the world. For company, he has a gang of giant talking insects to chat to. The Twits Quite possibly the most horrible couple ever, this book tells the story of Mr. and Mrs. Twit and the horrible tricks they play on each other. Roald Dahl hated beards, so it’s no wonder that Mr. Twit’s beard is full of disgusting stuff including sardine (沙丁鱼) tails, and tomato sauce, sprouts of old vegetables, pieces of cornflakes, foul and smelly cheese, squashed flies and bits of eggs and bacon! Don’t worry, his wife is equally horrible! Fantastic Mr. Fox Farmers Boggis, Bunce and Bean are determined to catch Mr. Fox, and this is the story of how they try to trap him by digging him out as he tunnels for food for his family. But the farmers seem to forget that foxes are known to be smart for good reason. Matilda Five-year-old Matilda is a genius who loves books and reading — but unfortunately for her, her parents like watching TV and tricking people and they have no idea how clever she is. It’s all made worse by her horrible headmaster Miss Trunchbull, who likes swinging children by their hair and throwing them out of the window. But when Matilda discovers she has supernatural powers, the fun begins! 1．If Jim has a preference for stories about wise animals, which book would you recommend? A．Matilda. B．The Twits. C．Fantastic Mr. Fox. D．James And The Giant Peach. 2．What do James And The Giant Peach and Matilda have in common? A．Both characters are kindly adopted. B．Both characters have special powers. C．Both characters enjoy reading and insects. D．Both characters live with horrible relatives. 3．In which column of a magazine can you find the passage? A．Literature Salon. B．Fashion Trends. C．Cooking Delights. D．Technology Today. Passage 3 （23-24高二上·浙江A9协作体·期中） A growing number of psychologists are getting out the message that anxiety has a positive role to play in our lives. Tracy Dennis-Tiwary, who recently published Future Tense: Why Anxiety Is Good for You (Even Though It Feels Bad), thinks our culture goes too far in demonizing (妖魔化) the difficult emotion. Psychologist Todd Kashdan, director of the Well-Being Lab at George Mason University in Virginia, is a critic of what he calls happyology. We don’t always have to be smiley and calm, or worry there’s something wrong with us. Sometimes, he says, worry itself is what is right. Fear of heights? Good, because you’re not going to be the person who falls off a cliff while taking a selfie. These experts wonder if the natural role that anxiety plays in our lives is somehow being forgotten. For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March 2022 that the prevalence of anxiety had increased globally by 25% over the previous year. The WHO called the finding “a wake-up call to all countries to step up mental health services and support”. Do we know for certain that this data represents a public health crisis? Or could it mean that millions of folks are quite rightly feeling uncertain, stressed out and afraid? We can experience healthy, often completely valid periods of anxiety without being categorized as mentally ill, according to behavioral psychologists. Anxiety is an adaptive strategy in human evolution. It helps us to prepare for the uncertain future. Anxiety helps us solve unknowns by planning and imagining, by plotting out possible ways. According to Alice Boyes, who has a PhD in clinical psychology, coping with anxiety by avoiding them just reinforces your insecurity, because you’re not getting better at solving the problem. “Over time, you will feel less and less capable,” she warns. The key is to manage anxiety before it overtakes us, like tending a garden so the weeds don’t spread. How do you do that? Solutions include meditation, exercise, compassionate connection such as volunteering, access to nature and mentally reframing what we’re experiencing. 1．Which statement is Kashdan’s opinion? A．Fear may prevent you from taking dangerous actions. B．Happyology is quite popular among the young nowadays. C．Being smiley can stop us from worrying something wrong. D．Difficult emotions such as anxiety should not be demonized. 2．What is the author’s attitude toward WHO’s announcement? A．Unclear. B．Disapproving. C．Objective. D．Positive. 3．What does the underlined word “reinforces” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Resists. B．Increases. C．Adjusts. D．Reveals. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．The upside of anxiety. B．The key to managing anxiety. C．The origin of difficult emotions. D．The right attitude to negative emotions. 主题02人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江强基联盟·期中） Humans are always exploring new ways to feel, look and live better. As with everything else in life, our approach to keeping fit and healthy has changed over time. Here are four iconic fitness trends through the decades. Aerobics — 1970s Aerobics took off to improve the cardiovascular (心血管) system in a fun way and dance moves were combined with fitness movements, such as leg raises and marching in place. Aerobics inspired many different spin-offs from dance and step aerobics, to even water-based classes, all set to music. Spinning — 1990s Spinning launched cycling revolution in the 1990s which continues to this day, thanks to big-name gyms which have made cycling on fixed bikes a party for participants. Color changing lights, high-energy music and enthusiastic instructors have turned spin classes into a lively group activity which has attracted fans around the world. CrossFit—2000s CrossFit has been a team favorite in the fitness scene since the 2000s. The activity is competitive yet shared, with scores being tracked on a board. Classes typically last an hour or less, making each session an intense (强度的) and time-efficient workout which many are able to fit into their busy schedules. HIIT — 2020s HIIT, which stands for High Intensity Interval Training, has gained popularity recently, along with the rise of home workouts. Exercises, done in short, intense bursts, aim to build strength and endurance. It can be done through free online classes without any equipment, making it an affordable workout at home. 1．Which sport is mixed with dance? A．Aerobics. B．Spinning. C．CrossFit. D．HIIT. 2．What do Spinning and CrossFit have in common? A．They last for a short time. B．They can be group activities. C．They need lights and music. D．They are both competitive sports. 3．Which of the following can best describe the HIIT? A．Graceful and intense. B．Economical and convenient. C．Energetic and technical. D．Interesting and relaxing. Passage 2 （24-25高二上·浙江强基联盟·期中） Coffee is one of the most popular drinks worldwide. New findings from a study published in The New England Journal of Medicine, suggest both benefits and drawbacks of coffee drinking. According to the study, drinking at least a cup of coffee per day can increase physical activity but reduce sleep, and may also raise the risk of abnormal heart beat. The study, led by Dr. Gregory Marcus from the University of California, San Francisco, involved 100 healthy adults. Participants wore devices to track steps, sleep, blood sugar levels and heart rhythms. They spent two days drinking as much coffee as they liked, followed by two days without coffee, repeating this cycle for two weeks. Findings revealed that on coffee-drinking days, participants took an average of 1,058 more steps but slept 36 fewer minutes. While coffee didn’t impact early heartbeats from the top chambers (心房) of the heart, it increased early heartbeats from the bottom chambers by 50%. These bottom chamber beats, called PVCs, can cause rapid heartbeats and, in some cases, lead to heart failure. Dr. Peter Kistler from Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, emphasized that this was a short-term study in healthy volunteers. “This provides no information on the benefits or potential harms to long-term coffee drinking,” said Kistler. “This does not provide information on the impact of coffee in people with other health conditions, and generally the study participants consumed limited amounts of coffee.” The study noted that genetic differences in caffeine metabolism (代谢) might influence individuals’ reactions to coffee. While coffee can motivate physical activity and enhance performance, it can also lead to reduced sleep and increased heart beats in some people. The effects of coffee should be considered in the context of personal health goals and tolerance levels. Marcus suggested that a personalized approach to coffee consumption could be most effective for determining its health effects. 1．How was the study conducted? A．By analyzing previous data. B．By evaluating survey information. C．By tracking participants’ health data. D．By making a comparative experiment. 2．What do we know about the finding of the study? A．Coffee definitely causes heart failure. B．Coffee impacts early heartbeats, but benefits sleep. C．Coffee helps the sleep and lowers blood sugar levels. D．Coffee motivates activities, but may increase heart risks. 3．What is Dr. Peter’s attitude towards the study? A．Doubtful. B．Supportive. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. 4．What can you infer from the last paragraph? A．Coffee effects vary with people’s mood. B．Everyone benefits from coffee equally. C．Genetics doesn’t influence coffee effects. D．Coffee intake depends on personal situation. Passage 3 （24-25高二上·浙江七彩阳光·期中） Mireille Silcoff loves to read, but her 12-year-old daughter does not share this passion. In a New York Times essay, Silcoff recounts her attempts to get her daughter to read, which eventually led her to offer a $100 bribe. She chose Jenny Han’s The Summer I Turned Pretty, a book tied to a TV series her daughter already loved. The deal was for her daughter to finish it within a month, but she completed it in just a week and even requested the sequel (续篇), which she read for “no extra charge.” Silcoff recognizes that young people today deal with stories differently but believes that books offer a unique experience. “You know when an author sums up a feeling you didn’t even know you’ve had, and a hundred lightbulbs go off on the top of your head?” she reflects, emphasizing that books allow readers to interact with the story in ways that screen adaptations cannot. Although it remains to be seen if her daughter has become a reader for life, Silcoff feels she has opened a new “quiet personal place” for her daughter in the world of literature, calling it the best money she ever spent. While I appreciate Ms. Silcoff’s desire to have her daughter experience the joys of reading, I seriously doubt that paying her daughter to read “worked.” While the money reward persuaded her daughter to read the book in the short term, it was unlikely to develop the motivation (动力) to read, which must feel like a choice and unpressured. Decades of research have shown that paying people to do things they love weakens their motivation afterwards, and paying them to complete tasks they do not enjoy keeps the motivation tied to rewards so that they are less likely to value the activity and choose to participate in it on their own. The belief in rewards as an effective motivator is a myth; other strategies are more likely to develop long-term motivation. Rewards are a simple fix that is likely to backfire. 1．How did Silcoff encourage her daughter to read? A．With money reward. B．With longer TV time. C．With free new books. D．With words of praise. 2．What did Silcoff imply in the underlined words in paragraph 2? A．Reading can take up much of your time and energy. B．Books can help prepare you for accidents in your life. C．Reading can bring sudden realization or understanding. D．TVs and films can provide a more inspiring experience. 3．Regarding Silcoff’s method, the author expresses concerns over __________. A．its moral principle B．its increasing cost C．its social influence D．its long-term effectiveness 4．Why does the author mention the “decades of research”? A．To highlight that motivation is closely tied to rewards. B．To emphasize that kids will read more under pressure. C．To suggest that paying kids to read is potentially useful. D．To stress that reading should be something kids choose to do. 主题03 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江G5联盟·期中） Everything’s bigger in Texas, where even 3D printers take on a huge appearance. Soon, it will be the site of the world’s first 3D-printed hotel, El Cosmico, which has just begun construction in the desert north of Marfa. Passersby won’t see the framework that typically come with construction. Photos of the site show amassive 46.5-foot-wide and 15.5-foot-tall 3D printer laying layer upon layer of sand-colored material onto the foundations, creating sand-colored walls. This enormous machine, called the Vulcan, was developed by Texas-based 3D printing and robotics company ICON. When the Vulcan constructs walls, it looks like “an inkjet printer with a cartridge (墨盒) going back and forth,” Liz Lambert, El Cosmico’s owner, described it. The project is a cooperation between Lambert, ICON and architects at Bjarke Ingels Group. Lambert seeks to expand the existing El Cosmico hotel, adding 43 new units and 18 residential homes on a new 40-acre property. According to ICON, 3D printing will provide new ways to build and offer greater flexibility in architectural designs. “I’ve never been able to build with such little restriction…” Lambert tells Reuters’ Evan Garcia. “It’s an incredible way to build.” Images of the hotel’s inside reveal cream-colored walls and rounded wooden surfaces full of colors that reflect the surrounding desert. The structures’ walls are made of a concrete called “lavacrete”, a low-carbon material created by ICON, which has a compressive strength (压缩强度) of 2,000 to 3,500 pounds per square inch. The mixture also uses local Texas materials colored to “fit into the landscape of Marfa,” as Lambert tells the Reuters. ICON was founded in 2018, and its technology has been used to build 3D-printed homes in Texas and Mexico, where residents have commented on the strength of their walls and their insulation (隔绝) from the sun. The company also adopts the technology to help address America’s affordable housing crisis. In 2020, ICON constructed several houses for the Community First! Village in Austin for homeless people run by the nonprofit Mobile Loaves& Fishes. Construction on the new hotel is scheduled to conclude in 2026, and the existing location will be open until 2025. 1．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The distinctive features of 3D printing. B．The amazing appearance of 3D printer. C．The framework of traditional construction. D．The process of building a 3D-printed hotel. 2．How does Lambert feel about 3D printing? A．Appreciative. B．Pessimistic. C．Cautious. D．Indifferent. 3．Why are the local Texas materials used? A．To cut down transportation costs. B．To integrate into the surroundings. C．To enhance the safety of the hotel. D．To protect the natural environment. 4．What can we infer about ICON? A．It is a non-profit organization devoted to 3D printing. B．It never employed 3D printing before building the hotel. C．It has built 3D-printed homes securing positive feedback. D．It uses 3D printing to solve America’s luxury housing crisis. Passage 2 （24-25高二上·浙江强基联盟·期中） You might have experienced the frustration of being misunderstood by a smart speaker or AI assistant. For people with non-standard speech, this happens frequently. Israeli company Voiceitt aims to change that. By using personalized voice models, its AI-powered speech recognition system helps people with speech impairments (损伤) caused by conditions like Parkinson’s disease, Down syndrome, or stroke communicate better with others. For Voiceitt co-founder Sara Smolley, developing speech recognition for non-standard speech patterns is a personal mission. “My grandmother was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease,” she said. “By the time I was born, she had lost most of her motor capabilities, and her speech was affected.” Smolley wanted to solve communication problems for people with speech difficulties. Voiceitt was launched as an app in 2023 and operated as a vocal translator, converting non-standard speech into audio. Users train the AI by recording themselves saying about 200 simple phrases. Voiceitt cooperates with tools like WebEx and ChatGPT, providing captions (字幕) for non-standard speech. The company is also partnering with Zoom and Microsoft Teams. Colin Hughes, who has a muscle disorder, uses voice typing for his digital interactions. He’s impressed with how accurately Voiceitt’s app understands his unique way of speaking. But he points out that many people with upper-limb disabilities need more than just speech-to-text. They need something like better voice typing for longer writing. He sees a future where technology plays a bigger role in accessibility, adding, “This entire field needs a shake-up. Voiceitt, with better access to major platforms, could be the one to lead this change.” With technology that captures and stores personal data such as voice recordings, privacy can be a concern for users. Smolley says her company has “the highest standards in the world in terms of data privacy”. She believes Voiceitt’s technology can be life-changing. “We want to allow people not just to be more independent in their lives and work,” says Smolley, “but also to enjoy technology and have fun.” 1．What inspires Sara Smolley to develop the AI-speech recognition system? A．Her desire to advance artificial intelligence. B．Her passion for technology communication. C．Her determination to cure people of speech disease. D．Her hope to settle grandmother’s communication problems. 2．What does the underlined word “converting” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Applying. B．Keeping. C．Changing. D．Limiting. 3．What does Colin’s words imply in paragraph 5? A．Voiceitt can be a pioneering tool. B．Voiceitt focuses on speech-to-text. C．Voiceitt understands personal feelings. D．Voiceitt can team up with tech companies. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce a new speech recognition system. B．To show the limitations of current speech recognition. C．To highlight the need to help people with speech issues. D．To explain the difficulties of Al-powered speech recognition. Passage 3 （24-25高二上·浙江浙南名校·期中） Despite ChatGPT positioning itself as a productivity booster for workers, two recent studies show that women use it 16 to 20 percentage points less than men, even when employed in the same jobs or fields. This indicates that not everyone has embraced the technology. A study by researchers from the University of Chicago and the University of Copenhagen surveyed 100,000 Danish workers across 11 professions on their usage of ChatGPT, relating responses with personal data like income and education. The results indicated that women less tended to use ChatGPT compared to men in the same fields For instance, while about one-third of female teachers employed ChatGPT, this number rose to half among males. Even within the same companies performing similar tasks, a 16 percentage point difference was observed. This gap suggests that a lack of confidence among women, who reported the need for training, might contribute to lower adoption rates. Another potential explanation comes from research by researchers at Aalto University and the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH). It revealed a gender imbalance in ChatGPT usage among students, with female students in NHH’s undergraduate program being 18 percentage points less likely to use it frequently. This trend was particularly evident among mid-to-high-performing women. Follow-up questions indicated that high-achieving women would self-enforce restrictions, suggesting a ‘good girl’ behavior where they prefer to accomplish tasks independently without shortcuts. Low performers were almost as likely as men to use the technology. A lack of AI experience can be costly when entering the job market. Researchers surveyed 1,143 hiring managers and found that they value high-performing women with AI skills 8% more than those without. This advantage does not apply to men, indicating rewards for women who relax their self-imposed bans, Tera Allas from McKinsey warns that Al, chiefly used by men, might eventually tailor more for them, potentially shutting women out in the long term. However, Danielle Li of MIT notes these studies don’t prove if men’s ChatGPT use results in better or more productive work. Currently, she suggests, the technology might just be a digital toy, and high-achieving women might excel at avoiding distractions. 1．What do we know about the studies mentioned in the first two paragraphs? A．Less than 16% females use AI to teach. B．Everyone does not welcome AI technology. C．Males use AI for work 50% more than females. D．People from 11 different countries are interviewed. 2．Which may contribute to the lower adoption rate of ChatGPT among women? A．Self-set limits. B．Workplace gender inequality. C．Digital skills gap. D．Insufficient technology access. 3．What is true according to Paragraphs 4 and 5? A．Current ChatGPT usage improves productivity. B．Women without AI experience are valued equally. C．Women may be excluded if not adopting technology. D．Hiring managers don’t consider AI skills when evaluating. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．ChatGPT usage varies between genders. B．ChatGPT is effective in boosting productivity. C．Hiring managers value AI skills in candidates. D．High-achieving women avoid using ChatGPT. Passage 4 （24-25高二上·浙江金砖联盟·期中） A recent study on New Scientist reveals that police can access a collection of data from smart speakers found at crime scenes that could be invaluable in solving murders or robberies. Data on recently recognised faces, internet searches and voice commands could be extracted even without the owner’s permission or assistance from the manufacturer. Jona Crasselt and Gaston Pugliese at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany tested how much information can be pulled from such a device after seeing news report of Amazon refusing police access to smart speaker data in a murder case. “We not only obtained access to the local data, but also were able to access the data stored in the cloud,” says Crasselt. “The investigators would be able to access the data themselves without relying on Amazon to provide it to them.” The researchers focused on Amazon’s Echo Show 15, a smart assistant with a display screen, a camera, six microphones and a light sensor. They explored inside the Echo Show with a device designed to test what signals or data are flowing at various points on a circuit board. The pair were able to gain access to the unencypted (未加密的) file system. “Records of detected movement and faces recognized by the built-in camera and artificial intelligence are accessible,” says Pugliese, “as well as details of voice requests, calendars, contacts, conversations, photos and videos.” He added that it required some technical knowledge to obtain the local data, but it was surprising that the file system was not encrypted. An Amazon spokesperson told New Scientist: “The security of our devices and customer data is a top priority. In this case, the researcher’s findings required direct physical access to the Echo device and specialised expertise to extract data from internal device components. We appreciate the work the security research community does to help us further improve our devices.” Criminologist David Wilson at Birmingham City University, UK, says it’s a simple human reality that you’re most likely to be victims to someone you know. “We already have access to information from those domestic settings through mobile phones, Facebook, Instagram posts. In spite of the fact that smart speaker evidence may be useful, it is controversial,” he says. “because there are privacy issues.” 1．What might be helpful in solving crimes according to the study? A．The smart speaker on the spot. B．The manufacturer’s assistance. C．The user’s or owner’s permission. D．The artificial intelligence system. 2．What did Gaston Pugliese imply in paragraph 3? A．The file system is incredibly difficult to access. B．Sufficient information is stored in the speaker. C．Echo Show is equipped with various functions. D．Advanced techniques are needed to obtain data. 3．What measures may Amazon take as a consequence of the researchers’ findings? A．To advocate the indirect physical access. B．To provide the files for the investigators. C．To better the security of the customer data. D．To extract the details of the users’ privacy. 4．What’s David Wilson attitude towards smart speaker evidence? A．Doubtful. B．Objective. C．Resistant. D．Optimistic. 主题04 人与自然——环境与生态 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江温州十校·期中） “The climate time bomb is ticking,” said UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres at a recent meeting. Preventing global warming from reaching the 1.5 °C limit is “achievable” but it will take a giant leap in climate action, Guterres added. As cities develop, some sources of carbon emissions (排放) may be hard to notice for most people, for example, the bricks used in buildings. US company Biomason has produced bio-based cement (水泥), which can sharply cut emissions during traditional cement production. “We grow cement the same way nature does,” wrote the company’s website. How the cement is “grown” is based on biomineralization, the process by which living organisms produce minerals. One example of biomineralization is coral reefs. Massive reef structures are formed when each individual stony coral produces calcium carbonate, a kind of mineral. Although the stony corals are tiny, one reef structure, built by millions of stony corals, can grow to weigh several tons. This biobased cement alternative is called Biolith. During the production of each Biolith tile, bacteria and nutrients are mixed with sand. Organisms then produce calcium carbonate by absorbing a liquid made of calcium and nitrogen (氮). However, the process doesn’t change the size of the Biolith tile instead, it increases the density. The produced calcium carbonate forms bridges between the grains, strengthening the unit from within. It takes less than 72 hours to let a Biolith tile “grow” fully, while traditional concrete requires about 28 days to make a brick. The company aims to “remove 25 percent of carbon emissions from the concrete industry by 2030,” according to its website. Traditional concrete is made of crushed stones. The process involves heating the stone to temperatures greater than 1,300 °C, during which carbon dioxide is emitted. The manufacture of Biolith, however, doesn’t involve heating, which greatly reduces carbon emissions. The company plans on increasing the use of bio-based bricks, covering 35,000 square meters in Europe by the end of this year. 1．What is biomineralization? A．The process of producing bio-based cement. B．The process of controlling calcium carbonate. C．The process of producing minerals by living organisms. D．The process of absorbing a liquid made of calcium and nitrogen. 2．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about the production of Biolith? A．It requires temperatures greater than 1,300° C． B．It takes as long as traditional concrete to fully harden. C．It involves the use of living organisms to create calcium carbonate. D．It releases more carbon dioxide than traditional concrete production. 3．What is the main advantage of Biolith over traditional concrete? A．It makes bricks larger and more durable. B．It requires no heating, cutting carbon emissions. C．It reduces the amount of sand used in construction. D．It reduces the time needed for concrete to set by half. 4．Which of the following best summarizes the purpose of the article? A．To explain how climate change affects coral reefs. B．To highlight the difficulties in creating eco-friendly cement. C．To discuss global climate goals and their impact on construction. D．To describe a company’s efforts to reduce emissions in the concrete industry. Passage 2 （23-24高二上·浙江宁波鄞州·期中） Earth is far more alive than we previously thought, according to “deep life” studies that reveal a rich underground ecosystem beneath our feet that is almost twice the size of all the world’s oceans. Despite extreme heat, no light and intense pressure, scientists estimate it has between 15 billion and 23 billion tonnes of microorganisms. “It’s like finding a whole new reservoir (储藏) of life on Earth,” said Karen Lloyd an associate professor at the University of Tennessee. Results suggest 70 percent of Earth’s bacteria and archaea exist in the subsurface. One organism found 2.5 kilometers below the surface has been buried for millions of years and may not rely at all on energy from the sun. Also, the methanogen (产甲烷菌) has found a way to create methane in this environment, which the methanogen may not use to reproduce or divide, but use to replace or repair broken parts. Lengths of their lives were completely different. Some microorganisms have been alive for thousands of years, barely moving except with shifts in earthquakes or eruptions. They’re just active inside, with less energy than people thought possible to support life. The team consists of 1,200 scientists from 52 countries in disciplines ranging from geology and microbiology to chemistry and physics. A year before the conclusion of their study, they will present the findings before the American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting opens this week, which they say are made possible by technical advances on drills and microscopes. The scientists have been wondering about the point beyond which life cannot exist, but the deeper they dig, the more life they find. There is a temperature maximum — currently 122℃ — but they believe this record will be broken if they keep exploring and developing more advanced instruments. Questions remain, including how the microbes interact with chemical processes, and what this might reveal about how life and Earth coevolved. 1．What do the scientists find about the underground organisms? A．They can’t reproduce and divide. B．They’re the oldest living things. C．Some of them consume no energy. D．Some of them almost always keep still. 2．What can we learn about the research from paragraph 3? A．It lasts for around one year. B．It involves efforts from many fields. C．It promotes technical development. D．It is conducted in 52 countries. 3．Why do the scientists dig deep? A．To break their previous record. B．To find the depth limit of life. C．To discover more ancient microorganisms. D．To measure the highest subsurface temperature. 4．Which of the following can be the best title? A．Earth Depths Are Full of Life B．Organisms Live Better Underground C．Earth Is Far Beyond Human Exploration D．Subsurface Life Differs from That on Land 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江杭二·期中） Elephants are the largest land mammals on Earth, and understanding them better could lead to big scientific breakthroughs in science. Both delicate and study, elephant trunks (象鼻) can grasp a single leaf but can also carry nearly 600 pounds. Scientists think that they are an incredible inspiration for the next generation of bio-inspired (仿生) robots. By conducting a high- resolution motion capture analysis of elephants’ trunks, researchers found elephants have a set of simple movements that they can integrate freely to handle objects of various shapes and sizes. For example, elephants use suction (吸力) to pick up lightweight objects. However, to pick up heavier things, they use suction to secure the position of the objects and trunk wrapping to hold and lift things. “It’s not the whole trunk that is lengthening or shortening — it’s different parts, relying on what the elephant is doing,” said Milinkovitch, professor of the physics of biology at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. Researchers also performed CT scans and MRIs on the trunk of a dead elephant. They used high- resolution cameras to create a 3D model of a trunk, allowing them to better understand the structure of an elephant’s muscle groups, skin and connective tissues. The study data will be used to help design an innovative“ soft” robotic arm.“ The data is exceptional, but now the effort is to translate this biological data into some engineering specifications,” Milinkovitch said. “We need to extract some simplifying principles that can make the robot’s behavior simple enough to be effective and adaptable to changes.” The project is also fueling advancements in material science, as researchers have developed a new material similar to the useful properties of elephant skin and can be 3D printed for robotic prototypes (原型). The new materials may be commercialized for a wide range of uses. 1．What does the underlined word “study” in paragraph l probably mean? A．Strong. B．Broad. C．Sensitive. D．Rough 2．How does an elephant handle different objects? A．By securing the position of these objects at first. B．By combining suction with trunk movements flexibly. C．By sucking them with all the strength. D．By stretching its trunk based on things’ sizes. 3．Why do researchers translate the biological data? A．To test the safety of the robotic arm. B．To upgrade the appearance of the robot. C．To improve the behavior of the robot. D．To study the structure of muscle tissues. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Elephant Trunks: The Theory of Movement in Robotics B．Elephant Trunks: The Inspiration for Soft Robotics C．“Soft” Robotic Arms: An Innovation in 3D- printed Robots D．“Soft” Robotic Arms: A Major Breakthrough in Material Science Passage 2 （24-25高二上·浙江衢州五校·期中） Imagine the roadways where nearly all serious accidents can be avoided, and trucks can transport goods around the clock without needing to stop for sleep. Applications for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) will replace the average human reaction time, lowering it from 1.6 seconds to just 0.5 seconds, saving countless lives in the process. The driverless future of autonomous vehicles (AV) is set to transform society by reinventing (重塑) the transportation industry and changing consumer behaviors forever. Yet, the share of consumers who support government regulation of fully self-driving cars has declined 15% over the past year, and trust in the safety of autonomous vehicles is down 5%. To address these ongoing safety concerns, more must be done. Autonomous vehicles should not be regulated by the same rules that govern standard passenger vehicles because those regulations do not address the unique safety challenges for AVs. To address these concerns, the industry will need to continue building public trust through the improved performance of AV systems, especially in controlled environments. Reaching a totally hands-off and eyes-off autonomous driving experience will require a range of next-generation technologies that are still being developed. Automakers will continue to increase the safety of autonomous vehicles by applying new technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve the performance of sensors that use radio and light waves to help detect road users in all weather conditions. The technical brain of an AV system relies on software systems that actively protect passengers. As this market grows, costs will steadily fall for these new sensors and high-performance computers, just as safety standards continue to progress around the country and the world. To help build confidence in AVs, the industry will need to generate a common set of testing standards, similar to crash safety standards, that AV developers can evaluate their systems against. As autonomous driving evolves, the road to a driverless future still holds many twists and turns ahead. It should be an exciting and wild ride for years to come as the auto industry reinvents itself with ever-increasing levels of automation. 1．What make consumers still hesitant about the application of AV? A．Costly operating systems. B．Government regulations. C．Potential safety concerns. D．Complicated technologies. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 3? A．AVs fail to follow standard regulations. B．Tailored rules are needed for AVs. C．Public trust in AVs is difficult to earn. D．AVs should be tested on public roads. 3．How can the public’s trust in AVs be improved? A．By integrating existing technologies. B．By limiting their maximum speed. C．By developing a reliable testing system. D．By minimizing the cost of sensors. 4．What is the writer’s attitude towards the future of AVs? A．Skeptical and concerned. B．Cautious yet optimistic. C．Worried and reserved. D．Pessimistic yet tolerant. Passage 3 （24-25高二上·浙江宁波余姚·期中） Mosquitoes carry malaria (疟疾), which kills thousands of people each year. Now some researchers are trying to use genetic engineering to make the annoying insects into partners in the fight against the disease. For years, public health officials have tried to limit the disease by controlling mosquito populations. “But that approach is temporary,” says Anthony James, a professor of biology and genetics at the University of California, Irvine, “Because mosquitoes are extremely tough little insects, and their populations can quickly rebound.” Therefore, James and his colleagues want to try a different approach: making mosquitoes themselves into malaria-fighting warriors, which is a complete departure from traditional ways of controlling malaria. To understand how it works, it helps to understand the life cycle of malaria. The malaria pathogen (病原体) is a parasite (寄生虫) that grows inside humans. It’s passed via mosquitoes that move from person to person, sucking blood. “If we can make the mosquitoes difficult for the pathogens to survive, we can wipe out the disease,” he says. But making mosquitoes uninviting to malaria is a tough job. To solve the problem, the team used a gene-editing technique called CRISPR. They started with genes from mice, whose immune systems do fight human malaria, engineered those genes, and then gave them to the mosquitoes. It turned out the malaria-fighting antibodies which gene-edited mosquitoes produced worked very well. They reduced the number of parasites in the mosquito before they were passed to a human host. James’ team are now working on planning a field trial, which he hopes could be conducted on an island or in another isolated location. But genetically changing wild animals does not sit well with environmentalists. “There’s no need to engineer a mosquito,” says Dana Perls, senior program manager for the emerging technology program at the non-profit Friends of the Earth. Perls points out that naturally occurring methods for reducing malaria appear to be showing promise, as does a new vaccine (疫苗) against the disease. “Why take unnecessary risks and release a species that can’t be recalled once it’s released into the wild?” she asks. 1．What can we know from the second and third paragraphs? A．Mosquitoes reproduce quickly. B．Mosquitoes depart from malaria. C．Mosquitoes are malaria-fighting warriors. D．Mosquitoes’ populations are under control. 2．According to the text, which of the following are attractive to the malaria pathogen? A．Mice. B．Parasites. C．Mosquitoes. D．Gene-edited mosquitoes. 3．What is environmentalists’ attitude toward this new approach? A．Tolerant. B．Favorable. C．Objective. D．Disapproving. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Limiting Malaria by Controlling Mosquito Populations B．Controlling Malaria by editing Mosquitoes’ genes C．Curing Malaria with Gene-edited Mosquitoes D．Preventing Malaria with a new vaccine Passage 4 （24-25高二上·浙江宁波北仑·期中） About ten years ago, logging into Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram would mostly show posts from friends and family in the order they were posted. Today, these platforms present a mix of content, tailored by algorithms (算法) to match users’ interests, whether it’s plants, sports, cats, or politics. Kyle Chayka, a writer for The New Yorker, discusses this topic in his book, Filterworld. He explains that algorithms analyze user data to predict and influence what they will likely engage with. This means that instead of a simple, chronological feed, users encounter a dynamic stream, constantly adapting to their preferences. Chayka examines how these algorithmic recommendations control what we consume, from music and movies to food and travel destinations. He argues that this machine-driven selection process has turned us into passive consumers, making our preferences and tastes more similar. Chayka points out that algorithms make us passive by always showing us content that we’re unlikely to click away from but won’t find too unexpected or challenging. This constant stream of recommendations reduces our exposure to diverse or challenging content, subtly shaping our preferences and behaviors. Moreover, Chayka points out that algorithms also pressure content creators, like musicians and artists, to tailor their work to fit these digital platforms. For instance, musicians on Spotify or TikTok might focus on creating catchy hooks at the beginning of their songs to grab the listener’s attention. Despite the strong presence of these algorithms, Chayka believes that regulation could reduce their influence. He suggests that if Meta, the parent company of Facebook, were required to separate its various services, like Instagram or WhatsApp, and make them compete with each other, it could give users more control and choice over their digital consumption. In summary, the change from simple, time-ordered social. media posts to algorithm-driven content has a big impact on both the viewers and the creators, influencing what we see, hear, and even think. Chayka’s insights highlight the need for greater awareness and potentially more regulation in our increasingly digital world. 1．According to the text, how have social media platforms changed in the past ten years? A．They show posts in a time-based order. B．They prioritize posts from friends and family. C．They make adjustments to satisfy users’ needs. D．They provide more content to meet different needs. 2．What does Kyle Chayka think of algorithmic recommendations? A．They make users more active consumers. B．They shape users’ preferences and behaviors. C．They reduce the influence of content creators. D．They expose users to diverse and challenging content. 3．How do algorithms influence musicians’ work on digital platforms? A．By encouraging musicians to create longer songs. B．By discouraging musicians from using catchy hooks. C．By giving musicians more control and choice over their music. D．By requiring musicians to create their work to fit the platforms. 4．What can be concluded from the text? A．Tech companies should have more departments. B．Social media algorithms give content creators less opportunities. C．Social media algorithms flatten our culture by making decisions for us. D．Network platforms have increased the common recommendations for 10 years. Passage 5 （24-25高二上·浙江衢州五校·期中） Enjoying a juicy watermelon is one of summer’s greatest pleasures, particularly when you don’t have to avoid any seeds. Indeed, humans have adapted many fruits to be seedless in search of a more pleasant eating experience. The navel orange (a sweet orange that is usually seedless), for example, came about after a random genetic mutation (随机的基因突变) produced a single branch with seedless fruit long ago. Cuttings of the branch were joined to other trees, and today, all of the world’s navel oranges are copies of this original. A similar discovery led to seedless grapes, which are thought to first appear in ancient Rome before making their way to the Americas in the 1870s. Scientists have a few guesses about why plants might have developed these abilities. For one, plants can hybridize (杂交) more easily than some kinds of animals, and hybridization unlocks the new potential. Even if some combinations don’t pan out, researchers have documented examples of “hybrid advantage”, in which a hybrid is fitter than either of its parents. Lastly, because the purpose of fruit is to draw animals near to help spread their seeds, parthenocarpy, the production of fruits without fertilization (受精), may ultimately allow trees to produce more fruit at a lower energetic cost if they don’t need to make seeds, too. Regardless of why seedless fruits exist, they represent an interesting thought experiment, according to Stacey Smith, a plant evolutionary biologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. On the one hand, many are unable to continue surviving without human involvement, but on the other hand they’re also wildly successful for that same reason. There are very few, if any, wild navel oranges, and yet it’s estimated that California will produce 76 million cartons of them this year alone. “My personal take is that all plants under human care have won in some sense, because they don’t have to make more of themselves. We do it for them,” Smith told Live Science. “Just because they’re not reproducing sexually and making seeds, who cares? We will never stop eating watermelons, and being able to make seedless ones just means we eat more watermelons.” 1．What is the similarity between the orange and grape mentioned in the text? A．Being native to ancient Rome. B．Being seedless due to genetic change. C．Being grown from seeds rather than cuttings. D．Being joined to other plants for a sweeter taste. 2．What does the underlined phrase “pan out” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Die out. B．Fall through. C．Work out. D．Come apart. 3．Why is the existence of seedless fruits considered a thought experiment? A．It contributes to the balance of nature. B．People still have doubts regarding seedless fruits. C．Seedless fruits have a high demand but limited production. D．It inspires thinking on natural selection and human activity. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．The Journey of Seedless Fruits: From Mutation to Market B．Seedless Fruits: A Human-Aided Evolutionary Wonder C．Genetic Mutations: The Only Way to Create Seedless Fruits D．Hybridization: The Key to Seedless Fruits’Success Passage 6 （24-25高二上·浙江杭州学军·期中） An unlikely scandal (丑闻) affected the British government greatly. After Covid-19 forced the government to cancel the “A - level” exams that help determine university admission, the British education regulator used an algorithm (算法) to predict what score each student would have received on their exam. The algorithm relied in part on how the school’s students had historically been more successful on the exam. Schools with richer children tended to have better track records, so the algorithm gave wealthy students - even those on track for the same grades as poor students - much higher predicted scores. High-achieving, low - income pupils whose schools had not previously performed well were hit particularly hard. After threats of legal action and widespread demonstrations, the government backed down and canceled the algorithmic grading process entirely. This wasn’t an isolated incident: In the United States similar issues troubled the International Baccalaureate exam, which used an opaque (不透明)  artificial intelligence system to set students’ scores, prompting protests from thousands of students and parents. These episodes highlight some of the traps of algorithmic decision - making. As technology advances, companies, governments, and other organizations are increasingly relying on algorithms to predict important social outcomes, using them to distribute jobs, forecast crime, and even try to prevent child abuse. These technologies promise to increase efficiency, enable more targeted policy interventions, and remove human imperfections from decision-making processes. But critics worry that opaque machine learning systems will in fact reflect and further keep shortcomings in how organizations typically function - including by establishing the racial, class, and gender prejudices of the societies that develop these systems. But there is an even more basic concern about algorithmic decision-making. Even in the absence of systematic class or racial prejudice, what if algorithms struggle to make even remotely accurate predictions about the track of individuals’ lives? 1．Why did the author mention A-level exams in the first paragraph? A．To share a scandal. B．To present an example. C．To introduce the topic. D．To arouse public concern. 2．Who are probably in favor of the algorithmic grading system? A．Average students from top schools. B．Straight A students from top schools. C．Average students from average families. D．Straight A students with disadvantaged background. 3．What can we infer from the passage? A．The algorithmic grading system resulted in legal action. B．Algorithmic decision-making is not necessarily reliable. C．Algorithmic decision-making develops systematic prejudices D．The British government approves of the algorithmic grading system. 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江温州十校·期中） Math anxiety has become a common psychological condition among students around the world. Students in countries with higher levels of math anxiety tend to achieve lower math grades, according to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Feb 15. Math anxiety — a negative emotional reaction to the core subject — causes fear, physical suffering and behavior problems among young pupils, according to a University of Cambridge study. In ordinary life, many people experience some degree of discomfort when confronted with a math problem, ranging from mild tension to strong fear. Some people also experience physical symptoms such as sweaty palms or a racing heart. They may then try to avoid numbers-related situations, meaning they are held back from pursuing careers related to the subject, such as science, technology or engineering, according to The Guardian. Relief comes from the fact that those with math anxiety aren’t destined to be bad at math. “If a child has math anxiety, don’t assume that they’re not good at math. They may have had a really bad experience with math,” Daniel Ansari, the senior author of the study told The London Free Press. “Students with math anxiety are not cognitively (认知地) disadvantaged. ” Also, there are ways to manage your math-related stress. If you’re stressed before a math exam, spend a few minutes exploring those feelings before the exam begins. “It’s about making sure you’re interpreting your feelings correctly,” Sian Beilock, a cognitive scientist told the BBC． “A fast heartbeat and sweaty palms don’t necessarily mean you will fail.” A little math anxiety could be taken as a positive challenge to overcome. Just like many people get stage fright before delivering a speech, this nervous energy can help to motivate, according to Ian Lyons, a psychologist at Georgetown University. Math doesn’t come easy, no matter how clever you are. Leonardo da Vinci, the famous Italian artist, was a huge fan of mathematics. But his notebooks show that Da Vinci couldn’t do fractions (分数). He could never grasp, for instance, that dividing a number by one-quarter is the same as multiplying by four, resulting in a higher number than the original. 1．What do we know about math anxiety? A．It is common merely among students. B．It can cause physical and emotional discomfort. C．People with math anxiety are often bad at maths. D．It leads to people struggling in their career. 2．Which of the following statements will Daniel Ansari agree with according to his study? A．Math anxiety may contribute to better grades. B．Bad experience with math can cause cognitive disadvantages. C．Math anxiety is not related to the ability to solve math problems. D．Students with math anxiety may indeed experience lower math scores. 3．How should you deal with the stress related to math according to the article? A．Avoid thinking about failures in math. B．Learn to make sense of your feelings. C．Take all nervous energy as a challenge. D．Pay little attention to your math anxiety. 4．Why is Leonardo da Vinci’s story mentioned? A．To show that math anxiety is very common. B．To suggest a way to solve math anxiety. C．To show it’s not easy for da Vinci to learn math. D．To explain why math is a difficult subject to learn. 主题03 人与自然——环境与生态 Passage 1 （23-24高二上·浙江宁波鄞州·期中） Work starts early on White Gate Farm in East Lyme, Connecticut. By 7 a. m., farm manager Dan Wood was at the East Lyme Post Office dropping off a box of fresh produce that later in the day would be delivered by mail to Chelsea Gubbins, who lives across town. White Gate Farm is a member of Farmers Post, a pilot programme that enables smallholder farms across eastern Connecticut to ship fresh produce and other farm products to local households through the United States Postal Service (USPS). Farmers Post takes advantage of a USPS programme called Connect Local that allows small businesses to offer same-day and next-day delivery at a fixed low cost. Food remains in the fields because either market prices are too low or the cost of the workforce is too high, or because the size and shape of the produce make it unattractive to stores. Each year, around 10 million tons of crops never get harvested, causing about 16% of total US food loss and waste. “Food that is wasted has a much larger influence than just the loss of the food itself,” says Julia Kurnik, senior director of Innovation Start-ups at WWF. “Everything that went into growing it goes out the window as well—the water, the land, and the energy. And as the food breaks down, it produces greenhouse gases. The bad effects amplify greatly.” Besides reducing food waste, selling farm products directly to local customers cuts down on the cross-country shipping of food grown in California or elsewhere. This reduces the so-called food miles that researchers believe cause about 6% of the world’s greenhouse gases. Fruits and vegetables, which are often transported out of season and require refrigeration, produce lots of greenhouse gases between farms and people’s plates. Wood understands that Farmers Post can help to end that waste. “Farming is kind of like cooking for a big group.” he says. “This is helping us get right on the money, using almost 100% of what we grow and harvest.” 1．Why was Farmers Post started? A．To provide professional modern farming methods. B．To create more delivery jobs for local people C．To pick up and carry customers to different farms. D．To make the delivery of produce easier and cheaper. 2．What may cause some US crops to remain unharvested according to the text? A．The limited need for farm products. B．The shortage of workers and harvesting tool. C．Their low value and poor quality. D．Bad weather and road conditions. 3．What does the underlined word “amplify” mean in Paragraph 4? A．Increase. B．Slow. C．Switch. D．Weaken. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The Food Safety Movement Has Met Some Challenges B．A Farm-to-Table Programme Helps Reduce Food Waste C．Farmers Post Explores Ways to Make High-Quality Products D．Small Farms Play a Leading Role in Serving Communities Passage 2 （24-25高二上·浙江宁波北仑·期中） Researchers at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research analyzed historical food prices across various food categories and countries globally, looking at the impact of climatic changes on food inflation (通货膨胀) and the potential implications of future climate change. They found that annual food inflation will rise by 3.2 percent per year and overall inflation by 1.18 percent per year by 2035. And all nations will be impacted, while hot regions and summers will see the most significant consequences. “Looking at over 27,000 observations of historical data, we found that increases in temperatures can increase food prices, particularly in hot regions and seasons,” said Max Kotz, a co-author of the study, “under future climate conditions, these impacts could become large, threatening the price stability commands of central banks, such as the ECB ( European Central Bank), which aims to keep inflation below 2 percent.” The report highlighted how rising or unstable prices endanger human welfare and economic and political stability, pointing to United Nations data showing that the cost-of-living crisis in 2021/22 resulted in 71 million more people falling into poverty globally. The study found that increases in temperatures, particularly in hot regions and during summers, lead to heightened inflation levels, which are more pronounced in lower latitudes (纬度) like Africa and South America. Regions at higher latitudes experience seasonal peaks, mostly in the summer months. Data showed a 1℃ rise in average monthly temperatures affects prices for nearly a year, similarly to extra rainfall. However, price impacts resulting from extreme drought are only temporary. Researchers examined the extremely hot European summer of 2022, when heat and drought had far-reaching effects on agriculture and the economy. “We estimate that the 2022 summer heat extreme increased food inflation in Europe by about 0.6 percent,” said Kotz. Researchers claimed that future warming projected for 2035 would multiply the impacts of such extremes by up to 50 percent. These effects are particularly relevant for currency unions with a 2 percent inflation target, such as the Eurozone, and will continue to increase with future global warming. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．Natural consequences of climate change. B．The link between food price s and climate. C．Food prices in hot regions during summers. D．The impact of food inflation on food prices. 2．What might the rising prices lead to according to the researchers’ report? A．Massive poverty. B．Human welfare. C．Environmental crisis. D．Economic stability. 3．Why is the European summer of 2022 mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To give an example of the research findings. B．To provide reasons for the researchers’ doubt. C．To show practical significance of the research. D．To state researchers’ methods for data analysis. 4．What is the researchers’ attitude toward food inflation? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Concerned. Passage 3 （24-25高二上·浙江G5联盟·期中） Chickadees (山雀) are beloved backyard birds in North America. Black-capped Chickadees and Carolina Chickadees are especially tough to tell apart, with the same black cap and chin, white cheeks, and gray-buff bodies, along with the same love of seed-filled bird feeders and similar cheeky “chick-a-dee-dee!” calls. Usually the easiest way to tell which of these two chickadees you’re looking at is to consult a map. Carolina Chickadees live in the eastern and southeastern U. S., whereas Black-capped Chickadees inhabit most of the rest of North America. Yet along the extensive, meandering line where the two species overlap, things can get unclear. They started to share a “hybrid zone” where they regularly interbreed (异种交配) and produce young, blurring (模糊) the lines between species. In 2007 Robert Curry, an ornithologist and behavioral ecologist published a paper showing that the hybrid zone had been creeping northward over more than a decade. By that time Curry had accumulated years’ worth of chickadee blood samples from his field sites, and he had access to tissue samples collected previously by other researchers as well. He and his collaborators used genetic analysis to verify the composition of the chickadee population at each site and looked at how that composition had shifted over time. The researchers’ findings provided confirmation of what bird-watchers had already observed: in a decade and a half the northern edge of the hybrid zone had moved about 20 kilometers north. But why? According to the data collected from eBird in the following years, the northern limit of Carolina Chickadees’ range is roughly the point on the map where the average minimum winter temperature hits minus seven degrees Celsius — and that the rate of their northward expansion in Pennsylvania has been consistent with warming winters. Climate change is really only half of the story behind the movement of the hybrid zone. Meanwhile, there was a strong link between the presence of hybrids and the degree to which habitat in an area had been altered by humans. “I think what we’ve done in these disturbed areas is we’ve planted trees that favor Black-capped Chickadees,” says, “which has increased their populations and then increased the frequency of hybridization between the two species in an artificial way.” “So what will happen? We don’t know yet,” Curry says. “But it will be interesting to see.” 1．What is the easiest way to tell Black-capped Chickadees from Carolina Chickadees? A．Recording their calls. B．Observing their shapes. C．Comparing their looks. D．Studying their habitats. 2．What can we learn about the study in paragraph 3? A．Researchers focused on Chickadees’ behaviour. B．The hybrid zone had a tendency to migrate north. C．Curry gathered all the samples from his field sites. D．The findings differed from those of bird- watchers. 3．What led to hybrid zone expanding north? A．The availability of bird feeders. B．The increased human population. C．The influence of global warming. D．The introduction of new bird species. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Chickadees and Climate Change: A Tale of Adaptation B．The Silent Extinction: Chickadees Losing Their Identity C．Chickadees: Showing How Species Boundaries Can Shift and Blur D．Peaceful Coexistence: Chickadees Thriving Together Across Species Lines Passage 4 （24-25高二上·浙江A9协作体·期中） Governments should stop the use of biofuels (生物燃料) and lift bans on genetically modified (GM转基因) crops, a green campaigning group has urged, in the face of a growing global food crisis that threatens the developing nations. The EU, the US and the UK are among countries that use biofuels compulsorily (强制地), usually mixed with petrol fuel, for road vehicles. But much of the biofuel used comes from food crops. The World Food Programme has warned that the rising prices of these food, which have been driven by a combination of the Covid pandemic, climate breakdown and the war in Ukraine, is generating a food crisis worldwide. In the UK, the renewable transport Fuel Obligation requires about 10% of the fuels supplied by fossil fuel companies to be “sustainable”, which in effect means biofuels. However, the amount that can come from food crops is at 4% at most, and will be reduced further to 2% in 2032. A UK government spokesperson said: “biofuels, and other renewable fuels, will continue playing an important part in helping to decarbonize transport and meet our climate goals. However, to help address the global food price crisis, we continue to promote biofuels from waste and are reducing the percentage of crop based biofuels that count towards supplier targets.” RePlanet says that although the original reason for biofuels was as a lower carbon alternative to fossil fuels, in fact, owing to the impact on food, the fertilizer and energy used to produce the grains and oils and the land converted (转化) to agriculture to produce biofuels, there is little carbon saving over fossil fuels. RePlanet also argues that rich countries should eat less meat to free up grain, and that preventions on the genetic modification of crops should be lifted to achieve higher yields. In another recommendation likely to be effective, the report suggests that the EU’s organic targets should also be deserted in favour of conventional and intensive farming techniques for higher productivity. Karolina Lisslö Gylfe, the secretary general of RePlanet, said: “If Europe doesn’t look at finding evidence-based solutions, the outcome will be worse for the world’s poor, for the climate and for nature conservation.” 1．What has possibly led to a global food crisis according to the passage? A．The overconsumption of food. B．The use of biofuels in transport. C．The promotion of biofuels from waste. D．The lifting of bans on genetically modified crops. 2．What can be conveyed in para 4? A．Biofuels are high-effective. B．Biofuels are environmental-friendly. C．Biofuels are high-priced. D．Biofuels are energy-consuming. 3．How can rich countries relieve food crisis? A．By increasing meat demand. B．By farming more traditionally. C．By investing more in organic farming. D．By stopping the production of GM crops. 4．What’s the text mainly about? A．The popularity of biofuels. B．The disadvantages of fossil fuels. C．The strategies to fight food crisis. D．The potential of intensive farming. 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江金砖联盟·期中） O. Henry (1862-1910) was an American short story author whose real name was William Sydney Porter. Henry’s works reflected his wide-range of experiences and are distinctive for its witticism(俏皮话), clever wordplay, and unexpected twist endings. Like many other writers, O. Henry’s early career aims were unfocused and he wandered across different activities and professions before he finally found his calling as a short story writer. He started working in his uncle’s drugstore in 1879. Later, he moved to Texas where he lived on a farm and learned sheep shepherding, cooking, babysitting, and bits of Spanish and German from the many migrant farmhands. Over the next several years, he took a number of different jobs, from drafting to journalism, and banking, but he was careless with accounting, thus fired by the bank and charged with a crime in 1894. He fled the day before the trial in 1896, first to New Orleans, then to Honduras, where he learned his wife was dying and could not join him, so he returned to Austin and turned himself in to the court. His father-in-law helped him out so he could remain with his wife until her death in 1897. Later he was sentenced and served in Federal prison in Ohio from 1899-1902. The many twists and turns of O. Henry’s own life, including his travels in Latin America and time spent in prison, clearly inspired his stories’ twists and wordplay. His prolific writing period began in 1902 in New York City, where he wrote 381 short stories which show his obvious affection for this City and its diversity of people and places. O. Henry’s trademark is his witty, plot-twisting endings, and his warm characterization of the awkward and difficult situations and the creative ways people find to deal with them, which typically features in his work like The Last Leaf, The Gift of the Magi, etc. All of his stories are highly entertaining, whether read for pleasure or studied in classrooms around the world. Unfortunately, O. Henry’s personal tragedy was heavy drinking. He died in 1910 of several diseases. He was a gifted short story writer and left us a rich legacy of great stories to enjoy. 1．What happened to O. Henry in his early life? A．He took up writing as his lifelong profession early on. B．He had a pretty good command of Spanish and German. C．He engaged himself with numerous jobs to experience life. D．He failed to live a stable life and switched jobs for a living. 2．What does the underlined word “prolific” in paragraph 4 mean? A．relevant B．productive C．profitable D．original 3．Which of the following words can best describe O. Henry’s works? A．Educational and tragic. B．Unpredictable and serious. C．Fascinating and twisty. D．Extraordinary and formal. 4．What does O. Henry’s life story convey? A．More haste, less speed. B．Time and tide wait for no man. C．He who laughs last laughs best. D．Suffering is a stepping stone to genius. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国著名短篇小说家欧・亨利的生平经历。包括他早期从事过多种职业，后来因银行工作中的问题入狱，出狱后在纽约开始大量创作短篇小说。他的作品以俏皮话、巧妙的文字游戏和出人意料的转折结尾为特色，反映了他丰富的人生经历。同时也提到了他酗酒的个人悲剧以及他为文学留下的丰富遗产。文章通过欧・亨利的人生故事，展现了他在苦难中寻找美和意义的能力，以及苦难对他文学创作的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Like many other writers, O. Henry’s early career aims were unfocused and he wandered across different activities and professions before he finally found his calling as a short story writer. (像许多其他作家一样，欧·亨利的早期职业目标并不集中，他在不同的活动和职业中徘徊，最终找到了自己作为短篇小说作家的使命)”可知，他早期生活不稳定，换了很多工作来维持生计，故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“His prolific writing period began in 1902 in New York City, where he wrote 381 short stories which show his obvious affection for this City and its diversity of people and places.(他……写作时期始于1902年的纽约市，在那里他写了381篇短篇小说，这些短篇小说表明了他对这座城市及其多样化的人和地方的明显感情)”可知，他写了很多故事，所以prolific意思是“多产的”，故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“O. Henry’s trademark is his witty, plot-twisting endings, and his warm characterization of the awkward and difficult situations and the creative ways people find to deal with them, which typically features in his work like The Last Leaf, The Gift of the Magi, etc. All of his stories are highly entertaining, whether read for pleasure or studied in classrooms around the world. (O·Henry的标志是他诙谐、情节曲折的结局，以及他对尴尬和困难情况的温暖描述以及人们找到创造性的处理方式，这通常出现在他的作品中，如《最后一片叶子》、《麦琪的礼物》等。他的所有故事都极具娱乐性，无论是为了娱乐而阅读还是在世界各地的课堂上学习)”可知，他的作品吸引人且情节曲折，故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“Like many other writers, O. Henry’s early career aims were unfocused and he wandered across different activities and professions before he finally found his calling as a short story writer. He started working in his uncle’s drugstore in 1879. Later, he moved to Texas where he lived on a farm and learned sheep shepherding, cooking, babysitting, and bits of Spanish and German from the many migrant farmhands. (像许多其他作家一样，欧·亨利的早期职业目标并不集中，他在不同的活动和职业中徘徊，最终找到了自己作为短篇小说作家的使命。他于1879年开始在叔叔的药店工作。后来，他搬到了德克萨斯州，住在一个农场里，从许多移民农场工人那里学会了牧羊、烹饪、保姆以及一些西班牙语和德语)”，第三段中“Later he was sentenced and served in Federal prison in Ohio from 1989-1902. (后来他被判刑并于1989年至1902年在俄亥俄州的联邦监狱服刑)”，第四段中“The many twists and turns of O. Henry’s own life, including his travels in Latin America and time spent in prison, clearly inspired his stories’ twists and wordplay.(欧·亨利本人生活中的许多曲折，包括他在拉丁美洲的旅行和在监狱中度过的时光，显然激发了他的故事的曲折和文字游戏)”可知，欧·亨利一生经历坎坷，包括在监狱的经历等，但这些经历启发了他的写作，他成为了一个有天赋的短篇小说作家，所以他的人生故事传达了“Suffering is a stepping stone to genius.(苦难是成为天才的垫脚石)”的观点，故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二上·浙江浙南名校·期中） Roald Dahl wrote lots of books for both children and adults, and lots of people say that he is their favourite children’s author. We’ve compiled a list of our favourite Roald Dahl books for you. James And The Giant Peach After his parents are killed by a rhinoceros, four-year-old James is forced to live with his horrible aunts, Spiker and Sponge. After years of being treated as a slave by them (and being forced to sleep on the floor), James accidentally creates a giant peach, in which he escapes and flies around the world. For company, he has a gang of giant talking insects to chat to. The Twits Quite possibly the most horrible couple ever, this book tells the story of Mr. and Mrs. Twit and the horrible tricks they play on each other. Roald Dahl hated beards, so it’s no wonder that Mr. Twit’s beard is full of disgusting stuff including sardine (沙丁鱼) tails, and tomato sauce, sprouts of old vegetables, pieces of cornflakes, foul and smelly cheese, squashed flies and bits of eggs and bacon! Don’t worry, his wife is equally horrible! Fantastic Mr. Fox Farmers Boggis, Bunce and Bean are determined to catch Mr. Fox, and this is the story of how they try to trap him by digging him out as he tunnels for food for his family. But the farmers seem to forget that foxes are known to be smart for good reason. Matilda Five-year-old Matilda is a genius who loves books and reading — but unfortunately for her, her parents like watching TV and tricking people and they have no idea how clever she is. It’s all made worse by her horrible headmaster Miss Trunchbull, who likes swinging children by their hair and throwing them out of the window. But when Matilda discovers she has supernatural powers, the fun begins! 1．If Jim has a preference for stories about wise animals, which book would you recommend? A．Matilda. B．The Twits. C．Fantastic Mr. Fox. D．James And The Giant Peach. 2．What do James And The Giant Peach and Matilda have in common? A．Both characters are kindly adopted. B．Both characters have special powers. C．Both characters enjoy reading and insects. D．Both characters live with horrible relatives. 3．In which column of a magazine can you find the passage? A．Literature Salon. B．Fashion Trends. C．Cooking Delights. D．Technology Today. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了罗尔德·达尔的几本著名儿童文学作品，包括《詹姆斯与大桃子》、《蠢夫妇》、《了不起的狐狸爸爸》和《玛蒂尔达》。这些故事各具特色，有的讲述了智慧动物的冒险，有的描绘了家庭内部的矛盾冲突，还有的展现了超自然力量的神奇。 1．细节理解题。根据文章对《了不起的狐狸爸爸》的描述“Farmers Boggis, Bunce and Bean are determined to catch Mr. Fox, and this is the story of how they try to trap him by digging him out as he tunnels for food for his family. But the farmers seem to forget that foxes are known to be smart for good reason.（农场主博吉斯、邦斯和比恩决心抓住狐狸先生，这就是他们试图在狐狸先生为家人挖掘食物通道时把他挖出来从而抓住他的故事。但农场主们似乎忘记了狐狸以聪明著称是有充分理由的。）”可知，如果吉姆喜欢关于聪明动物的故事，应该推荐《了不起的狐狸爸爸》这本书，故选C项。 2．细节理解题。在《詹姆斯与大仙桃》中提到“After years of being treated as a slave by them (and being forced to sleep on the floor), James accidentally creates a giant peach, in which he escapes and flies around the world.（在被她们当作奴隶对待多年（被迫睡在地板上）之后，詹姆斯意外地创造了一个大仙桃，他借此逃离并环游世界。）”，这里詹姆斯创造大仙桃可视为一种特殊能力；在《玛蒂尔达》中提到“But when Matilda discovers she has supernatural powers, the fun begins!（但当玛蒂尔达发现自己拥有超自然力量时，有趣的事情就开始了）”，所以这两本书中的角色都有特殊能力，故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“Roald Dahl wrote lots of books for both children and adults, and lots of people say that he is their favourite children’s author. We’ve compiled a list of our favourite Roald Dahl books for you(罗尔德·达尔为儿童和成人写了很多书，很多人都说他是他们最喜欢的儿童作家。我们为您编制了一份我们最喜欢的罗尔德·达尔书籍清单)”以及“James And The Giant Peach(詹姆斯与大仙桃)”、“Fantastic Mr. Fox(了不起的狐狸爸爸)”可知，文章主要是在介绍罗尔德・达尔的几本儿童文学作品的内容，所以最有可能在杂志的“文学沙龙”栏目找到这篇文章，故选A项。 Passage 3 （23-24高二上·浙江A9协作体·期中） A growing number of psychologists are getting out the message that anxiety has a positive role to play in our lives. Tracy Dennis-Tiwary, who recently published Future Tense: Why Anxiety Is Good for You (Even Though It Feels Bad), thinks our culture goes too far in demonizing (妖魔化) the difficult emotion. Psychologist Todd Kashdan, director of the Well-Being Lab at George Mason University in Virginia, is a critic of what he calls happyology. We don’t always have to be smiley and calm, or worry there’s something wrong with us. Sometimes, he says, worry itself is what is right. Fear of heights? Good, because you’re not going to be the person who falls off a cliff while taking a selfie. These experts wonder if the natural role that anxiety plays in our lives is somehow being forgotten. For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March 2022 that the prevalence of anxiety had increased globally by 25% over the previous year. The WHO called the finding “a wake-up call to all countries to step up mental health services and support”. Do we know for certain that this data represents a public health crisis? Or could it mean that millions of folks are quite rightly feeling uncertain, stressed out and afraid? We can experience healthy, often completely valid periods of anxiety without being categorized as mentally ill, according to behavioral psychologists. Anxiety is an adaptive strategy in human evolution. It helps us to prepare for the uncertain future. Anxiety helps us solve unknowns by planning and imagining, by plotting out possible ways. According to Alice Boyes, who has a PhD in clinical psychology, coping with anxiety by avoiding them just reinforces your insecurity, because you’re not getting better at solving the problem. “Over time, you will feel less and less capable,” she warns. The key is to manage anxiety before it overtakes us, like tending a garden so the weeds don’t spread. How do you do that? Solutions include meditation, exercise, compassionate connection such as volunteering, access to nature and mentally reframing what we’re experiencing. 1．Which statement is Kashdan’s opinion? A．Fear may prevent you from taking dangerous actions. B．Happyology is quite popular among the young nowadays. C．Being smiley can stop us from worrying something wrong. D．Difficult emotions such as anxiety should not be demonized. 2．What is the author’s attitude toward WHO’s announcement? A．Unclear. B．Disapproving. C．Objective. D．Positive. 3．What does the underlined word “reinforces” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Resists. B．Increases. C．Adjusts. D．Reveals. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．The upside of anxiety. B．The key to managing anxiety. C．The origin of difficult emotions. D．The right attitude to negative emotions. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了焦虑在我们的生活中的好处。 1．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Psychologist Todd Kashdan, director of the Well-Being Lab at George Mason University in Virginia, is a critic of what he calls happyology. We don’t always have to be smiley and calm, or worry there’s something wrong with us. Sometimes, he says, worry itself is what is right. Fear of heights? Good, because you’re not going to be the person who falls off a cliff while taking a selfie. (弗吉尼亚州乔治梅森大学幸福实验室主任、心理学家托德·卡什丹是他所谓的幸福学的批评者。我们不必总是面带微笑，保持冷静，或者担心自己有什么问题。他说，有时候，担心本身就是对的。恐高？很好，因为你不会是那个自拍时从悬崖上摔下来的人。)”可知，卡什丹的观点是恐惧可能会阻止你采取危险的行动。故选A。 2．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March 2022 that the prevalence of anxiety had increased globally by 25% over the previous year. The WHO called the finding “a wake-up call to all countries to step up mental health services and support”. (例如，世界卫生组织(WHO)在2022年3月宣布，全球焦虑症的患病率比前一年增加了25%。世界卫生组织称这一发现“为所有国家加强精神卫生服务和支持敲响了警钟”。)”和第四段“We can experience healthy, often completely valid periods of anxiety without being categorized as mentally ill, according to behavioral psychologists.  Anxiety is an adaptive strategy in human evolution.  It helps us to prepare for the uncertain future.  Anxiety helps us solve unknowns by planning and imagining, by plotting out possible ways. (根据行为心理学家的说法，我们可以经历健康的、通常完全有效的焦虑期，而不会被归类为精神疾病。焦虑是人类进化过程中的一种适应性策略。它帮助我们为不确定的未来做好准备。焦虑帮助我们通过计划和想象，通过规划出可能的方法来解决未知的问题。)”可知，作者对世界卫生组织的声明是不赞成的。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。由文章第五段中“Over time, you will feel less and less capable (随着时间的推移，你会觉得自己越来越无能。)”和空后的“your insecurity”可知，作者想表达使不安全感增加。A. Resists抗拒；B. Increases增加；C. Adjusts调整；D. Reveals揭示。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“A growing number of psychologists are getting out the message that anxiety has a positive role to play in our lives. (越来越多的心理学家发出这样的信息：焦虑在我们的生活中扮演着积极的角色。)”可知，文章主要介绍了焦虑在我们的生活中的好处。故选A。 主题02人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江强基联盟·期中） Humans are always exploring new ways to feel, look and live better. As with everything else in life, our approach to keeping fit and healthy has changed over time. Here are four iconic fitness trends through the decades. Aerobics — 1970s Aerobics took off to improve the cardiovascular (心血管) system in a fun way and dance moves were combined with fitness movements, such as leg raises and marching in place. Aerobics inspired many different spin-offs from dance and step aerobics, to even water-based classes, all set to music. Spinning — 1990s Spinning launched cycling revolution in the 1990s which continues to this day, thanks to big-name gyms which have made cycling on fixed bikes a party for participants. Color changing lights, high-energy music and enthusiastic instructors have turned spin classes into a lively group activity which has attracted fans around the world. CrossFit—2000s CrossFit has been a team favorite in the fitness scene since the 2000s. The activity is competitive yet shared, with scores being tracked on a board. Classes typically last an hour or less, making each session an intense (强度的) and time-efficient workout which many are able to fit into their busy schedules. HIIT — 2020s HIIT, which stands for High Intensity Interval Training, has gained popularity recently, along with the rise of home workouts. Exercises, done in short, intense bursts, aim to build strength and endurance. It can be done through free online classes without any equipment, making it an affordable workout at home. 1．Which sport is mixed with dance? A．Aerobics. B．Spinning. C．CrossFit. D．HIIT. 2．What do Spinning and CrossFit have in common? A．They last for a short time. B．They can be group activities. C．They need lights and music. D．They are both competitive sports. 3．Which of the following can best describe the HIIT? A．Graceful and intense. B．Economical and convenient. C．Energetic and technical. D．Interesting and relaxing. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四项不同年代流行的健身运动。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Aerobics took off to improve the cardiovascular (心血管) system in a fun way and dance moves were combined with fitness movements, such as leg raises and marching in place.(健美操开始以一种有趣的方式改善心血管系统，舞蹈动作与健身运动相结合，如抬腿和原地踏步)”可知，健美操结合了舞蹈的动作。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Color changing lights, high-energy music and enthusiastic instructors have turned spin classes into a lively group activity which has attracted fans around the world.(变色的灯光、充满活力的音乐和热情的教练将动感单车变成了一项充满活力的团体活动，吸引了世界各地的粉丝)”和第四段“CrossFit has been a team favorite in the fitness scene since the 2000s. (自2000年代以来，混合健身一直是健身界的团队最爱)”可知，Spinning动感单车和CrossFit混合健身都可以成为团体运动。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It can be done through free online classes without any equipment, making it an affordable workout at home.(它可以通过免费的在线课程完成，不需要任何设备，使其成为一种负担得起的在家锻炼)”可知，HIIT间歇训练可以在家跟着网上免费课程训练，所以这项运动是非常经济实惠且方便开展的。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二上·浙江强基联盟·期中） Coffee is one of the most popular drinks worldwide. New findings from a study published in The New England Journal of Medicine, suggest both benefits and drawbacks of coffee drinking. According to the study, drinking at least a cup of coffee per day can increase physical activity but reduce sleep, and may also raise the risk of abnormal heart beat. The study, led by Dr. Gregory Marcus from the University of California, San Francisco, involved 100 healthy adults. Participants wore devices to track steps, sleep, blood sugar levels and heart rhythms. They spent two days drinking as much coffee as they liked, followed by two days without coffee, repeating this cycle for two weeks. Findings revealed that on coffee-drinking days, participants took an average of 1,058 more steps but slept 36 fewer minutes. While coffee didn’t impact early heartbeats from the top chambers (心房) of the heart, it increased early heartbeats from the bottom chambers by 50%. These bottom chamber beats, called PVCs, can cause rapid heartbeats and, in some cases, lead to heart failure. Dr. Peter Kistler from Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, emphasized that this was a short-term study in healthy volunteers. “This provides no information on the benefits or potential harms to long-term coffee drinking,” said Kistler. “This does not provide information on the impact of coffee in people with other health conditions, and generally the study participants consumed limited amounts of coffee.” The study noted that genetic differences in caffeine metabolism (代谢) might influence individuals’ reactions to coffee. While coffee can motivate physical activity and enhance performance, it can also lead to reduced sleep and increased heart beats in some people. The effects of coffee should be considered in the context of personal health goals and tolerance levels. Marcus suggested that a personalized approach to coffee consumption could be most effective for determining its health effects. 1．How was the study conducted? A．By analyzing previous data. B．By evaluating survey information. C．By tracking participants’ health data. D．By making a comparative experiment. 2．What do we know about the finding of the study? A．Coffee definitely causes heart failure. B．Coffee impacts early heartbeats, but benefits sleep. C．Coffee helps the sleep and lowers blood sugar levels. D．Coffee motivates activities, but may increase heart risks. 3．What is Dr. Peter’s attitude towards the study? A．Doubtful. B．Supportive. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. 4．What can you infer from the last paragraph? A．Coffee effects vary with people’s mood. B．Everyone benefits from coffee equally. C．Genetics doesn’t influence coffee effects. D．Coffee intake depends on personal situation. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于咖啡对健康影响的研究成果，包括其对身体活动、睡眠和心脏早搏的影响。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“Participants wore devices to track steps, sleep, blood sugar levels and heart rhythms. They spent two days drinking as much coffee as they liked, followed by two days without coffee, repeating this cycle for two weeks.(参与者佩戴了设备来追踪步数、睡眠、血糖水平和心律。他们连续两天随喜好饮用咖啡，随后两天不喝咖啡，这个循环持续了两周。)”可知，这项研究是通过追踪参与者健康数据的方式进行的。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Findings revealed that on coffee-drinking days, participants took an average of 1,058 more steps but slept 36 fewer minutes. While coffee didn’t impact early heartbeats from the top chambers (心房) of the heart, it increased early heartbeats from the bottom chambers by 50%. These bottom chamber beats, called PVCs, can cause rapid heartbeats and, in some cases, lead to heart failure.(研究结果显示，在喝咖啡的日子里，参与者平均多走了1058步，但睡眠时间减少了36分钟。虽然咖啡对心脏上腔室的早期心跳没有影响，但它使来自心脏下腔室的早期心跳增加了50%。这些下腔室的心跳，称为PVCs(室性早搏)，可能导致心跳加速，且在某些情况下，可能会导致心力衰竭。)”可知，咖啡能促进活动量增加，但同时也可能增加心脏风险。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Dr. Peter Kistler from Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, emphasized that this was a short-term study in healthy volunteers. “This provides no information on the benefits or potential harms to long-term coffee drinking,” said Kistler. “This does not provide information on the impact of coffee in people with other health conditions, and generally the study participants consumed limited amounts of coffee.”(墨尔本阿尔弗雷德医院的彼得·基斯特勒博士强调，这是一项针对健康志愿者的短期研究。“这项研究没有提供关于长期饮用咖啡的好处或潜在危害的信息，”基斯特勒说。“这项研究也没有提供关于咖啡对患有其他健康状况的人群影响的信息，而且通常研究参与者饮用的咖啡量是有限的。”)”可知，该研究仅针对健康志愿者进行短期研究，没有涉及患有其他健康状况的人群，且参与者饮用咖啡量有限。这些观点表明他对研究结果持怀疑态度。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The effects of coffee should be considered in the context of personal health goals and tolerance levels. Marcus suggested that a personalized approach to coffee consumption could be most effective for determining its health effects.(咖啡的影响应在个人健康目标和耐受水平的背景下考虑。马库斯建议，采取个性化的咖啡消费方法可能是确定其健康影响最有效的方式。)”可推知，咖啡对个体的影响因人而异，受到个人健康目标和个人耐受性的影响。因此，个人应该根据自身情况选择合适的咖啡摄入量，以达到最佳的健康效果。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高二上·浙江七彩阳光·期中） Mireille Silcoff loves to read, but her 12-year-old daughter does not share this passion. In a New York Times essay, Silcoff recounts her attempts to get her daughter to read, which eventually led her to offer a $100 bribe. She chose Jenny Han’s The Summer I Turned Pretty, a book tied to a TV series her daughter already loved. The deal was for her daughter to finish it within a month, but she completed it in just a week and even requested the sequel (续篇), which she read for “no extra charge.” Silcoff recognizes that young people today deal with stories differently but believes that books offer a unique experience. “You know when an author sums up a feeling you didn’t even know you’ve had, and a hundred lightbulbs go off on the top of your head?” she reflects, emphasizing that books allow readers to interact with the story in ways that screen adaptations cannot. Although it remains to be seen if her daughter has become a reader for life, Silcoff feels she has opened a new “quiet personal place” for her daughter in the world of literature, calling it the best money she ever spent. While I appreciate Ms. Silcoff’s desire to have her daughter experience the joys of reading, I seriously doubt that paying her daughter to read “worked.” While the money reward persuaded her daughter to read the book in the short term, it was unlikely to develop the motivation (动力) to read, which must feel like a choice and unpressured. Decades of research have shown that paying people to do things they love weakens their motivation afterwards, and paying them to complete tasks they do not enjoy keeps the motivation tied to rewards so that they are less likely to value the activity and choose to participate in it on their own. The belief in rewards as an effective motivator is a myth; other strategies are more likely to develop long-term motivation. Rewards are a simple fix that is likely to backfire. 1．How did Silcoff encourage her daughter to read? A．With money reward. B．With longer TV time. C．With free new books. D．With words of praise. 2．What did Silcoff imply in the underlined words in paragraph 2? A．Reading can take up much of your time and energy. B．Books can help prepare you for accidents in your life. C．Reading can bring sudden realization or understanding. D．TVs and films can provide a more inspiring experience. 3．Regarding Silcoff’s method, the author expresses concerns over __________. A．its moral principle B．its increasing cost C．its social influence D．its long-term effectiveness 4．Why does the author mention the “decades of research”? A．To highlight that motivation is closely tied to rewards. B．To emphasize that kids will read more under pressure. C．To suggest that paying kids to read is potentially useful. D．To stress that reading should be something kids choose to do. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一位热爱阅读的母亲Mireille Silcoff用现金奖励的办法试图激发女儿对阅读的热情，她的方法不仅反映了现代家庭中普遍存在的难题，也引发了关于如何有效培养孩子阅读习惯的深入思考。 1．细节理解题。根据首段中的“In a New York Times essay, Silcoff recounts her attempts to get her daughter to read, which eventually led her to offer a $100 bribe. She chose Jenny Han’s The Summer I Turned Pretty, a book tied to a TV series her daughter already loved.(在《纽约时报》的一篇文章中，西尔科夫讲述了她试图让女儿读书的经历，最终她给了女儿100美元的奖励。)”可知，Silcoff为了鼓励女儿阅读，提出了以100美元作为奖励的提议。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线句子前的“Silcoff recognizes that young people today deal with stories differently but believes that books offer a unique experience.(西尔科夫认识到，如今的年轻人看待故事的方式有所不同，但他相信书籍提供了一种独特的体验。)”可知，Silcoff相信书籍给读者提供了一种独特的体验，结合““You know when an author sums up a feeling you didn’t even know you’ve had, and a hundred lightbulbs go off on the top of your head?”(你知道，当一个作家总结出一种你甚至不知道自己曾经有过的感觉时，你的脑海里突然亮起了一百个灯泡吗？)”可知，在作者总结出一种甚至不知道自己曾经有过的感觉时，会感觉脑海里亮起来一百个灯泡，也就是通过阅读，读者突然理解了以前自己不知道的事情，这是书籍给读者提供的一种独特的体验，由此可知，划线句子表明她认为阅读能够带来突如其来的领悟或理解。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“While the money reward persuaded her daughter to read the book in the short term, it was unlikely to develop the motivation (动力) to read, which must feel like a choice and unpressured.(虽然金钱奖励让她的女儿在短期内读完了这本书，但不太可能培养读书的动机，因为读书必须是一种选择，而且没有压力。)”可知，作者认为通过奖励能在短时间内读完这本书，但是不能培养读书的动机，结合第四段中的“Decades of research have shown that paying people to do things they love weakens their motivation afterwards, and paying them to complete tasks they do not enjoy keeps the motivation tied to rewards so that they are less likely to value the activity and choose to participate in it on their own.(几十年的研究表明，付钱让人们做他们喜欢的事情会削弱他们之后的动力，付钱让他们完成他们不喜欢的任务会让动机与奖励联系在一起，这样他们就不太可能重视这项活动，选择自己参与其中。)”可知，尽管金钱奖励可能在短期内促使孩子阅读，但它可能不会培养出持久的阅读兴趣，作者引用了多年的研究成果来支持这一观点，表明他担心这种方法的长期效果。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“Decades of research have shown that paying people to do things they love weakens their motivation afterwards, and paying them to complete tasks they do not enjoy keeps the motivation tied to rewards so that they are less likely to value the activity and choose to participate in it on their own.(几十年的研究表明，付钱让人们做他们喜欢的事情会削弱他们之后的动力，付钱让他们完成他们不喜欢的任务会让动机与奖励联系在一起，这样他们就不太可能重视这项活动，选择自己参与其中。)”可知，作者提到数十年的研究是为了强调，给予奖励可能会削弱个人对活动本身的内在兴趣，这意味着阅读应该是一种出于个人选择的行为，而非迫于外部压力的结果，所以提到数十年的研究是为了强调阅读应该是孩子们选择去做事情。故选D项。 主题03 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江G5联盟·期中） Everything’s bigger in Texas, where even 3D printers take on a huge appearance. Soon, it will be the site of the world’s first 3D-printed hotel, El Cosmico, which has just begun construction in the desert north of Marfa. Passersby won’t see the framework that typically come with construction. Photos of the site show amassive 46.5-foot-wide and 15.5-foot-tall 3D printer laying layer upon layer of sand-colored material onto the foundations, creating sand-colored walls. This enormous machine, called the Vulcan, was developed by Texas-based 3D printing and robotics company ICON. When the Vulcan constructs walls, it looks like “an inkjet printer with a cartridge (墨盒) going back and forth,” Liz Lambert, El Cosmico’s owner, described it. The project is a cooperation between Lambert, ICON and architects at Bjarke Ingels Group. Lambert seeks to expand the existing El Cosmico hotel, adding 43 new units and 18 residential homes on a new 40-acre property. According to ICON, 3D printing will provide new ways to build and offer greater flexibility in architectural designs. “I’ve never been able to build with such little restriction…” Lambert tells Reuters’ Evan Garcia. “It’s an incredible way to build.” Images of the hotel’s inside reveal cream-colored walls and rounded wooden surfaces full of colors that reflect the surrounding desert. The structures’ walls are made of a concrete called “lavacrete”, a low-carbon material created by ICON, which has a compressive strength (压缩强度) of 2,000 to 3,500 pounds per square inch. The mixture also uses local Texas materials colored to “fit into the landscape of Marfa,” as Lambert tells the Reuters. ICON was founded in 2018, and its technology has been used to build 3D-printed homes in Texas and Mexico, where residents have commented on the strength of their walls and their insulation (隔绝) from the sun. The company also adopts the technology to help address America’s affordable housing crisis. In 2020, ICON constructed several houses for the Community First! Village in Austin for homeless people run by the nonprofit Mobile Loaves& Fishes. Construction on the new hotel is scheduled to conclude in 2026, and the existing location will be open until 2025. 1．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The distinctive features of 3D printing. B．The amazing appearance of 3D printer. C．The framework of traditional construction. D．The process of building a 3D-printed hotel. 2．How does Lambert feel about 3D printing? A．Appreciative. B．Pessimistic. C．Cautious. D．Indifferent. 3．Why are the local Texas materials used? A．To cut down transportation costs. B．To integrate into the surroundings. C．To enhance the safety of the hotel. D．To protect the natural environment. 4．What can we infer about ICON? A．It is a non-profit organization devoted to 3D printing. B．It never employed 3D printing before building the hotel. C．It has built 3D-printed homes securing positive feedback. D．It uses 3D printing to solve America’s luxury housing crisis. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了德克萨斯州即将建造世界上首个3D打印酒店El Cosmico及其技术特点。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Photos of the site show amassive 46.5-foot-wide and 15.5-foot-tall 3D printer laying layer upon layer of sand-colored material onto the foundations, creating sand-colored walls. This enormous machine, called the Vulcan, was developed by Texas-based 3D printing and robotics company ICON. When the Vulcan constructs walls, it looks like “an inkjet printer with a cartridge going back and forth,” Liz Lambert, El Cosmico’s owner, described it. (现场的照片显示，一台巨大的46.5英尺宽、15.5英尺高的3D打印机正一层层地将沙色材料铺设在地基上，形成沙色的墙壁。这台巨大的机器被称为Vulcan，由德克萨斯州的3D打印和机器人公司ICON开发。El Cosmico的所有者Liz Lambert描述说，当Vulcan建造墙壁时，看起来就像“一种带有来回移动墨盒的喷墨打印机”)”可知，第二段主要介绍了3D打印酒店的建造过程。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段““I’ve never been able to build with such little restriction…” Lambert tells Reuters’ Evan Garcia. “It’s an incredible way to build.” (“我从未能在如此少的限制下建造……”Lambert告诉路透社的Evan Garcia，“这是一种令人难以置信的建造方式”)”可知，Lambert认为这是一种令人难以置信的建造方式，所以他对3D打印技术是欣赏的。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The mixture also uses local Texas materials colored to “fit into the landscape of Marfa,” as Lambert tells the Reuters.(混合材料也使用了当地的德克萨斯州着色材料，以“融入Marfa的景观”，正如Lambert告诉路透社的那样)”可知，使用当地材料是为了使建筑与周围环境融为一体。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“ICON was founded in 2018, and its technology has been used to build 3D-printed homes in Texas and Mexico, where residents have commented on the strength of their walls and their insulation from the sun. The company also adopts the technology to help address America’s affordable housing crisis.(ICON成立于2018年，其技术已被用于在德克萨斯和墨西哥建造3D打印房屋，居民对其墙壁的强度和隔热效果给予了好评。该公司还采用这项技术来帮助解决美国的可负担住房危机)”可知，ICON已经建造了3D打印房屋，居民对其墙壁的强度和隔热效果给予了好评，该公司还采用这项技术来帮助解决美国的可负担住房危机，所以它已经建造了3D打印房屋并获得积极的反馈。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高二上·浙江强基联盟·期中） You might have experienced the frustration of being misunderstood by a smart speaker or AI assistant. For people with non-standard speech, this happens frequently. Israeli company Voiceitt aims to change that. By using personalized voice models, its AI-powered speech recognition system helps people with speech impairments (损伤) caused by conditions like Parkinson’s disease, Down syndrome, or stroke communicate better with others. For Voiceitt co-founder Sara Smolley, developing speech recognition for non-standard speech patterns is a personal mission. “My grandmother was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease,” she said. “By the time I was born, she had lost most of her motor capabilities, and her speech was affected.” Smolley wanted to solve communication problems for people with speech difficulties. Voiceitt was launched as an app in 2023 and operated as a vocal translator, converting non-standard speech into audio. Users train the AI by recording themselves saying about 200 simple phrases. Voiceitt cooperates with tools like WebEx and ChatGPT, providing captions (字幕) for non-standard speech. The company is also partnering with Zoom and Microsoft Teams. Colin Hughes, who has a muscle disorder, uses voice typing for his digital interactions. He’s impressed with how accurately Voiceitt’s app understands his unique way of speaking. But he points out that many people with upper-limb disabilities need more than just speech-to-text. They need something like better voice typing for longer writing. He sees a future where technology plays a bigger role in accessibility, adding, “This entire field needs a shake-up. Voiceitt, with better access to major platforms, could be the one to lead this change.” With technology that captures and stores personal data such as voice recordings, privacy can be a concern for users. Smolley says her company has “the highest standards in the world in terms of data privacy”. She believes Voiceitt’s technology can be life-changing. “We want to allow people not just to be more independent in their lives and work,” says Smolley, “but also to enjoy technology and have fun.” 1．What inspires Sara Smolley to develop the AI-speech recognition system? A．Her desire to advance artificial intelligence. B．Her passion for technology communication. C．Her determination to cure people of speech disease. D．Her hope to settle grandmother’s communication problems. 2．What does the underlined word “converting” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Applying. B．Keeping. C．Changing. D．Limiting. 3．What does Colin’s words imply in paragraph 5? A．Voiceitt can be a pioneering tool. B．Voiceitt focuses on speech-to-text. C．Voiceitt understands personal feelings. D．Voiceitt can team up with tech companies. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce a new speech recognition system. B．To show the limitations of current speech recognition. C．To highlight the need to help people with speech issues. D．To explain the difficulties of Al-powered speech recognition. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了Voiceitt公司为有言语障碍的人开发的AI语音识别系统，着重介绍了该系统的功能、应用场景以及未来发展方向，并探讨了其对用户隐私的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句 “‘My grandmother was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease,’ she said. (“我的祖母被诊断出患有帕金森病，”她说。)”及第三句“‘By the time I was born, she had lost most of her motor capabilities, and her speech was affected.’ (“我出生时，她已经失去了大部分的运动能力，她的语言能力也受到了影响。”)”可知，Sara Smolley的祖母患有帕金森病，导致说话能力下降。正是这种亲身经历促使她想要为有言语障碍的人解决沟通问题。因此，帮助祖母应对言语障碍是她研发AI语音识别系统的灵感来源。故选D项。 2．词义猜测题。根据文章第四段划线词句“Voiceitt was launched as an app in 2023 and operated as a vocal translator, converting non-standard speech into audio. (2023年Voiceitt这个应用程序推出了，它是一个声音翻译器，将非标准语音 converting成音频。)”可知，作为一款语音翻译应用，能实现非标准语音与音频之间转换，画线词的意思应是“转换”。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段第五句及第六句“He sees a future where technology plays a bigger role in accessibility, adding, ‘This entire field needs a shake-up. Voiceitt, with better access to major platforms, could be the one to lead this change.’ (他预见到，未来技术在提高可及性方面具有更重要的作用，并补充说：“整个领域都需要一场变革。Voiceitt可以更好地访问主要平台，可能会引领这一变革。”)”可知，Colin Hughes认为Voiceitt可以与主要平台合作，成为改变这个领域的领导者。即Colin Hughes 的话暗示Voiceitt是一个具有开拓和先驱性的工具。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了Voiceitt公司开发的AI语音识别系统。文章开头就点明Voiceitt可以帮助有言语障碍的人更好地与他人沟通。随后，文章介绍了Voiceitt的工作原理、应用场景以及未来发展方向。因此，作者写作本文的目的是介绍一种新的语音识别系统。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二上·浙江浙南名校·期中） Despite ChatGPT positioning itself as a productivity booster for workers, two recent studies show that women use it 16 to 20 percentage points less than men, even when employed in the same jobs or fields. This indicates that not everyone has embraced the technology. A study by researchers from the University of Chicago and the University of Copenhagen surveyed 100,000 Danish workers across 11 professions on their usage of ChatGPT, relating responses with personal data like income and education. The results indicated that women less tended to use ChatGPT compared to men in the same fields For instance, while about one-third of female teachers employed ChatGPT, this number rose to half among males. Even within the same companies performing similar tasks, a 16 percentage point difference was observed. This gap suggests that a lack of confidence among women, who reported the need for training, might contribute to lower adoption rates. Another potential explanation comes from research by researchers at Aalto University and the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH). It revealed a gender imbalance in ChatGPT usage among students, with female students in NHH’s undergraduate program being 18 percentage points less likely to use it frequently. This trend was particularly evident among mid-to-high-performing women. Follow-up questions indicated that high-achieving women would self-enforce restrictions, suggesting a ‘good girl’ behavior where they prefer to accomplish tasks independently without shortcuts. Low performers were almost as likely as men to use the technology. A lack of AI experience can be costly when entering the job market. Researchers surveyed 1,143 hiring managers and found that they value high-performing women with AI skills 8% more than those without. This advantage does not apply to men, indicating rewards for women who relax their self-imposed bans, Tera Allas from McKinsey warns that Al, chiefly used by men, might eventually tailor more for them, potentially shutting women out in the long term. However, Danielle Li of MIT notes these studies don’t prove if men’s ChatGPT use results in better or more productive work. Currently, she suggests, the technology might just be a digital toy, and high-achieving women might excel at avoiding distractions. 1．What do we know about the studies mentioned in the first two paragraphs? A．Less than 16% females use AI to teach. B．Everyone does not welcome AI technology. C．Males use AI for work 50% more than females. D．People from 11 different countries are interviewed. 2．Which may contribute to the lower adoption rate of ChatGPT among women? A．Self-set limits. B．Workplace gender inequality. C．Digital skills gap. D．Insufficient technology access. 3．What is true according to Paragraphs 4 and 5? A．Current ChatGPT usage improves productivity. B．Women without AI experience are valued equally. C．Women may be excluded if not adopting technology. D．Hiring managers don’t consider AI skills when evaluating. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．ChatGPT usage varies between genders. B．ChatGPT is effective in boosting productivity. C．Hiring managers value AI skills in candidates. D．High-achieving women avoid using ChatGPT. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是女性在工作中使用ChatGPT的比例低于男性，这可能与女性的不自信、需要培训以及对独立完成任务的偏好有关，而缺乏AI经验可能会影响女性在职场的竞争力，但尚不确定男性使用ChatGPT是否能带来更好的工作效果。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段提到“Despite ChatGPT positioning itself as a productivity booster for workers, two recent studies show that women use it 16 to 20 percentage points less than men, even when employed in the same jobs or fields. This indicates that not everyone has embraced the technology.( 尽管ChatGPT将自己定位为工人的生产力助推器，但最近的两项研究表明，即使在从事相同的工作或领域时，女性使用它的比例也比男性低16到20个百分点。这表明并非所有人都接受了这项技术。)”可知，并非所有人都接受了这项技术，该描述与B选项“Everyone does not welcome AI technology.( 并不是所有人都欢迎人工智能技术。)”一致。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中提到“ Follow-up questions indicated that high-achieving women would self-enforce restrictions, suggesting a ‘good girl’ behavior where they prefer to accomplish tasks independently without shortcuts. Low performers were almost as likely as men to use the technology.( 后续问题表明，高成就女性会自我施加限制，这表现出一种“乖乖女”的行为，即她们更倾向于独立完成任务，而不走捷径。低绩效者使用这项技术的可能性几乎与男性相同。)”可知，高成就的女性会自我设限，更喜欢独立完成任务而不走捷径，由此导致女性对ChatGPT的采用率较低。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段提到“A lack of AI experience can be costly when entering the job market.(在进入就业市场时，缺乏人工智能经验可能代价高昂。)”可知，缺乏AI经验在求职时可能会付出代价；以及第五段中“Tera Allas from McKinsey warns that Al, chiefly used by men, might eventually tailor more for them, potentially shutting women out in the long term.(麦肯锡的Tera Allas警告说，主要由男性使用的人工智能最终可能会更多地为他们量身定制，这可能会在长期内将女性排除在外。)”可知，Tera Allas的警告也表明，如果AI主要由男性使用，它可能会最终更多地为他们定制，从而长期将女性排除在外即如果不采用科技，女性可能会被排除在外。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Despite ChatGPT positioning itself as a productivity booster for workers, two recent studies show that women use it 16 to 20 percentage points less than men, even when employed in the same jobs or fields. This indicates that not everyone has embraced the technology.( 尽管ChatGPT将自己定位为提高员工工作效率的工具，但最近的两项研究表明，即使在相同的工作或领域，女性使用ChatGPT的比例也比男性低16%至20%。这表明并非所有人都接受了这项技术。)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了两项关于ChatGPT使用情况的研究，研究显示女性在工作和学习中使用ChatGPT的比例明显低于男性，因此A选项“ChatGPT usage varies between genders. (ChatGPT的使用在性别之间存在差异)”最能概括文章的主旨。故选A。 Passage 4 （24-25高二上·浙江金砖联盟·期中） A recent study on New Scientist reveals that police can access a collection of data from smart speakers found at crime scenes that could be invaluable in solving murders or robberies. Data on recently recognised faces, internet searches and voice commands could be extracted even without the owner’s permission or assistance from the manufacturer. Jona Crasselt and Gaston Pugliese at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany tested how much information can be pulled from such a device after seeing news report of Amazon refusing police access to smart speaker data in a murder case. “We not only obtained access to the local data, but also were able to access the data stored in the cloud,” says Crasselt. “The investigators would be able to access the data themselves without relying on Amazon to provide it to them.” The researchers focused on Amazon’s Echo Show 15, a smart assistant with a display screen, a camera, six microphones and a light sensor. They explored inside the Echo Show with a device designed to test what signals or data are flowing at various points on a circuit board. The pair were able to gain access to the unencypted (未加密的) file system. “Records of detected movement and faces recognized by the built-in camera and artificial intelligence are accessible,” says Pugliese, “as well as details of voice requests, calendars, contacts, conversations, photos and videos.” He added that it required some technical knowledge to obtain the local data, but it was surprising that the file system was not encrypted. An Amazon spokesperson told New Scientist: “The security of our devices and customer data is a top priority. In this case, the researcher’s findings required direct physical access to the Echo device and specialised expertise to extract data from internal device components. We appreciate the work the security research community does to help us further improve our devices.” Criminologist David Wilson at Birmingham City University, UK, says it’s a simple human reality that you’re most likely to be victims to someone you know. “We already have access to information from those domestic settings through mobile phones, Facebook, Instagram posts. In spite of the fact that smart speaker evidence may be useful, it is controversial,” he says. “because there are privacy issues.” 1．What might be helpful in solving crimes according to the study? A．The smart speaker on the spot. B．The manufacturer’s assistance. C．The user’s or owner’s permission. D．The artificial intelligence system. 2．What did Gaston Pugliese imply in paragraph 3? A．The file system is incredibly difficult to access. B．Sufficient information is stored in the speaker. C．Echo Show is equipped with various functions. D．Advanced techniques are needed to obtain data. 3．What measures may Amazon take as a consequence of the researchers’ findings? A．To advocate the indirect physical access. B．To provide the files for the investigators. C．To better the security of the customer data. D．To extract the details of the users’ privacy. 4．What’s David Wilson attitude towards smart speaker evidence? A．Doubtful. B．Objective. C．Resistant. D．Optimistic. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于智能音箱的研究，研究表明警方可以从犯罪现场发现的智能音箱中提取数据，这些数据对于解决谋杀或抢劫案可能非常有价值。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A recent study on New Scientist reveals that police can access a collection of data from smart speakers found at crime scenes that could be invaluable in solving murders or robberies.(《新科学家》最近的一项研究表明，警方可以从犯罪现场发现的智能音箱中获取一系列数据，这些数据对于解决谋杀或抢劫案可能非常有价值)”可知，研究认为现场发现的智能音箱可能有助于解决犯罪案件。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The pair were able to gain access to the unencypted (未加密的) file system. ‘Records of detected movement and faces recognized by the built-in camera and artificial intelligence are accessible,’ says Pugliese, ‘as well as details of voice requests, calendars, contacts, conversations, photos and videos.’(两者能够访问未加密的文件系统。Pugliese说：‘内置摄像头和人工智能检测到的动作和人脸记录都可以访问，以及语音请求、日历、联系人、对话、照片和视频的详细信息。’)”可知，Pugliese提到了可以从智能音箱中获取到很多信息，包括动作记录、人脸识别、语音请求、日历、联系人、对话、照片和视频等，由此推知，他暗示了音箱里存储了足够的信息。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“An Amazon spokesperson told New Scientist: ‘The security of our devices and customer data is a top priority. In this case, the researcher’s findings required direct physical access to the Echo device and specialised expertise to extract data from internal device components. We appreciate the work the security research community does to help us further improve our devices.’(亚马逊的一位发言人告诉《新科学家》：‘我们设备和客户数据的安全性是首要任务。在这种情况下，研究人员的研究结果需要直接物理访问Echo设备以及从设备内部组件中提取数据的专业知识。我们感谢安全研究界所做的工作，帮助我们进一步改进我们的设备。’)”可知，亚马逊的发言人表示他们感谢安全研究界所做的工作，帮助他们进一步改进设备，由此推知，亚马逊可能会采取措施来更好地保护客户数据的安全。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Criminologist David Wilson at Birmingham City University, UK, says it’s a simple human reality that you’re most likely to be victims to someone you know. ‘We already have access to information from those domestic settings through mobile phones, Facebook, Instagram posts. In spite of the fact that smart speaker evidence may be useful, it is controversial,’ he says. ‘because there are privacy issues.’(英国伯明翰城市大学的犯罪学家David Wilson说，一个简单的人类现实是，你最有可能成为你认识的人的受害者。‘我们已经可以通过手机、Facebook、Instagram帖子获取这些家庭环境中的信息。尽管智能音箱的证据可能有用，但它是有争议的，’他说，‘因为存在隐私问题。’)”可知，David Wilson提到了智能音箱证据虽然可能有用，但是存在争议，因为涉及隐私问题，由此可知，他对智能音箱证据持客观态度。故选B项。 主题04 人与自然——环境与生态 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江温州十校·期中） “The climate time bomb is ticking,” said UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres at a recent meeting. Preventing global warming from reaching the 1.5 °C limit is “achievable” but it will take a giant leap in climate action, Guterres added. As cities develop, some sources of carbon emissions (排放) may be hard to notice for most people, for example, the bricks used in buildings. US company Biomason has produced bio-based cement (水泥), which can sharply cut emissions during traditional cement production. “We grow cement the same way nature does,” wrote the company’s website. How the cement is “grown” is based on biomineralization, the process by which living organisms produce minerals. One example of biomineralization is coral reefs. Massive reef structures are formed when each individual stony coral produces calcium carbonate, a kind of mineral. Although the stony corals are tiny, one reef structure, built by millions of stony corals, can grow to weigh several tons. This biobased cement alternative is called Biolith. During the production of each Biolith tile, bacteria and nutrients are mixed with sand. Organisms then produce calcium carbonate by absorbing a liquid made of calcium and nitrogen (氮). However, the process doesn’t change the size of the Biolith tile instead, it increases the density. The produced calcium carbonate forms bridges between the grains, strengthening the unit from within. It takes less than 72 hours to let a Biolith tile “grow” fully, while traditional concrete requires about 28 days to make a brick. The company aims to “remove 25 percent of carbon emissions from the concrete industry by 2030,” according to its website. Traditional concrete is made of crushed stones. The process involves heating the stone to temperatures greater than 1,300 °C, during which carbon dioxide is emitted. The manufacture of Biolith, however, doesn’t involve heating, which greatly reduces carbon emissions. The company plans on increasing the use of bio-based bricks, covering 35,000 square meters in Europe by the end of this year. 1．What is biomineralization? A．The process of producing bio-based cement. B．The process of controlling calcium carbonate. C．The process of producing minerals by living organisms. D．The process of absorbing a liquid made of calcium and nitrogen. 2．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about the production of Biolith? A．It requires temperatures greater than 1,300° C． B．It takes as long as traditional concrete to fully harden. C．It involves the use of living organisms to create calcium carbonate. D．It releases more carbon dioxide than traditional concrete production. 3．What is the main advantage of Biolith over traditional concrete? A．It makes bricks larger and more durable. B．It requires no heating, cutting carbon emissions. C．It reduces the amount of sand used in construction. D．It reduces the time needed for concrete to set by half. 4．Which of the following best summarizes the purpose of the article? A．To explain how climate change affects coral reefs. B．To highlight the difficulties in creating eco-friendly cement. C．To discuss global climate goals and their impact on construction. D．To describe a company’s efforts to reduce emissions in the concrete industry. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国公司Biommason生产出了生物水泥，可以大大减少传统水泥生产过程中的碳排放。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“How the cement is “grown” is based on biomineralization, the process by which living organisms produce minerals.( 水泥如何“生长”是基于生物矿化，生物矿化是生物体产生矿物质的过程。)”可知，生物矿化是生物产生矿物质的过程。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“This biobased cement alternative is called Biolith. During the production of each Biolith tile, bacteria and nutrients are mixed with sand. Organisms then produce calcium carbonate by absorbing a liquid made of calcium and nitrogen.( 这种生物基水泥替代品被称为生物石。在生产每个生物石瓦的过程中，细菌和营养物质与沙子混合。然后，生物体通过吸收由钙和氮组成的液体产生碳酸钙。)”可知，根据文章，关于生物石的生产，它涉及到利用生物有机体来制造碳酸钙这些陈述是正确的。ABD项均与原文实意不符。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The manufacture of Biolith, however, doesn’t involve heating, which greatly reduces carbon emissions.( 然而，生物石的制造不涉及加热，这大大减少了碳排放。)”可知，与传统混凝土相比，生物石的主要优势是它不需要加热，减少了碳排放。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及第二段中“US company Biomason has produced bio-based cement (水泥), which can sharply cut emissions during traditional cement production.( 美国公司Biommason已经生产出生物基水泥，这种水泥可以在传统水泥生产过程中大幅减少排放。)”和最后一段中“The company plans on increasing the use of bio-based bricks, covering 35,000 square meters in Europe by the end of this year.( 该公司计划增加生物基砖的使用，到今年年底在欧洲覆盖3.5万平方米。)”可推知，这篇文章的目的是介绍Biomason公司为减少混凝土行业排放所做的努力。故选D项。 Passage 2 （23-24高二上·浙江宁波鄞州·期中） Earth is far more alive than we previously thought, according to “deep life” studies that reveal a rich underground ecosystem beneath our feet that is almost twice the size of all the world’s oceans. Despite extreme heat, no light and intense pressure, scientists estimate it has between 15 billion and 23 billion tonnes of microorganisms. “It’s like finding a whole new reservoir (储藏) of life on Earth,” said Karen Lloyd an associate professor at the University of Tennessee. Results suggest 70 percent of Earth’s bacteria and archaea exist in the subsurface. One organism found 2.5 kilometers below the surface has been buried for millions of years and may not rely at all on energy from the sun. Also, the methanogen (产甲烷菌) has found a way to create methane in this environment, which the methanogen may not use to reproduce or divide, but use to replace or repair broken parts. Lengths of their lives were completely different. Some microorganisms have been alive for thousands of years, barely moving except with shifts in earthquakes or eruptions. They’re just active inside, with less energy than people thought possible to support life. The team consists of 1,200 scientists from 52 countries in disciplines ranging from geology and microbiology to chemistry and physics. A year before the conclusion of their study, they will present the findings before the American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting opens this week, which they say are made possible by technical advances on drills and microscopes. The scientists have been wondering about the point beyond which life cannot exist, but the deeper they dig, the more life they find. There is a temperature maximum — currently 122℃ — but they believe this record will be broken if they keep exploring and developing more advanced instruments. Questions remain, including how the microbes interact with chemical processes, and what this might reveal about how life and Earth coevolved. 1．What do the scientists find about the underground organisms? A．They can’t reproduce and divide. B．They’re the oldest living things. C．Some of them consume no energy. D．Some of them almost always keep still. 2．What can we learn about the research from paragraph 3? A．It lasts for around one year. B．It involves efforts from many fields. C．It promotes technical development. D．It is conducted in 52 countries. 3．Why do the scientists dig deep? A．To break their previous record. B．To find the depth limit of life. C．To discover more ancient microorganisms. D．To measure the highest subsurface temperature. 4．Which of the following can be the best title? A．Earth Depths Are Full of Life B．Organisms Live Better Underground C．Earth Is Far Beyond Human Exploration D．Subsurface Life Differs from That on Land 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。科学家对地球深部生命展开了“深层生命”研究，揭示了我们脚下一个丰富的地下生态系统，其大小近乎是全球海洋大小的两倍。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Some microorganisms have been alive for thousands of years, barely moving except with shifts in earthquakes or eruptions. (有些微生物已经存活了数千年，除了地震或火山爆发的变化，它们几乎没有移动过。)”可知，有些微生物基本上是没有移动过的。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The team consists of 1,200 scientists from 52 countries in disciplines ranging from geology and microbiology to chemistry and physics. (该团队由来自52个国家的1200名科学家组成，他们的学科从地质学、微生物学到化学和物理学。)”可知，该研究团队是由来自52个国家的1200名科学家组成，他们的学科从地质学、微生物学到化学和物理学即该研究涉及许多领域的努力。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The scientists have been wondering about the point beyond which life cannot exist, but the deeper they dig, the more life they find. (科学家们一直想知道生命不可能存在的临界点，但他们挖得越深，发现的生命就越多。)”可知，研究者们一直深挖的理由在于探索生命寻深度极限。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Earth is far more alive than we previously thought, according to “deep life” studies that reveal a rich underground ecosystem beneath our feet that is almost twice the size of all the world’s oceans. (根据“深层生命”研究，地球比我们以前想象的要活跃得多，我们脚下有一个丰富的地下生态系统，几乎是世界上所有海洋的两倍大。)”以及通读全文可知，文章介绍的是科学家对地球深部生命展开了“深层生命”研究，揭示了我们脚下一个丰富的地下生态系统，其大小近乎是全球海洋大小的两倍。结果表明，地球 70% 的细菌和古菌存在于地下，一些微生物已经存活了数千年，仅在地震或喷发时才移动。虽然存在极端高温、无光和巨大的压力，但科学家估计约有 150 至 230 亿吨微生物和细菌在地下生活。这项成果发表在美国地球物理联合会年会上。故A选项“Earth Depths Are Full of Life.(地球深处充满了生命。)”概括文章主旨，符合标题。故选A。 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江杭二·期中） Elephants are the largest land mammals on Earth, and understanding them better could lead to big scientific breakthroughs in science. Both delicate and study, elephant trunks (象鼻) can grasp a single leaf but can also carry nearly 600 pounds. Scientists think that they are an incredible inspiration for the next generation of bio-inspired (仿生) robots. By conducting a high- resolution motion capture analysis of elephants’ trunks, researchers found elephants have a set of simple movements that they can integrate freely to handle objects of various shapes and sizes. For example, elephants use suction (吸力) to pick up lightweight objects. However, to pick up heavier things, they use suction to secure the position of the objects and trunk wrapping to hold and lift things. “It’s not the whole trunk that is lengthening or shortening — it’s different parts, relying on what the elephant is doing,” said Milinkovitch, professor of the physics of biology at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. Researchers also performed CT scans and MRIs on the trunk of a dead elephant. They used high- resolution cameras to create a 3D model of a trunk, allowing them to better understand the structure of an elephant’s muscle groups, skin and connective tissues. The study data will be used to help design an innovative“ soft” robotic arm.“ The data is exceptional, but now the effort is to translate this biological data into some engineering specifications,” Milinkovitch said. “We need to extract some simplifying principles that can make the robot’s behavior simple enough to be effective and adaptable to changes.” The project is also fueling advancements in material science, as researchers have developed a new material similar to the useful properties of elephant skin and can be 3D printed for robotic prototypes (原型). The new materials may be commercialized for a wide range of uses. 1．What does the underlined word “study” in paragraph l probably mean? A．Strong. B．Broad. C．Sensitive. D．Rough 2．How does an elephant handle different objects? A．By securing the position of these objects at first. B．By combining suction with trunk movements flexibly. C．By sucking them with all the strength. D．By stretching its trunk based on things’ sizes. 3．Why do researchers translate the biological data? A．To test the safety of the robotic arm. B．To upgrade the appearance of the robot. C．To improve the behavior of the robot. D．To study the structure of muscle tissues. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Elephant Trunks: The Theory of Movement in Robotics B．Elephant Trunks: The Inspiration for Soft Robotics C．“Soft” Robotic Arms: An Innovation in 3D- printed Robots D．“Soft” Robotic Arms: A Major Breakthrough in Material Science 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了象鼻的功能及其对软体机器人设计的启发。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“elephant trunks (象鼻) can grasp a single leaf but can also carry nearly 600 pounds(象鼻既能抓住一片叶子，也能搬运近600磅的重物)”可知，象鼻既敏锐又强壮，是强壮的。因此“sturdy”在此处应理解为“强壮的”。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“For example, elephants use suction (吸力) to pick up lightweight objects. However, to pick up heavier things, they use suction to secure the position of the objects and trunk wrapping to hold and lift things.(例如，大象用吸力来捡起轻的物体。然而，为了拿起较重的东西，它们使用吸力来固定物体的位置，并使用躯干包裹来固定和抬起东西)”可知，大象通过灵活结合吸力和象鼻的动作来处理不同的物体。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“We need to extract some simplifying principles that can make the robot’s behavior simple enough to be effective and adaptable to changes.(我们需要提取一些简化原则，使机器人的行为足够简单，能够有效地适应变化)”可知，研究人员转化生物数据是为了改进机器人的行为，使其更有效并适应变化。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists think that they are an incredible inspiration for the next generation of bio-inspired (仿生) robots.(科学家们认为他们对下一代仿生机器人有着不可思议的启发)”可知，文章主要介绍了象鼻的功能及其对软体机器人设计的启发。所以短文的最佳标题为B选项“象鼻：软体机器人的灵感来源”。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高二上·浙江衢州五校·期中） Imagine the roadways where nearly all serious accidents can be avoided, and trucks can transport goods around the clock without needing to stop for sleep. Applications for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) will replace the average human reaction time, lowering it from 1.6 seconds to just 0.5 seconds, saving countless lives in the process. The driverless future of autonomous vehicles (AV) is set to transform society by reinventing (重塑) the transportation industry and changing consumer behaviors forever. Yet, the share of consumers who support government regulation of fully self-driving cars has declined 15% over the past year, and trust in the safety of autonomous vehicles is down 5%. To address these ongoing safety concerns, more must be done. Autonomous vehicles should not be regulated by the same rules that govern standard passenger vehicles because those regulations do not address the unique safety challenges for AVs. To address these concerns, the industry will need to continue building public trust through the improved performance of AV systems, especially in controlled environments. Reaching a totally hands-off and eyes-off autonomous driving experience will require a range of next-generation technologies that are still being developed. Automakers will continue to increase the safety of autonomous vehicles by applying new technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve the performance of sensors that use radio and light waves to help detect road users in all weather conditions. The technical brain of an AV system relies on software systems that actively protect passengers. As this market grows, costs will steadily fall for these new sensors and high-performance computers, just as safety standards continue to progress around the country and the world. To help build confidence in AVs, the industry will need to generate a common set of testing standards, similar to crash safety standards, that AV developers can evaluate their systems against. As autonomous driving evolves, the road to a driverless future still holds many twists and turns ahead. It should be an exciting and wild ride for years to come as the auto industry reinvents itself with ever-increasing levels of automation. 1．What make consumers still hesitant about the application of AV? A．Costly operating systems. B．Government regulations. C．Potential safety concerns. D．Complicated technologies. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 3? A．AVs fail to follow standard regulations. B．Tailored rules are needed for AVs. C．Public trust in AVs is difficult to earn. D．AVs should be tested on public roads. 3．How can the public’s trust in AVs be improved? A．By integrating existing technologies. B．By limiting their maximum speed. C．By developing a reliable testing system. D．By minimizing the cost of sensors. 4．What is the writer’s attitude towards the future of AVs? A．Skeptical and concerned. B．Cautious yet optimistic. C．Worried and reserved. D．Pessimistic yet tolerant. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讨论了自动驾驶汽车(AV)的未来，强调了其在提高交通安全、重塑交通行业和改变消费者行为方面的潜力，同时指出了公众对AV安全性的担忧以及如何建立公众信任。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Yet, the share of consumers who support government regulation of fully self-driving cars has declined 15% over the past year, and trust in the safety of autonomous vehicles is down 5%. (然而，过去一年中，支持政府对完全自动驾驶汽车进行监管的消费者比例下降了15%，对自动驾驶汽车安全性的信任度下降了5%。)”可知，消费者对自动驾驶汽车的潜在安全性问题仍然感到担忧。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Autonomous vehicles should not be regulated by the same rules that govern standard passenger vehicles because those regulations do not address the unique safety challenges for AVs. (自动驾驶汽车不应该受到与标准乘用车相同的规则的约束，因为这些规则没有解决自动驾驶汽车面临的特殊安全挑战。)”可知，需要为自动驾驶汽车制定专门的规则。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“To help build confidence in AVs, the industry will need to generate a common set of testing standards, similar to crash safety standards, that AV developers can evaluate their systems against.(为了帮助建立对自动驾驶汽车的信心，该行业需要制定一套类似于碰撞安全标准的通用测试标准，以便自动驾驶汽车开发者可以对照这些标准评估其系统。)”可知，制定一套可靠的测试标准可以帮助建立公众对自动驾驶汽车的信心。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It should be an exciting and wild ride for years to come as the auto industry reinvents itself with ever-increasing levels of automation.(随着汽车行业以不断提高的自动化水平重塑自己，未来几年将是一段激动人心且充满变数的旅程。)”可知，作者认为这将是一段激动人心且充满挑战的旅程，由此可知，作者对自动驾驶汽车的未来持谨慎乐观的态度。故选B项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二上·浙江宁波余姚·期中） Mosquitoes carry malaria (疟疾), which kills thousands of people each year. Now some researchers are trying to use genetic engineering to make the annoying insects into partners in the fight against the disease. For years, public health officials have tried to limit the disease by controlling mosquito populations. “But that approach is temporary,” says Anthony James, a professor of biology and genetics at the University of California, Irvine, “Because mosquitoes are extremely tough little insects, and their populations can quickly rebound.” Therefore, James and his colleagues want to try a different approach: making mosquitoes themselves into malaria-fighting warriors, which is a complete departure from traditional ways of controlling malaria. To understand how it works, it helps to understand the life cycle of malaria. The malaria pathogen (病原体) is a parasite (寄生虫) that grows inside humans. It’s passed via mosquitoes that move from person to person, sucking blood. “If we can make the mosquitoes difficult for the pathogens to survive, we can wipe out the disease,” he says. But making mosquitoes uninviting to malaria is a tough job. To solve the problem, the team used a gene-editing technique called CRISPR. They started with genes from mice, whose immune systems do fight human malaria, engineered those genes, and then gave them to the mosquitoes. It turned out the malaria-fighting antibodies which gene-edited mosquitoes produced worked very well. They reduced the number of parasites in the mosquito before they were passed to a human host. James’ team are now working on planning a field trial, which he hopes could be conducted on an island or in another isolated location. But genetically changing wild animals does not sit well with environmentalists. “There’s no need to engineer a mosquito,” says Dana Perls, senior program manager for the emerging technology program at the non-profit Friends of the Earth. Perls points out that naturally occurring methods for reducing malaria appear to be showing promise, as does a new vaccine (疫苗) against the disease. “Why take unnecessary risks and release a species that can’t be recalled once it’s released into the wild?” she asks. 1．What can we know from the second and third paragraphs? A．Mosquitoes reproduce quickly. B．Mosquitoes depart from malaria. C．Mosquitoes are malaria-fighting warriors. D．Mosquitoes’ populations are under control. 2．According to the text, which of the following are attractive to the malaria pathogen? A．Mice. B．Parasites. C．Mosquitoes. D．Gene-edited mosquitoes. 3．What is environmentalists’ attitude toward this new approach? A．Tolerant. B．Favorable. C．Objective. D．Disapproving. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Limiting Malaria by Controlling Mosquito Populations B．Controlling Malaria by editing Mosquitoes’ genes C．Curing Malaria with Gene-edited Mosquitoes D．Preventing Malaria with a new vaccine 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍科学家想通过编辑蚊子的基因来控制疟疾，但环保人士反对这一做法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Because mosquitoes are extremely tough little insects, and their populations can quickly rebound. (因为蚊子是非常顽强的小昆虫，它们的数量可以迅速回升)”可知，蚊子的繁殖速度很快。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段的“The malaria pathogen (病原体) is a parasite (寄生虫) that grows inside humans. It’s passed via mosquitoes that move from person to person, sucking blood. (疟疾病原体是一种生长在人体内的寄生虫。它通过蚊子在人与人之间传播，吸血)”以及“If we can make the mosquitoes difficult for the pathogens to survive, we can wipe out the disease (如果我们能让蚊子难以让病原体存活，我们就能消灭这种疾病)”可知，蚊子能吸引疟疾病原体。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But genetically changing wild animals does not sit well with environmentalists.(但是，改变野生动物的基因并不受环保人士的欢迎)”和“Why take unnecessary risks and release a species that can’t be recalled once it’s released into the wild?(为什么要冒不必要的风险，释放一个一旦被释放到野外就无法召回的物种?)”推知，环保人士对改变蚊子基因来消灭疟疾的方法是反对的。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第三段“Therefore, James and his colleagues want to try a different approach: making mosquitoes themselves into malaria-fighting warriors, which is a complete departure from traditional ways of controlling malaria. (因此，詹姆斯和他的同事们想尝试一种不同的方法：让蚊子自己成为抗击疟疾的战士，这与控制疟疾的传统方法完全不同)”和倒数第三段“It turned out the malaria-fighting antibodies which gene-edited mosquitoes produced worked very well. They reduced the number of parasites in the mosquito before they were passed to a human host. (事实证明，经过基因编辑的蚊子产生的抗疟疾抗体效果非常好。它们减少了蚊子体内寄生虫的数量，然后将它们传给人类宿主)”可知，本文主要介绍科学家想通过编辑蚊子的基因来控制疟疾。故B项“Controlling Malaria by editing Mosquitoes’ genes (通过编辑蚊子基因控制疟疾)”可作为本文的最佳标题。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25高二上·浙江宁波北仑·期中） About ten years ago, logging into Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram would mostly show posts from friends and family in the order they were posted. Today, these platforms present a mix of content, tailored by algorithms (算法) to match users’ interests, whether it’s plants, sports, cats, or politics. Kyle Chayka, a writer for The New Yorker, discusses this topic in his book, Filterworld. He explains that algorithms analyze user data to predict and influence what they will likely engage with. This means that instead of a simple, chronological feed, users encounter a dynamic stream, constantly adapting to their preferences. Chayka examines how these algorithmic recommendations control what we consume, from music and movies to food and travel destinations. He argues that this machine-driven selection process has turned us into passive consumers, making our preferences and tastes more similar. Chayka points out that algorithms make us passive by always showing us content that we’re unlikely to click away from but won’t find too unexpected or challenging. This constant stream of recommendations reduces our exposure to diverse or challenging content, subtly shaping our preferences and behaviors. Moreover, Chayka points out that algorithms also pressure content creators, like musicians and artists, to tailor their work to fit these digital platforms. For instance, musicians on Spotify or TikTok might focus on creating catchy hooks at the beginning of their songs to grab the listener’s attention. Despite the strong presence of these algorithms, Chayka believes that regulation could reduce their influence. He suggests that if Meta, the parent company of Facebook, were required to separate its various services, like Instagram or WhatsApp, and make them compete with each other, it could give users more control and choice over their digital consumption. In summary, the change from simple, time-ordered social. media posts to algorithm-driven content has a big impact on both the viewers and the creators, influencing what we see, hear, and even think. Chayka’s insights highlight the need for greater awareness and potentially more regulation in our increasingly digital world. 1．According to the text, how have social media platforms changed in the past ten years? A．They show posts in a time-based order. B．They prioritize posts from friends and family. C．They make adjustments to satisfy users’ needs. D．They provide more content to meet different needs. 2．What does Kyle Chayka think of algorithmic recommendations? A．They make users more active consumers. B．They shape users’ preferences and behaviors. C．They reduce the influence of content creators. D．They expose users to diverse and challenging content. 3．How do algorithms influence musicians’ work on digital platforms? A．By encouraging musicians to create longer songs. B．By discouraging musicians from using catchy hooks. C．By giving musicians more control and choice over their music. D．By requiring musicians to create their work to fit the platforms. 4．What can be concluded from the text? A．Tech companies should have more departments. B．Social media algorithms give content creators less opportunities. C．Social media algorithms flatten our culture by making decisions for us. D．Network platforms have increased the common recommendations for 10 years. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如今社交媒体运用算法会根据用户的喜好进行相应的推送。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“About ten years ago, logging into Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram would mostly show posts from friends and family in the order they were posted. Today, these platforms present a mix of content, tailored by algorithms to match users’ interests, whether it’s plants, sports, cats, or politics.”（大约十年前，登录Facebook、Twitter或Instagram，看到的大多是朋友和家人发布的帖子，顺序是先后的。如今，这些平台呈现的内容是多种多样的，通过算法进行定制，以匹配用户的兴趣，无论是植物、体育、猫还是政治）可知，社交媒体平台在过去的十年里会根据用户的需求进行调整。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“This constant stream of recommendations reduces our exposure to diverse or challenging content, subtly shaping our preferences and behaviors.”（这种源源不断的推荐减少了我们接触多样化或具有挑战性的内容，微妙地塑造了我们的偏好和行为）可知，Kyle Chayka认为算法推荐塑造了用户的偏好和行为。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Moreover, Chayka points out that algorithms also pressure content creators, like musicians and artists, to tailor their work to fit these digital platforms.”（此外，Chayka还指出，算法还会迫使音乐家和艺术家等内容创作者调整自己的作品，以适应这些数字平台）可知，算法要求音乐家创作适合平台的作品。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文且根据第三段“This constant stream of recommendations reduces our exposure to diverse or challenging content, subtly shaping our preferences and behaviors.”（这种源源不断的推荐减少了我们接触多样化或具有挑战性的内容，微妙地塑造了我们的偏好和行为）可知，文章主要介绍了社交媒体运用算法会根据用户的喜好进行相应的推送，但推送的内容因为缺乏挑战和多样性，进而使我们的文化更加扁平化。故选C项。 Passage 5 （24-25高二上·浙江衢州五校·期中） Enjoying a juicy watermelon is one of summer’s greatest pleasures, particularly when you don’t have to avoid any seeds. Indeed, humans have adapted many fruits to be seedless in search of a more pleasant eating experience. The navel orange (a sweet orange that is usually seedless), for example, came about after a random genetic mutation (随机的基因突变) produced a single branch with seedless fruit long ago. Cuttings of the branch were joined to other trees, and today, all of the world’s navel oranges are copies of this original. A similar discovery led to seedless grapes, which are thought to first appear in ancient Rome before making their way to the Americas in the 1870s. Scientists have a few guesses about why plants might have developed these abilities. For one, plants can hybridize (杂交) more easily than some kinds of animals, and hybridization unlocks the new potential. Even if some combinations don’t pan out, researchers have documented examples of “hybrid advantage”, in which a hybrid is fitter than either of its parents. Lastly, because the purpose of fruit is to draw animals near to help spread their seeds, parthenocarpy, the production of fruits without fertilization (受精), may ultimately allow trees to produce more fruit at a lower energetic cost if they don’t need to make seeds, too. Regardless of why seedless fruits exist, they represent an interesting thought experiment, according to Stacey Smith, a plant evolutionary biologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. On the one hand, many are unable to continue surviving without human involvement, but on the other hand they’re also wildly successful for that same reason. There are very few, if any, wild navel oranges, and yet it’s estimated that California will produce 76 million cartons of them this year alone. “My personal take is that all plants under human care have won in some sense, because they don’t have to make more of themselves. We do it for them,” Smith told Live Science. “Just because they’re not reproducing sexually and making seeds, who cares? We will never stop eating watermelons, and being able to make seedless ones just means we eat more watermelons.” 1．What is the similarity between the orange and grape mentioned in the text? A．Being native to ancient Rome. B．Being seedless due to genetic change. C．Being grown from seeds rather than cuttings. D．Being joined to other plants for a sweeter taste. 2．What does the underlined phrase “pan out” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Die out. B．Fall through. C．Work out. D．Come apart. 3．Why is the existence of seedless fruits considered a thought experiment? A．It contributes to the balance of nature. B．People still have doubts regarding seedless fruits. C．Seedless fruits have a high demand but limited production. D．It inspires thinking on natural selection and human activity. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．The Journey of Seedless Fruits: From Mutation to Market B．Seedless Fruits: A Human-Aided Evolutionary Wonder C．Genetic Mutations: The Only Way to Create Seedless Fruits D．Hybridization: The Key to Seedless Fruits’Success 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了无籽水果的起源、发展及其对人类饮食习惯的影响。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“The navel orange (a sweet orange that is usually seedless), for example, came about after a random genetic mutation (随机的基因突变) produced a single branch with seedless fruit long ago. Cuttings of the branch were joined to other trees, and today, all of the world’s navel oranges are copies of this original. A similar discovery led to seedless grapes, which are thought to first appear in ancient Rome before making their way to the Americas in the 1870s. (例如，脐橙（一种通常无籽的甜橙）是在很久以前随机的基因突变产生了一个无籽果实的单枝后产生的。这条树枝的枝条被嫁接到其他树上，今天，世界上所有的脐橙都是这棵树的复制品。类似的发现导致了无籽葡萄的出现，无籽葡萄被认为最早出现在古罗马，然后在19世纪70年代传到了美洲。)”可知，脐橙和葡萄都是由于基因变化而变得无籽。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“For one, plants can hybridize (杂交) more easily than some kinds of animals, and hybridization unlocks the new potential. Even if some combinations don’t pan out, researchers have documented examples of “hybrid advantage”, in which a hybrid is fitter than either of its parents. (首先，植物比某些动物更容易杂交，杂交释放了新的潜力。即使有些组合没有pan out，研究人员也记录了“杂交优势”的例子，即杂交后代比其父母中的任何一个都更适合。)”可以推断，pan out在这里的意思应该是指某些组合是否能够成功或奏效。A. Die out消亡；B. Fall through失败；C. Work out进展（顺利），圆满结束，奏效；D. Come apart分开。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Regardless of why seedless fruits exist, they represent an interesting thought experiment, according to Stacey Smith, a plant evolutionary biologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. On the one hand, many are unable to continue surviving without human involvement, but on the other hand they’re also wildly successful for that same reason. There are very few, if any, wild navel oranges, and yet it’s estimated that California will produce 76 million cartons of them this year alone. (University of Colorado Boulder的植物进化生物学家Stacey Smith表示，不管无籽水果存在的原因是什么，它们都代表了一个有趣的思想实验。一方面，许多在没有人类参与的情况下无法继续生存，但另一方面，由于同样的原因，它们也取得了巨大的成功。野生脐橙非常少，如果有的话，但据估计，仅今年加州就将生产7600万箱脐橙。)”和最后一段“My personal take is that all plants under human care have won in some sense, because they don’t have to make more of themselves. We do it for them(我个人的看法是，所有在人类照料下的植物在某种意义上都是赢家，因为它们不必自己做得更多。我们是为它们做的)”可知，无籽水果的存在被认为是一种思想实验，是因为它激发了人们对自然选择和人类活动的思考。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“Indeed, humans have adapted many fruits to be seedless in search of a more pleasant eating experience. (事实上，人类已经将许多水果变成无籽的，以寻求更愉快的食用体验。)”可知，全文讨论了无籽水果是如何从偶然的基因突变开始，通过人类的选择和培育最终成为市场上常见的水果种类的过程，同时也探讨了这一过程背后的人类活动对植物进化的影响。因此，最合适的标题是“Seedless Fruits: A Human-Aided Evolutionary Wonder (无籽水果：人类辅助进化的奇迹)”。故选B。 Passage 6 （24-25高二上·浙江杭州学军·期中） An unlikely scandal (丑闻) affected the British government greatly. After Covid-19 forced the government to cancel the “A - level” exams that help determine university admission, the British education regulator used an algorithm (算法) to predict what score each student would have received on their exam. The algorithm relied in part on how the school’s students had historically been more successful on the exam. Schools with richer children tended to have better track records, so the algorithm gave wealthy students - even those on track for the same grades as poor students - much higher predicted scores. High-achieving, low - income pupils whose schools had not previously performed well were hit particularly hard. After threats of legal action and widespread demonstrations, the government backed down and canceled the algorithmic grading process entirely. This wasn’t an isolated incident: In the United States similar issues troubled the International Baccalaureate exam, which used an opaque (不透明)  artificial intelligence system to set students’ scores, prompting protests from thousands of students and parents. These episodes highlight some of the traps of algorithmic decision - making. As technology advances, companies, governments, and other organizations are increasingly relying on algorithms to predict important social outcomes, using them to distribute jobs, forecast crime, and even try to prevent child abuse. These technologies promise to increase efficiency, enable more targeted policy interventions, and remove human imperfections from decision-making processes. But critics worry that opaque machine learning systems will in fact reflect and further keep shortcomings in how organizations typically function - including by establishing the racial, class, and gender prejudices of the societies that develop these systems. But there is an even more basic concern about algorithmic decision-making. Even in the absence of systematic class or racial prejudice, what if algorithms struggle to make even remotely accurate predictions about the track of individuals’ lives? 1．Why did the author mention A-level exams in the first paragraph? A．To share a scandal. B．To present an example. C．To introduce the topic. D．To arouse public concern. 2．Who are probably in favor of the algorithmic grading system? A．Average students from top schools. B．Straight A students from top schools. C．Average students from average families. D．Straight A students with disadvantaged background. 3．What can we infer from the passage? A．The algorithmic grading system resulted in legal action. B．Algorithmic decision-making is not necessarily reliable. C．Algorithmic decision-making develops systematic prejudices D．The British government approves of the algorithmic grading system. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一种算法被用来预测学生在考试中可能获得的分数。尽管该算法在社会很多方面中正运用着，但是该算法对学生并不公平，所以人们反对它在教育上的应用。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“After Covid-19 forced the government to cancel the ‘A-level’ exams that help determine university admission, the British education regulator used an algorithm (算法) to predict what score each student would have received on their exam. (在新冠肺炎迫使政府取消帮助决定大学录取的‘A-level’考试后，英国教育监管机构使用一种算法来预测每个学生在考试中会获得的分数。)”可推知，作者在第一段中提到A-level考试是为了引出话题。故选C。 2． 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The algorithm relied in part on how the school’s students had historically been more successful on the exam. Schools with richer children tended to have better track records, so the algorithm gave wealthy students - even those on track for the same grades as poor students - much higher predicted scores. High-achieving, low-income pupils whose schools had not previously performed well were hit particularly hard. (该算法在一定程度上取决于该校学生以往的考试成绩。有富裕孩子的学校往往有更好的成绩记录，所以算法给富裕学生——即使是那些与贫困学生成绩相同的学生——更高的预测分数。成绩优异、低收入、在学校之前表现不佳的学生受到的打击尤其严重。)”可推知，顶尖学校的普通学生可能会支持算法评分系统。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But critics worry that opaque machine learning systems will in fact reflect and further keep shortcomings in how organizations typically function - including by establishing the racial, class, and gender prejudices of the societies that develop these systems. (但批评人士担心，不透明的机器学习系统实际上会反映并进一步保留组织正常运作方式的缺陷——包括建立开发这些系统的社会的种族、阶级和性别偏见。) ”可推知，算法决策不一定是可靠的。故选B。 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·浙江温州十校·期中） Math anxiety has become a common psychological condition among students around the world. Students in countries with higher levels of math anxiety tend to achieve lower math grades, according to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Feb 15. Math anxiety — a negative emotional reaction to the core subject — causes fear, physical suffering and behavior problems among young pupils, according to a University of Cambridge study. In ordinary life, many people experience some degree of discomfort when confronted with a math problem, ranging from mild tension to strong fear. Some people also experience physical symptoms such as sweaty palms or a racing heart. They may then try to avoid numbers-related situations, meaning they are held back from pursuing careers related to the subject, such as science, technology or engineering, according to The Guardian. Relief comes from the fact that those with math anxiety aren’t destined to be bad at math. “If a child has math anxiety, don’t assume that they’re not good at math. They may have had a really bad experience with math,” Daniel Ansari, the senior author of the study told The London Free Press. “Students with math anxiety are not cognitively (认知地) disadvantaged. ” Also, there are ways to manage your math-related stress. If you’re stressed before a math exam, spend a few minutes exploring those feelings before the exam begins. “It’s about making sure you’re interpreting your feelings correctly,” Sian Beilock, a cognitive scientist told the BBC． “A fast heartbeat and sweaty palms don’t necessarily mean you will fail.” A little math anxiety could be taken as a positive challenge to overcome. Just like many people get stage fright before delivering a speech, this nervous energy can help to motivate, according to Ian Lyons, a psychologist at Georgetown University. Math doesn’t come easy, no matter how clever you are. Leonardo da Vinci, the famous Italian artist, was a huge fan of mathematics. But his notebooks show that Da Vinci couldn’t do fractions (分数). He could never grasp, for instance, that dividing a number by one-quarter is the same as multiplying by four, resulting in a higher number than the original. 1．What do we know about math anxiety? A．It is common merely among students. B．It can cause physical and emotional discomfort. C．People with math anxiety are often bad at maths. D．It leads to people struggling in their career. 2．Which of the following statements will Daniel Ansari agree with according to his study? A．Math anxiety may contribute to better grades. B．Bad experience with math can cause cognitive disadvantages. C．Math anxiety is not related to the ability to solve math problems. D．Students with math anxiety may indeed experience lower math scores. 3．How should you deal with the stress related to math according to the article? A．Avoid thinking about failures in math. B．Learn to make sense of your feelings. C．Take all nervous energy as a challenge. D．Pay little attention to your math anxiety. 4．Why is Leonardo da Vinci’s story mentioned? A．To show that math anxiety is very common. B．To suggest a way to solve math anxiety. C．To show it’s not easy for da Vinci to learn math. D．To explain why math is a difficult subject to learn. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了数学焦虑症以及缓解的方法。 1．细节理解题。由第二段中“Math anxiety — a negative emotional reaction to the core subject — causes fear, physical suffering and behavior problems among young pupils, according to a University of Cambridge study. (剑桥大学的一项研究表明，数学焦虑症是对核心科目的负面情绪反应，会导致年轻学生的恐惧、身体痛苦和行为问题)”和第三段中“Some people also experience physical symptoms such as sweaty palms or a racing heart. (有些人还会出现手心出汗或心跳加速等身体症状)”可知，数学焦虑症会在精神和身体上引起不愉快的症状。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。由第四段中““If a child has math anxiety, don’t assume that they’re not good at math. They may have had a really bad experience with math,” Daniel Ansari, the senior author of the study told The London Free Press. (“如果一个孩子有数学焦虑症，不要认为他们不擅长数学。他们可能有过非常糟糕的数学经历，但有很多方法可以提高数学成绩，”该研究的资深作者Daniel Ansari在接受伦敦自由出版社采访时表示)”可知，Daniel Ansari的研究表明，不要认为有数学焦虑症的孩子不擅长数学，他们可能有过非常糟糕的数学经历，故Daniel Ansari会赞同数学焦虑症并不反映解决数学问题的能力。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。由第五段中“If you’re stressed before a math exam, spend a few minutes exploring those feelings before the exam begins. “It’s about making sure you’re interpreting your feelings correctly,” Sian Beilock, a cognitive scientist told the BBC. (如果你在数学考试前感到有压力，在考试开始前花几分钟探索一下这些感觉可能会有所帮助。认知科学家Sian Beilock在接受BBC采访时表示：“这是为了确保你正确解读自己的感受。”)”可知，如果你有关于数学的压力，你应该学会理解自己的感受。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。由最后一段首句“Math doesn’t come easy, no matter how clever you are. (不管你有多聪明，数学都不容易学)”提到，不管你有多聪明，数学学起来都不容易，接着下文“Leonardo da Vinci, the famous Italian artist, was a huge fan of mathematics. But his notebooks show that Da Vinci couldn’t do fractions (分数). He could never grasp, for instance, that dividing a number by one-quarter is the same as multiplying by four, resulting in a higher number than the original. (Leonardo da Vinci，著名的意大利艺术家，是数学的狂热爱好者。但是他的笔记显示达芬奇不会做分数。例如，他永远无法理解，将一个数字除以四分之一等于乘以四，从而得到一个比原来更高的数字)”举了名人达·芬奇的例子，达·芬奇是数学的狂热爱好者，但他不会做分数，也没法明白做分数的原理，以此来支撑上述观点，说明对任何人来讲学习数学不容易，数学焦虑症很常见。故选A项。 主题03 人与自然——环境与生态 Passage 1 （23-24高二上·浙江宁波鄞州·期中） Work starts early on White Gate Farm in East Lyme, Connecticut. By 7 a. m., farm manager Dan Wood was at the East Lyme Post Office dropping off a box of fresh produce that later in the day would be delivered by mail to Chelsea Gubbins, who lives across town. White Gate Farm is a member of Farmers Post, a pilot programme that enables smallholder farms across eastern Connecticut to ship fresh produce and other farm products to local households through the United States Postal Service (USPS). Farmers Post takes advantage of a USPS programme called Connect Local that allows small businesses to offer same-day and next-day delivery at a fixed low cost. Food remains in the fields because either market prices are too low or the cost of the workforce is too high, or because the size and shape of the produce make it unattractive to stores. Each year, around 10 million tons of crops never get harvested, causing about 16% of total US food loss and waste. “Food that is wasted has a much larger influence than just the loss of the food itself,” says Julia Kurnik, senior director of Innovation Start-ups at WWF. “Everything that went into growing it goes out the window as well—the water, the land, and the energy. And as the food breaks down, it produces greenhouse gases. The bad effects amplify greatly.” Besides reducing food waste, selling farm products directly to local customers cuts down on the cross-country shipping of food grown in California or elsewhere. This reduces the so-called food miles that researchers believe cause about 6% of the world’s greenhouse gases. Fruits and vegetables, which are often transported out of season and require refrigeration, produce lots of greenhouse gases between farms and people’s plates. Wood understands that Farmers Post can help to end that waste. “Farming is kind of like cooking for a big group.” he says. “This is helping us get right on the money, using almost 100% of what we grow and harvest.” 1．Why was Farmers Post started? A．To provide professional modern farming methods. B．To create more delivery jobs for local people C．To pick up and carry customers to different farms. D．To make the delivery of produce easier and cheaper. 2．What may cause some US crops to remain unharvested according to the text? A．The limited need for farm products. B．The shortage of workers and harvesting tool. C．Their low value and poor quality. D．Bad weather and road conditions. 3．What does the underlined word “amplify” mean in Paragraph 4? A．Increase. B．Slow. C．Switch. D．Weaken. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The Food Safety Movement Has Met Some Challenges B．A Farm-to-Table Programme Helps Reduce Food Waste C．Farmers Post Explores Ways to Make High-Quality Products D．Small Farms Play a Leading Role in Serving Communities 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。该文章介绍了美国康涅狄格州的一个小型农场 White Gate Farm 通过邮政局的 Connect Local 项目将农产品送到当地居民的故事。这个项目不仅帮助农场直接销售农产品减少了食品浪费，还减少了其他地方运输水果和蔬菜带来的温室气体排放。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“White Gate Farm is a member of Farmers Post, a pilot programme that enables smallholder farms across eastern Connecticut to ship fresh produce and other farm products to local households through the United States Postal Service (USPS). Farmers Post takes advantage of a USPS programme called Connect Local that allows small businesses to offer same-day and next-day delivery at a fixed low cost.(White Gate农场是农民邮政的成员，农民邮政是一个试点项目，使康涅狄格州东部的小农场能够通过美国邮政服务将新鲜农产品和其他农产品运送到当地家庭。Farmers Post利用了USPS 的一个名为Connect Local 的项目，该项目允许小企业以固定的低成本提供当日和次日送达服务)”可知，该项目使康涅狄格州东部的小农场能够通过美国邮政服务将新鲜农产品和其他农产品运送到当地家庭，允许小企业以固定的低成本提供当日和次日送达服务，由此可知，该项目使农产品的运输更容易，更便宜。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Food remains in the fields because either market prices are too low or the cost of the workforce is too high, or because the size and shape of the produce make it unattractive to stores.(粮食留在地里，要么是因为市场价格太低，要么是因为劳动力成本太高，要么是因为农产品的大小和形状对商店没有吸引力。)”可知，因为农产品的市场价格低，大小和形状对商店没有吸引力作物被留在地里未能收获；由此可知，是农产品的价格低、质量差导致美国的很多作物依旧没有收获，留在地里。故选C项。 3．词义猜测题。根据画线词前面的内容“Everything that went into growing it goes out the window as well-the water, the land, and the energy. And as the food breaks down, it produces greenhouse gases.(种植农产品所需使用的水、土地和能源等全部都白费了，因为随着食物的分解，它们还会产生温室气体。)”可知，浪费食物就意味着种植食物时消耗的水，土地和能源是被浪费的，同时分解食物又产生了温室气体，因此糟糕的影响是在不断增加的，所以画线词与“增加”意义相近。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“White Gate Farm is a member of Farmers Post, a pilot programme that enables smallholder farms across eastern Connecticut to ship fresh produce and other farm products to local households through the United States Postal Service (USPS).( White Gate农场是农民邮政的成员，农民邮政是一个试点项目，使康涅狄格州东部的小农场能够通过美国邮政服务将新鲜农产品和其他农产品运送到当地家庭。)”以及倒数第二段“Besides reducing food waste, selling farm products directly to local customers cuts down on the cross-country shipping of food grown in California or elsewhere.(除了减少食物浪费，直接向当地消费者销售农产品还减少了加州或其他地方种植的食物的跨国运输)”以及通读全文可知，该文章介绍了美国康涅狄格州的一个小型农场White Gate Farm通过农民邮政项目利用邮政局的Connect Local项目将农产品送到当地居民的故事，这个项目不仅帮助农场直接销售农产品减少了食品浪费，还减少了其他地方运输水果和蔬菜带来的温室气体排放，所以B项“一个从农场到餐桌的项目有助于减少食物浪费”概括了文章内容，符合标题。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二上·浙江宁波北仑·期中） Researchers at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research analyzed historical food prices across various food categories and countries globally, looking at the impact of climatic changes on food inflation (通货膨胀) and the potential implications of future climate change. They found that annual food inflation will rise by 3.2 percent per year and overall inflation by 1.18 percent per year by 2035. And all nations will be impacted, while hot regions and summers will see the most significant consequences. “Looking at over 27,000 observations of historical data, we found that increases in temperatures can increase food prices, particularly in hot regions and seasons,” said Max Kotz, a co-author of the study, “under future climate conditions, these impacts could become large, threatening the price stability commands of central banks, such as the ECB ( European Central Bank), which aims to keep inflation below 2 percent.” The report highlighted how rising or unstable prices endanger human welfare and economic and political stability, pointing to United Nations data showing that the cost-of-living crisis in 2021/22 resulted in 71 million more people falling into poverty globally. The study found that increases in temperatures, particularly in hot regions and during summers, lead to heightened inflation levels, which are more pronounced in lower latitudes (纬度) like Africa and South America. Regions at higher latitudes experience seasonal peaks, mostly in the summer months. Data showed a 1℃ rise in average monthly temperatures affects prices for nearly a year, similarly to extra rainfall. However, price impacts resulting from extreme drought are only temporary. Researchers examined the extremely hot European summer of 2022, when heat and drought had far-reaching effects on agriculture and the economy. “We estimate that the 2022 summer heat extreme increased food inflation in Europe by about 0.6 percent,” said Kotz. Researchers claimed that future warming projected for 2035 would multiply the impacts of such extremes by up to 50 percent. These effects are particularly relevant for currency unions with a 2 percent inflation target, such as the Eurozone, and will continue to increase with future global warming. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．Natural consequences of climate change. B．The link between food price s and climate. C．Food prices in hot regions during summers. D．The impact of food inflation on food prices. 2．What might the rising prices lead to according to the researchers’ report? A．Massive poverty. B．Human welfare. C．Environmental crisis. D．Economic stability. 3．Why is the European summer of 2022 mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To give an example of the research findings. B．To provide reasons for the researchers’ doubt. C．To show practical significance of the research. D．To state researchers’ methods for data analysis. 4．What is the researchers’ attitude toward food inflation? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Concerned. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气候变化对食品通胀的影响以及未来气候变化的潜在影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research analyzed historical food prices across various food categories and countries globally, looking at the impact of climatic changes on food inflation (通货膨胀) and the potential implications of future climate change. (波茨坦气候影响研究所的研究人员分析了全球不同食品类别和国家的历史食品价格，研究了气候变化对食品通货膨胀的影响以及未来气候变化的潜在影响。)”可知，第一段主要是关于粮食价格和气候之间的联系。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The report highlighted how rising or unstable prices endanger human welfare and economic and political stability, pointing to United Nations data showing that the cost- of- living crisis in 2021/22 resulted in 71 million more people falling into poverty globally. (报告强调了不断上涨或不稳定的价格如何危及人类福利以及经济和政治稳定，并指出联合国的数据显示，2021/22年的生活成本危机导致全球新增7100万人陷入贫困。)”可知，持续增长的价格全让人类福祉，经济稳定及政治稳定陷入危机，且联合国2021/22的数据显示生活成本危机使全球新增7100万人陷入贫困。由此可知，持续的增长可能会导致大规模的贫困。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, price impacts resulting from extreme drought are only temporary. (然而，极端干旱对价格的影响只是暂时的)”以及“Researchers examined the extremely hot European summer of 2022, when heat and drought had far- reaching effects on agriculture and the economy. (研究人员调查了2022年欧洲极端炎热的夏季，当时炎热和干旱对农业和经济产生了深远的影响。)”可知，提到2022年的欧洲夏季是为了举例说明极端干旱对价格的影响只是暂时的这一结论。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Researchers claimed that future warming projected for 2035 would multiply the impacts of such extremes by up to 50 percent. These effects are particularly relevant for currency unions with a 2 percent inflation target, such as the Eurozone, and will continue to increase with future global warming.(研究人员声称，预计2035年的未来变暖将使这种极端天气的影响增加多达50%。这些影响对欧元区等通胀目标为2%的货币联盟尤其重要，并将随着未来全球变暖而继续增加。)”可知，研究人员认为这样的影响会随着全球气温上升而成倍增强，再根据全文全球变暖会导致全球粮食价格通货膨胀，从而增加大们的生活成本，威胁经济和政治的稳定，可知，研究人员对此非常的关心且担忧的，故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高二上·浙江G5联盟·期中） Chickadees (山雀) are beloved backyard birds in North America. Black-capped Chickadees and Carolina Chickadees are especially tough to tell apart, with the same black cap and chin, white cheeks, and gray-buff bodies, along with the same love of seed-filled bird feeders and similar cheeky “chick-a-dee-dee!” calls. Usually the easiest way to tell which of these two chickadees you’re looking at is to consult a map. Carolina Chickadees live in the eastern and southeastern U. S., whereas Black-capped Chickadees inhabit most of the rest of North America. Yet along the extensive, meandering line where the two species overlap, things can get unclear. They started to share a “hybrid zone” where they regularly interbreed (异种交配) and produce young, blurring (模糊) the lines between species. In 2007 Robert Curry, an ornithologist and behavioral ecologist published a paper showing that the hybrid zone had been creeping northward over more than a decade. By that time Curry had accumulated years’ worth of chickadee blood samples from his field sites, and he had access to tissue samples collected previously by other researchers as well. He and his collaborators used genetic analysis to verify the composition of the chickadee population at each site and looked at how that composition had shifted over time. The researchers’ findings provided confirmation of what bird-watchers had already observed: in a decade and a half the northern edge of the hybrid zone had moved about 20 kilometers north. But why? According to the data collected from eBird in the following years, the northern limit of Carolina Chickadees’ range is roughly the point on the map where the average minimum winter temperature hits minus seven degrees Celsius — and that the rate of their northward expansion in Pennsylvania has been consistent with warming winters. Climate change is really only half of the story behind the movement of the hybrid zone. Meanwhile, there was a strong link between the presence of hybrids and the degree to which habitat in an area had been altered by humans. “I think what we’ve done in these disturbed areas is we’ve planted trees that favor Black-capped Chickadees,” says, “which has increased their populations and then increased the frequency of hybridization between the two species in an artificial way.” “So what will happen? We don’t know yet,” Curry says. “But it will be interesting to see.” 1．What is the easiest way to tell Black-capped Chickadees from Carolina Chickadees? A．Recording their calls. B．Observing their shapes. C．Comparing their looks. D．Studying their habitats. 2．What can we learn about the study in paragraph 3? A．Researchers focused on Chickadees’ behaviour. B．The hybrid zone had a tendency to migrate north. C．Curry gathered all the samples from his field sites. D．The findings differed from those of bird- watchers. 3．What led to hybrid zone expanding north? A．The availability of bird feeders. B．The increased human population. C．The influence of global warming. D．The introduction of new bird species. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Chickadees and Climate Change: A Tale of Adaptation B．The Silent Extinction: Chickadees $