考前押题08 概要写作题（期中专项训练）高二英语上学期上海通用

专题08 概要写作题 话题1 商业与营销 话题4 教育与职场衔接 话题2 社会问题与应对 话题5 人际关系与成长 话题3 健康与生活方式 话题6 阅读与心理 / 认知 1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Marketing Success of the Staley Cup Quencher In the world of drinkware, the Stanley Cup Quencher has emerged as a true success story, captivating consumers and dominating the market. This insulated tumbler has become a household name, with its popularity soaring across various demographics. The Stanley Cup Quencher’s success is not just a matter of luck; it is a testament to the power of effective product positioning. The company identified its target market as millennials and Gen Z consumers who value durability, style, and functionality in their drinkware. These consumers lead active lifestyles and are always on the go. Stanley recognized that this demographic was underserved in the drinkware market and saw an opportunity to fill that gap. To appeal to this target market, Stanley developed a unique selling proposition (USP) for the Cup Quencher. The USP focused on the product’s ability to keep drinks hot or cold for hours, its durable construction and its fashionable, modern design. By emphasizing these key features, Stakley positioned the Cup Quencher as the perfect companion for busy, active lifestyles. Stanley also differentiated the Cup Quencher from its competitors by focusing on the product’s versatility. While many insulated tumblers are marketed solely for keeping drinks hot or cold, Stanley positioned the Cup Quencher as a multi-purpose tool that could be used for everything from morning coffee to evening cocktails. This versatility appealed to consumers who value products that can serve multiple functions and adapt to their changing needs throughout the day. Finally, tapping into emotional appeal and lifestyle branding can be a powerful way to connect with your target audience. By associating your product with a particular set of values, aspirations, or experiences, you can create an emotional bond with consumers that goes beyond the product’s tangible benefits. Stanley’s marketing campaigns for the Cup Quencher portrayed it as a lifestyle accessory for adventurous, independent, and stylish consumers, which resonated with their target audience on an emotional level. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】参考范文： The Stanley Cup (Quencher), a drinkware, has thrived/gone viral through product positioning. The company discovers the group of millennials and Gen Z and targets their selling strategy at them. The cup appeals to them with excellent temperature preservation, durable design, and versatility. Also, through establishing an emotional connection, the cup is marketed as a must-have for active, stylish individuals. 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高二上学期11月期中英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Stanley的一款保温杯通过精准的产品定位走红，并分析了其营销思路以及具体的营销策略。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①In the world of drinkware, the Stanley Cup Quencher has emerged as a true success story, captivating consumers and dominating the market. ②The Stanley Cup Quencher’s success is not just a matter of luck; it is a testament to the power of effective product positioning. ③The company identified its target market as millennials and Gen Z consumers who value durability, style, and functionality in their drinkware. ④To appeal to this target market, Stanley developed a unique selling proposition (USP) for the Cup Quencher. ⑤The USP focused on the product’s ability to keep drinks hot or cold for hours, its durable construction and its fashionable, modern design. ⑥Stanley also differentiated the Cup Quencher from its competitors by focusing on the product’s versatility. ⑦Finally, tapping into emotional appeal and lifestyle branding can be a powerful way to connect with your target audience. ⑧Stanley’s marketing campaigns for the Cup Quencher portrayed it as a lifestyle accessory for adventurous, independent, and stylish consumers, which resonated with their target audience on an emotional level. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行整合，说明主题现象；将第3、4两个要点进行重组，总体概括其营销思路；将第5、6两个要点进行整合，具体说明第一个营销策略；将第7、8两个要点进行重组，具体说明第二个营销策略。 3. 遣词造句 The Stanley Cup (Quencher), a drinkware, has been in vogue through product positioning. The company discovers the group of millennials and Gen Z and targets their selling tactic at them. The cup appeals to them with remarkable temperature preservation, durable design, and versatility. Also, through establishing an emotional connection, the cup is marketed as a must-have for energetic, stylish individuals. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The Stanley Cup (Quencher), a drinkware, has thrived/gone viral through product positioning. (名词a drinkware作同位语，简洁地点明Stanley Cup的产品属性) [高分句型2] Also, through establishing an emotional connection, the cup is marketed as a must-have for active, stylish individuals. (动名词短语establishing an emotional connection作宾语，简洁地指出营销手段) 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Combating Cyberbullying: A Guide for Adults to Protect and Support Children If you notice warning signs that a child may be involved in cyberbullying, take steps to investigate that child’s digital behavior. Adults should take action to handle cyberbullying: support the bullied child, address the bullying behavior of a participant, and show children that cyberbullying is taken seriously. Since cyberbullying happens online, responding to it requires different approaches. If you think that a child is involved in cyberbullying, there are several things you can do. The first thing parents can do is to recognize if there have been dramatic changes in mood or behavior. Try primarily to determine if these changes happen around a child’s use of digital devices. For example, if a child who was previously enthusiastic about using social media or playing online games suddenly becomes withdrawn or reluctant to engage with these activities, it could be a sign that they are experiencing cyberbullying. If you’ve confirmed that your child has been bullied, I advise you to ask questions to learn what is happening, how it started, and who is involved. Remember to keep a record of what your kid says, and take screenshots of harmful posts or content if possible. Most laws and policies note that bullying is a repeated behavior, so records help to document it. Most social media platforms and schools have clear policies and reporting processes. If a classmate is cyberbullying, report it to the school. You can also use social media platforms to report offensive content and have it removed. If a child has received physical threats, or if a potential crime or illegal behavior is occurring, report it to the police. Instant report can be crucial in preventing further harm and ensuring that the situation is addressed promptly and effectively. By acting quickly, you can help protect the victim from additional distress and potentially stop the bullying from escalating. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 The passage provides strategies for adults to tackle cyberbullying affecting children. It advises monitoring changes in a child’s behavior, documenting incidents, and utilizing school and social media reporting processes. In cases of physical threats, prompt reporting to police is essential to prevent further harm and resolve the situation effectively. 【来源】上海市青浦高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 【导语】本文是说明文。文章旨在向成年人提供关于如何识别和应对儿童网络欺凌的指导，包括识别网络欺凌的迹象、如何与孩子沟通了解情况、记录证据、以及通过不同渠道（如学校、社交媒体平台、警方）进行报告和处理的方法。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①If you notice warning signs that a child may be involved in cyberbullying, take steps to investigate that child’s digital behavior. ②If you think that a child is involved in cyberbullying, there are several things you can do. ③The first thing parents can do is to recognize if there have been dramatic changes in mood or behavior. ④Remember to keep a record of what your kid says, and take screenshots of harmful posts or content if possible. ⑤Most social media platforms and schools have clear policies and reporting processes. ⑥If a child has received physical threats, or if a potential crime or illegal behavior is occurring, report it to the police. 2. 缜密构思 提出1、2句的主旨，将3、4、5、6句进行重组整合 3. 遣词造句 The passage provides strategies for adults to tackle cyberbullying affecting children. It advises monitoring changes in a child’s behavior, documenting incidents, and utilizing school and social media reporting processes. In cases of physical threats, prompt reporting to police is essential to prevent further harm and resolve the situation effectively. 【点睛】[高分句型1]It advises monitoring changes in a child’s behavior, documenting incidents, and utilizing school and social media reporting processes.(动名词作宾语) [高分句型2]In cases of physical threats, prompt reporting to police is essential to prevent further harm and resolve the situation effectively.(动名词作主语) 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Brain Hunger Do you ever feel like no matter how much you eat, you are still not full? You may be suffering from a condition known as “brain hunger.” This occurs when the dopamine signaling in your brain is damaged, making it difficult for your body to recognize when it has had enough food. What are the underlying causes of brain hunger? Genetics can play a role. Research has shown that the dopamine receptor D4 gene may be responsible for regulating cognitive functions related to eating behavior and body weight. Some people have this gene variation that does not allow for a normal dopamine release in response to things that typically would bring joy and pleasure, including food. This means that those individuals won’t get the same “high” feeling they would normally experience when eating. Obesity is also linked to brain hunger. Brain scans of obese individuals show changes in dopamine signaling pathways which can lead to less recognition of the feeling of being full even after a meal. While it is still unclear whether obesity or genetics is the primary contributor to brain hunger, one thing is certain: losing weight alone is not enough for those affected. Studies show that certain areas of the brain responsible for sensing fullness do not change even with weight loss, which could lead to continued hunger and weight regain. So, what came first: genetics or obesity that cause this brain signaling change? It is possible that if someone has a genetic tendency to be affected by this abnormal dopamine signaling, an environmental trigger can start a series of brain hunger which brings about overeating. It is also important to practice mindful eating and pay attention to hunger cues to begin perceiving the feeling of being full. Brain hunger can be an uncomfortable and frustrating condition, but it is possible to manage through a combination of treatments. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The passage summarizes the concept of “brain hunger”, caused by damaged dopamine signaling in the brain. It explores genetic (dopamine receptor D4 gene) and obesity-related factors, noting that weight loss alone is insufficient. It emphasizes the importance of  mindful eating and hunger cues to sense satiety with a comprehensive combination of treatments for management. 【来源】上海市位育中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述“脑饥饿”现象，即因大脑多巴胺信号受损导致身体难以感知饱腹感。其成因可能涉及遗传（多巴胺受体D4基因变异）与肥胖，但二者何为首要因素尚不清楚。减肥对改善脑饥饿效果有限，需综合治疗并注重饮食意识。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①You may be suffering from a condition known as “brain hunger.” This occurs when the dopamine signaling in your brain is damaged, making it difficult for your body to recognize when it has had enough food. ②Genetics can play a role. Research has shown that the dopamine receptor D4 gene may be responsible for regulating cognitive functions related to eating behavior and body weight. ③While it is still unclear whether obesity or genetics is the primary contributor to brain hunger, one thing is certain: losing weight alone is not enough for those affected. ④It is possible that if someone has a genetic tendency to be affected by this abnormal dopamine signaling, an environmental trigger can start a series of brain hunger which brings about overeating. It is also important to practice mindful eating and pay attention to hunger cues to begin perceiving the feeling of being full. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 The main focus of this article is the phenomenon of “brain hunger”, which occurs when the dopamine signaling in the brain is damaged, making it difficult for the body to perceive a sense of fullness. Its causes may involve genetics (mutations in the dopamine receptor D4 gene) and obesity, but it is unclear which of the two is the primary factor. Weight loss has limited effectiveness in improving brain hunger, and comprehensive treatment along with a focus on dietary awareness is required. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The passage summarizes the concept of “brain hunger”, caused by damaged dopamine signaling in the brain.运用过去分词作状语的结构，表达高级。 [高分句型2]：It explores genetic (dopamine receptor D4 gene) and obesity-related factors, noting that weight loss alone is insufficient. 运用现在分词作状语以及that引导宾语从句的结构，表达高级。 [高分句型3]：It emphasizes the importance of mindful eating and a combination of treatments for management.运用了名词的并列结构以及介词短语作状语的结构，表达高级。 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Big Brothers and Big Sisters is aimed at helping young people through friendship with an adult. It is a program which provides friendship and fun by matching vulnerable young people aged 7-17 with a volunteer adult who can be both a role model and a supportive friend. Volunteer tutors come form all walks of life - married, single, with or without children. Big Brothers and Big Sisters are not replacement parents or social workers. They are tutors: someone to trust, to have fun with, to talk with and go to when needed. Big Brothers and Big Sisters organizations exist throughout the world. It is the largest and most well-known provider of tutor services internationally and has been operating for 25 years. A Big sister and Little sister will generally spend between one and four hours together three or four times each month for at least twelve months. They enjoy simple activities such as a picnic at a park, cooking, playing sport or going to a football match. These activities improve the friendship and hep the young person develop positive self-respect, confidence and life direction. Emily and Sarah have been matched since 2008. Emily is a 10-year-old girl who has experienced some difficulties being accepted by her schoolmates at school. “I was pretty sure there was something wrong with me.” Emily’s mom came across Big Brothers and Big Sisters and thought it would be of benefit to Emily by “providing different feedback about herself other than just relying on schoolmates ta measure her self-worth.” Sarah wanted to get involved in a volunteer program. “I googled it and found out how to be a part of it. I thought it would be fun for me to get involved in making time to do something because sometimes it is all work and no play.” Big Brothers and Big Sisters has been of great benefit and enjoyment to both Emily and Sarah. They love and look forward to their time together and the partnership has certainly helped Emily be more comfortable in being the wonderful, happy and unique girl she is! ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 A popular organization called Big Brothers and Big Sisters matches vulnerable young people with adult volunteers, or rather, tutors. (基本点1) Tutors and matched youngsters, like Sarah and Emily, attend fun activities together regularly, which helps improve their friendship and brings benefits to both sides. (基本点2) The partnership helps vulnerable young people like Emily become more optimistic, confident, purposeful. (基本点3) 【来源】上海市同济大学第二附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Big Brothers and Big Sisters项目如何通过成人志愿者帮助弱势青少年，最终经过努力取得了一定成效。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Big Brothers and Big Sisters is aimed at helping young people through friendship with an adult, who can be both a role model and a supportive friend. ②These activities improve the friendship and hep the young person develop positive self-respect, confidence and life direction.. ③Emily and Sarah have been matched since 2008，which has been of great benefit and enjoyment to both Emily and Sarah. ④They love and look forward to their time together and the partnership has certainly helped Emily be more comfortable in being the wonderful, happy and unique girl she is! 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行重组，Big Brothers and Big Sisters项目通过游戏的方式把成年人与年轻人组合在一起；将第3个要点单独呈现，表达Big Brothers and Big Sisters项目给Emily and Sarah带来的具体的好处；将第4个要点作为补充，Big Brothers and Big Sisters项目好处延伸到更多的青年人中且更加全面。 3.遣词造句 A popular organization called Big Brothers and Big Sisters matches vulnerable young people with adult volunteers, or rather, tutors. Tutors and matched youngsters, like Sarah and Emily, attend fun activities together regularly, which helps improve their friendship and brings benefits to both sides. The partnership helps vulnerable young people like Emily become more optimistic, confident, purposeful. 【点睛】[高分句型1]A popular organization called Big Brothers and Big Sisters matches vulnerable young people with adult volunteers, or rather, tutors.运用了一个非谓语动词结构对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中called是非谓语表达为“被称作”，作organization后置定语,表达高级。 [高分句型2]Tutors and matched youngsters, like Sarah and Emily, attend fun activities together regularly, which helps improve their friendship and brings benefits to both sides. 运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第四段和第五段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句，表达高级。 5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Socks Help You Sleep Better If you’re one of those people who has trouble falling asleep, listen up. You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime. To understand why you first need to grasp the relationship between core body temperature and sleep. During daylight hours, the human body hums along at an average temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). But at night, your core body temperature dips as much as 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) over the course of six or seven hours of sleep. This gradual decrease in core body temperature, as it turns out, is a key part of the complicated neurobiological (神经生物学) dance of falling asleep and staying asleep. And the faster you can lower the core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep. Researchers have show that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm feet bath or by wearing socks promotes vasodilation (血管扩张), which in turn lowers the body’s core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet. Scientists suppose that socked feet have a neurological effect as well. Inside the brain’s “thermostat (恒湿器)” is a type of neuron called a warm-sensitive neuron (WSN) that increases its firing rate when there’s a temperature difference between the body’s core temperature and extremities like the feet. Research has shown that WSN firing rates go way up on the beginning or slow wave or deep sleep and gradually decrease prior to waking up. So WSNs may play a role in generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. And if that is the case, warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power. In a small study, researchers found that wearing a pair of special sleeping socks not only sped up the beginning of sleep, but increased overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking periods in half. If you are worried about becoming too warm while wearing socks in bed, look for ones made of natural breathable fibers. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Putting on a pair of socks at bedtime helps you sleep better. Wearing socks promotes vasodilation, lowering the body’s core temperature faster, so that you will fall asleep faster. Warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. 【来源】上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试卷 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，睡前穿双袜子能让你睡得更好。穿袜子可以促进血管舒张，更快地降低身体的核心温度，这样你就会更快地入睡。在睡觉前给脚预热给热敏神经器官元额外的能量产生困倦的感觉，帮助我们入睡并保持睡眠状态。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime. ②And the faster you can lower the core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep. Researchers have show that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm feet bath or by wearing socks promotes vasodilation (血管扩张), which in turn lowers the body’s core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet. ③So WSNs may play a role in generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. And if that is the case, warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 It helps you sleep better to put on a pair of socks at bedtime. Wearing socks promotes vasodilation, which lowers the body’s core temperature faster, so that you will fall asleep faster. It is warming up the feet before bed time that gives WSNs an extra power generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. (运用了that引导的定语从句和现在分词作后置定语) [高分句型2] Wearing socks promotes vasodilation, lowering the body’s core temperature faster, so that you will fall asleep faster. (运用了动名词作主语、现在分词作后置定语和so that引导的结果状语从句) 6．Direction: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Like many students, Ryan believes that the time and money spent on his education will pay off: he will eventually be able to get a good job and do well in the field he has chosen. And yet, in spite of all of the years spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job. Writer and editor Joseph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain. In school, for example, the pattern stays more or less the same from year to year. In the workplace, however, constant change is the norm, and one has to adapt quickly. Another problem is that in school, many students spend a lot of time memorizing facts and repeating what they “learned” on tests. But in the workplace employees “are often expected to think critically and make decisions about their work, not just follow a supervisor’s instructions.” Less time needs to be spent in school on testing, says one recent report, and more on helping students to analyze and interpret information, solve problems, and communicate their ideas effectively—skills that will prepare them to succeed in today’s workplace. Finally, in the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success. In other words, if an employee has to work with others to complete a given project, that employee’s success not only depends on his hard work and expertise, but also on how well his colleagues perform. Knowing how to participate in teamwork--and deal with problems when they arise is extremely important, and yet, it is also something many students didn’t get quite exposed to in a school setting. How can we better prepare young adults for the work place? Recent graduates, looking back on their educational experience, have some advice. Despite classroom instruction, many think that all students should be required to do an internship (实习) while they are in school. Volunteering part time at a company, hospital, or government organization, for example, can help one gain experience and learn skills needed to succeed in the real world. Doing these will help prepare students for the realities of the workplace and make the transition from school to career world less stressful. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Many graduates find it tough to adapt to the transition from school to workplace. Firstly, because they aren’t familiar with career uncertainty. Secondly, because they lack integrated skills essential for future success and thirdly, because they don’t know how to cooperate with others. Therefore, doing social practices like internships and volunteering can prepare students for their successful transition to work. (60 words) 【来源】上海市闵行中学2023-2024学年高二上学期12月英语学情调研英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，许多毕业生发现很难适应从学校到职场的过渡。首先，因为他们不熟悉职业的不确定性。第二，因为他们缺乏未来成功所必需的综合技能，第三，因为他们不知道如何与他人合作。因此，像实习和志愿者这样的社会实践可以为学生成功过渡到工作做好准备。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①And yet, in spite of all of the years spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job. ②Writer and editor Joseph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain. ③Less time needs to be spent in school on testing, says one recent report, and more on helping students to analyze and interpret information, solve problems, and communicate their ideas effectively—skills that will prepare them to succeed in today’s workplace. Finally, in the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success. ④Despite classroom instruction, many think that all students should be required to do an internship (实习) while they are in school. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句 A number of graduates find it difficult to fit in the transition from school to workplace. To begin with, because they are unfamiliar with career uncertainty. Secondly, because they are short of comprehensive skills essential for future success and thirdly, because they don’t know how to be cooperative with others. Therefore, doing practical work like internships and volunteering can make students prepared for their successful transition to work. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Secondly, because they lack integrated skills essential for future success and thirdly, because they don’t know how to cooperate with others.运用because引导原因状语从句对原文第三段和第四段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] Therefore, doing social practices like internships and volunteering can prepare students for their successful transition to work.用动名词作主语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Is fruit getting sweeter? Is modern fruit bred to be sweeter than in the past? The short answer is yes, though the longer answer is more complicated. Some of the most powerful evidence that fruit is sweeter than before comes from zoos. In 2018, it was reported that Melbourne Zoo in Australia had stopped giving fruit to most of its animals because cultivated fruit was now so sweet. Among fruit breeders, the word “quality” is now routinely used as a synonym for “high in sugar”. In 2010, a group of scientists wrote in an article that “in general, the sugar content” of many fruits is now higher than before “owing to continuous selection and breeding.” Modern apple varieties, the scientists noted, were on average sweeter than older cultivars. With the rise in sweeter fruit, our expectations of how fruit should taste have also changed. Whether we are talking about apples or peaches, Europeans and Americans tend to favor fruit that is both acid and sweet, whereas in Asia, the most popular fruit is intensely sweet with hardly any acidity. In Asian countries, the “honey” flavors of low-acid peaches are much appreciated, while European consumers prefer peaches that are slightly acidic. All around the world, the common thread in what people want from fruit is sweetness. But the excessive sweetness of modern fruit is not without its problems, especially for people with diabetes, who have to be careful to moderate their intake of higher-sugar fruits such as pineapple. Health aside, maybe the real problem with modern fruit is that it has become yet another sweet thing in a world full of sugar. Even grapefruit, which used to be encouragingly bitter, is sometimes now as sweet as oranges. Fruit that is bred for one-dimensional sweetness, as opposed to aroma or texture, denies us some of the contrast and variety of life. If you have never tasted a sour cherry, how can you fully appreciate a sweet one? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The passage discusses how modern fruit has become sweeter due to continuous breeding and selection, causing a shift in consumers' expectations of fruit taste. This trend favors high-sugar content, as seen in apple and peach varieties. However, this excessive sweetness presents problems for individuals who have diabetes and reduces the variety of fruit flavors in the modern diet. 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2023-2024学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。现代的水果比过去更甜，这是因为育种者们不断地选择和培育高糖分的品种。这也改变了人们对水果口味的期望。然而，现代水果过于甜可能会对糖尿病患者造成问题。此外，现代水果的一维甜味也剥夺了我们品尝酸味或口感的多样性。 【详解】1 要点摘录①In 2010, a group of scientists wrote in an article that “in general, the sugar content” of many fruits is now higher than before “owing to continuous selection and breeding.” ②With the rise in sweeter fruit, our expectations of how fruit should taste have also changed. ③Whether we are talking about apples or peaches, the most popular fruit is intensely sweet with hardly any acidity. ④But the excessive sweetness of modern fruit is not without its problems, especially for people with diabetes. ⑤Fruit that is bred for one-dimensional sweetness, as opposed to aroma or texture, denies us some of the contrast and variety of life. 2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3个要点进行重组，将4、5两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 The passage discusses how modern fruit has become sweeter due to continuous breeding and selection, causing a shift in consumers' expectations of fruit taste. This trend favors high-sugar content, as seen in apple and peach varieties. However, this excessive sweetness presents problems for individuals who have diabetes and reduces the variety of fruit flavors in the modern diet. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The passage discusses how modern fruit has become sweeter due to continuous breeding and selection, causing a shift in consumers' expectations of fruit taste.(使用了现在分词短语作状语)[高分句型2]However, this excessive sweetness presents problems for individuals who have diabetes and reduces the variety of fruit flavors in the modern diet.(使用了以individuals为先行词、关系代词who为引导词的定语从句) 8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Don’t We Use the Math We Learn in School? How much of the math you’ve learned in school is used in everyday life? For the majority of people, the answer is surprisingly little. Clearly, some people learn math very well and apply it in everyday problem-solving settings. The question is why most people don’t, in spite of spending many years practicing it. The first explanation blames the failure of education. One of the major barriers to using a skill in real life is automaticity. We tend to find the least-effort solution to our problem. If struggling through a math problem is hard for you, you’ll find a different way to solve it that doesn’t rely on math. The familiar model for teaching mathematics revolves around teachers telling students certain rules, applying those rules to examples and students then practicing problems similar to the examples seen in class. By teaching in this way, a lot of the work and deep thought that went into the creation of these mathematical rules is lost. In that sense, people were never taught math thoroughly enough to use it automatically in real life. The second explanation is a little different. It argues that people may develop competence in math classes, but they struggle to translate real-life problems into a format where they can use their mathematics knowledge. This seems most apparent in the case of applying algebra (代数). Students struggle with algebra, but they particularly struggle with word problems. Yet, the equivalent real-life problems are typically much harder than word problems. From this perspective, what people struggle with is not doing math, but recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems. Educational researchers now emphasize the importance of transfer and deep understanding. They believe we need to give students more training in noticing and converting everyday situations into the math problems they know how to solve. By using real-life math applications, students can make connections between math and everyday life. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Most people don’t use math in life, though they have learned it for years. One explanation is that we do not learn math well enough to use it effortlessly. The other is that we fail to recognize where and how to apply math to real problems. Educational researchers suggest more training in turning real- life situations into math problems. (59 words) 【来源】2023届上海市徐汇区高三上学期第一次模拟考试英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出，大多数人学习数学多年，仍不会在生活中使用数学。关于这个问题，有两种解释。一种解释是，我们学得不够好，无法毫不费力地使用数学。另一个是我们不知道在哪里以及如何将数学应用于实际问题。教育研究人员建议要多训练如何把现实生活情境转化为数学问题。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①The question is why most people don’t, in spite of spending many years practicing it. ②The first explanation blames the failure of education. In that sense, people were never taught math thoroughly enough to use it automatically in real life. ③The second explanation is a little different. From this perspective, what people struggle with is not doing math, but recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems. ④Educational researchers now emphasize the importance of transfer and deep understanding. They believe we need to give students more training in noticing and converting everyday situations into the math problems they know how to solve. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2、3等三个要点进行重组，将第4个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Although spending many years practicing math, most people don’t use it. One explanation says that the failure of teaching math well enough to use it automatically is to blame. Another explanation is that people struggle with recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems. Educational researchers recommend more training in turning everyday situations into math problems. 【点睛】[高分句型1]Most people don’t use math in life, though they have learned it for years. (运用一个主从复合句对第一段进行概括。其中包含though引导的让步状语从句，比较高级。) [高分句型2] One explanation is that we do not learn math well enough to use it effortlessly. (运用一个主从复合句对第二段进行概括。其中包含that引导的表语从句，比较高级。) 9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. As parents, we need to help children build toward future success by developing persistence. Persistence is what drives actions such as finishing a task, pushing through frustration, putting in time and effort, or finding creative approaches to a challenging problem. The ability to keep trying early in life is linked to all sorts of favorable outcomes years later. There are three main strategies for encouraging persistence in your child. The first is modeling what persistence looks like. Good modeling is more effective when planned and carried out with a specific goal (such as developing honesty, or, yes, persistence) in mind. Parents who noticeably struggle with something that are slightly difficult at home, but continue to pursue the activity anyway, and repeat that pattern over time, may naturally foster persistence in a child. It helps more if they sometimes comment: “Hmm, that did not work. Let me try another way.” When you see your child doing this themselves and devoting special effort to a task, praise them right then and there. Praise even the smallest signs of effort. Quickly, clearly doing this will increase the child’s effort, which can, in turn, extend to other activities and situations they encounter in the future. In general, if you spot the child trying hard or harder than she usually does and working through tasks, praise them for what they are doing. And if you do not see this happening, and your child is not doing something a bit difficult, you do not need to wait. You can provide opportunities for persistence. That is, try to combine modeling and praise: Do anything that involves some time and effort together. Then, set small and eventually larger goals. Depending on how it is going, have the child do more and more of the task while you keep him or her company. However, your chosen activity should be fun or, at least, a time free of reprimands or harsh corrections. Some people are more naturally persistent than others. Repeated practice can teach children that the process is important—sometimes just as important as the goal. 【答案】Persistence, the capability to keep making attempts in difficulty, contributes to children’s future success. To help cultivate it, parents can act as models of persistence by constantly showing children their continuous efforts despite difficulties, praise children for trying harder than usual, and create opportunities by doing with kids together a fun activity needing time and efforts, gradually encouraging children’s persistence. 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2021-2022学年高一上学期期末英语试卷 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，坚持，即在困难中不断尝试的能力，有助于孩子们未来的成功。要培养毅力，家长可以做毅力的榜样，不断向孩子展示自己在困难中不断努力，表扬孩子比平时更努力，和孩子一起做一个需要时间和努力的有趣的活动，创造机会，逐渐鼓励孩子的毅力。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①As parents, we need to help children build towards future success by developing persistence. Persistence is what drives actions such as finishing a task, pushing through frustration, putting in time and effort, or finding creative approaches to a challenging problem. ②The first is modeling what persistence looks like. Good modeling is more effective when planned and carried out with a specific goal (such as developing honesty, or, yes, persistence) in mind. Parents who noticeably struggle with something that are slightly difficult at home, but continue to pursue the activity anyway, and repeat that pattern over time, may naturally foster persistence in a child. ③When you see your child doing this themselves and devoting special effort to a task, praise them right then and there. Praise even the smallest signs of effort. ④That is, try to combine modeling and praise: Do anything that involves some time and effort together. Then, set small and eventually larger goals. Depending on how it is going, have the child do more and more of the task while you keep him or her company. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Persistence, the capability to keep making attempts in difficulty, contributes to children's future success. To help cultivate it, parents can act as models of persistence by constantly showing children their continuous efforts despite difficulties, praise children for trying harder than usual, and create opportunities by doing with kids together a fun activity needing time and efforts, gradually encouraging children's persistence. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Persistence, the capability to keep making attempts in difficulty, contributes to children’s future success.运用不定式作后置定语对原文第一段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] To help cultivate it, parents can act as models of persistence by constantly showing children their continuous efforts despite difficulties…用不定式作目的状语对第三段进行了概括。 10．Directions: Read the passage and write a summary within 60 words. Most episodes of absent-mindedness — forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room — are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. “You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply.” Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create an annoying situation. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe (衣柜). “Your memory itself isn’t failing you,” says Schacter. “Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.” Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who recites sports statistics from 30 years ago,” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memory than men, possibly because they are more interested in what’s happening around them, and memory relies on just that. Visual cues (提示) can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available,” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table — don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket. Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Summary: According to Schacter, absent-mindedness is caused by a lack of attention.There are several ways to improve the situation. First, pay attention to the major event and give the memory system needed information. Besides, have more interest in what’s happening around. Finally, put clear and available visual cues. If all these don’t work, return to where you were before. 【来源】上海师范大学附属嘉定高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 【导语】这是一篇说明文。根据沙克特的说法，心不在焉是由缺乏注意力引起的。有几种方法可以改善这种情况。首先，关注重大事件，给记忆系统提供所需的信息。此外，对周围发生的事情更感兴趣。最后，设置清晰可用的视觉线索。如果这些都不起作用，回到你原来的地方。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Most episodes of absent-mindedness — forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room — are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. ②Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. ③Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. ④Visual cues (提示) can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. ⑤The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4、5四个要点进行分说和总结。 3.遣词造句 According to Schacter, absent-mindedness is caused by a lack of attention. There are several ways to improve the situation. First, pay attention to the major event and give the memory system needed information. Besides, have more interest in what’s happening around. Finally, put clear and available visual cues. If all these don’t work, return to where you were before. 【点睛】[高分句型1]  Besides, have more interest in what’s happening around.(运用了what引导的宾语从句) [高分句型2] If all these don’t work, return to where you were before.(运用了if引导条件状语从句和where引导的宾语从句) 11．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. The role of siblings(兄弟姐妹) It’s common knowledge that the family a child grows up in has a huge influence on the child’s attitudes, beliefs and mental health. People usually think that the child’s parents are responsible for this influence, but relationships with brothers and sisters are just as important. Siblings provide children with a unique opportunity to practice interacting with their peers, rather than authority figures. Although friendships can have similar effects, relationships with siblings offer some unique advantages. During childhood, siblings see each other every day and spend more time with each other than with anyone else, sharing experiences that last all their lives. Siblings are also forced to persevere in their relationships with each other even if they have a falling out. This forces children to practice conflict resolution skills since they cannot leave the familial relationship, as they could with a friend. But a sibling relationship also offers a safe place to discuss difficult topics without fear of abandonment. Moreover, older siblings often teach their younger brothers and sisters about life. They can convey useful skills and advice, but they can also set bad examples, leading their younger siblings to do things that are wrong or foolish. Once children grow up, they do not see their siblings as often as before since they usually no longer live together. Maintaining sibling relationships now takes work, and if siblings do not get along, they can avoid each other. But many sibling relationships improve in young adulthood as the siblings mature. Sometimes the distance helps siblings enjoy each other’s company when they do meet. Relationships between siblings vary depending on the ages and personalities of the children involved. Even the best sibling relationships involve some disagreements, but a strong relationship can survive such conflicts. Considering the role of siblings throughout our lives, it’s critical to take the time to cultivate positive relationships with siblings. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Growing up with siblings promotes the ability to get along with peers. Siblings shape each other. In childhood, they share life under the same safe roof, acquiring conflict-handling skills together, with older siblings often guiding. Adult siblings meet less, but relationships often improve. Sibling relationships are diverse, and it's important to develop a positive one. (55 words) 【来源】2025届上海市长宁区高三上学期一模英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。和兄弟姐妹一起长大可以提高与同龄人相处的能力。兄弟姐妹互相影响。在童年时期，他们在同一个安全的屋檐下生活，一起学习处理冲突的技能，通常由哥哥姐姐指导。成年兄弟姐妹见面较少，但关系往往会改善。兄弟姐妹的关系是多种多样的，发展积极的关系很重要。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Siblings provide children with a unique opportunity to practice interacting with their peers, rather than authority figures. ②During childhood, siblings see each other every day and spend more time with each other than with anyone else, sharing experiences that last all their lives. ③Siblings are also forced to persevere in their relationships with each other even if they have a falling out. This forces children to practice conflict resolution skills since they cannot leave the familial relationship, as they could with a friend. But a sibling relationship also offers a safe place to discuss difficult topics without fear of abandonment. Moreover, older siblings often teach their younger brothers and sisters about life. They can convey useful skills and advice, but they can also set bad examples, leading their younger siblings to do things that are wrong or foolish. ④Once children grow up, they do not see their siblings as often as before since they usually no longer live together. Maintaining sibling relationships now takes work, and if siblings do not get along, they can avoid each other. But many sibling relationships improve in young adulthood as the siblings mature. ⑤Relationships between siblings vary depending on the ages and personalities of the children involved ⑥Considering the role of siblings throughout our lives, it’s critical to take the time to cultivate positive relationships with siblings. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4、要点进行分说，5、6进行总结 3.遣词造句 Growing up with siblings promotes the ability to get along with peers. Siblings shape each other. In childhood, they share life under the same safe roof, acquiring conflict-handling skills together, with older siblings often guiding. Adult siblings meet less, but relationships often improve. Sibling relationships are diverse, and it's important to develop a positive one 【点睛】[高分句型1] In childhood, they share life under the same safe roof, acquiring conflict-handling skills together, with older siblings often guiding.（运用了现在分词作状语） [高分句型2] Sibling relationships are diverse, and it’s important to develop a positive one.（运用了it作形式主语，不定式作真正主语） 12．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasure way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won’t. It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-torn Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned, or a fantasy world where people battle it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven’t yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic, is perhaps the real benefit of stories. In one of her studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov, or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalised version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus, going through greater changes in personality. In another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feeling than those who didn’t read. Oates explains that when we read fiction, we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy, we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文 Fiction reading is joyful and good for our lives. Fiction can lead us to where we can’t go in real life and let us know different people. Carrie Oates finds that fiction reading enables us to better understand the characters and thus change our personality, and that this understanding helps us identify with real people around us. (57) 【来源】上海市第八中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中测评英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，读小说是快乐的，对我们的生活有好处。小说可以把我们带到现实生活中无法到达的地方，让我们认识不同的人。嘉莉·奥茨发现，阅读小说可以让我们更好地理解人物，从而改变我们的个性，而这种理解有助于我们认同周围的真实人物。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①But are novels simply a pleasure way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? ②One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won’t. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven’t yet met. ③Oates explains that when we read fiction, we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy, we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. 2.缜密构思： 将1个要点进行总说，将第2、3两个要点进行分说，且第3个要点进行精简。 3.遣词造句 Fiction reading is joyful and good for our lives. Fiction can lead us to where we can’t go in real life and let us know different people. Carrie Oates finds that fiction reading enables us to better understand the characters and thus change our personality, and that this understanding helps us identify with real people around us. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Fiction can lead us to where we can’t go in real life and let us know different people.运用where引导地点状语从句对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] Carrie Oates finds that fiction reading enables us to better understand the characters and thus change our personality, and that this understanding helps us identify with real people around us.用that引导宾语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 13．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, it is better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done. The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush. When people do their jobs or take actions in a hurry, they cannot make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, “Haste makes waste. ” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly. Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances in enjoying our life. Finally, slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us. As is known to all, taking actions in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. Being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter. In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. However, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry because doing things hurriedly will lead to the possible of making mistakes. Moreover, slowing down the pace of life will give people more chances to enjoy life and better health conditions, which are much more important than material things working quickly brings. 【来源】【校级联考】浙江省“五校联考”2019届高三上学期第一次考试英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先提出了观点，即人们应该放慢生活节奏，而不是急于完成事情。接着，作者通过列举三个主要理由来支持这一观点：一是匆忙工作可能导致错误决策和后悔；二是放慢生活节奏有助于人们更好地享受生活；三是较慢的生活节奏为人们提供了更好的健康条件。最后，作者总结指出，虽然快速工作能带来更多的物质利益，但压力无法带来快乐、朋友和健康，这些比金钱和其他物质优势更重要。因此，人们应该放慢脚步，以较慢的节奏生活。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①However, it is better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done. ②We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly. ③Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. ④Finally, slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us. ⑤In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. ⑥However, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行重组整合，将第3、4、5、6两个要点进行整合。 3. 遣词造句 To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry because doing things hurriedly will lead to the possible of making mistakes. Moreover, slowing down the pace of life will give people more chances to enjoy life and better health conditions, which are much more important than material things working quickly brings. 【点睛】[高分句型1]To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry because doing things hurriedly will lead to the possible of making mistakes.(运用了动词不定式作主语及because引导的原因状语从句) [高分句型2]Moreover, slowing down the pace of life will give people more chances to enjoy life and better health conditions, which are much more important than material things working quickly brings.(运用了动名词作主语及which引导的非限制性定语从句) 14．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. I love charity shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. The charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes to electric goods, all at very good prices. You can get things you won’t find in the shops anymore. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods. The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. The famous charity’s appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so successful it had been flooded with donations. They decided to set up a shop to sell some of these donations to raise money for that appeal. Now there are over 7,000 charity shops in the UK. My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross shop, where I always find children’ s books,  all 10 or 20 pence each. Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public. Every morning you see bags of unwanted items outside the front of shops, although they don’t encourage this, rather ask people to  bring things in when the shop is open. The shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. Charity shops raise more than £110million a year, funding medical research, overseas aid, supporting sick and poor children, homeless and  disabled people, and much more. What better place to spend your money? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The charity shops are popular in Britain. Charity shops sell donated items at low prices and benefit good causes. The first charity shop was opened by Oxfam in 1947, and now there are over 7, 000 charity shops in the UK. Charity shops are staffed mainly by volunteers, and over 90% of goods are donated by the public. Charity shops raise millions for medical research, overseas aid, and supporting vulnerable groups. 【来源】上海市大境中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍慈善商店在英国很受欢迎。慈善商店以低廉的价格出售捐赠的物品，为慈善事业造福。1947年乐施会开设了第一家慈善商店，现在英国有7000多家慈善商店。慈善商店的工作人员主要是志愿者，90%以上的商品是由公众捐赠的。慈善商店为医学研究、海外援助和支持弱势群体筹集了数百万美元。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①I love charity shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. ②The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. ③Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public. ④The shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. 2. 缜密构思将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、4两个要点进行整合。 3. 遣词造句 The charity shops are popular in Britain, which sell donated items at low prices and benefit good causes. The first charity shop was set up by Oxfam in 1947, and now there are over 7, 000 charity shops in the UK. Charity shops are staffed mainly by volunteers, and they receive over 90% of goods from the donations of the public. Charity shops raise millions for the sake of medical research, overseas aid, and supporting vulnerable groups. 【点睛】【高分句型1】The first charity shop was opened by Oxfam in 1947, and now there are over 7, 000 charity shops in the UK. 运用一般过去时的被动语态和there be句型对第二段进行了概括。 【高分句型2】Charity shops are staffed mainly by volunteers, and over 90% of goods are donated by the public. 用一般现在时的被动语态和and连接的并列句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 15．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Around the world, music therapy is being used to treat different medical conditions and illnesses. Some of the ways people use music therapy are to reduce pain, such as in childbirth or during cancer treatments, or to stimulate brain activity after an injury or memory loss. Music therapy has also been successful in aiding children to overcome disabilities. Children can move their bodies with the music and stamp along to the beat. Why is music a useful therapy? Music is soothing and relaxing, but it also stimulates our brains. Emotionally and physically, we respond to the sounds of music. The complexity of music (the different tempos, rhythms, melodies and harmonies) provokes (激发) the biggest response. Thus, classical music is most typically used for therapies due to complex sounds and patterns. Although rap or hip-hop music might be fun to listen to, it’s unlikely that such styles of music would produce the same kind of therapeutic effect. Music has been shown to reduce pain in cancer patients by increasing the release of endorphins (内啡肽). Endorphins are the body’s natural painkillers, and when we listen to music, our brains respond by releasing these natural painkillers. Certain types of music have also been found to lower blood pressure and slow a person’s heart rate. Many people are hopeful that music could replace the need for some medications that are normally used to treat certain illnesses. At present, music therapy is used in a variety of settings such as hospitals, rehabilitation centres, nursing homes, day cares, and schools. Although music therapy is not yet considered a mainstream treatment, it is recognized more and more as a useful addition to traditional treatment. So next time you are feeling low or stressed out, put on some relaxing music and let the music heal you. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Music therapy is a useful way to treat illness because our brain can be stimulated by music, especially complex music. That’s why classical music is most commonly used. The principle of music therapy is to increase the release of endorphins to help treatment. Although music therapy is not used widely, it is increasingly regarded as an effective complement to treatment. 【来源】阶段测试二 B卷 必修第二册（上教版2020） 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，音乐疗法是一种有效的治疗疾病的方法，因为我们的大脑可以被音乐刺激，尤其是复杂的音乐。这就是为什么最常用的是古典音乐。音乐疗法的原理是增加内啡肽的释放来帮助治疗。虽然音乐疗法的应用并不广泛，但它越来越被认为是一种有效的治疗补充。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Around the world, music therapy is being used to treat different medical conditions and illnesses. ② Music is soothing and relaxing, but it also stimulates our brains. ③ The complexity of music (the different tempos, rhythms, melodies and harmonies) provokes (激发) the biggest response. Thus, classical music is most typically used for therapies due to complex sounds and patterns.   ④Music has been shown to reduce pain in cancer patients by increasing the release of endorphins (内啡肽). ⑤Although music therapy is not yet considered a mainstream treatment, it is recognized more and more as a useful addition to traditional treatment. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4、5三个要点进行重组。 3. 遣词造句 Music therapy is an effective method of treating diseases, because our brain is music stimulation, especially complex music. That’s why the most commonly used is classical music. Music therapy works by increasing the release of endorphins to aid in healing. Although music therapy is not widely used, it is increasingly recognized as an effective therapeutic supplement. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Music therapy is a useful way to treat illness because our brain can be stimulated by music, especially complex music.(这句话运用了不定式作定语和because引导原因状语从句) [高分句型2] That’s why classical music is most commonly used. (这句话运用了why表语从句) 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 高二上期中概要写作15题 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、书面表达 1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Marketing Success of the Staley Cup Quencher In the world of drinkware, the Stanley Cup Quencher has emerged as a true success story, captivating consumers and dominating the market. This insulated tumbler has become a household name, with its popularity soaring across various demographics. The Stanley Cup Quencher’s success is not just a matter of luck; it is a testament to the power of effective product positioning. The company identified its target market as millennials and Gen Z consumers who value durability, style, and functionality in their drinkware. These consumers lead active lifestyles and are always on the go. Stanley recognized that this demographic was underserved in the drinkware market and saw an opportunity to fill that gap. To appeal to this target market, Stanley developed a unique selling proposition (USP) for the Cup Quencher. The USP focused on the product’s ability to keep drinks hot or cold for hours, its durable construction and its fashionable, modern design. By emphasizing these key features, Stakley positioned the Cup Quencher as the perfect companion for busy, active lifestyles. Stanley also differentiated the Cup Quencher from its competitors by focusing on the product’s versatility. While many insulated tumblers are marketed solely for keeping drinks hot or cold, Stanley positioned the Cup Quencher as a multi-purpose tool that could be used for everything from morning coffee to evening cocktails. This versatility appealed to consumers who value products that can serve multiple functions and adapt to their changing needs throughout the day. Finally, tapping into emotional appeal and lifestyle branding can be a powerful way to connect with your target audience. By associating your product with a particular set of values, aspirations, or experiences, you can create an emotional bond with consumers that goes beyond the product’s tangible benefits. Stanley’s marketing campaigns for the Cup Quencher portrayed it as a lifestyle accessory for adventurous, independent, and stylish consumers, which resonated with their target audience on an emotional level. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】参考范文： The Stanley Cup (Quencher), a drinkware, has thrived/gone viral through product positioning. The company discovers the group of millennials and Gen Z and targets their selling strategy at them. The cup appeals to them with excellent temperature preservation, durable design, and versatility. Also, through establishing an emotional connection, the cup is marketed as a must-have for active, stylish individuals. 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高二上学期11月期中英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Stanley的一款保温杯通过精准的产品定位走红，并分析了其营销思路以及具体的营销策略。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①In the world of drinkware, the Stanley Cup Quencher has emerged as a true success story, captivating consumers and dominating the market. ②The Stanley Cup Quencher’s success is not just a matter of luck; it is a testament to the power of effective product positioning. ③The company identified its target market as millennials and Gen Z consumers who value durability, style, and functionality in their drinkware. ④To appeal to this target market, Stanley developed a unique selling proposition (USP) for the Cup Quencher. ⑤The USP focused on the product’s ability to keep drinks hot or cold for hours, its durable construction and its fashionable, modern design. ⑥Stanley also differentiated the Cup Quencher from its competitors by focusing on the product’s versatility. ⑦Finally, tapping into emotional appeal and lifestyle branding can be a powerful way to connect with your target audience. ⑧Stanley’s marketing campaigns for the Cup Quencher portrayed it as a lifestyle accessory for adventurous, independent, and stylish consumers, which resonated with their target audience on an emotional level. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行整合，说明主题现象；将第3、4两个要点进行重组，总体概括其营销思路；将第5、6两个要点进行整合，具体说明第一个营销策略；将第7、8两个要点进行重组，具体说明第二个营销策略。 3. 遣词造句 The Stanley Cup (Quencher), a drinkware, has been in vogue through product positioning. The company discovers the group of millennials and Gen Z and targets their selling tactic at them. The cup appeals to them with remarkable temperature preservation, durable design, and versatility. Also, through establishing an emotional connection, the cup is marketed as a must-have for energetic, stylish individuals. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The Stanley Cup (Quencher), a drinkware, has thrived/gone viral through product positioning. (名词a drinkware作同位语，简洁地点明Stanley Cup的产品属性) [高分句型2] Also, through establishing an emotional connection, the cup is marketed as a must-have for active, stylish individuals. (动名词短语establishing an emotional connection作宾语，简洁地指出营销手段) 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Combating Cyberbullying: A Guide for Adults to Protect and Support Children If you notice warning signs that a child may be involved in cyberbullying, take steps to investigate that child’s digital behavior. Adults should take action to handle cyberbullying: support the bullied child, address the bullying behavior of a participant, and show children that cyberbullying is taken seriously. Since cyberbullying happens online, responding to it requires different approaches. If you think that a child is involved in cyberbullying, there are several things you can do. The first thing parents can do is to recognize if there have been dramatic changes in mood or behavior. Try primarily to determine if these changes happen around a child’s use of digital devices. For example, if a child who was previously enthusiastic about using social media or playing online games suddenly becomes withdrawn or reluctant to engage with these activities, it could be a sign that they are experiencing cyberbullying. If you’ve confirmed that your child has been bullied, I advise you to ask questions to learn what is happening, how it started, and who is involved. Remember to keep a record of what your kid says, and take screenshots of harmful posts or content if possible. Most laws and policies note that bullying is a repeated behavior, so records help to document it. Most social media platforms and schools have clear policies and reporting processes. If a classmate is cyberbullying, report it to the school. You can also use social media platforms to report offensive content and have it removed. If a child has received physical threats, or if a potential crime or illegal behavior is occurring, report it to the police. Instant report can be crucial in preventing further harm and ensuring that the situation is addressed promptly and effectively. By acting quickly, you can help protect the victim from additional distress and potentially stop the bullying from escalating. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 The passage provides strategies for adults to tackle cyberbullying affecting children. It advises monitoring changes in a child’s behavior, documenting incidents, and utilizing school and social media reporting processes. In cases of physical threats, prompt reporting to police is essential to prevent further harm and resolve the situation effectively. 【来源】上海市青浦高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 【导语】本文是说明文。文章旨在向成年人提供关于如何识别和应对儿童网络欺凌的指导，包括识别网络欺凌的迹象、如何与孩子沟通了解情况、记录证据、以及通过不同渠道（如学校、社交媒体平台、警方）进行报告和处理的方法。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①If you notice warning signs that a child may be involved in cyberbullying, take steps to investigate that child’s digital behavior. ②If you think that a child is involved in cyberbullying, there are several things you can do. ③The first thing parents can do is to recognize if there have been dramatic changes in mood or behavior. ④Remember to keep a record of what your kid says, and take screenshots of harmful posts or content if possible. ⑤Most social media platforms and schools have clear policies and reporting processes. ⑥If a child has received physical threats, or if a potential crime or illegal behavior is occurring, report it to the police. 2. 缜密构思 提出1、2句的主旨，将3、4、5、6句进行重组整合 3. 遣词造句 The passage provides strategies for adults to tackle cyberbullying affecting children. It advises monitoring changes in a child’s behavior, documenting incidents, and utilizing school and social media reporting processes. In cases of physical threats, prompt reporting to police is essential to prevent further harm and resolve the situation effectively. 【点睛】[高分句型1]It advises monitoring changes in a child’s behavior, documenting incidents, and utilizing school and social media reporting processes.(动名词作宾语) [高分句型2]In cases of physical threats, prompt reporting to police is essential to prevent further harm and resolve the situation effectively.(动名词作主语) 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Brain Hunger Do you ever feel like no matter how much you eat, you are still not full? You may be suffering from a condition known as “brain hunger.” This occurs when the dopamine signaling in your brain is damaged, making it difficult for your body to recognize when it has had enough food. What are the underlying causes of brain hunger? Genetics can play a role. Research has shown that the dopamine receptor D4 gene may be responsible for regulating cognitive functions related to eating behavior and body weight. Some people have this gene variation that does not allow for a normal dopamine release in response to things that typically would bring joy and pleasure, including food. This means that those individuals won’t get the same “high” feeling they would normally experience when eating. Obesity is also linked to brain hunger. Brain scans of obese individuals show changes in dopamine signaling pathways which can lead to less recognition of the feeling of being full even after a meal. While it is still unclear whether obesity or genetics is the primary contributor to brain hunger, one thing is certain: losing weight alone is not enough for those affected. Studies show that certain areas of the brain responsible for sensing fullness do not change even with weight loss, which could lead to continued hunger and weight regain. So, what came first: genetics or obesity that cause this brain signaling change? It is possible that if someone has a genetic tendency to be affected by this abnormal dopamine signaling, an environmental trigger can start a series of brain hunger which brings about overeating. It is also important to practice mindful eating and pay attention to hunger cues to begin perceiving the feeling of being full. Brain hunger can be an uncomfortable and frustrating condition, but it is possible to manage through a combination of treatments. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The passage summarizes the concept of “brain hunger”, caused by damaged dopamine signaling in the brain. It explores genetic (dopamine receptor D4 gene) and obesity-related factors, noting that weight loss alone is insufficient. It emphasizes the importance of  mindful eating and hunger cues to sense satiety with a comprehensive combination of treatments for management. 【来源】上海市位育中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述“脑饥饿”现象，即因大脑多巴胺信号受损导致身体难以感知饱腹感。其成因可能涉及遗传（多巴胺受体D4基因变异）与肥胖，但二者何为首要因素尚不清楚。减肥对改善脑饥饿效果有限，需综合治疗并注重饮食意识。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①You may be suffering from a condition known as “brain hunger.” This occurs when the dopamine signaling in your brain is damaged, making it difficult for your body to recognize when it has had enough food. ②Genetics can play a role. Research has shown that the dopamine receptor D4 gene may be responsible for regulating cognitive functions related to eating behavior and body weight. ③While it is still unclear whether obesity or genetics is the primary contributor to brain hunger, one thing is certain: losing weight alone is not enough for those affected. ④It is possible that if someone has a genetic tendency to be affected by this abnormal dopamine signaling, an environmental trigger can start a series of brain hunger which brings about overeating. It is also important to practice mindful eating and pay attention to hunger cues to begin perceiving the feeling of being full. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 The main focus of this article is the phenomenon of “brain hunger”, which occurs when the dopamine signaling in the brain is damaged, making it difficult for the body to perceive a sense of fullness. Its causes may involve genetics (mutations in the dopamine receptor D4 gene) and obesity, but it is unclear which of the two is the primary factor. Weight loss has limited effectiveness in improving brain hunger, and comprehensive treatment along with a focus on dietary awareness is required. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The passage summarizes the concept of “brain hunger”, caused by damaged dopamine signaling in the brain.运用过去分词作状语的结构，表达高级。 [高分句型2]：It explores genetic (dopamine receptor D4 gene) and obesity-related factors, noting that weight loss alone is insufficient. 运用现在分词作状语以及that引导宾语从句的结构，表达高级。 [高分句型3]：It emphasizes the importance of mindful eating and a combination of treatments for management.运用了名词的并列结构以及介词短语作状语的结构，表达高级。 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Big Brothers and Big Sisters is aimed at helping young people through friendship with an adult. It is a program which provides friendship and fun by matching vulnerable young people aged 7-17 with a volunteer adult who can be both a role model and a supportive friend. Volunteer tutors come form all walks of life - married, single, with or without children. Big Brothers and Big Sisters are not replacement parents or social workers. They are tutors: someone to trust, to have fun with, to talk with and go to when needed. Big Brothers and Big Sisters organizations exist throughout the world. It is the largest and most well-known provider of tutor services internationally and has been operating for 25 years. A Big sister and Little sister will generally spend between one and four hours together three or four times each month for at least twelve months. They enjoy simple activities such as a picnic at a park, cooking, playing sport or going to a football match. These activities improve the friendship and hep the young person develop positive self-respect, confidence and life direction. Emily and Sarah have been matched since 2008. Emily is a 10-year-old girl who has experienced some difficulties being accepted by her schoolmates at school. “I was pretty sure there was something wrong with me.” Emily’s mom came across Big Brothers and Big Sisters and thought it would be of benefit to Emily by “providing different feedback about herself other than just relying on schoolmates ta measure her self-worth.” Sarah wanted to get involved in a volunteer program. “I googled it and found out how to be a part of it. I thought it would be fun for me to get involved in making time to do something because sometimes it is all work and no play.” Big Brothers and Big Sisters has been of great benefit and enjoyment to both Emily and Sarah. They love and look forward to their time together and the partnership has certainly helped Emily be more comfortable in being the wonderful, happy and unique girl she is! ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 A popular organization called Big Brothers and Big Sisters matches vulnerable young people with adult volunteers, or rather, tutors. (基本点1) Tutors and matched youngsters, like Sarah and Emily, attend fun activities together regularly, which helps improve their friendship and brings benefits to both sides. (基本点2) The partnership helps vulnerable young people like Emily become more optimistic, confident, purposeful. (基本点3) 【来源】上海市同济大学第二附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Big Brothers and Big Sisters项目如何通过成人志愿者帮助弱势青少年，最终经过努力取得了一定成效。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Big Brothers and Big Sisters is aimed at helping young people through friendship with an adult, who can be both a role model and a supportive friend. ②These activities improve the friendship and hep the young person develop positive self-respect, confidence and life direction.. ③Emily and Sarah have been matched since 2008，which has been of great benefit and enjoyment to both Emily and Sarah. ④They love and look forward to their time together and the partnership has certainly helped Emily be more comfortable in being the wonderful, happy and unique girl she is! 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行重组，Big Brothers and Big Sisters项目通过游戏的方式把成年人与年轻人组合在一起；将第3个要点单独呈现，表达Big Brothers and Big Sisters项目给Emily and Sarah带来的具体的好处；将第4个要点作为补充，Big Brothers and Big Sisters项目好处延伸到更多的青年人中且更加全面。 3.遣词造句 A popular organization called Big Brothers and Big Sisters matches vulnerable young people with adult volunteers, or rather, tutors. Tutors and matched youngsters, like Sarah and Emily, attend fun activities together regularly, which helps improve their friendship and brings benefits to both sides. The partnership helps vulnerable young people like Emily become more optimistic, confident, purposeful. 【点睛】[高分句型1]A popular organization called Big Brothers and Big Sisters matches vulnerable young people with adult volunteers, or rather, tutors.运用了一个非谓语动词结构对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中called是非谓语表达为“被称作”，作organization后置定语,表达高级。 [高分句型2]Tutors and matched youngsters, like Sarah and Emily, attend fun activities together regularly, which helps improve their friendship and brings benefits to both sides. 运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第四段和第五段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句，表达高级。 5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Socks Help You Sleep Better If you’re one of those people who has trouble falling asleep, listen up. You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime. To understand why you first need to grasp the relationship between core body temperature and sleep. During daylight hours, the human body hums along at an average temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). But at night, your core body temperature dips as much as 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) over the course of six or seven hours of sleep. This gradual decrease in core body temperature, as it turns out, is a key part of the complicated neurobiological (神经生物学) dance of falling asleep and staying asleep. And the faster you can lower the core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep. Researchers have show that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm feet bath or by wearing socks promotes vasodilation (血管扩张), which in turn lowers the body’s core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet. Scientists suppose that socked feet have a neurological effect as well. Inside the brain’s “thermostat (恒湿器)” is a type of neuron called a warm-sensitive neuron (WSN) that increases its firing rate when there’s a temperature difference between the body’s core temperature and extremities like the feet. Research has shown that WSN firing rates go way up on the beginning or slow wave or deep sleep and gradually decrease prior to waking up. So WSNs may play a role in generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. And if that is the case, warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power. In a small study, researchers found that wearing a pair of special sleeping socks not only sped up the beginning of sleep, but increased overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking periods in half. If you are worried about becoming too warm while wearing socks in bed, look for ones made of natural breathable fibers. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Putting on a pair of socks at bedtime helps you sleep better. Wearing socks promotes vasodilation, lowering the body’s core temperature faster, so that you will fall asleep faster. Warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. 【来源】上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试卷 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，睡前穿双袜子能让你睡得更好。穿袜子可以促进血管舒张，更快地降低身体的核心温度，这样你就会更快地入睡。在睡觉前给脚预热给热敏神经器官元额外的能量产生困倦的感觉，帮助我们入睡并保持睡眠状态。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime. ②And the faster you can lower the core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep. Researchers have show that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm feet bath or by wearing socks promotes vasodilation (血管扩张), which in turn lowers the body’s core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet. ③So WSNs may play a role in generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. And if that is the case, warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 It helps you sleep better to put on a pair of socks at bedtime. Wearing socks promotes vasodilation, which lowers the body’s core temperature faster, so that you will fall asleep faster. It is warming up the feet before bed time that gives WSNs an extra power generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. (运用了that引导的定语从句和现在分词作后置定语) [高分句型2] Wearing socks promotes vasodilation, lowering the body’s core temperature faster, so that you will fall asleep faster. (运用了动名词作主语、现在分词作后置定语和so that引导的结果状语从句) 6．Direction: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Like many students, Ryan believes that the time and money spent on his education will pay off: he will eventually be able to get a good job and do well in the field he has chosen. And yet, in spite of all of the years spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job. Writer and editor Joseph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain. In school, for example, the pattern stays more or less the same from year to year. In the workplace, however, constant change is the norm, and one has to adapt quickly. Another problem is that in school, many students spend a lot of time memorizing facts and repeating what they “learned” on tests. But in the workplace employees “are often expected to think critically and make decisions about their work, not just follow a supervisor’s instructions.” Less time needs to be spent in school on testing, says one recent report, and more on helping students to analyze and interpret information, solve problems, and communicate their ideas effectively—skills that will prepare them to succeed in today’s workplace. Finally, in the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success. In other words, if an employee has to work with others to complete a given project, that employee’s success not only depends on his hard work and expertise, but also on how well his colleagues perform. Knowing how to participate in teamwork--and deal with problems when they arise is extremely important, and yet, it is also something many students didn’t get quite exposed to in a school setting. How can we better prepare young adults for the work place? Recent graduates, looking back on their educational experience, have some advice. Despite classroom instruction, many think that all students should be required to do an internship (实习) while they are in school. Volunteering part time at a company, hospital, or government organization, for example, can help one gain experience and learn skills needed to succeed in the real world. Doing these will help prepare students for the realities of the workplace and make the transition from school to career world less stressful. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Many graduates find it tough to adapt to the transition from school to workplace. Firstly, because they aren’t familiar with career uncertainty. Secondly, because they lack integrated skills essential for future success and thirdly, because they don’t know how to cooperate with others. Therefore, doing social practices like internships and volunteering can prepare students for their successful transition to work. (60 words) 【来源】上海市闵行中学2023-2024学年高二上学期12月英语学情调研英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，许多毕业生发现很难适应从学校到职场的过渡。首先，因为他们不熟悉职业的不确定性。第二，因为他们缺乏未来成功所必需的综合技能，第三，因为他们不知道如何与他人合作。因此，像实习和志愿者这样的社会实践可以为学生成功过渡到工作做好准备。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①And yet, in spite of all of the years spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job. ②Writer and editor Joseph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain. ③Less time needs to be spent in school on testing, says one recent report, and more on helping students to analyze and interpret information, solve problems, and communicate their ideas effectively—skills that will prepare them to succeed in today’s workplace. Finally, in the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success. ④Despite classroom instruction, many think that all students should be required to do an internship (实习) while they are in school. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句 A number of graduates find it difficult to fit in the transition from school to workplace. To begin with, because they are unfamiliar with career uncertainty. Secondly, because they are short of comprehensive skills essential for future success and thirdly, because they don’t know how to be cooperative with others. Therefore, doing practical work like internships and volunteering can make students prepared for their successful transition to work. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Secondly, because they lack integrated skills essential for future success and thirdly, because they don’t know how to cooperate with others.运用because引导原因状语从句对原文第三段和第四段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] Therefore, doing social practices like internships and volunteering can prepare students for their successful transition to work.用动名词作主语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Is fruit getting sweeter? Is modern fruit bred to be sweeter than in the past? The short answer is yes, though the longer answer is more complicated. Some of the most powerful evidence that fruit is sweeter than before comes from zoos. In 2018, it was reported that Melbourne Zoo in Australia had stopped giving fruit to most of its animals because cultivated fruit was now so sweet. Among fruit breeders, the word “quality” is now routinely used as a synonym for “high in sugar”. In 2010, a group of scientists wrote in an article that “in general, the sugar content” of many fruits is now higher than before “owing to continuous selection and breeding.” Modern apple varieties, the scientists noted, were on average sweeter than older cultivars. With the rise in sweeter fruit, our expectations of how fruit should taste have also changed. Whether we are talking about apples or peaches, Europeans and Americans tend to favor fruit that is both acid and sweet, whereas in Asia, the most popular fruit is intensely sweet with hardly any acidity. In Asian countries, the “honey” flavors of low-acid peaches are much appreciated, while European consumers prefer peaches that are slightly$ 专题08 概要写作题 话题1 商业与营销 话题4 教育与职场衔接 话题2 社会问题与应对 话题5 人际关系与成长 话题3 健康与生活方式 话题6 阅读与心理 / 认知 1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Marketing Success of the Staley Cup Quencher In the world of drinkware, the Stanley Cup Quencher has emerged as a true success story, captivating consumers and dominating the market. This insulated tumbler has become a household name, with its popularity soaring across various demographics. The Stanley Cup Quencher’s success is not just a matter of luck; it is a testament to the power of effective product positioning. The company identified its target market as millennials and Gen Z consumers who value durability, style, and functionality in their drinkware. These consumers lead active lifestyles and are always on the go. Stanley recognized that this demographic was underserved in the drinkware market and saw an opportunity to fill that gap. To appeal to this target market, Stanley developed a unique selling proposition (USP) for the Cup Quencher. The USP focused on the product’s ability to keep drinks hot or cold for hours, its durable construction and its fashionable, modern design. By emphasizing these key features, Stakley positioned the Cup Quencher as the perfect companion for busy, active lifestyles. Stanley also differentiated the Cup Quencher from its competitors by focusing on the product’s versatility. While many insulated tumblers are marketed solely for keeping drinks hot or cold, Stanley positioned the Cup Quencher as a multi-purpose tool that could be used for everything from morning coffee to evening cocktails. This versatility appealed to consumers who value products that can serve multiple functions and adapt to their changing needs throughout the day. Finally, tapping into emotional appeal and lifestyle branding can be a powerful way to connect with your target audience. By associating your product with a particular set of values, aspirations, or experiences, you can create an emotional bond with consumers that goes beyond the product’s tangible benefits. Stanley’s marketing campaigns for the Cup Quencher portrayed it as a lifestyle accessory for adventurous, independent, and stylish consumers, which resonated with their target audience on an emotional level. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高二上学期11月期中英语试题 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Combating Cyberbullying: A Guide for Adults to Protect and Support Children If you notice warning signs that a child may be involved in cyberbullying, take steps to investigate that child’s digital behavior. Adults should take action to handle cyberbullying: support the bullied child, address the bullying behavior of a participant, and show children that cyberbullying is taken seriously. Since cyberbullying happens online, responding to it requires different approaches. If you think that a child is involved in cyberbullying, there are several things you can do. The first thing parents can do is to recognize if there have been dramatic changes in mood or behavior. Try primarily to determine if these changes happen around a child’s use of digital devices. For example, if a child who was previously enthusiastic about using social media or playing online games suddenly becomes withdrawn or reluctant to engage with these activities, it could be a sign that they are experiencing cyberbullying. If you’ve confirmed that your child has been bullied, I advise you to ask questions to learn what is happening, how it started, and who is involved. Remember to keep a record of what your kid says, and take screenshots of harmful posts or content if possible. Most laws and policies note that bullying is a repeated behavior, so records help to document it. Most social media platforms and schools have clear policies and reporting processes. If a classmate is cyberbullying, report it to the school. You can also use social media platforms to report offensive content and have it removed. If a child has received physical threats, or if a potential crime or illegal behavior is occurring, report it to the police. Instant report can be crucial in preventing further harm and ensuring that the situation is addressed promptly and effectively. By acting quickly, you can help protect the victim from additional distress and potentially stop the bullying from escalating. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市青浦高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Brain Hunger Do you ever feel like no matter how much you eat, you are still not full? You may be suffering from a condition known as “brain hunger.” This occurs when the dopamine signaling in your brain is damaged, making it difficult for your body to recognize when it has had enough food. What are the underlying causes of brain hunger? Genetics can play a role. Research has shown that the dopamine receptor D4 gene may be responsible for regulating cognitive functions related to eating behavior and body weight. Some people have this gene variation that does not allow for a normal dopamine release in response to things that typically would bring joy and pleasure, including food. This means that those individuals won’t get the same “high” feeling they would normally experience when eating. Obesity is also linked to brain hunger. Brain scans of obese individuals show changes in dopamine signaling pathways which can lead to less recognition of the feeling of being full even after a meal. While it is still unclear whether obesity or genetics is the primary contributor to brain hunger, one thing is certain: losing weight alone is not enough for those affected. Studies show that certain areas of the brain responsible for sensing fullness do not change even with weight loss, which could lead to continued hunger and weight regain. So, what came first: genetics or obesity that cause this brain signaling change? It is possible that if someone has a genetic tendency to be affected by this abnormal dopamine signaling, an environmental trigger can start a series of brain hunger which brings about overeating. It is also important to practice mindful eating and pay attention to hunger cues to begin perceiving the feeling of being full. Brain hunger can be an uncomfortable and frustrating condition, but it is possible to manage through a combination of treatments. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市位育中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Big Brothers and Big Sisters is aimed at helping young people through friendship with an adult. It is a program which provides friendship and fun by matching vulnerable young people aged 7-17 with a volunteer adult who can be both a role model and a supportive friend. Volunteer tutors come form all walks of life - married, single, with or without children. Big Brothers and Big Sisters are not replacement parents or social workers. They are tutors: someone to trust, to have fun with, to talk with and go to when needed. Big Brothers and Big Sisters organizations exist throughout the world. It is the largest and most well-known provider of tutor services internationally and has been operating for 25 years. A Big sister and Little sister will generally spend between one and four hours together three or four times each month for at least twelve months. They enjoy simple activities such as a picnic at a park, cooking, playing sport or going to a football match. These activities improve the friendship and hep the young person develop positive self-respect, confidence and life direction. Emily and Sarah have been matched since 2008. Emily is a 10-year-old girl who has experienced some difficulties being accepted by her schoolmates at school. “I was pretty sure there was something wrong with me.” Emily’s mom came across Big Brothers and Big Sisters and thought it would be of benefit to Emily by “providing different feedback about herself other than just relying on schoolmates ta measure her self-worth.” Sarah wanted to get involved in a volunteer program. “I googled it and found out how to be a part of it. I thought it would be fun for me to get involved in making time to do something because sometimes it is all work and no play.” Big Brothers and Big Sisters has been of great benefit and enjoyment to both Emily and Sarah. They love and look forward to their time together and the partnership has certainly helped Emily be more comfortable in being the wonderful, happy and unique girl she is! ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市同济大学第二附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Socks Help You Sleep Better If you’re one of those people who has trouble falling asleep, listen up. You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime. To understand why you first need to grasp the relationship between core body temperature and sleep. During daylight hours, the human body hums along at an average temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). But at night, your core body temperature dips as much as 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) over the course of six or seven hours of sleep. This gradual decrease in core body temperature, as it turns out, is a key part of the complicated neurobiological (神经生物学) dance of falling asleep and staying asleep. And the faster you can lower the core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep. Researchers have show that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm feet bath or by wearing socks promotes vasodilation (血管扩张), which in turn lowers the body’s core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet. Scientists suppose that socked feet have a neurological effect as well. Inside the brain’s “thermostat (恒湿器)” is a type of neuron called a warm-sensitive neuron (WSN) that increases its firing rate when there’s a temperature difference between the body’s core temperature and extremities like the feet. Research has shown that WSN firing rates go way up on the beginning or slow wave or deep sleep and gradually decrease prior to waking up. So WSNs may play a role in generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. And if that is the case, warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power. In a small study, researchers found that wearing a pair of special sleeping socks not only sped up the beginning of sleep, but increased overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking periods in half. If you are worried about becoming too warm while wearing socks in bed, look for ones made of natural breathable fibers. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试卷 6．Direction: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Like many students, Ryan believes that the time and money spent on his education will pay off: he will eventually be able to get a good job and do well in the field he has chosen. And yet, in spite of all of the years spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job. Writer and editor Joseph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain. In school, for example, the pattern stays more or less the same from year to year. In the workplace, however, constant change is the norm, and one has to adapt quickly. Another problem is that in school, many students spend a lot of time memorizing facts and repeating what they “learned” on tests. But in the workplace employees “are often expected to think critically and make decisions about their work, not just follow a supervisor’s instructions.” Less time needs to be spent in school on testing, says one recent report, and more on helping students to analyze and interpret information, solve problems, and communicate their ideas effectively—skills that will prepare them to succeed in today’s workplace. Finally, in the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success. In other words, if an employee has to work with others to complete a given project, that employee’s success not only depends on his hard work and expertise, but also on how well his colleagues perform. Knowing how to participate in teamwork--and deal with problems when they arise is extremely important, and yet, it is also something many students didn’t get quite exposed to in a school setting. How can we better prepare young adults for the work place? Recent graduates, looking back on their educational experience, have some advice. Despite classroom instruction, many think that all students should be required to do an internship (实习) while they are in school. Volunteering part time at a company, hospital, or government organization, for example, can help one gain experience and learn skills needed to succeed in the real world. Doing these will help prepare students for the realities of the workplace and make the transition from school to career world less stressful. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市闵行中学2023-2024学年高二上学期12月英语学情调研英语试题 7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Is fruit getting sweeter? Is modern fruit bred to be sweeter than in the past? The short answer is yes, though the longer answer is more complicated. Some of the most powerful evidence that fruit is sweeter than before comes from zoos. In 2018, it was reported that Melbourne Zoo in Australia had stopped giving fruit to most of its animals because cultivated fruit was now so sweet. Among fruit breeders, the word “quality” is now routinely used as a synonym for “high in sugar”. In 2010, a group of scientists wrote in an article that “in general, the sugar content” of many fruits is now higher than before “owing to continuous selection and breeding.” Modern apple varieties, the scientists noted, were on average sweeter than older cultivars. With the rise in sweeter fruit, our expectations of how fruit should taste have also changed. Whether we are talking about apples or peaches, Europeans and Americans tend to favor fruit that is both acid and sweet, whereas in Asia, the most popular fruit is intensely sweet with hardly any acidity. In Asian countries, the “honey” flavors of low-acid peaches are much appreciated, while European consumers prefer peaches that are slightly acidic. All around the world, the common thread in what people want from fruit is sweetness. But the excessive sweetness of modern fruit is not without its problems, especially for people with diabetes, who have to be careful to moderate their intake of higher-sugar fruits such as pineapple. Health aside, maybe the real problem with modern fruit is that it has become yet another sweet thing in a world full of sugar. Even grapefruit, which used to be encouragingly bitter, is sometimes now as sweet as oranges. Fruit that is bred for one-dimensional sweetness, as opposed to aroma or texture, denies us some of the contrast and variety of life. If you have never tasted a sour cherry, how can you fully appreciate a sweet one? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2023-2024学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Don’t We Use the Math We Learn in School? How much of the math you’ve learned in school is used in everyday life? For the majority of people, the answer is surprisingly little. Clearly, some people learn math very well and apply it in everyday problem-solving settings. The question is why most people don’t, in spite of spending many years practicing it. The first explanation blames the failure of education. One of the major barriers to using a skill in real life is automaticity. We tend to find the least-effort solution to our problem. If struggling through a math problem is hard for you, you’ll find a different way to solve it that doesn’t rely on math. The familiar model for teaching mathematics revolves around teachers telling students certain rules, applying those rules to examples and students then practicing problems similar to the examples seen in class. By teaching in this way, a lot of the work and deep thought that went into the creation of these mathematical rules is lost. In that sense, people were never taught math thoroughly enough to use it automatically in real life. The second explanation is a little different. It argues that people may develop competence in math classes, but they struggle to translate real-life problems into a format where they can use their mathematics knowledge. This seems most apparent in the case of applying algebra (代数). Students struggle with algebra, but they particularly struggle with word problems. Yet, the equivalent real-life problems are typically much harder than word problems. From this perspective, what people struggle with is not doing math, but recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems. Educational researchers now emphasize the importance of transfer and deep understanding. They believe we need to give students more training in noticing and converting everyday situations into the math problems they know how to solve. By using real-life math applications, students can make connections between math and everyday life. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】2023届上海市徐汇区高三上学期第一次模拟考试英语试题 9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. As parents, we need to help children build toward future success by developing persistence. Persistence is what drives actions such as finishing a task, pushing through frustration, putting in time and effort, or finding creative approaches to a challenging problem. The ability to keep trying early in life is linked to all sorts of favorable outcomes years later. There are three main strategies for encouraging persistence in your child. The first is modeling what persistence looks like. Good modeling is more effective when planned and carried out with a specific goal (such as developing honesty, or, yes, persistence) in mind. Parents who noticeably struggle with something that are slightly difficult at home, but continue to pursue the activity anyway, and repeat that pattern over time, may naturally foster persistence in a child. It helps more if they sometimes comment: “Hmm, that did not work. Let me try another way.” When you see your child doing this themselves and devoting special effort to a task, praise them right then and there. Praise even the smallest signs of effort. Quickly, clearly doing this will increase the child’s effort, which can, in turn, extend to other activities and situations they encounter in the future. In general, if you spot the child trying hard or harder than she usually does and working through tasks, praise them for what they are doing. And if you do not see this happening, and your child is not doing something a bit difficult, you do not need to wait. You can provide opportunities for persistence. That is, try to combine modeling and praise: Do anything that involves some time and effort together. Then, set small and eventually larger goals. Depending on how it is going, have the child do more and more of the task while you keep him or her company. However, your chosen activity should be fun or, at least, a time free of reprimands or harsh corrections. Some people are more naturally persistent than others. Repeated practice can teach children that the process is important—sometimes just as important as the goal. 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2021-2022学年高一上学期期末英语试卷 10．Directions: Read the passage and write a summary within 60 words. Most episodes of absent-mindedness — forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room — are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. “You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply.” Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create an annoying situation. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe (衣柜). “Your memory itself isn’t failing you,” says Schacter. “Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.” Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who recites sports statistics from 30 years ago,” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memory than men, possibly because they are more interested in what’s happening around them, and memory relies on just that. Visual cues (提示) can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available,” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table — don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket. Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海师范大学附属嘉定高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 11．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. The role of siblings(兄弟姐妹) It’s common knowledge that the family a child grows up in has a huge influence on the child’s attitudes, beliefs and mental health. People usually think that the child’s parents are responsible for this influence, but relationships with brothers and sisters are just as important. Siblings provide children with a unique opportunity to practice interacting with their peers, rather than authority figures. Although friendships can have similar effects, relationships with siblings offer some unique advantages. During childhood, siblings see each other every day and spend more time with each other than with anyone else, sharing experiences that last all their lives. Siblings are also forced to persevere in their relationships with each other even if they have a falling out. This forces children to practice conflict resolution skills since they cannot leave the familial relationship, as they could with a friend. But a sibling relationship also offers a safe place to discuss difficult topics without fear of abandonment. Moreover, older siblings often teach their younger brothers and sisters about life. They can convey useful skills and advice, but they can also set bad examples, leading their younger siblings to do things that are wrong or foolish. Once children grow up, they do not see their siblings as often as before since they usually no longer live together. Maintaining sibling relationships now takes work, and if siblings do not get along, they can avoid each other. But many sibling relationships improve in young adulthood as the siblings mature. Sometimes the distance helps siblings enjoy each other’s company when they do meet. Relationships between siblings vary depending on the ages and personalities of the children involved. Even the best sibling relationships involve some disagreements, but a strong relationship can survive such conflicts. Considering the role of siblings throughout our lives, it’s critical to take the time to cultivate positive relationships with siblings. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】2025届上海市长宁区高三上学期一模英语试题 12．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasure way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won’t. It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-torn Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned, or a fantasy world where people battle it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven’t yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic, is perhaps the real benefit of stories. In one of her studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov, or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalised version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus, going through greater changes in personality. In another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feeling than those who didn’t read. Oates explains that when we read fiction, we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy, we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市第八中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中测评英语试题 13．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, it is better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done. The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush. When people do their jobs or take actions in a hurry, they cannot make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, “Haste makes waste. ” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly. Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances in enjoying our life. Finally, slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us. As is known to all, taking actions in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. Being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter. In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. However, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】【校级联考】浙江省“五校联考”2019届高三上学期第一次考试英语试题 14．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. I love charity shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. The charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes to electric goods, all at very good prices. You can get things you won’t find in the shops anymore. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods. The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. The famous charity’s appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so successful it had been flooded with donations. They decided to set up a shop to sell some of these donations to raise money for that appeal. Now there are over 7,000 charity shops in the UK. My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross shop, where I always find children’ s books,  all 10 or 20 pence each. Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public. Every morning you see bags of unwanted items outside the front of shops, although they don’t encourage this, rather ask people to  bring things in when the shop is open. The shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. Charity shops raise more than £110million a year, funding medical research, overseas aid, supporting sick and poor children, homeless and  disabled people, and much more. What better place to spend your money? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市大境中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试题 15．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Around the world, music therapy is being used to treat different medical conditions and illnesses. Some of the ways people use music therapy are to reduce pain, such as in childbirth or during cancer treatments, or to stimulate brain activity after an injury or memory loss. Music therapy has also been successful in aiding children to overcome disabilities. Children can move their bodies with the music and stamp along to the beat. Why is music a useful therapy? Music is soothing and relaxing, but it also stimulates our brains. Emotionally and physically, we respond to the sounds of music. The complexity of music (the different tempos, rhythms, melodies and harmonies) provokes (激发) the biggest response. Thus, classical music is most typically used for therapies due to complex sounds and patterns. Although rap or hip-hop music might be fun to listen to, it’s unlikely that such styles of music would produce the same kind of therapeutic effect. Music has been shown to reduce pain in cancer patients by increasing the release of endorphins (内啡肽). Endorphins are the body’s natural painkillers, and when we listen to music, our brains respond by releasing these natural painkillers. Certain types of music have also been found to lower blood pressure and slow a person’s heart rate. Many people are hopeful that music could replace the need for some medications that are normally used to treat certain illnesses. At present, music therapy is used in a variety of settings such as hospitals, rehabilitation centres, nursing homes, day cares, and schools. Although music therapy is not yet considered a mainstream treatment, it is recognized more and more as a useful addition to traditional treatment. So next time you are feeling low or stressed out, put on some relaxing music and let the music heal you. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 高二上期中概要写作15题 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、书面表达 1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Marketing Success of the Staley Cup Quencher In the world of drinkware, the Stanley Cup Quencher has emerged as a true success story, captivating consumers and dominating the market. This insulated tumbler has become a household name, with its popularity soaring across various demographics. The Stanley Cup Quencher’s success is not just a matter of luck; it is a testament to the power of effective product positioning. The company identified its target market as millennials and Gen Z consumers who value durability, style, and functionality in their drinkware. These consumers lead active lifestyles and are always on the go. Stanley recognized that this demographic was underserved in the drinkware market and saw an opportunity to fill that gap. To appeal to this target market, Stanley developed a unique selling proposition (USP) for the Cup Quencher. The USP focused on the product’s ability to keep drinks hot or cold for hours, its durable construction and its fashionable, modern design. By emphasizing these key features, Stakley positioned the Cup Quencher as the perfect companion for busy, active lifestyles. Stanley also differentiated the Cup Quencher from its competitors by focusing on the product’s versatility. While many insulated tumblers are marketed solely for keeping drinks hot or cold, Stanley positioned the Cup Quencher as a multi-purpose tool that could be used for everything from morning coffee to evening cocktails. This versatility appealed to consumers who value products that can serve multiple functions and adapt to their changing needs throughout the day. Finally, tapping into emotional appeal and lifestyle branding can be a powerful way to connect with your target audience. By associating your product with a particular set of values, aspirations, or experiences, you can create an emotional bond with consumers that goes beyond the product’s tangible benefits. Stanley’s marketing campaigns for the Cup Quencher portrayed it as a lifestyle accessory for adventurous, independent, and stylish consumers, which resonated with their target audience on an emotional level. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高二上学期11月期中英语试题 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Combating Cyberbullying: A Guide for Adults to Protect and Support Children If you notice warning signs that a child may be involved in cyberbullying, take steps to investigate that child’s digital behavior. Adults should take action to handle cyberbullying: support the bullied child, address the bullying behavior of a participant, and show children that cyberbullying is taken seriously. Since cyberbullying happens online, responding to it requires different approaches. If you think that a child is involved in cyberbullying, there are several things you can do. The first thing parents can do is to recognize if there have been dramatic changes in mood or behavior. Try primarily to determine if these changes happen around a child’s use of digital devices. For example, if a child who was previously enthusiastic about using social media or playing online games suddenly becomes withdrawn or reluctant to engage with these activities, it could be a sign that they are experiencing cyberbullying. If you’ve confirmed that your child has been bullied, I advise you to ask questions to learn what is happening, how it started, and who is involved. Remember to keep a record of what your kid says, and take screenshots of harmful posts or content if possible. Most laws and policies note that bullying is a repeated behavior, so records help to document it. Most social media platforms and schools have clear policies and reporting processes. If a classmate is cyberbullying, report it to the school. You can also use social media platforms to report offensive content and have it removed. If a child has received physical threats, or if a potential crime or illegal behavior is occurring, report it to the police. Instant report can be crucial in preventing further harm and ensuring that the situation is addressed promptly and effectively. By acting quickly, you can help protect the victim from additional distress and potentially stop the bullying from escalating. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市青浦高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Brain Hunger Do you ever feel like no matter how much you eat, you are still not full? You may be suffering from a condition known as “brain hunger.” This occurs when the dopamine signaling in your brain is damaged, making it difficult for your body to recognize when it has had enough food. What are the underlying causes of brain hunger? Genetics can play a role. Research has shown that the dopamine receptor D4 gene may be responsible for regulating cognitive functions related to eating behavior and body weight. Some people have this gene variation that does not allow for a normal dopamine release in response to things that typically would bring joy and pleasure, including food. This means that those individuals won’t get the same “high” feeling they would normally experience when eating. Obesity is also linked to brain hunger. Brain scans of obese individuals show changes in dopamine signaling pathways which can lead to less recognition of the feeling of being full even after a meal. While it is still unclear whether obesity or genetics is the primary contributor to brain hunger, one thing is certain: losing weight alone is not enough for those affected. Studies show that certain areas of the brain responsible for sensing fullness do not change even with weight loss, which could lead to continued hunger and weight regain. So, what came first: genetics or obesity that cause this brain signaling change? It is possible that if someone has a genetic tendency to be affected by this abnormal dopamine signaling, an environmental trigger can start a series of brain hunger which brings about overeating. It is also important to practice mindful eating and pay attention to hunger cues to begin perceiving the feeling of being full. Brain hunger can be an uncomfortable and frustrating condition, but it is possible to manage through a combination of treatments. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市位育中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Big Brothers and Big Sisters is aimed at helping young people through friendship with an adult. It is a program which provides friendship and fun by matching vulnerable young people aged 7-17 with a volunteer adult who can be both a role model and a supportive friend. Volunteer tutors come form all walks of life - married, single, with or without children. Big Brothers and Big Sisters are not replacement parents or social workers. They are tutors: someone to trust, to have fun with, to talk with and go to when needed. Big Brothers and Big Sisters organizations exist throughout the world. It is the largest and most well-known provider of tutor services internationally and has been operating for 25 years. A Big sister and Little sister will generally spend between one and four hours together three or four times each month for at least twelve months. They enjoy simple activities such as a picnic at a park, cooking, playing sport or going to a football match. These activities improve the friendship and hep the young person develop positive self-respect, confidence and life direction. Emily and Sarah have been matched since 2008. Emily is a 10-year-old girl who has experienced some difficulties being accepted by her schoolmates at school. “I was pretty sure there was something wrong with me.” Emily’s mom came across Big Brothers and Big Sisters and thought it would be of benefit to Emily by “providing different feedback about herself other than just relying on schoolmates ta measure her self-worth.” Sarah wanted to get involved in a volunteer program. “I googled it and found out how to be a part of it. I thought it would be fun for me to get involved in making time to do something because sometimes it is all work and no play.” Big Brothers and Big Sisters has been of great benefit and enjoyment to both Emily and Sarah. They love and look forward to their time together and the partnership has certainly helped Emily be more comfortable in being the wonderful, happy and unique girl she is! ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市同济大学第二附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Socks Help You Sleep Better If you’re one of those people who has trouble falling asleep, listen up. You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime. To understand why you first need to grasp the relationship between core body temperature and sleep. During daylight hours, the human body hums along at an average temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). But at night, your core body temperature dips as much as 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) over the course of six or seven hours of sleep. This gradual decrease in core body temperature, as it turns out, is a key part of the complicated neurobiological (神经生物学) dance of falling asleep and staying asleep. And the faster you can lower the core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep. Researchers have show that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm feet bath or by wearing socks promotes vasodilation (血管扩张), which in turn lowers the body’s core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet. Scientists suppose that socked feet have a neurological effect as well. Inside the brain’s “thermostat (恒湿器)” is a type of neuron called a warm-sensitive neuron (WSN) that increases its firing rate when there’s a temperature difference between the body’s core temperature and extremities like the feet. Research has shown that WSN firing rates go way up on the beginning or slow wave or deep sleep and gradually decrease prior to waking up. So WSNs may play a role in generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. And if that is the case, warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power. In a small study, researchers found that wearing a pair of special sleeping socks not only sped up the beginning of sleep, but increased overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking periods in half. If you are worried about becoming too warm while wearing socks in bed, look for ones made of natural breathable fibers. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试卷 6．Direction: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Like many students, Ryan believes that the time and money spent on his education will pay off: he will eventually be able to get a good job and do well in the field he has chosen. And yet, in spite of all of the years spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job. Writer and editor Joseph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain. In school, for example, the pattern stays more or less the same from year to year. In the workplace, however, constant change is the norm, and one has to adapt quickly. Another problem is that in school, many students spend a lot of time memorizing facts and repeating what they “learned” on tests. But in the workplace employees “are often expected to think critically and make decisions about their work, not just follow a supervisor’s instructions.” Less time needs to be spent in school on testing, says one recent report, and more on helping students to analyze and interpret information, solve problems, and communicate their ideas effectively—skills that will prepare them to succeed in today’s workplace. Finally, in the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success. In other words, if an employee has to work with others to complete a given project, that employee’s success not only depends on his hard work and expertise, but also on how well his colleagues perform. Knowing how to participate in teamwork--and deal with problems when they arise is extremely important, and yet, it is also something many students didn’t get quite exposed to in a school setting. How can we better prepare young adults for the work place? Recent graduates, looking back on their educational experience, have some advice. Despite classroom instruction, many think that all students should be required to do an internship (实习) while they are in school. Volunteering part time at a company, hospital, or government organization, for example, can help one gain experience and learn skills needed to succeed in the real world. Doing these will help prepare students for the realities of the workplace and make the transition from school to career world less stressful. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市闵行中学2023-2024学年高二上学期12月英语学情调研英语试题 7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Is fruit getting sweeter? Is modern fruit bred to be sweeter than in the past? The short answer is yes, though the longer answer is more complicated. Some of the most powerful evidence that fruit is sweeter than before comes from zoos. In 2018, it was reported that Melbourne Zoo in Australia had stopped giving fruit to most of its animals because cultivated fruit was now so sweet. Among fruit breeders, the word “quality” is now routinely used as a synonym for “high in sugar”. In 2010, a group of scientists wrote in an article that “in general, the sugar content” of many fruits is now higher than before “owing to continuous selection and breeding.” Modern apple varieties, the scientists noted, were on average sweeter than older cultivars. With the rise in sweeter fruit, our expectations of how fruit should taste have also changed. Whether we are talking about apples or peaches, Europeans and Americans tend to favor fruit that is both acid and sweet, whereas in Asia, the most popular fruit is intensely sweet with hardly any acidity. In Asian countries, the “honey” flavors of low-acid peaches are much appreciated, while European consumers prefer peaches that are slightly acidic. All around the world, the common thread in what people want from fruit is sweetness. But the excessive sweetness of modern fruit is not without its problems, especially for people with diabetes, who have to be careful to moderate their intake of higher-sugar fruits such as pineapple. Health aside, maybe the real problem with modern fruit is that it has become yet another sweet thing in a world full of sugar. Even grapefruit, which used to be encouragingly bitter, is sometimes now as sweet as oranges. Fruit that is bred for one-dimensional sweetness, as opposed to aroma or texture, denies us some of the contrast and variety of life. If you have never tasted a sour cherry, how can you fully appreciate a sweet one? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2023-2024学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Don’t We Use the Math We Learn in School? How much of the math you’ve learned in school is used in everyday life? For the majority of people, the answer is surprisingly little. Clearly, some people learn math very well and apply it in everyday problem-solving settings. The question is why most people don’t, in spite of spending many years practicing it. The first explanation blames the failure of education. One of the major barriers to using a skill in real life is automaticity. We tend to find the least-effort solution to our problem. If struggling through a math problem is hard for you, you’ll find a different way to solve it that doesn’t rely on math. The familiar model for teaching mathematics revolves around teachers telling students certain rules, applying those rules to examples and students then practicing problems similar to the examples seen in class. By teaching in this way, a lot of the work and deep thought that went into the creation of these mathematical rules is lost. In that sense, people were never taught math thoroughly enough to use it automatically in real life. The second explanation is a little different. It argues that people may develop competence in math classes, but they struggle to translate real-life problems into a format where they can use their mathematics knowledge. This seems most apparent in the case of applying algebra (代数). Students struggle with algebra, but they particularly struggle with word problems. Yet, the equivalent real-life problems are typically much harder than word problems. From this perspective, what people struggle with is not doing math, but recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems. Educational researchers now emphasize the importance of transfer and deep understanding. They believe we need to give students more training in noticing and converting everyday situations into the math problems they know how to solve. By using real-life math applications, students can make connections between math and everyday life. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】2023届上海市徐汇区高三上学期第一次模拟考试英语试题 9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. As parents, we need to help children build toward future success by developing persistence. Persistence is what drives actions such as finishing a task, pushing through frustration, putting in time and effort, or finding creative approaches to a challenging problem. The ability to keep trying early in life is linked to all sorts of favorable outcomes years later. There are three main strategies for encouraging persistence in your child. The first is modeling what persistence looks like. Good modeling is more effective when planned and carried out with a specific goal (such as developing honesty, or, yes, persistence) in mind. Parents who noticeably struggle with something that are slightly difficult at home, but continue to pursue the activity anyway, and repeat that pattern over time, may naturally foster persistence in a child. It helps more if they sometimes comment: “Hmm, that did not work. Let me try another way.” When you see your child doing this themselves and devoting special effort to a task, praise them right then and there. Praise even the smallest signs of effort. Quickly, clearly doing this will increase the child’s effort, which can, in turn, extend to other activities and situations they encounter in the future. In general, if you spot the child trying hard or harder than she usually does and working through tasks, praise them for what they are doing. And if you do not see this happening, and your child is not doing something a bit difficult, you do not need to wait. You can provide opportunities for persistence. That is, try to combine modeling and praise: Do anything that involves some time and effort together. Then, set small and eventually larger goals. Depending on how it is going, have the child do more and more of the task while you keep him or her company. However, your chosen activity should be fun or, at least, a time free of reprimands or harsh corrections. Some people are more naturally persistent than others. Repeated practice can teach children that the process is important—sometimes just as important as the goal. 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2021-2022学年高一上学期期末英语试卷 10．Directions: Read the passage and write a summary within 60 words. Most episodes of absent-mindedness — forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room — are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. “You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply.” Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create an annoying situation. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe (衣柜). “Your memory itself isn’t failing you,” says Schacter. “Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.” Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who recites sports statistics from 30 years ago,” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memory than men, possibly because they are more interested in what’s happening around them, and memory relies on just that. Visual cues (提示) can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available,” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table — don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket. Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海师范大学附属嘉定高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中英语试卷 11．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. The role of siblings(兄弟姐妹) It’s common knowledge that the family a child grows up in has a huge influence on the child’s attitudes, beliefs and mental health. People usually think that the child’s parents are responsible for this influence, but relationships with brothers and sisters are just as important. Siblings provide children with a unique opportunity to practice interacting with their peers, rather than authority figures. Although friendships can have similar effects, relationships with siblings offer some unique advantages. During childhood, siblings see each other every day and spend more time with each other than with anyone else, sharing experiences that last all their lives. Siblings are also forced to persevere in their relationships with each other even if they have a falling out. This forces children to practice conflict resolution skills since they cannot leave the familial relationship, as they could with a friend. But a sibling relationship also offers a safe place to discuss difficult topics without fear of abandonment. Moreover, older siblings often teach their younger brothers and sisters about life. They can convey useful skills and advice, but they can also set bad examples, leading their younger siblings to do things that are wrong or foolish. Once children grow up, they do not see their siblings as often as before since they usually no longer live together. Maintaining sibling relationships now takes work, and if siblings do not get along, they can avoid each other. But many sibling relationships improve in young adulthood as the siblings mature. Sometimes the distance helps siblings enjoy each other’s company when they do meet. Relationships between siblings vary depending on the ages and personalities of the children involved. Even the best sibling relationships involve some disagreements, but a strong relationship can survive such conflicts. Considering the role of siblings throughout our lives, it’s critical to take the time to cultivate positive relationships with siblings. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】2025届上海市长宁区高三上学期一模英语试题 12．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasure way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won’t. It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-torn Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned, or a fantasy world where people battle it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven’t yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic, is perhaps the real benefit of stories. In one of her studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov, or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalised version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus, going through greater changes in personality. In another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feeling than those who didn’t read. Oates explains that when we read fiction, we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy, we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市第八中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中测评英语试题 13．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, it is better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done. The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush. When people do their jobs or take actions in a hurry, they cannot make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, “Haste makes waste. ” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly. Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances in enjoying our life. Finally, slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us. As is known to all, taking actions in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. Being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter. In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. However, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】【校级联考】浙江省“五校联考”2019届高三上学期第一次考试英语试题 14．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. I love charity shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. The charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes to electric goods, all at very good prices. You can get things you won’t find in the shops anymore. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods. The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. The famous charity’s appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so successful it had been flooded with donations. They decided to set up a shop to sell some of these donations to raise money for that appeal. Now there are over 7,000 charity shops in the UK. My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross shop, where I always find children’ s books,  all 10 or 20 pence each. Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public. Every morning you see bags of unwanted items outside the front of shops, although they don’t encourage this, rather ask people to  bring things in when the shop is open. The shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. Charity shops raise more than £110million a year, funding medical research, overseas aid, supporting sick and poor children, homeless and  disabled people, and much more. What better place to spend your money? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【来源】上海市大境中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试题 15．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Around the world, music therapy is being used to treat different medical conditions and illnesses. Some of the ways people use music therapy are to reduce pain, such as in childbirth or during cancer treatments, or to stimulate brain activity after an injury or memory loss. Music therapy has also been successful in aiding children to overcome disabilities. Children can move their bodies with the music and stamp along to the beat. Why is music a useful therapy? Music is soothing and relaxing, but it also stimulates our brains. Emotionally and physically, we respond to the sounds of music. The complexity of music (the different tempos, rhythms, melodies and harmonies) provokes (激发) the biggest response. Thus, classical music is most typically used for therapies due to complex sounds and patterns. Although rap or hip-hop music might be fun to listen to, it’s unlikely that such styles of music would produce the same kind of therapeutic effect. Music has been shown to reduce pain in cancer patients by increasing the release of endorphins (内啡肽). Endorphins are the body’s natural painkillers, and when we listen to music, our brains respond by releasing these natural painkillers. Certain types of music have also been found to lower blood pressure and slow a person’s heart rate. Many people are hopeful that music could replace the need for some medications that are normally used to treat certain illnesses. At present, music therapy is used in a variety of settings such as hospitals, rehabilitation centres, nursing homes, day cares, and schools. Although music therapy is not yet considered a mainstream treatment, it is recognized more and more as a useful addition to traditional treatment. So next time you are feeling low or stressed out, put on some relaxing music and let the music heal you. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $