专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文）（期中真题汇编，北京专用）高一英语上学期

专题05 阅读理解 说明文+议论文 主题01 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京中关村中学·期中） Look around during rush hour and you might spot many young people, especially girls, with their phones attached to colorful straps and slung across their bodies. Lately, phone straps have taken off as a trend, popping up in young people’s daily outfit videos on TikTok. The rise of this trend is due to practicality, as mobile phones have become an important part of daily life. Attaching your phone to a strap is a convenient way to free your hands for other tasks. Moreover, phone straps provide safety by always keeping phones within easy reach. “The ability to keep a phone close to the body and have both hands free can help give users greater peace of mind, especially in crowded public settings,” a spokesperson for Casetify, a phone strap seller, explained to The Guardian. Despite the many benefits of phone straps, journalist Ellie Muir recently argued in an article that, rather than being driven by our attachment to phones, the trend is “just a way to distract women from noticing the lack of pockets on their clothes”. In Muir’s view, “women’s clothes have rarely been designed for practicality.” They often have no pockets or feature pockets that are too small to hold a phone. Sharing Muir’s opinion, design expert Hannah Carlson believes that women’s fashion is designed for beauty while menswear is made to be functional. This reflects “old ideas about women’s place and about the more limited social and economic contributions they are expected to make,” Carlson told The New York Times. Many designers avoided sewing pockets into women’s clothes to preserve the line of a dress. By contrast, pockets are considered “a part of doing business in men’s wear”, Carlson added. Since women still needed to carry essentials, the lack of pockets in their clothes led to the rise of the handbag industry. According to Mur, “the phone strap is another accessory to reap the benefits of women’s lack of pockets.” While it may help go hands-free and add a layer of protection, there’s an often-overlooked and far more cost-effective solution: clothes with deep functional pockets. 1．What is the main reason for the popularity of phone straps? A．They are fashionable accessories. B．They are driven by social media trends. C．Girls are overly dependent on mobile phones. D．They provide convenience and a sense of security. 2．What does Ellie Muir think about the phone strap trend? A．It’s a creative way to personalize mobile phones. B．It highlights the shortcomings of women’s clothing. C．It encourages gender equality in fashion. D．It offers women a cost-effective solution. 3．According to Hannah Carlson, what does the design of women’s and men’s clothing reflect? A．Women’s clothing is more fashionable. B．Men’s clothing lacks variety in design. C．Women’s roles are considered secondary. D．Men’s economic status is overvalued. 4．What solution does Muir suggest? A．Buying smaller phones. B．Using larger handbags. C．Carrying fewer items. D．Redesigning women’s clothes. Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京人大附中·期中） What a Messy Desk Says About You For some time, psychologists have been studying how personality traits affect health and health-related choices. Not surprisingly, they have found that people blessed with innate conscientiousness, meaning that they are organized and predictable, typically eat better and live longer than people who are disorderly. They also tend to have immaculate offices. What has been less clear is whether neat environments can produce good habits even in those who aren’t necessarily innately conscientious. To find out, researchers at the University of Minnesota conducted a series of experiments. In the first experiment, they randomly assigned a group of college-age students to spend time in two office spaces, one of which was very neat, the other wildly cluttered (乱堆) with papers and other work-related stuff. The students spent their time filling out questionnaires unrelated to the study. After 10 minutes, they were told they could leave with an apple or a chocolate bar. Those students who sat in the orderly office were twice as likely to choose the apple as those who sat among the mess. A second experiment, however, found that working in chaos has its advantages, too. In this one, college students were placed in a messy or a neat office and asked to dream up new uses for Ping-Pong balls. Those in messy spaces generated ideas that were significantly more creative, according to two independent judges, than those in offices where stacks of papers and other objects were neatly arranged. The results were something of a surprise, says Dr. Vohs, the leader of the study. Few previous studies found much virtue in disorder. The broken window theory, proposed decades ago, holds that even slight disorder and neglect can encourage indifference and poor discipline. But in the study by Dr. Vohs, disordered offices encouraged originality and a search for novelty. In the final portion of the study, adults were given the choice of adding a health “boost” to their lunchtime smoothie that was labeled either “new” or “classic.” The volunteers in the messy space were far more likely to choose the new one; those in the tidy office generally chose the classic version. “Disorderly environments seem to inspire breaking free of tradition,” Dr. Vohs and her co-authors conclude in the study, “which can produce fresh insights.” The implications of these findings are also practical. “My advice would be, if you need to think outside the box for a future project”, Dr. Vohs says, “then let the clutter rise and free your imagination. But if your primary goal is to eat well or to go to the gym, pick up around your office first. By doing this, the naturally messy can acquire some of the discipline of the conscientious.” 5．The underlined word “immaculate” in paragraph 1 probably means ______. A．messy B．tidy C．terrible D．comfortable 6．Which of the following can best explain the broken window theory? A．Chaos begets chaos. B．Misfortune may be an actual blessing. C．Bad news has wings. D．When a door shuts, a window opens. 7．Which of the following will Dr. Vohs probably agree with? A．More virtue exists in organized people. B．Creativity results from tidiness and discipline. C．Disorderly surroundings help to create new ideas. D．Workers’ good habits guarantee the success of a project. 8．What can we conclude from the study results? A．The naturally neat people tend to be very creative. B．A messy office will cause quite low working efficiency. C．Environments can affect people’s way of thinking and behavior. D．People’s personalities are determined by their working environments. Passage 3 （24-25学年高一上·北京通州区·期中） Holidays are really important. Many of us will have childhood memories of summer holidays where we were taken away from home to experience new environments and learn indifferent ways. But holidays are expensive and, for those on low wages (工资), they are often unobtainable. Even the cheapest holidays require travel and other additional costs that are difficult for many families to meet. For working parents, the long summer break can be a very difficult problem for childcare. When an annual (每年的) leave allowance amounts to only five weeks, there is a need to spread this across the year. Couples can find themselves taking leave in tum in order to care for children who are on holiday. For some, this makes even an affordable family holiday difficult. The schools that I visit in Nottingham are full of experienced staff (员工) committed (致力于) to giving our children a caring and inspiring (激励的) learning environment. The number of children receiving free school meals is quite large in Nottingham and many schools have breakfast clubs to make sure that children get a healthy start to the day. Most schools undertake programs of group or individual educational support. Schools also have an important role in safeguarding children’s welfare (安康) through the ongoing touch and support with their pupils. During the long summer holidays, much of this is missed. While teachers are holidaying in the UK, many of their pupils spend the whole six weeks on the street where they live. The lack of free school meals for six weeks can result in pressure (压力) on a family budget (预算) and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning. In setting out its plans for a five-term year, Nottingham City Council (委员会) is trying to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks, with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks, each followed by a two-week break. We believe this will give real “down time” for school staff and pupils alike but will be short enough not to cause a real break in learning. We acknowledge (承认) that this change may be difficult for some school staff, particularly whose own children are educated in other authorities. However, this must be weighed against the benefits for city children for whom we all have the greatest duty of care. 9．The passage is probably written by_______. A．a working parent B．an experienced teacher C．a city council member D．an excellent student 10．It is suggested in the passage that the summer break be reduced to _______. A．six weeks B．five weeks C．4.5 weeks D．2 weeks 11．The plans for a shorter summer holiday will help students _________. A．benefit more from the caring and inspiring learning environment B．get a chance to spend six weeks of term with teachers in school C．have more school days to receive free school meals D．get the cheapest holidays without additional costs 12．It can be inferred from the passage that __________. A．the long summer holiday gives teachers and students real “down time” B．some school staff will say “No” to the plans for a shorter summer holiday C．working parents can enjoy a five-week break to care for their children D．the suggested plans for a five-term school year cannot be carried out 主题02 人与自我——学校生活 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京通州区·期中） A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform (表现) better on exams than those who use laptops (笔记本电脑). Students are increasingly using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility (清晰度). But the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts (概念) they have been taught. Researchers did experiment that aimed (旨在) to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to make notes mindlessly by taking down word for word what the professor said. In the first experiment, students were given either a laptop or pen and paper. They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills. Thirty minutes after the talk, they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts. The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand. However, the typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts. Both groups scored similarly when it came to memorizing facts. The researchers’ report said, “While more notes are beneficial (有益的), if the notes are taken mindlessly, as is more likely the case on a laptop, the benefit disappears.” In another experiment aimed at testing long-term memory, students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture. This time, the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the exam. These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to better revision in the future. 13．More and more students prefer laptops for note-taking because they can _______. A．understand lectures better B．get higher scores C．apply concepts better D．write more notes 14．The writer of the passage aims to _________. A．encourage the use of laptops B．explain the strategies of taking notes C．stress the benefits of taking those by hand D．examine the importance of long-term memory 15．The passage is likely to appear in __________. A．a computer textbook B．a science magazine C．a travel brochure D．a book review Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京育才学校·期中） Freshman year of high school is a big transition (过渡) for any student. Luckily, you’re not the only person going through this, and plenty of others have made the transition before you too. One of the ways in which high school is different from middle school or junior high the most is the higher expectations. You’ll find that you’re expected to keep closer track of your own schedule and responsibilities with fewer people checking up on you. At the same time, your classes are likely to become more challenging, and you might be participating in new school activities as well. Some students find it hard to keep up with everything at first, which is totally normal. One way to prepare in advance for these higher expectations is to make sure that you have organized schedules in place before you start high school. Another important skill for meeting these higher expectations is building a strong support network. No matter how strong a student you are, at some point you will need some help. Keeping healthy relationships with your friends and teachers is a great way to make sure that you have people who are willing to help when you need them. Try to get to know at least some of your teachers beyond your classroom communication. Be an active learner during class and stay after class to ask questions. Take advantage of email or class messaging systems. The better your teachers know you, the better prepared they’ll be to help when you need them. It’s important for you to keep in mind as you start high school that no one is perfect. Transitions are hard for everyone, and starting high school is a big transition. These challenges provide a great chance to reinvent (重塑) yourself. 16．In the author’s view, the biggest difference between high school and middle school is ________. A．different relationships B．the higher pressure C．high academic achievement D．the higher expectations 17．Which of the following suggestion is not mentioned in the text? A．Careful schedules. B．Healthy relationships. C．Reinventing yourself. D．Using network information. 18．Who is the article written for? A．Students in junior school. B．Teachers in high school. C．Parents of high school students. D．Students in senior high school. 19．What is the best title for the text? A．How to Get Through the Transition of Freshman Year of High School B．How to Become an Active Learner in High School C．What to Prepare to Keep up with Everything in High School D．How to Meet Your Teacher’s High Expectations Passage 3 （24-25学年高一上·北京中关村中学·期中） High school freshmen always have a lot of questions on their minds. "What can I do when I grow up?" is one of them. It's definitely not too early to start thinking about his tough question. The following tips may help equip you for your future career. Think beyond grades Getting good grades in high school is important, but focusing only on straight A's could go wrong. Spending too much time on your schoolwork will leave you little time to explore opportunities outside of the classroom. Extracurricular activities are necessary because they serve as a form of career exploration. They can help you figure out your work preferences, like whether you are a "people person" or prefer to work alone. Nowadays, most well-known colleges care about candidates' experiences as much as their grades. Seek advice from grown-ups Talk to your parents, teachers and school counselors about how they started their careers. Even though you're interested in the careers they are in, it would be useful to learn about the process which got them where they are now. If you find your friend's mother doing a worthwhile job by chance, ask her if job shadowing is possible in her company during vacation. After all, seeing a typical day in the position you have an interest in can be an invaluable experience. Start your search online If you really have no idea what you can do when you grow up, take online career quizzes to get ideas about what professions naturally match your skills, interests and personality traits. For the time being, you just need to focus on finding a field or two that interests you, rather than a specific career. Chances are you'll change your mind several times before finding a career that you want to stick to. Starting to explore career options now can at least help you decide what your potential major might be. 20．Spending some time taking part in after-school activities can help high school students ________. A．get A's in all subjects B．explore their work preferences C．have access to prestigious universities D．get along with their classmates 21．Grown-ups may help high school students by _________. A．starting a business with them B．teaching them occupational skills C．sharing their career paths with them D．providing an opportunity for job shadowing 22．It is suggested that high school students find out their _______ from online career quizzes. A．possible professions B．main disadvantages C．specific occupations D．ideal majors 23．This article was probably written by a __________. A．college professor B．school counselor C．advertising manager D．computer programmer Passage 4 （24-25学年高一上·北京丰台区·期中） It’s always exciting to receive a letter in the mail. Even today, when the world is digitally connected, receiving an actual letter in your mailbox from a distant land is a great way for children to make new friends. The Peaceful Pen Pals Project is a beautiful project that blends together global connection and self-expression. The project is part of the nonprofit Kids for Peace, founded by Jill McManigal and Danielle Gram in California in 2006. It is open to all children, ages two through seventeen. To date, there are 1,500 children from 17 countries participating in the program according to the organization. Currently, all letters are written in English. When children sign up, they can select if they would rather be matched with a USA Peaceful Pen Pal or an international one. Each child is then matched to a pen pal of similar age. This establishes a point of connection quickly for the children and facilitates (促进) a stronger bond. If the letter writers are in the same grade, they can chat about school, their teachers, and what they are studying. They can also compare what different states or countries learn about and how the atmosphere of the classroom are, whether socially or academically. Children may also be more likely to write about problems they are having if they feel like they are speaking to a peer in a similar situation. Although pen pals may live in different countries, they may find common ground. The writer lists their favorite activities to do outside, plus what they like best and least about school. This gives the writer an opportunity to express and receive advice or feedback (反馈) from the pen pal. “Hearing first-hand stories from an international pen pal can encourage teens to take someone else’s viewpoint and to think outside of themselves,” writes Rebecca Fraser-Thill on Very Well Family. “Having a foreign pen pal can also encourage interest in geography, history and culture.” 24．What can we know about the Peaceful Pen Pals Project? A．It helps strengthen links between kids. B．It is aimed at improving children’s English. C．It encourages children to help people in need. D．It is created for teenagers to take online lessons. 25．What is Paragraph 3 mainly talking about? A．The necessity of discussion in study. B．The approaches to making new friends. C．The purpose of the Peaceful Pen Pals Project. D．The benefits of having friends of similar ages. 26．What is Rebecca Fraser-Thill’s attitude towards the project? A．Careful. B．Supportive. C．Uninterested. D．Disappointed. 27．What is the best title of this text? A．Writing Enriches Kids’ Life B．Friendship Teaches Kids a Lesson C．The Pen Pal Project Connects Kids D．Communication Skills Better the World 主题03 人与自我——健康 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京西城外国语·期中） For decades, common wisdom held that how much we eat and exercise determines our weight. As researchers learned more about the human body, they discovered that what people eat plays an important role in weight gain and loss. This led to a wide range of dietary recommendations. Don’t eat fats. Avoid sugars. Eat protein at every meal. Now researchers are discovering another factor that influences health and weight gain—when we eat. A growing body of evidence finds that the time of day when we consume calories affects weight gain and overall health. The most recent study to support this idea was published this summer in the “Journal of Nutrition”. Data from the study came from broad questionnaires that explore the links between lifestyle, diet and disease. Researchers found that participants who ate three meals a day and snacked between meals tended to gain weight over time, while those who ate one or two meals a day tended to lose weight. What’s more, participants who made breakfast their largest meal were less likely to be overweight compared to those who ate their largest meal at lunch or dinner. Those who ate breakfast were more likely to be a healthy weight compared to those who skipped breakfast. The evidence on the benefits of having a big breakfast is strong enough that the American Heart Association has announced a statement that planning and timing meals and snacks is a healthier way of eating, and likely reduces the risk factors for heart disease. The statement stressed that eating breakfast is helpful in preventing diabetes. “Meal timing may affect health due to its effect on the body’s internal clock,” said Marie Pierre St-Onge, Ph.D．, an associate professor of nutritional medicine at Columbia University in New York City. She also explained that planning meals and snacks can help prevent emotional eating. “Many people find that emotions can cause desire to eat when they are not hungry, which often leads to eating too many calories from foods that have low nutritional value,” she said. The take-home message here is pretty clear. Breakfast truly may be the most important meal of the day. Consuming more calories in the morning and fewer as the day goes on is an effective way to keep a healthy weight. 28．The first paragraph suggests that _______. A．exercise makes us healthy and eat more B．if we don’t eat sugars, we will lose weight C．we should avoid eating protein at every meal D．dietary habits are closely related to our weight 29．Researchers found that_________. A．having breakfast can cure diabetes B．meal times may have an effect on health C．snacking may reduce the risk of heart diseases D．eating habits can cure your emotional problems 30．What do the underlined words “take-home message” in the last paragraph mean? A．Conclusion. B．Decision. C．Conversation. D．Information. 31．The writer of the passage aims to ________. A．examine the history of breakfast development B．stress the benefit of eating dinner and snacks C．explain the importance of breakfast D．promote the idea of healthy food Passage 2 Alzheimer's AI （24-25学年高一上·北京交大附中·期中） An estimated 5.7 million people in the U.S. have Alzheimer's disease-the most common type of dementia(痴呆）－and that number is expected to more than double by 2050. Early diagnosis is crucial for patients to benefit from the few therapies available. But no scans can deliver a conclusive diagnosis while a person is alive; instead doctors have to conduct numerous and complicated clinical and neuropsychological tests.So there is growing interest in developing artificial intelligence to identify Alzheimer's based on brain imaging. Researchers at the University of California,San Francisco, have now successfully trained an AI algorithm(算法）to recognize one of the early signs of Alzheimer's-a reduction in the brain's glucose（葡萄糖）consumption-in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The algorithm accurately predicted an eventual Alzheimer's diagnosis in nearly all the test cases, according to the study. In PET imaging, a very small amount of a radioactive compound are injected into the body, producing three-dimensional images of metabolism(新陈代谢）,circulation and other cellular activities. PET is well suited for an AI diagnostic tool because Alzheimer's leads to subtle changes in the brain's metabolism that begin years before neural(神经的） tissue starts to go downhill, says study co-author Jae Ho Sohn,a radiologist at UCSF. These changes are "very hard for radiologists to pick up,"he notes. The algorithm was trained and tested on 2,100 PET brain images from about 1,000 people 55 years and older. The images came from a 12-year study that tracked people who would ultimately be diagnosed with Alzheimer's, as well as those with mild memory declines and healthy control participants. The algorithm was trained on 90 percent of the data and tested on the remaining 10 percent. It was then retested on a second, independent data set from 40 patients monitored for 10 years. The algorithm was highly sensitive and was able to recognize 81 percent of the patients in the first test group and 100 percent in the second who would be diagnosed with Alzheimer's six years later, on average. The findings were published in February in Radiology. The algorithm is based on "deep learning ,a machine-learning technique that uses artificial neural networks programmed to learn from examples. "This is one of the first promising,preliminary(初步的） applications of deep learning to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's," says Christian Salvatore, a physicist at Italy's National Research Council, who was not involved in the study. “The model performs very well when identifying patients with mild or late diagnoses", he says, “but catching it in the earliest stages remains one of the most critical open issues in this field." 32．People are increasingly interested in using AI to identify Alzheimer's because______ A．the number of people suffering from dementia is more than doubling B．diagnostic methods that are both reliable and convenient are in need C．there are only a limited number of effective therapies for the patients D．diagnosing Alzheimer's disease through AI is still an unexplored area 33．What can we learn about PET imaging? A．It recognizes the worsening of the neural tissue. B．It reduces the glucose consumption in the brain. C．It changes the pattern of the brain's metabolism. D．It photographs various kinds of cellular activities. 34．According to Paragraph 4,_________. A．90% of the people in the study were trained on the algorithm B．the participants in the study consist of people both young and old C．81% of the people in the first test group were diagnosed with Alzheimer's D．the algorithm managed to recognize all the patients in the second test group 35．What can be inferred from Paragraph 5? A．The algorithm serves as a promising treatment of Alzheimer's. B．Deep learning has been widely applied in diagnosing Alzheimer's. C．To detect Alzheimer's in its earliest stages calls for more exploration. D．Whether to use the model to detect Alzheimer's remains a critical issue. 主题01 人与社会——体育 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京交大附中·期中） Olympic athletes pour everything into training for the Games, routinely pushing their physical and mental bounds to the limit — and beyond — for a shot at a gold medal. But getting into shape for what comes after the closing ceremony can be equally crucial, especially if the end of the Games also means the end of professional competition. Team USA rower Kate Knighton, a first-time Olympian at the 2024 Summer Games in Paris, understands the mental stress that a sudden exit from the highest levels of competitive life can bring. In 2022 she experienced a near career-ending spine (脊椎) injury. Many studies have found that top athletes — professional, college and Olympic — often face a range of short- and long-term mental health issues, including exhaustion, eating issues, anxiety and depression. Emotions are heightened by the nature of the event itself. The Olympics is a massive cultural event — a combination of global public attention, financial investment and media coverage. New international celebrities are created, and some competitors’ reputations are ruined during various complaints. Athletes are under the pressure of representing their country and winning medals in front of worldwide audience. “But then all of that publicity and intensity around being an Olympian falls off very quickly,” says Cogan, a lead sport psychologist. Painful decisions can follow: Do I want to keep competing? Should I pursue a completely different direction or occupation? Such questions can be even more anxiety-causing if athletes have injuries and need surgery or recovery, Cogan says. It’s more about making a map of how to get to a destination. Once you get there, it’s like, “Now what?” A 2023 paper explained the identity crises athletes face as a result of overfocus on performance, leaving their non-sporting personalities underdeveloped. In a 2018 paper, Howells wrote that athletes with a greater “myopic” focus are more at risk of the “blues”. “It is common for top competitors to have this very high athletic identity,” says Howells. “They’ve sacrificed (牺牲) every other aspect of their identity for the purpose of being an Olympian. They seem unable to realize that their actions might have negative consequences in the future.” Efforts to minimize this mindset have helped some athletes to open up more about their mental health. Experts advise Olympians to start conversations about mental health support well before the Games begin. Olympians should also discuss mental health monitoring strategies before, during and after the Games. Athletes and experts say the sporting industry has, in the last decade, been promoting better work-life balance outside of the game, which they think is the key to approaching the issue. Briana, a soccer goalkeeper, says that her team and coaches actively encourage spending quality time with families and significant others, as well as finding hobbies that feel joyful and rewarding. 36．What is the main cause for Olympic athletes’ mental breakdown? A．A sense of loss. B．The media coverage. C．The audience’s attention. D．The pressure of competition. 37．What does the underlined word  “myopic” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．improper. B．short-sighted. C．imbalanced. D．narrow-minded. 38．What might be a fundamental solution to the athletes’ identity crisis? A．Adopting mental health monitoring strategics. B．Discussing their problems openly and publicly. C．Developing a sense of identity beyond the sport. D．Adjusting their mindset of sacrificing themselves. 39．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Olympic Athletes Suffering from Stress B．From Bad to Worse: Athletes’ Well-being C．Athletes Adapting to Post-Olympic Period D．From Hero to Zero: the Post-Olympic Blues Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京八一学校·期中） As college sports continue to be hugely popular and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) brings in large amounts of money, people have restarted the debate on whether college athletes should get paid. Supporters of the idea believe that, because college athletes are bringing in audiences, they should receive some sort of compensation (补偿). In fact, the NCAA brings in about $1 billion income a year, but college athletes don’t receive any of that money in the form of a paycheck. Additionally, people who believe college athletes should be paid state that paying college athletes will actually encourage them to remain in college longer and not turn professionals as quickly, either by giving them a way to begin earning money in college or requiring them to sign a contract (合同) saying they’ll stay at the university for a certain number of years while making an agreed-upon salary. People who argue against the idea of paying college athletes believe the practice could be disastrous for college sports. Paying athletes would turn college sports into a bidding (竞拍) war, where only the richest schools could afford top athletes, and most schools would be shut out from developing a talented team. It could also harm the camaraderie within many college teams if players become unhappy that certain teammates are making more money than they are. Those against paying college athletes also believe that the athletes are receiving enough benefits already. The top athletes receive scholarships that are worth tens of thousands per year. They receive free food and textbooks, get travel bonuses and free equipment, and can use their time in college as a way to attract the attention of professional coaches. No other college students receive anywhere near as much from their schools. While both sides have good points, it’s clear that the negatives of paying college athletes far outweigh the positives. College athletes have been compensated enough. Adding a salary would result in a college athletic system where only a few athletes are paid by some schools who enter bidding wars to sign them up, while most student athletics and college athletic programs suffer or even shut down for lack of money. Continuing to offer the present benefits to student athletes makes it possible for as many people to benefit from and enjoy college sports as possible. 40．It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that college athletes ________. A．have earned what they are promised B．tend to serve college longer when paid C．should sign a contract to make an agreed-upon salary D．prefer to stay at university rather than turn professionals 41．The underlined word “camaraderie” in Paragraph 3 is similar to “________”. A．friendship B．competition C．spirit D．communication 42．People against paying college athletes believe ________. A．schools would be unable to afford it B．it could be harmful to college sports C．no other college students receive benefits D．students would value payments over achievements 43．What is the author’s attitude towards paying college athletes? A．Uncertain. B．Satisfied. C．Unsupportive. D．Expectant. Passage 3 （24-25学年高一上·北京丰台区·期中） Sports accounts for a growing amount of income made on the sales of commercial time by television companies. Many television companies have used sports to attract viewers from particular sections of the general public, and then they have sold audiences to advertisers. An attraction of sports programs for the major U.S. media companies is that events are often held on Saturday and Sunday afternoons—the slowest time periods of the week for general television viewing. Sports events are the most popular weekend programs, especially among male viewers who may not watch much television at other times during the week. This means the television networks are able to sell advertising time at relatively high prices during what normally would be dead time for programming. Media corporations also use sports to attract commercial sponsors that might take their advertising dollars elsewhere if television stations did not report certain sports. The people in the advertising departments of major corporations realize that sports attract male viewers. They also realize that most business travelers are men and that many men make family decisions on the purchases of computers, cars and life insurance. Golf and tennis are special cases for television programming. These sports attract few viewers, and the ratings(收视率)are unusually low. However, the audience for these sports is attractive to certain advertisers. It is made up of people from the highest income groups in the United States, including many lawyers and business managers. This is why television reporting of golf and tennis is sponsored by companies selling high-priced cars, business and personal computers, and holiday trips. This is also why the networks continue to carry these programs regardless of low ratings. Advertisers are willing to pay high fees to reach high-income consumers and those managers who make decisions to buy thousands of “company cars” and computers. With such viewers, these programs don’t need high ratings to stay on the air. 44．Television sport programs on weekend afternoons ________. A．result in more sport events. B．get more viewers to play sports. C．make more people interested in television. D．bring more money to the television networks. 45．Why would weekend afternoons become dead time without sport programs? A．Because there would be few viewers. B．Because the advertisers would be off work. C．Because television programs would go slowly. D．Because viewers would pay less for watching television. 46．The ratings are not important for golf and tennis programs, because ________. A．their advertisers are carmakers. B．their viewers are attracted by sports. C．their advertisers target at rich people. D．their viewers can afford expensive cars. 47．What is the passage mainly about? A．Television ratings are determined by male viewers. B．Rich viewers contribute most to television companies. C．Sports are gaining importance in advertising on television. D．Commercial advertisers are the major sponsors of sport events. 主题02 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京人大附中·期中） Psychological science is full of interesting topics, many of which tell a coherent picture of human nature, but some of which create seemingly contradictory stories. A case in point is the tricky and misunderstood intersection between strength-based science and the research on narcissism (自恋). There is now convincing evidence to show that narcissism is on the rise, especially in our youth. Some researchers have gone so far as to say that it is occurring in epidemic proportions, with about 25% of young people showing symptoms of narcissism. The inflated ego of Generation Me is reflected in reality TV, celebrity worship, out-of-control consumerism, materialism...perhaps even a new type of president. We are correct to be concerned about this phenomenon but our fear that all kids are potential narcissists has caused an unhelpful counter-reaction to approaches that seek to make our children and teens feel good about themselves. In my own research on strength-based parenting it is common for people to wrongly label this approach as a recipe for self-entitlement. Their argument seems to be that a child who knows their strengths will automatically view themselves as better than everyone else. It is argued that the self-assurance that comes with identifying and using their positive qualities will make a child arrogant, selfish and uncaring. Genuine confidence about one’s strengths is categorized as over-confidence; desirable self-knowledge is branded as excessive self-admiration. Why does this occur? It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths. While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals or has been applied only within certain contexts such as the workplace, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and into our collective conscious. The New York Times noted that narcissism is a favored “go-to” topic and that people everywhere are diagnosing others with it. The fear that a strength-based approach will cause narcissism also occurs because we unwittingly fall prey to binary (非此即彼的) thinking. We mistakenly believe that one cannot be both confident and humble. We focus on Donald Trump and Kim Kardashian rather than Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa. There’s no way that Gandhi and Mother Teresa could have achieved what they did without confidence in their strengths, and yet they are both pillars of humility and selflessness. When we assume that strength-focus is the same as a self-focus, we fail to entertain the idea that people who know their strengths are, actually, more likely to be pro-social and focus on helping others. It’s tempting to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble — even when they use their strengths. 48．What can we learn from the passage? A．Both strengths psychology and narcissism are difficult to understand. B．Approximately a quarter of kids are potential narcissists. C．Knowing the kids’ strengths has an opposite effect on making them feel good. D．An increasing number of youth are showing an inflated sense of self. 49．Why are teenagers’ strengths often mistaken for narcissism? A．Strengths psychology is less accessible to the general public. B．Academic journals and mass media report more on narcissism. C．There is a lack of strengths in our collective consciousness. D．A number of people are diagnosed with narcissism by doctors. 50．What’s the author’s attitude towards strength-based parenting? A．Skeptical. B．Neutral. C．Favorable. D．Cautious. 51．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．A Recipe for Self-entitlement B．Teens’ Narcissism Diagnosis C．Binary Thinking of Psychological Science D．Teens’ Confidence Misunderstood Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京北师大附中·期中） The Expression of Emotions Feelings like happiness and sadness are something everyone feels, no matter where in the world they’re from. But how do we know if someone else is feeling happy or really sad? It seems that showing how we feel might be something everyone does in similar ways. Smiling is a sign that people everywhere use to show they’re friendly and they like something. An aggressive display of teeth can signal our anger, just like Charles Darwin, a famous scientist from a long time ago, said. Darwin thought that everyone recognizing faces showing feelings would help people survive. For example, seeing certain faces could let us know if someone dangerous (or a friend) was coming, even if we couldn’t talk to them. Most investigators concur that certain faces show the same feelings in all people. Also, people from different places in the world can understand the feelings shown by these faces. A scientist named Paul Ekman took pictures of people showing feelings like anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being shown in them. People from many different backgrounds, including a group called the Fore who live in a faraway place called New Guinea and don’t have much contact with the rest of the world, agreed on the feelings shown in the pictures. The Fore also made the same faces we do when asked how they would feel in certain situations. Ekman and the people he worked with found similar results when they studied ten different groups, letting people say that more than one feeling could be shown on a face at the same time. People generally agreed on which feelings were shown and which one was stronger. Psychology experts generally agree that the faces we make show the emotions we’re feeling. In fact, different emotions can cause specific patterns of electrical activity in our facial muscles and brain. The facial-feedback idea, though, suggests that emotions and facial expressions can influence each other. This idea says that signals from our facial muscles are sent back to the parts of the brain that control emotions. So, the expression we make can affect how we feel emotionally. Darwin once said: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression(克制), as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” This makes us wonder if smiling can lead to a feeling of kindness, or if frowning can lead to feelings of anger. Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. For instance, when participants in experiments are made to smile, they tend to report more positive emotions and rate cartoons-humorous drawings of people or situations as funnier. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive. What could be the connection between faces showing feelings and our emotions? One idea is something called arousal, which is how active or ready to act we are. Using certain face muscles, like the ones we use when we’re scared, can make us more active. When we feel more active, we also feel more emotional. Other ideas might involve changes in how warm our brain gets and the release of things that help our nerves talk to each other. Using our face muscles can both change how we feel inside and show what we’re feeling. Ekman found that a real smile, the one that makes wrinkles around our eyes and our eyes look a little lower, can make us feel good. Ekman’s finding might be related to a British saying, “keep a stiff upper lip,” which means to stay calm when things are tough. Maybe keeping our lips stiff can control our feelings as long as they’re not shaking with fear or stress. But if the feeling that makes our lips stiff is very strong and involves a lot of muscle tension, the signals from our face might actually make our feelings stronger. 52．The author mentions “an aggressive display of teeth” in Paragraph 1 in order to______. A．provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood B．differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it C．contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions D．support Darwin’s theory of evolution 53．The underlined word “concur” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______. A．estimate B．expect C．agree D．understand 54．The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refers to ______. A．emotions B．people C．cultures D．photographs 55．According to Paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea? A．They did not want to be shown photographs. B．They knew very little about Western culture. C．They were famous for their story-telling skills. D．They did not encourage the expression of emotions. 56．According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed? A．They would become less intense. B．They would cause problems later. C．They would last longer than usual. D．They would become more negative. 57．According to the passage, which of the following supported the facial-feedback hypothesis? A．The long-term effects of repressing emotions. B．The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons. C．The tendency of people in experiments to cooperate. D．The release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments. 58．The underlined word “rate” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______. A．reject B．judge C．draw D．want 59．According to the passage, which of the following effects may stiffening the upper lip have? A．It may either heighten or reduce emotional response. B．It may cause fear and tension in those who see it. C．It first suppresses stress, then intensifies it. D．It can damage the lip muscles. Passage 3 Making Everything Sweet （24-25学年高一上·北京延庆区·期中） Japanese scientists have developed a special kind of tomato. It can change an eater’s sense of taste, says a report in Science News. For about an hour after a person eats one of the tomatoes, sour foods taste sweet. Say you eat one of the tomatoes before lunch. Then you take a bite of a lemon. You will find that the lemon tastes like super-sweet lemonade. How magical is that! The key ingredient (成分) in the taste-changing tomatoes is “miraculin.” Miraculin is found in berries that grow in West Africa. These fruits are sometimes sold as “Miracle Fruit” berries. People have long known about the ability of miracle berries to change taste. In some countries, the berries are used as a way to help people lose weight. For example, a dieter can eat a berry and then eat low-calorie sour foods that will taste wonderfully sweet. Scientists found miraculin in the miracle berry in 1968. Since then, people have wondered how to manufacture it. One way could be to harvest the berries. The problem was that if demand got too large, the berry plants could be driven to extinction. That’s where the Japanese scientists came in. Professor Kazuhisa Kato and his team at the University of Tsukuba studied the DNA of the miracle berry. They found a gene that contains the instructions for how to make miraculin. Kato and other researchers put the gene for miraculin into the DNA of a tomato. As a result, the tomatoes started to make miraculin. Those tomatoes had just as much miraculin as miracle berries do. These “miracle” tomatoes could be grown in large numbers. If scientists can grow other foods with miraculin inside, then there won’t be any need to harvest all the miracle berries. The researchers don’t know yet how the tomato-based miraculin can be used. Perhaps it could be sold as a dieting food, to be taken before meals. 60．The tomato is special because ________. A．it turns all tastes sweet B．it can only be eaten before lunch C．it changes a sour taste to a sweet one D．it has a magical ingredient 61．The underlined word “extinction” in Paragraph 5 probably means ______. A．a state of low- growing B．a state of being active C．a state of fast-growing D．a state of complete death 62．According to the article, the Japanese scientists ______. A．found a gene that contains instructions for making miraculin B．discovered the secrets of miracle fruit berries in 1968 C．have planted miracle tomatoes in large numbers D．invented the miraculin gene and put it into the tomato 63．According to the article, we can know that ______. A．It was a latest discovery that miracle berries could change taste B．The tomato is a low-calorie fruit that tastes wonderfully sweet C．Scientists have already found many uses for mariculin D．The tomato-based miraculin might be used as a dieting food Passage 4 （24-25学年高一上·北京中关村中学·期中） Although it has been revealed in recent years that plants are capable of seeing, hearing and smelling, they are still usually thought of as silent. But now, for the first time, they have been recorded making ultrasonic (超声的) cries when stressed, which researchers say could open up a new field of precision agriculture where farmers listen for water starved crops. Itzhak Khait and his colleagues at Tel Aviv University in Israel found that tomato and tobacco plants made cries at frequencies humans cannot hear when stressed by a lack of water or when their stem it cut. Microphones placed 10 centimetres from the plants picked up sounds in the ultrasonic range of 20 to 100 kilohertz, which the team says insects and some mammals would be capable of hearing and responding to from as far as 5 metres away, A moth may decide against laying eggs on a plant that sounds water-stressed, the researchers suggest. Plants could even hear that other plants are short of water and react accordingly, they speculate (推断). On average, drought-stressed tomato plants made 35 sounds an hour, while tobacco plants made 11. When plant stems were cut, tomato plants made an average of 25 sounds in the following hour, and tobacco plants 15. Unstressed plants produced fewer than one sound per hour, on average. It is even possible to distinguish between the sounds to know what the stress is. The researchers trained a machine-learning model to recognize between the plants’ sounds and the wind, rain and other noises of the greenhouse, correctly identifying in most cases whether the stress was caused by dryness or a cut, based on the sound’s intensity and frequency. Water-hungry tobacco appears to make louder sounds than cut tobacco, for example. Enabling farmers to listen for water-stressed plants could “open a new direction in the field of precision agriculture”, the researchers suggest. They add that such an ability will be increasingly important as climate change exposes more areas to drought. “The suggestion that the sounds that drought-stressed plants make could be used in precision agriculture seems feasible (可行的) if it is not too costly to set up the recording in a field situation,” says Anne Visscher at the royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK. She warns that the results can’t yet be broadened out to other stresses, such as salt or temperature, because these may not lead to sounds. In addition, there have been no experiments to show whether moths or any other animal can hear and respond to the sounds the plants make, so that idea remains based on guesses for now, she says. 64．The experiment by researchers, at Tel Aviv University shows that ______. A．tomato plants cry more often than tobacco when hurt B．plant sounds can be heard by plants quite far away C．humans can hear water-hungry plants crying D．moths like laying eggs on stressed plant 65．What is Anne Visscher’s attitude towards the finding of the experiment? A．Disapproving B．Cautious. C．Appreciative. D．Optimistic. 66．Taking advantage of the new research finding, farmers can ______. A．predict the drought B．reduce greenhouse effects C．diagnose plant condition faster D．detect and remove insects easily 67．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Plants get stressed Just Like Us. B．Sounds of Plants Detected Far Away. C．Cries of plants break Farmers’ Hearts D．Plants scream in the presence of stress Passage 5 （24-25学年高一上·北京八一学校·期中） The US scientists who created the first living robots say the life forms, known as xenobots, can now reproduce—and in a way not seen in plants and animals. Xenobots are formed from the stem cells of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), from which it takes its name. “Frogs have a way of reproducing that they normally use, but when you liberate the stem cells from the embryo(胚胎) and you give them a chance to figure out how to be in a new environment, not only do they figure out a new way to move, but they also figure out apparently a new way to reproduce,” said Michael Levin, a professor of biology at Tufts University, who was co-lead author of the new research. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types. To make the xenobots, the researchers removed living stem cells from frog embryos and left them to develop. “Most people think of robots as being made of metal, but it’s not so much what a robot is made from but what it does, which is act on its own on behalf of people,” said Josh Bongard, a computer science professor and robotics expert at the University of Vermont and lead author of the study. “In that way, it’s a robot, but it’s also clearly an organism made from frog cells.” The researchers found that the xenobots could replicate(自我复制). But it happened rarely and only in specific circumstances. The xenobots used “kinetic replication”—a process that is known to occur at the molecular(分子) level. With the help of artificial intelligence, the researchers then tested billions of body shapes to make the xenobots more effective at this type of replication. The supercomputer came up with a C-shape that looked like Pac-Man, the 1980s video game. They found it was able to find tiny stem cells, gather hundreds of them inside its mouth, and a few days later the pack of cells became new xenobots. “The AI didn’t program these machines in the way we usually think about writing code. It shaped and sculpted and came up with this Pac-Man shape,” Bongard said. “The shape is, in essence, the program. The shape influences how the xenobots behave to speed up this incredibly surprising process.” The xenobots are very early technology-think of a 1940s computer—and don’t yet have any practical applications. However, this combination of molecular biology and artificial intelligence could potentially be used in many tasks in the body and the environment. This may include things like collecting microplastics in the oceans, inspecting root systems and regenerative medicine. “There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity and ability of cells to solve problems,” Bongard said. 68．According to Josh Bongard, a robot should be defined in terms of ______. A．its function B．its reliability C．its appearance D．its material 69．What can we learn about xenobots from the passage? A．Xenobots have copied stem cells using computer programs. B．Specialized cells play a key role in the replication of xenobots. C．AI makes it possible for xenobots to replicate more effectively. D．The shape of xenobots was inspired from a video game in the 1980s. 70．What is the author’s attitude towards future applications of xenobots? A．Disapproving. B．Optimistic. C．Unconcerned. D．Objective. 71．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Where does the unnatural replication process lead? B．Arc xenobots the future of artificial intelligence? C．The uncertain role of robot reproduction D．Fact or fantasy? Robots can reproduce Passage 6 （24-25学年高一上·北京北师大附中·期中） What does it mean to live a good life? This question has been debated for centuries. In the field of psychology, two main concepts of the good life have been quite popular: A happy life full of pleasure and positive emotions, and a meaningful life full of purpose and sacrifice. But what if these aren’t the only options? In recent years, a long-neglected version of the good life has been receiving greater attention: the psychologically rich life. It is full of complex mental engagement, a wide range of intense and deep emotions, and diverse, novel, surprising and interesting experiences. Sometimes they are neither pleasant nor meaningful. However, they are rarely boring or monotonous. After all, both happy and meaningful lives can become monotonous and repetitive. A person with a steady office job, married with children, may be satisfied and find his or her life meaningful and still be bored. Also, the psychologically rich life doesn’t necessarily involve economic richness. For instance, consider Hesse’s character Goldmund, who has no money but pursues the life of a free spirit. Research has found psychological richness is related to, but partially distinct from, both happy and meaningful lives. Psychological richness is related with openness to experience and experiencing both positive and negative emotions more intensely. But is the psychologically rich life one that people actually want? In a new study, Oishi and his colleagues asked people in nine countries the degree to which they value a psychologically rich life, a happy life and a meaningful life. They found many people’s self-described ideal lives involve psychological richness. When forced to choose a life, however, the majority chose a happy life and a meaningful life. Even so, a minority of people still favored the psychologically rich life, ranging from 6.7% in Singapore to 16.8% in Germany. These numbers went up when the desire for a psychologically rich life was measured indirectly. To understand what a person wishes their lives might have been, it is important to explore what people wish they had avoided in their lives. When asked what they regret most and whether undoing this event would have made their lives happier, more meaningful or psychologically richer, about 28% of Americans said undoing the regrettable event would have made their lives psychologically richer. These findings suggest that while most people strive to be happy and have meaning in their lives, a sizable number of people are content merely living a psychologically rich existence. As Oishi and his colleagues conclude, “We believe that taking the psychologically rich life seriously will deepen and enrich our understanding of well-being.” At the end of the day, there is no one singularly acceptable path to the good life. You have to find a path that works best for you. 72．According to the passage, the psychologically rich life _______. A．means living a luxurious life B．involves various intense emotions C．combines pleasure with purpose D．emphasizes openness and repetition 73．What does Oishi’s research indicate? A．The Germans prefer psychological richness to a happy life. B．Undoing regrettable events has enriched many people’s lives. C．A hidden desire for psychological richness exists among some people. D．People with psychological richness tend to describe their lives as ideal. 74．We can learn from the passage that _______. A．purpose outweighs pleasure in terms of significance B．the choice of a good life differs from person to person C．a positive mindset helps us understand our well-being D．we should never be content and always strive for the best 75．What is the main purpose of the article? A．To compare different concepts of a good life. B．To explain how to live a psychologically rich life. C．To persuade people to attain psychological richness. D．To draw attention to a less familiar version of a good life. Passage 7 （24-25学年高一上·北京八一学校·期中） At the heart of psychology is understanding behavior, and understanding behavior has much to do with understanding the brain. Neuroscientists (神经系统科学家) have become more efficient at mapping the brain and have gained more understanding of how the brain develops and works. Truly, differences in behavior as we age and between genders, are most likely explained by the physical state of and changes in our brains. Around the age of 12, it is believed that the areas of the brain that are used most will be strengthened and cells in the brain that are not used tend to die. What you do with your brain in your teen years probably decides how your brain will work for the rest of your life. If a teen spends endless hours watching TV, the neural connections that help the brain process TV are what will be strengthened. It is clear, therefore, that how young people spend their time is of great importance. Surprisingly, and different from earlier beliefs, the brain is still developing even in the early twenties. Areas of the brain that are related to emotion, decision making, reasoning, and problem solving are still not fully developed. This may go some way toward explaining why car accident rates in young people are significantly higher than those among older people. Young people don’t have the necessary skills to make complex judgments while driving. There are also differences in the way brains develop when it comes to gender. It appears that girls are ready to process more challenging information earlier than boys, with the area of the brain responsible for this activity peaking at the age of 14 to 16 in boys, a full two years later than girls. In addition, studies have shown that girls and boys process language input in different parts of their brains. Girls typically tend to do better than boys in language, which means that they have more brain matter responsible for language skills. This kind of research raises important questions about how boys and girls should be taught in school to maximize (使最大化) their learning. For example, the idea of single-sex education should perhaps be taken into consideration. Experts say that we would do well to revisit the timing of the subjects taught in school, as some parts of the brain develop before others. Additionally, what we understand about the teenage brain should perhaps be taken into consideration when laws are being made with regard to the minimum (最低的) driving age. 76．According to the passage, young people are more likely to have car accidents because _______. A．they fail to realize the importance of skills B．they don’t have the necessary skills in driving C．certain areas in their brains are not fully developed D．their brains tend to be influenced by their emotions 77．What can we learn from the passage? A．Earlier beliefs show the brain is still developing in the early twenties. B．Girls are better at language because they are devoted to language learning. C．How people spend their time when they’re teenagers affects their future life. D．Gender makes no difference when it comes to the physical state of the brain. 78．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. A．single-sex education may benefit teenagers B．the time when school starts should be put off C．lawmakers will lower the minimum driving age D．the number of subjects in school might be changed 79．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Age and the Brain B．Genders and the Brain C．Mapping the Brain D．The Developing Brain Passage 8 （24-25学年高一上·北京第十二中学·期中） Have you ever bought a new car and started noticing the exact color and model of car everywhere? Has that type of car just become popular in your city? Were they there before? Or are you just going crazy? You’re not going crazy. The reason you are now just noticing them is what psychologists call “priming”. Basically, the cars were always there. You just didn’t recognize them consciously. However, when that certain model of car becomes part of your conscious thinking, you start “automatically” recognizing all of the other cars that are the same, because you are already “primed” to do so. The priming effect takes many forms. In one study, students were asked to walk around a room for 5 minutes at a rate of 30 steps per minute, which was about one-third their normal pace. After this brief experience, the participants were much quicker to recognize words related to old age, such as forgetful, old, and lonely. Reciprocal priming effects tend to produce a coherent reaction: if you are primed to think of old age, you would tend to act old, and acting old would reinforce the thought of old age. This research shows that the way we think influences the way we act, and the way we act influences the way we think. A similar conclusion was reached by the American psychologist William James a century ago, but he emphasized the effect on feeling. “Actions seem to follow feeling, but really actions and feeling go together; and by regulating the action, which is under the more direct control of the will, we can indirectly regulate the feeling, which is not. Thus the path to cheerfulness, should our cheerfulness be lost, is to sit up cheerfully and to act and speak as if cheerfulness were already there.” So, that’s it. If you want to be happy, just sit up and act happy. Based on these scientific findings, we can adopt certain priming effects to help make ourselves consistently happier. One thing we have in common is our ability to think, and thus feel. Pleasant thoughts have been proven to produce the chemicals that make us feel happy, particularly thoughts and feelings of gratitude. When we purposefully go through and think about the things we’re grateful for and deliberately feel as much gratitude as we can, we are flooding our mind with the “happy chemicals”. Furthermore, by consciously thinking, feeling and expressing gratitude, we will not only be happier in the moment, we will be “primed” to recognize the things in our life to appreciate. Each time this happens, the “happy chemicals” will be produced. Do this every day and we will become consistently happier. This makes up for the momentary happiness we gain from eating chocolate or buying new clothes. More than that, combining thoughts of gratitude with happy acts like smiling and laughing will have a supplementary positive effect on our state of mind. 80．Which of the following is an example of the priming effect? A．Walking much faster after attending a lecture about old age. B．Donating money to the poor after seeing pictures of cute cats. C．Learning about various types of cars after purchasing the first car. D．Completing SO_P as SOUP rather than SOAP after seeing the word EAT. 81．What does the underlined word “reciprocal” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Related. B．Two-way. C．Well-rounded. D．Opposite. 82．What will the author probably agree with? A．Eating or shopping leads to consistent feelings of happiness. B．Our will has greater control over emotions than over actions. C．Happy chemicals make us think about the things we’re grateful for. D．Practicing gratitude frequently prepares us for long-term happiness. 83．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Prime Yourself to Be Happier B．Share Happiness to Enhance Wellbeing C．Why Gratitude Is Important in Psychology D．How Happy Chemicals Affect People’s Thoughts / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解 说明文+议论文 主题01 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京中关村中学·期中） Look around during rush hour and you might spot many young people, especially girls, with their phones attached to colorful straps and slung across their bodies. Lately, phone straps have taken off as a trend, popping up in young people’s daily outfit videos on TikTok. The rise of this trend is due to practicality, as mobile phones have become an important part of daily life. Attaching your phone to a strap is a convenient way to free your hands for other tasks. Moreover, phone straps provide safety by always keeping phones within easy reach. “The ability to keep a phone close to the body and have both hands free can help give users greater peace of mind, especially in crowded public settings,” a spokesperson for Casetify, a phone strap seller, explained to The Guardian. Despite the many benefits of phone straps, journalist Ellie Muir recently argued in an article that, rather than being driven by our attachment to phones, the trend is “just a way to distract women from noticing the lack of pockets on their clothes”. In Muir’s view, “women’s clothes have rarely been designed for practicality.” They often have no pockets or feature pockets that are too small to hold a phone. Sharing Muir’s opinion, design expert Hannah Carlson believes that women’s fashion is designed for beauty while menswear is made to be functional. This reflects “old ideas about women’s place and about the more limited social and economic contributions they are expected to make,” Carlson told The New York Times. Many designers avoided sewing pockets into women’s clothes to preserve the line of a dress. By contrast, pockets are considered “a part of doing business in men’s wear”, Carlson added. Since women still needed to carry essentials, the lack of pockets in their clothes led to the rise of the handbag industry. According to Mur, “the phone strap is another accessory to reap the benefits of women’s lack of pockets.” While it may help go hands-free and add a layer of protection, there’s an often-overlooked and far more cost-effective solution: clothes with deep functional pockets. 1．What is the main reason for the popularity of phone straps? A．They are fashionable accessories. B．They are driven by social media trends. C．Girls are overly dependent on mobile phones. D．They provide convenience and a sense of security. 2．What does Ellie Muir think about the phone strap trend? A．It’s a creative way to personalize mobile phones. B．It highlights the shortcomings of women’s clothing. C．It encourages gender equality in fashion. D．It offers women a cost-effective solution. 3．According to Hannah Carlson, what does the design of women’s and men’s clothing reflect? A．Women’s clothing is more fashionable. B．Men’s clothing lacks variety in design. C．Women’s roles are considered secondary. D．Men’s economic status is overvalued. 4．What solution does Muir suggest? A．Buying smaller phones. B．Using larger handbags. C．Carrying fewer items. D．Redesigning women’s clothes. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【来源】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了手机挂绳在年轻人中流行的趋势，分析了其流行的原因，同时也指出了女性服装缺乏口袋的问题，并探讨了这一问题背后的社会观念。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The rise of this trend is due to practicality, as mobile phones have become an important part of daily life. Attaching your phone to a strap is a convenient way to free your hands for other tasks.(这种趋势的兴起是由于实用性，因为手机已经成为日常生活的重要组成部分。把手机挂在挂绳上是一种方便的方式，可以让你的手去做其他事情)”以及第三段中“Moreover, phone straps provide safety by always keeping phones within easy reach.(而且，手机挂绳能让手机始终在触手可及的地方，从而提供安全保障)”可知，手机挂绳流行的主要原因是它们提供了便利性和安全感。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“journalist Ellie Muir recently argued in an article that, rather than being driven by our attachment to phones, the trend is ‘just a way to distract women from noticing the lack of pockets on their clothes’.(记者Ellie Muir最近在一篇文章中认为，这种趋势并不是因为我们对手机的依恋，而只是“分散女性注意力，让她们不注意到衣服上缺乏口袋”)”可知，Ellie Muir认为手机挂绳的流行趋势凸显了女性服装的缺陷，即缺乏口袋。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Sharing Muir’s opinion, design expert Hannah Carlson believes that women’s fashion is designed for beauty while menswear is made to be functional. This reflects ‘old ideas about women’s place and about the more limited social and economic contributions they are expected to make’(设计专家Hannah Carlson同意Muir的观点，她认为女性时尚是为了美观而设计的，而男装则是为了实用。这反映了“关于女性地位以及她们被期望做出的更有限的社会和经济贡献的旧观念”)”可推知，Hannah Carlson认为男女服装设计上的差异反映了社会对女性角色的传统看法，即女性对社会和经济贡献有限，女性角色被视为次要的。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“According to Mur, “the phone strap is another accessory to reap the benefits of women’s lack of pockets.” While it may help go hands-free and add a layer of protection, there’s an often-overlooked and far more cost-effective solution: clothes with deep functional pockets.(据Muir所说，“手机挂绳是另一种从女性缺少口袋中获益的配饰。”虽然它可能有助于让手解放出来并增加一层保护，但有一个经常被忽视且更具成本效益的解决方案：有深口袋且实用的衣服。)”可知，Muir建议的解决方案是重新设计女性的衣服，增加实用性口袋。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京人大附中·期中） What a Messy Desk Says About You For some time, psychologists have been studying how personality traits affect health and health-related choices. Not surprisingly, they have found that people blessed with innate conscientiousness, meaning that they are organized and predictable, typically eat better and live longer than people who are disorderly. They also tend to have immaculate offices. What has been less clear is whether neat environments can produce good habits even in those who aren’t necessarily innately conscientious. To find out, researchers at the University of Minnesota conducted a series of experiments. In the first experiment, they randomly assigned a group of college-age students to spend time in two office spaces, one of which was very neat, the other wildly cluttered (乱堆) with papers and other work-related stuff. The students spent their time filling out questionnaires unrelated to the study. After 10 minutes, they were told they could leave with an apple or a chocolate bar. Those students who sat in the orderly office were twice as likely to choose the apple as those who sat among the mess. A second experiment, however, found that working in chaos has its advantages, too. In this one, college students were placed in a messy or a neat office and asked to dream up new uses for Ping-Pong balls. Those in messy spaces generated ideas that were significantly more creative, according to two independent judges, than those in offices where stacks of papers and other objects were neatly arranged. The results were something of a surprise, says Dr. Vohs, the leader of the study. Few previous studies found much virtue in disorder. The broken window theory, proposed decades ago, holds that even slight disorder and neglect can encourage indifference and poor discipline. But in the study by Dr. Vohs, disordered offices encouraged originality and a search for novelty. In the final portion of the study, adults were given the choice of adding a health “boost” to their lunchtime smoothie that was labeled either “new” or “classic.” The volunteers in the messy space were far more likely to choose the new one; those in the tidy office generally chose the classic version. “Disorderly environments seem to inspire breaking free of tradition,” Dr. Vohs and her co-authors conclude in the study, “which can produce fresh insights.” The implications of these findings are also practical. “My advice would be, if you need to think outside the box for a future project”, Dr. Vohs says, “then let the clutter rise and free your imagination. But if your primary goal is to eat well or to go to the gym, pick up around your office first. By doing this, the naturally messy can acquire some of the discipline of the conscientious.” 5．The underlined word “immaculate” in paragraph 1 probably means ______. A．messy B．tidy C．terrible D．comfortable 6．Which of the following can best explain the broken window theory? A．Chaos begets chaos. B．Misfortune may be an actual blessing. C．Bad news has wings. D．When a door shuts, a window opens. 7．Which of the following will Dr. Vohs probably agree with? A．More virtue exists in organized people. B．Creativity results from tidiness and discipline. C．Disorderly surroundings help to create new ideas. D．Workers’ good habits guarantee the success of a project. 8．What can we conclude from the study results? A．The naturally neat people tend to be very creative. B．A messy office will cause quite low working efficiency. C．Environments can affect people’s way of thinking and behavior. D．People’s personalities are determined by their working environments. 【答案】5．B 6．A 7．C 8．C 【来源】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究人类行为与环境相关的实验，实验结果表明无序混乱的环境可能更容易激发人们打破传统，产生新的见解。同时研究人员建议如果你需要在未来的项目中跳出框框思考，那就让杂乱的东西堆积起来，释放你的想象力。但如果你的主要目标是吃得好或去健身房，那就先在办公室里收拾一下。 5．词义猜测题。根据上文Not surprisingly, they have found that people blessed with innate conscientiousness, meaning that they are organized and predictable, typically eat better and live longer than people who are disorderly. They also tend to have…不出所料，他们发现，天生有自觉性的人，也就是有条理、可预测的人，通常比那些不守规矩的人吃得更好，活得更久。可推知天生有自觉性有条理的人，他们也更有倾向于拥有整洁的办公室。故划线单词意思为“整洁的”。故选B。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句The broken window theory, proposed decades ago, holds that even slight disorder and neglect can encourage indifference and poor discipline.（几十年前提出的“破窗理论”认为，即使是轻微的混乱和忽视也会助长冷漠和缺乏纪律。）可推知混乱产生混乱最能解释破窗理论。故选A。 7．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“Disorderly environments seem to inspire breaking free of tradition,” Dr. Vohs and her co-authors conclude in the study, “which can produce fresh insights.”（“无序的环境似乎激发了人们打破传统，”沃斯博士和她的合著者在研究中总结道，“这可以产生新的见解。”）可推知沃斯博士可能会同意杂乱的环境有助于创造新想法。故选C。 8．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“My advice would be, if you need to think outside the box for a future project”, Dr. Vohs says, “then let the clutter rise and free your imagination. But if your primary goal is to eat well or to go to the gym, pick up around your office first. By doing this, the naturally messy can acquire some of the discipline of the conscientious.”（沃斯博士说:“我的建议是，如果你需要在未来的项目中跳出框框思考，那就让杂乱的东西堆积起来，释放你的想象力。”但如果你的主要目标是吃得好或去健身房，那就先在办公室里收拾一下。通过这样做，天生邋遢的人可以获得一些自觉的纪律。”）可推知我们能从研究结果中得出结论，环境可以影响人们的思维方式和行为方式。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高一上·北京通州区·期中） Holidays are really important. Many of us will have childhood memories of summer holidays where we were taken away from home to experience new environments and learn indifferent ways. But holidays are expensive and, for those on low wages (工资), they are often unobtainable. Even the cheapest holidays require travel and other additional costs that are difficult for many families to meet. For working parents, the long summer break can be a very difficult problem for childcare. When an annual (每年的) leave allowance amounts to only five weeks, there is a need to spread this across the year. Couples can find themselves taking leave in tum in order to care for children who are on holiday. For some, this makes even an affordable family holiday difficult. The schools that I visit in Nottingham are full of experienced staff (员工) committed (致力于) to giving our children a caring and inspiring (激励的) learning environment. The number of children receiving free school meals is quite large in Nottingham and many schools have breakfast clubs to make sure that children get a healthy start to the day. Most schools undertake programs of group or individual educational support. Schools also have an important role in safeguarding children’s welfare (安康) through the ongoing touch and support with their pupils. During the long summer holidays, much of this is missed. While teachers are holidaying in the UK, many of their pupils spend the whole six weeks on the street where they live. The lack of free school meals for six weeks can result in pressure (压力) on a family budget (预算) and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning. In setting out its plans for a five-term year, Nottingham City Council (委员会) is trying to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks, with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks, each followed by a two-week break. We believe this will give real “down time” for school staff and pupils alike but will be short enough not to cause a real break in learning. We acknowledge (承认) that this change may be difficult for some school staff, particularly whose own children are educated in other authorities. However, this must be weighed against the benefits for city children for whom we all have the greatest duty of care. 9．The passage is probably written by_______. A．a working parent B．an experienced teacher C．a city council member D．an excellent student 10．It is suggested in the passage that the summer break be reduced to _______. A．six weeks B．five weeks C．4.5 weeks D．2 weeks 11．The plans for a shorter summer holiday will help students _________. A．benefit more from the caring and inspiring learning environment B．get a chance to spend six weeks of term with teachers in school C．have more school days to receive free school meals D．get the cheapest holidays without additional costs 12．It can be inferred from the passage that __________. A．the long summer holiday gives teachers and students real “down time” B．some school staff will say “No” to the plans for a shorter summer holiday C．working parents can enjoy a five-week break to care for their children D．the suggested plans for a five-term school year cannot be carried out 【答案】9．C 10．C 11．A 12．B 【来源】【导语】这是一篇议论文。假期使我们放松并去一些地方去游玩，使我们释放压力，但是对于一些低收入家庭或靠救济而过活的家庭来说会造成经济负担，本文提倡在不影响学生学习的前提下减少学校教职工的假期时间。 9． 推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的“In setting out its plans for a five-term year, Nottingham City Council (委员会) is trying to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks, with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks, each followed by a two-week break.(在制定五年的计划时，诺丁汉市议会正试图将暑假减少到四个半周，五个学期更为均衡，约为八周，每个学期之后有两个星期的休息时间)”可知，关于放假的问题是Nottingham City Council探讨的事情，根据下文人称We为第一人称，判断出这篇文章应该是一名城市议会成员写的。故选C。 10．细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“In setting out its plans for a five-term year, Nottingham City Council (委员会) is trying to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks, with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks, each followed by a two-week break.(在制定五年的计划时，诺丁汉市议会正试图将暑假减少到四个半周，五个学期更为均衡，约为八周，每个学期之后有两个星期的休息时间)”可知，建议将假期缩短至4.5周。故选C。 11．推理判断题。由倒数第三段中的“The lack of free school meals for six weeks can result in pressure(压力) on a family budget (预算) and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning.(连续六周没有免费的学校午餐可能会给家庭预算带来压力，使他们无法负担那些有助于孩子们继续学习的宝贵经历)”可知，缺乏免费的六周学校餐，可能会导致家庭预算的压力和无力提供帮助孩子们继续学习的环境，所以缩短暑假的计划将帮助学生从关爱和激励的学习环境中获益更多。故选A。 12．推理判断题。由最后一段中的“We acknowledge (承认) that this change may be difficult for some school staff, particularly whose own children are educated in other authorities.(我们承认，这一变化对一些学校的工作人员来说可能是困难的，特别是他们自己的孩子在其他机关接受教育)”可知，这一变化对一些学校的工作人员来说可能是困难的，他们对于对缩短暑假的计划会说“不”。故选B。 主题02 人与自我——学校生活 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京通州区·期中） A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform (表现) better on exams than those who use laptops (笔记本电脑). Students are increasingly using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility (清晰度). But the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts (概念) they have been taught. Researchers did experiment that aimed (旨在) to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to make notes mindlessly by taking down word for word what the professor said. In the first experiment, students were given either a laptop or pen and paper. They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills. Thirty minutes after the talk, they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts. The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand. However, the typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts. Both groups scored similarly when it came to memorizing facts. The researchers’ report said, “While more notes are beneficial (有益的), if the notes are taken mindlessly, as is more likely the case on a laptop, the benefit disappears.” In another experiment aimed at testing long-term memory, students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture. This time, the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the exam. These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to better revision in the future. 13．More and more students prefer laptops for note-taking because they can _______. A．understand lectures better B．get higher scores C．apply concepts better D．write more notes 14．The writer of the passage aims to _________. A．encourage the use of laptops B．explain the strategies of taking notes C．stress the benefits of taking those by hand D．examine the importance of long-term memory 15．The passage is likely to appear in __________. A．a computer textbook B．a science magazine C．a travel brochure D．a book review 【答案】13．D 14．C 15．B 【来源】【导语】这是一篇说明文，一项新的研究显示，那些在课堂上手写笔记的学生比那些使用笔记本电脑的学生在考试中表现得更好。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Students are increasingly using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility (清晰度).(学生们越来越多地使用笔记本电脑做笔记，因为它速度快、字迹清晰)”可知，使用笔记本记笔记速度快，因此能记更多笔记，故选D。 14．推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段“These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to better revision in the future.(这两个实验表明，手写笔记不仅有利于即时学习和理解，而且有助于日后更好地复习)”可知，文章通过两个实验说明了手写笔记的好处，故本文目的是强调手写笔记的好处，故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合第一段“A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform (表现) better on exams than those who use laptops (笔记本电脑).(一项新的研究表明，在课堂上手写笔记的学生在考试中的表现比使用笔记本电脑的学生要好)”可知，文章讲述两个实验研究了使用笔记本记笔记的优劣，属于科学研究类的短文。最可能是在科学杂志里出现。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京育才学校·期中） Freshman year of high school is a big transition (过渡) for any student. Luckily, you’re not the only person going through this, and plenty of others have made the transition before you too. One of the ways in which high school is different from middle school or junior high the most is the higher expectations. You’ll find that you’re expected to keep closer track of your own schedule and responsibilities with fewer people checking up on you. At the same time, your classes are likely to become more challenging, and you might be participating in new school activities as well. Some students find it hard to keep up with everything at first, which is totally normal. One way to prepare in advance for these higher expectations is to make sure that you have organized schedules in place before you start high school. Another important skill for meeting these higher expectations is building a strong support network. No matter how strong a student you are, at some point you will need some help. Keeping healthy relationships with your friends and teachers is a great way to make sure that you have people who are willing to help when you need them. Try to get to know at least some of your teachers beyond your classroom communication. Be an active learner during class and stay after class to ask questions. Take advantage of email or class messaging systems. The better your teachers know you, the better prepared they’ll be to help when you need them. It’s important for you to keep in mind as you start high school that no one is perfect. Transitions are hard for everyone, and starting high school is a big transition. These challenges provide a great chance to reinvent (重塑) yourself. 16．In the author’s view, the biggest difference between high school and middle school is ________. A．different relationships B．the higher pressure C．high academic achievement D．the higher expectations 17．Which of the following suggestion is not mentioned in the text? A．Careful schedules. B．Healthy relationships. C．Reinventing yourself. D．Using network information. 18．Who is the article written for? A．Students in junior school. B．Teachers in high school. C．Parents of high school students. D．Students in senior high school. 19．What is the best title for the text? A．How to Get Through the Transition of Freshman Year of High School B．How to Become an Active Learner in High School C．What to Prepare to Keep up with Everything in High School D．How to Meet Your Teacher’s High Expectations 【答案】16．D 17．C 18．D 19．A 【来源】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述了高一时期对任何新生来说都是一个很大的转变，然后介绍了初中和高中的不同并对新的高中生活提出建议。文章旨在引导高一新生积极适应新环境，并且掌握正确有效的学习方法。 16．细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“One of the ways in which high school is different from middle school or junior high the most is the higher expectations. (高中与初中最不同的一个方面是更高的期望。)”可知，高中与初中最大的不同就是被给予的期望更高。故选D项。 17．细节理解题。根据文章第四段第二句中的“One way to prepare in advance for these higher expectations is to make sure that you have organized schedules in place before you start high school.(提前为这些更高的期望做好准备的一种方法是确保在开始高中之前，你已经安排好了时间表。)”可知，高一新生需要有序地安排日程表，可排除A项；第五段第三句中的“Keeping healthy relationships with your friends and teachers is a great way to make sure that you have people who are willing to help when you need them.(与朋友和老师保持健康的关系是确保你有愿意在需要时提供帮助的人的好方法。)”说明要和朋友、老师保持健康的关系，排除B项；由第六段第三句“Take advantage of email or class messaging systems.(利用电子邮件或课堂信息系统)”可知，学生可以利用电子邮件或课堂信息系统，排除D项。根据最后一段最后一句“These challenges provide a great chance to reinvent (重塑) yourself.(这些挑战为重塑自我提供了绝佳的机会。)”可知，我们有机会重塑自己，与建议无关。故选C项。 18．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It’s important for you to keep in mind as you start high school that no one is perfect. Transitions are hard for everyone, and starting high school is a big transition. These challenges provide a great chance to reinvent (重塑)yourself.(当你开始上高中时，重要的是要记住没有人是完美的。转变对每个人来说都很难，开始高中生活是一个巨大的转变。这些挑战提供了一个重塑自我的好机会)”可知，本文是写给刚刚开始上高中的高一学生的。故选D项。 19．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别由文章第一段“Freshman year of high school is a big transition (过渡) for any student.(高中一年级对任何学生来说都是一个巨大的转变)”可知，高中一年级对任何学生来说都是一个巨大的转变，而下文接着介绍了如何应对这一转变。由此可知，How to Get Through the Transition of Freshman Year of High School(如何度过高中一年级的过渡期)适合作本文最佳标题。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高一上·北京中关村中学·期中） High school freshmen always have a lot of questions on their minds. "What can I do when I grow up?" is one of them. It's definitely not too early to start thinking about his tough question. The following tips may help equip you for your future career. Think beyond grades Getting good grades in high school is important, but focusing only on straight A's could go wrong. Spending too much time on your schoolwork will leave you little time to explore opportunities outside of the classroom. Extracurricular activities are necessary because they serve as a form of career exploration. They can help you figure out your work preferences, like whether you are a "people person" or prefer to work alone. Nowadays, most well-known colleges care about candidates' experiences as much as their grades. Seek advice from grown-ups Talk to your parents, teachers and school counselors about how they started their careers. Even though you're interested in the careers they are in, it would be useful to learn about the process which got them where they are now. If you find your friend's mother doing a worthwhile job by chance, ask her if job shadowing is possible in her company during vacation. After all, seeing a typical day in the position you have an interest in can be an invaluable experience. Start your search online If you really have no idea what you can do when you grow up, take online career quizzes to get ideas about what professions naturally match your skills, interests and personality traits. For the time being, you just need to focus on finding a field or two that interests you, rather than a specific career. Chances are you'll change your mind several times before finding a career that you want to stick to. Starting to explore career options now can at least help you decide what your potential major might be. 20．Spending some time taking part in after-school activities can help high school students ________. A．get A's in all subjects B．explore their work preferences C．have access to prestigious universities D．get along with their classmates 21．Grown-ups may help high school students by _________. A．starting a business with them B．teaching them occupational skills C．sharing their career paths with them D．providing an opportunity for job shadowing 22．It is suggested that high school students find out their _______ from online career quizzes. A．possible professions B．main disadvantages C．specific occupations D．ideal majors 23．This article was probably written by a __________. A．college professor B．school counselor C．advertising manager D．computer programmer 【答案】20．B 21．C 22．A 23．B 【来源】【分析】这是一篇说明文。高中生总是问关于“我长大了能做什么”的问题，文章主要就高中生如何为将来的职业做好准备提出了一些建议。 20．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Extracurricular activities are necessary because they serve as a form of career exploration. They can help you figure out your work preferences, like whether you are a ‘people person’ or prefer to work alone.(课外活动是必要的，因为它们作为了一种职业探索的形式。它们可以帮你弄清楚你的工作偏好，比如你是一个‘善于交际的人’还是更喜欢一个人工作)”可知，花些时间参加课外活动可以帮助高中生探索他们的工作偏好。故选B。 21．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Talk to your parents, teachers and school counselors about how they started their careers. Even though you're interested in the careers they are in, it would be useful to learn about the process which got them where they are now. If you find your friend's mother doing a worthwhile job by chance, ask her if job shadowing is possible in her company during vacation.(和你的父母、老师和学校辅导员谈谈他们是如何开始他们的职业生涯的。即使你对他们的职业感兴趣，了解一下他们是如何走到今天这一步的也是很有用的。如果你偶然发现你朋友的母亲在做一份很值得做的工作，问问她是否可以在假期里在她的公司里去实习)”可知，成年人可以通过与高中生分享他们的职业道路来帮助他们。故选C。 22．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“If you really have no idea what you can do when you grow up, take online career quizzes to get ideas about what professions naturally match your skills, interests and personality traits.(如果你真的不知道长大后自己能做什么，那就做一些在线职业测试，了解哪些职业与你的技能、兴趣和个性特征自然匹配)”可知，文章建议高中生从网上职业测试中找到他们可能从事的职业。故选A。 23．推理判断题。根据第一段“High school freshmen always have a lot of questions on their minds. ‘What can I do when I grow up?’ is one of them. It's definitely not too early to start thinking about his tough question. The following tips may help equip you for your future career.(高中新生的脑子里总是有很多问题。‘我长大了能做什么？’就是其中之一。现在开始思考这个棘手的问题并不太早。下面的建议可以帮助你为将来的职业做好准备)”结合文章主要就高中生如何为将来的职业做好准备提出了一些建议。结合选项可推知，这篇文章可能是学校辅导员写的。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高一上·北京丰台区·期中） It’s always exciting to receive a letter in the mail. Even today, when the world is digitally connected, receiving an actual letter in your mailbox from a distant land is a great way for children to make new friends. The Peaceful Pen Pals Project is a beautiful project that blends together global connection and self-expression. The project is part of the nonprofit Kids for Peace, founded by Jill McManigal and Danielle Gram in California in 2006. It is open to all children, ages two through seventeen. To date, there are 1,500 children from 17 countries participating in the program according to the organization. Currently, all letters are written in English. When children sign up, they can select if they would rather be matched with a USA Peaceful Pen Pal or an international one. Each child is then matched to a pen pal of similar age. This establishes a point of connection quickly for the children and facilitates (促进) a stronger bond. If the letter writers are in the same grade, they can chat about school, their teachers, and what they are studying. They can also compare what different states or countries learn about and how the atmosphere of the classroom are, whether socially or academically. Children may also be more likely to write about problems they are having if they feel like they are speaking to a peer in a similar situation. Although pen pals may live in different countries, they may find common ground. The writer lists their favorite activities to do outside, plus what they like best and least about school. This gives the writer an opportunity to express and receive advice or feedback (反馈) from the pen pal. “Hearing first-hand stories from an international pen pal can encourage teens to take someone else’s viewpoint and to think outside of themselves,” writes Rebecca Fraser-Thill on Very Well Family. “Having a foreign pen pal can also encourage interest in geography, history and culture.” 24．What can we know about the Peaceful Pen Pals Project? A．It helps strengthen links between kids. B．It is aimed at improving children’s English. C．It encourages children to help people in need. D．It is created for teenagers to take online lessons. 25．What is Paragraph 3 mainly talking about? A．The necessity of discussion in study. B．The approaches to making new friends. C．The purpose of the Peaceful Pen Pals Project. D．The benefits of having friends of similar ages. 26．What is Rebecca Fraser-Thill’s attitude towards the project? A．Careful. B．Supportive. C．Uninterested. D．Disappointed. 27．What is the best title of this text? A．Writing Enriches Kids’ Life B．Friendship Teaches Kids a Lesson C．The Pen Pal Project Connects Kids D．Communication Skills Better the World 【答案】24．A 25．D 26．B 27．C 【来源】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个名为The Peaceful Pen Pals Project的项目，这个项目把孩子们连接在一起。 24．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The Peaceful Pen Pals Project is a beautiful project that blends together global connection and self-expression.(和平笔友计划是一个美丽的计划，融合了全球联系和自我表达。)”和第二段“It is open to all children, ages two through seventeen. To date, there are 1,500 children from 17 countries participating in the program according to the organization. Currently, all letters are written in English.(它对所有2到17岁的孩子开放。据该组织称，迄今为止，已有来自17个国家的1500名儿童参加了该项目。目前，所有信件都是用英文写的。)”可知，该项目有助于加强孩子们之间的联系。故选A。 25．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Each child is then matched to a pen pal of similar age. This establishes a point of connection quickly for the children and facilitates(促进) a stronger bond. If the letter writers are in the same grade, they can chat about school, their teachers, and what they are studying. They can also compare what different states or countries learn about and how the atmosphere of the classroom are, whether socially or academically. Children may also be more likely to write about problems they are having if they feel like they are speaking to a peer in a similar situation. (然后，每个孩子都被配上一个年龄相仿的笔友。这为孩子们迅速建立了一个连接点，促进了更牢固的联系。如果写信人是同一年级的，他们可以聊聊学校，他们的老师，他们正在学习什么。他们还可以比较不同的州或国家学习的内容，以及课堂氛围，无论是社交还是学术。如果孩子们觉得自己是在和一个处境相似的同龄人交谈，他们也更有可能写下自己遇到的问题。)”可知，第三段主要介绍了拥有同龄朋友的好处。故选D。 26．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““Hearing first-hand stories from an international pen pal can encourage teens to take someone else’s viewpoint and to think outside of themselves,” writes Rebecca Fraser-Thill on Very Well Family. “Having a foreign pen pal can also encourage interest in geography, history and culture.”(丽贝卡·弗雷泽-希尔在Very Well Family网站中写道:“从国际笔友那里听到第一手的故事可以鼓励青少年接受别人的观点，跳出自己的思维。”“有一个外国笔友还可以激发人们对地理、历史和文化的兴趣。”)”可知，Rebecca认为拥有外国笔友可以让孩子了解更多有关地理、政治、以及历史的内容，开阔了孩子的视野，由此可知，Rebecca对于这个项目是支持的。故选B。 27．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“The Peaceful Pen Pals Project is a beautiful project that blends together global connection and self-expression.(和平笔友计划是一个美丽的计划，融合了全球联系和自我表达。)”可知，文章介绍了一个名为The Peaceful Pen Pals Project的项目，这个项目把孩子们连接在一起。所以用C项“The Pen Pal Project Connects Kids”作为本文的题目与文章的主题项符合。故选C。 主题03 人与自我——健康 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京西城外国语·期中） For decades, common wisdom held that how much we eat and exercise determines our weight. As researchers learned more about the human body, they discovered that what people eat plays an important role in weight gain and loss. This led to a wide range of dietary recommendations. Don’t eat fats. Avoid sugars. Eat protein at every meal. Now researchers are discovering another factor that influences health and weight gain—when we eat. A growing body of evidence finds that the time of day when we consume calories affects weight gain and overall health. The most recent study to support this idea was published this summer in the “Journal of Nutrition”. Data from the study came from broad questionnaires that explore the links between lifestyle, diet and disease. Researchers found that participants who ate three meals a day and snacked between meals tended to gain weight over time, while those who ate one or two meals a day tended to lose weight. What’s more, participants who made breakfast their largest meal were less likely to be overweight compared to those who ate their largest meal at lunch or dinner. Those who ate breakfast were more likely to be a healthy weight compared to those who skipped breakfast. The evidence on the benefits of having a big breakfast is strong enough that the American Heart Association has announced a statement that planning and timing meals and snacks is a healthier way of eating, and likely reduces the risk factors for heart disease. The statement stressed that eating breakfast is helpful in preventing diabetes. “Meal timing may affect health due to its effect on the body’s internal clock,” said Marie Pierre St-Onge, Ph.D．, an associate professor of nutritional medicine at Columbia University in New York City. She also explained that planning meals and snacks can help prevent emotional eating. “Many people find that emotions can cause desire to eat when they are not hungry, which often leads to eating too many calories from foods that have low nutritional value,” she said. The take-home message here is pretty clear. Breakfast truly may be the most important meal of the day. Consuming more calories in the morning and fewer as the day goes on is an effective way to keep a healthy weight. 28．The first paragraph suggests that _______. A．exercise makes us healthy and eat more B．if we don’t eat sugars, we will lose weight C．we should avoid eating protein at every meal D．dietary habits are closely related to our weight 29．Researchers found that_________. A．having breakfast can cure diabetes B．meal times may have an effect on health C．snacking may reduce the risk of heart diseases D．eating habits can cure your emotional problems 30．What do the underlined words “take-home message” in the last paragraph mean? A．Conclusion. B．Decision. C．Conversation. D．Information. 31．The writer of the passage aims to ________. A．examine the history of breakfast development B．stress the benefit of eating dinner and snacks C．explain the importance of breakfast D．promote the idea of healthy food 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．A 31．C 【来源】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了饮食习惯与我们的体重密切相关，现在，研究人员正在发现另一个影响健康和体重增加的因素——我们吃东西的时候。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究发现早餐是一天中最重要的一餐。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段“For decades, common wisdom held that how much we eat and exercise determines our weight. As researchers learned more about the human body, they discovered that what people eat plays an important role in weight gain and loss. This led to a wide range of dietary recommendations. Don’t eat fats. Avoid sugars. Eat protein at every meal. (几十年来，人们普遍认为，我们的饮食和锻炼决定了我们的体重。随着研究人员对人体的了解越来越多，他们发现人们的饮食对体重的增加和减少起着重要的作用。这导致了广泛的饮食建议。不要吃脂肪。避免糖。每餐都吃蛋白质)”可推知，第一段表明饮食习惯与我们的体重密切相关。故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Researchers found that participants who ate three meals a day and snacked between meals tended to gain weight over time, while those who ate one or two meals a day tended to lose weight.(研究人员发现，每天吃三餐、两餐之间吃零食的参与者随着时间的推移，体重往往会增加，而那些每天吃一餐或两餐的人往往会减肥)”可知，研究人员发现吃饭次数可能对健康有影响。故选B。 30．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“Breakfast truly may be the most important meal of the day. Consuming more calories in the morning and fewer as the day goes on is an effective way to keep a healthy weight.”可知，早餐可能是一天中最重要的一餐，早上摄入更多的卡路里，随着时间的推移摄入更少的卡路里是保持健康体重的有效方法，这些是研究最后得出的“结论”。故画线词意思是“结论”。故选A。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Breakfast truly may be the most important meal of the day. Consuming more calories in the morning and fewer as the day goes on is an effective way to keep a healthy weight.(早餐可能是一天中最重要的一餐。早上摄入更多的卡路里，随着时间的推移摄入更少的卡路里是保持健康体重的有效方法)”结合文章主要说明了饮食习惯与我们的体重密切相关，现在，研究人员正在发现另一个影响健康和体重增加的因素——我们吃东西的时候。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究发现早餐是一天中最重要的一餐。可推知，这篇文章的作者旨在解释早餐的重要性。故选C。 Passage 2 Alzheimer's AI （24-25学年高一上·北京交大附中·期中） An estimated 5.7 million people in the U.S. have Alzheimer's disease-the most common type of dementia(痴呆）－and that number is expected to more than double by 2050. Early diagnosis is crucial for patients to benefit from the few therapies available. But no scans can deliver a conclusive diagnosis while a person is alive; instead doctors have to conduct numerous and complicated clinical and neuropsychological tests.So there is growing interest in developing artificial intelligence to identify Alzheimer's based on brain imaging. Researchers at the University of California,San Francisco, have now successfully trained an AI algorithm(算法）to recognize one of the early signs of Alzheimer's-a reduction in the brain's glucose（葡萄糖）consumption-in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The algorithm accurately predicted an eventual Alzheimer's diagnosis in nearly all the test cases, according to the study. In PET imaging, a very small amount of a radioactive compound are injected into the body, producing three-dimensional images of metabolism(新陈代谢）,circulation and other cellular activities. PET is well suited for an AI diagnostic tool because Alzheimer's leads to subtle changes in the brain's metabolism that begin years before neural(神经的） tissue starts to go downhill, says study co-author Jae Ho Sohn,a radiologist at UCSF. These changes are "very hard for radiologists to pick up,"he notes. The algorithm was trained and tested on 2,100 PET brain images from about 1,000 people 55 years and older. The images came from a 12-year study that tracked people who would ultimately be diagnosed with Alzheimer's, as well as those with mild memory declines and healthy control participants. The algorithm was trained on 90 percent of the data and tested on the remaining 10 percent. It was then retested on a second, independent data set from 40 patients monitored for 10 years. The algorithm was highly sensitive and was able to recognize 81 percent of the patients in the first test group and 100 percent in the second who would be diagnosed with Alzheimer's six years later, on average. The findings were published in February in Radiology. The algorithm is based on "deep learning ,a machine-learning technique that uses artificial neural networks programmed to learn from examples. "This is one of the first promising,preliminary(初步的） applications of deep learning to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's," says Christian Salvatore, a physicist at Italy's National Research Council, who was not involved in the study. “The model performs very well when identifying patients with mild or late diagnoses", he says, “but catching it in the earliest stages remains one of the most critical open issues in this field." 32．People are increasingly interested in using AI to identify Alzheimer's because______ A．the number of people suffering from dementia is more than doubling B．diagnostic methods that are both reliable and convenient are in need C．there are only a limited number of effective therapies for the patients D．diagnosing Alzheimer's disease through AI is still an unexplored area 33．What can we learn about PET imaging? A．It recognizes the worsening of the neural tissue. B．It reduces the glucose consumption in the brain. C．It changes the pattern of the brain's metabolism. D．It photographs various kinds of cellular activities. 34．According to Paragraph 4,_________. A．90% of the people in the study were trained on the algorithm B．the participants in the study consist of people both young and old C．81% of the people in the first test group were diagnosed with Alzheimer's D．the algorithm managed to recognize all the patients in the second test group 35．What can be inferred from Paragraph 5? A．The algorithm serves as a promising treatment of Alzheimer's. B．Deep learning has been widely applied in diagnosing Alzheimer's. C．To detect Alzheimer's in its earliest stages calls for more exploration. D．Whether to use the model to detect Alzheimer's remains a critical issue. 【答案】32．B 33．D 34．D 35．C 【来源】【分析】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了利用人工智能诊断老年痴呆症，能够较早确诊。 32．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Early diagnosis is crucial for patients to benefit from the few therapies available. But no scans can deliver a conclusive diagnosis while a person is alive; instead doctors have to conduct numerous and complicated clinical and neuropsychological tests.So there is growing interest in developing artificial intelligence to identify Alzheimer's based on brain imaging.( 早期诊断对于患者是至关重要的，为了从可用的少数疗法中受益。但是，在一个人还活着的时候，没有任何扫描可以提供决定性的诊断；相反，医生必须进行大量复杂的临床和神经心理学测试。因此，人们越来越有兴趣开发人工智能来识别基于大脑成像的阿尔茨海默病。)”可推断，人们越来越有兴趣使用人工智能来识别阿尔茨海默病是因为需要即可靠又方便的诊断方法，故选B。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段的“In PET imaging, a very small amount of a radioactive compound are injected into the body, producing three-dimensional images of metabolism(新陈代谢）,circulation and other cellular activities.( 在PET成像中，很少的放射性化合物被注入体内, 产生新陈代谢的、循环的和其他细胞活动的三维图像)”可知，PET影像拍摄各种细胞活动。故选D。 34．细节理解题。根据第四段的“The algorithm was highly sensitive and was able to recognize 81 percent of the patients in the first test group and 100 percent in the second who would be diagnosed with Alzheimer's six years later, on average.( 该算法高度敏感，平均来说，成功识别了第一试验组81%的患者,六年后，识别了第二实验组100%的患者)”可知，该算法成功地识别了第二试验组的所有患者。故选D。 35．推理判断题。根据第五段的“but catching it in the earliest stages remains one of the most critical open issues in this field.( 在早期阶段识别它仍然是这一领域最关键的未决定的问题之一。)”可知，要在最早的阶段发现阿尔茨海默病，需要更多的探索。故选C。 主题01 人与社会——体育 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京交大附中·期中） Olympic athletes pour everything into training for the Games, routinely pushing their physical and mental bounds to the limit — and beyond — for a shot at a gold medal. But getting into shape for what comes after the closing ceremony can be equally crucial, especially if the end of the Games also means the end of professional competition. Team USA rower Kate Knighton, a first-time Olympian at the 2024 Summer Games in Paris, understands the mental stress that a sudden exit from the highest levels of competitive life can bring. In 2022 she experienced a near career-ending spine (脊椎) injury. Many studies have found that top athletes — professional, college and Olympic — often face a range of short- and long-term mental health issues, including exhaustion, eating issues, anxiety and depression. Emotions are heightened by the nature of the event itself. The Olympics is a massive cultural event — a combination of global public attention, financial investment and media coverage. New international celebrities are created, and some competitors’ reputations are ruined during various complaints. Athletes are under the pressure of representing their country and winning medals in front of worldwide audience. “But then all of that publicity and intensity around being an Olympian falls off very quickly,” says Cogan, a lead sport psychologist. Painful decisions can follow: Do I want to keep competing? Should I pursue a completely different direction or occupation? Such questions can be even more anxiety-causing if athletes have injuries and need surgery or recovery, Cogan says. It’s more about making a map of how to get to a destination. Once you get there, it’s like, “Now what?” A 2023 paper explained the identity crises athletes face as a result of overfocus on performance, leaving their non-sporting personalities underdeveloped. In a 2018 paper, Howells wrote that athletes with a greater “myopic” focus are more at risk of the “blues”. “It is common for top competitors to have this very high athletic identity,” says Howells. “They’ve sacrificed (牺牲) every other aspect of their identity for the purpose of being an Olympian. They seem unable to realize that their actions might have negative consequences in the future.” Efforts to minimize this mindset have helped some athletes to open up more about their mental health. Experts advise Olympians to start conversations about mental health support well before the Games begin. Olympians should also discuss mental health monitoring strategies before, during and after the Games. Athletes and experts say the sporting industry has, in the last decade, been promoting better work-life balance outside of the game, which they think is the key to approaching the issue. Briana, a soccer goalkeeper, says that her team and coaches actively encourage spending quality time with families and significant others, as well as finding hobbies that feel joyful and rewarding. 36．What is the main cause for Olympic athletes’ mental breakdown? A．A sense of loss. B．The media coverage. C．The audience’s attention. D．The pressure of competition. 37．What does the underlined word  “myopic” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．improper. B．short-sighted. C．imbalanced. D．narrow-minded. 38．What might be a fundamental solution to the athletes’ identity crisis? A．Adopting mental health monitoring strategics. B．Discussing their problems openly and publicly. C．Developing a sense of identity beyond the sport. D．Adjusting their mindset of sacrificing themselves. 39．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Olympic Athletes Suffering from Stress B．From Bad to Worse: Athletes’ Well-being C．Athletes Adapting to Post-Olympic Period D．From Hero to Zero: the Post-Olympic Blues 【答案】36．A 37．B 38．C 39．D 【来源】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讨论了奥运运动员在赛事结束后可能面临的心理健康问题，以及他们在追求运动生涯的过程中可能经历的身份危机。文章还提出了一些可能的解决方案。 36．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“‘But then all of that publicity and intensity around being an Olympian falls off very quickly,’ says Cogan, a lead sport psychologist. It’s more about making a map of how to get to a destination. Once you get there, it’s like, ‘Now what?’(“但是，作为一名奥运选手所受到的关注和压力很快就会消失，”首席运动心理学家科根说。这更像是绘制一张如何到达目的地的地图。一旦你到达那里，就会想，‘接下来呢？’)”可知，奥运运动员精神崩溃的主要原因是失落感。故选A。 37．词句猜测题。根据第三段“A 2023 paper explained the identity crises athletes face as a result of overfocus on performance, leaving their non-sporting personalities underdeveloped. In a 2018 paper, Howells wrote that athletes with a greater “myopic” focus are more at risk of the “blues”.(2023年的一篇论文解释了运动员由于过度关注表现而面临的身份危机，导致他们的非运动人格未能充分发展。2018年，豪威尔斯在一篇论文中写道，具有更强“myopic”的运动员更容易陷入“忧郁”)”及划线词后面的“They’ve sacrificed (牺牲) every other aspect of their identity for the purpose of being an Olympian. They seem unable to realize that their actions might have negative consequences in the future.(为了成为一名奥运选手，他们牺牲了自己身份的所有其他方面。他们似乎没有意识到他们的行为可能会在未来产生负面影响)”可推知，豪威尔斯在2018年的一篇论文中写道，“目光短浅的”程度更高的运动员患“忧郁”的风险更大，所以myopic意为“目光短浅的”。故选B。 38．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Athletes and experts say the sporting industry has, in the last decade, been promoting better work-life balance outside of the game, which they think is the key to approaching the issue. Briana, a soccer goalkeeper, says that her team and coaches actively encourage spending quality time with families and significant others, as well as finding hobbies that feel joyful and rewarding.(运动员和专家说，在过去的十年里，体育产业一直在推动在比赛之外更好地平衡工作和生活，他们认为这是解决这个问题的关键。布里安娜是一名足球守门员，她说她的团队和教练积极鼓励与家人和重要的人共度美好时光，并找到让人感到快乐和有意义的爱好)”可知，解决运动员身份危机的根本办法是在运动之外培养一种认同感。故选C。 39．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Athletes are under the pressure of representing their country and winning medals in front of worldwide audience.‘But then all of that publicity and intensity around being an Olympian falls off very quickly,’ says Cogan, a lead sport psychologist. It’s more about making a map of how to get to a destination. Once you get there, it’s like, ‘Now what?’(运动员面临着在全世界观众面前代表国家并赢得奖牌的压力。“但是，作为一名奥运选手所受到的关注和压力很快就会消失，”首席运动心理学家科根说。这更像是绘制一张如何到达目的地的地图。一旦你到达那里，就会想，‘接下来呢？’)”及全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了备受瞩目的奥运会运动员在赛事结束后对自己的身份认同感到迷失，感到忧郁，所以D“From Hero to Zero: the Post-Olympic Blues(从英雄到归零：后奥运时期的忧郁)”适合做最佳标题。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京八一学校·期中） As college sports continue to be hugely popular and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) brings in large amounts of money, people have restarted the debate on whether college athletes should get paid. Supporters of the idea believe that, because college athletes are bringing in audiences, they should receive some sort of compensation (补偿). In fact, the NCAA brings in about $1 billion income a year, but college athletes don’t receive any of that money in the form of a paycheck. Additionally, people who believe college athletes should be paid state that paying college athletes will actually encourage them to remain in college longer and not turn professionals as quickly, either by giving them a way to begin earning money in college or requiring them to sign a contract (合同) saying they’ll stay at the university for a certain number of years while making an agreed-upon salary. People who argue against the idea of paying college athletes believe the practice could be disastrous for college sports. Paying athletes would turn college sports into a bidding (竞拍) war, where only the richest schools could afford top athletes, and most schools would be shut out from developing a talented team. It could also harm the camaraderie within many college teams if players become unhappy that certain teammates are making more money than they are. Those against paying college athletes also believe that the athletes are receiving enough benefits already. The top athletes receive scholarships that are worth tens of thousands per year. They receive free food and textbooks, get travel bonuses and free equipment, and can use their time in college as a way to attract the attention of professional coaches. No other college students receive anywhere near as much from their schools. While both sides have good points, it’s clear that the negatives of paying college athletes far outweigh the positives. College athletes have been compensated enough. Adding a salary would result in a college athletic system where only a few athletes are paid by some schools who enter bidding wars to sign them up, while most student athletics and college athletic programs suffer or even shut down for lack of money. Continuing to offer the present benefits to student athletes makes it possible for as many people to benefit from and enjoy college sports as possible. 40．It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that college athletes ________. A．have earned what they are promised B．tend to serve college longer when paid C．should sign a contract to make an agreed-upon salary D．prefer to stay at university rather than turn professionals 41．The underlined word “camaraderie” in Paragraph 3 is similar to “________”. A．friendship B．competition C．spirit D．communication 42．People against paying college athletes believe ________. A．schools would be unable to afford it B．it could be harmful to college sports C．no other college students receive benefits D．students would value payments over achievements 43．What is the author’s attitude towards paying college athletes? A．Uncertain. B．Satisfied. C．Unsupportive. D．Expectant. 【答案】40．B 41．A 42．B 43．C 【来源】【导语】这是一篇议论文。讨论了是否应该给大学运动员发工资。 40．推理判断题。根据第二段“Additionally, people who believe college athletes should be paid state that paying college athletes will actually encourage them to remain in college longer and not turn professionals as quickly, (此外，那些认为应该给大学运动员发工资的人表示，给大学运动员发工资实际上会鼓励他们在大学呆得更久，而不是更快地成为专业人士)”可知，大学运动员被给予报酬后，可能倾向于继续在大学服务。故选B。 41．词句猜测题。根据第三段最后一句中的“if players become unhappy that certain teammates are making more money than they are.(如果球员对某些队友赚的钱比他们多而感到不高兴)”可推知，当队友之间因为收入不同而产生不愉快时，就会影响到团队之间的团结和友谊，由此可猜测“harm the camaraderie”中的“camaraderie”与“friendship”同义，表示“友情；同事情谊”。故选A。 42．细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“People who argue against the idea of paying college athletes believe the practice could be disastrous for college sports. (反对向大学运动员付费的人认为这种做法可能会给大学体育带来灾难)”可知，持反对意见的人们认为给大学运动员支付薪酬会对大学体育造成损害。故选B。 43．推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“While both sides have good points, it’s clear that the negatives of paying college athletes far outweigh the positives.(尽管双方都有各自的道理，但显然，给大学运动员发工资的负面影响远远大于正面影响)”可知，作者认为负面影响大于正面影响，也就是说作者不支持给大学运动员发工资。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高一上·北京丰台区·期中） Sports accounts for a growing amount of income made on the sales of commercial time by television companies. Many television companies have used sports to attract viewers from particular sections of the general public, and then they have sold audiences to advertisers. An attraction of sports programs for the major U.S. media companies is that events are often held on Saturday and Sunday afternoons—the slowest time periods of the week for general television viewing. Sports events are the most popular weekend programs, especially among male viewers who may not watch much television at other times during the week. This means the television networks are able to sell advertising time at relatively high prices during what normally would be dead time for programming. Media corporations also use sports to attract commercial sponsors that might take their advertising dollars elsewhere if television stations did not report certain sports. The people in the advertising departments of major corporations realize that sports attract male viewers. They also realize that most business travelers are men and that many men make family decisions on the purchases of computers, cars and life insurance. Golf and tennis are special cases for television programming. These sports attract few viewers, and the ratings(收视率)are unusually low. However, the audience for these sports is attractive to certain advertisers. It is made up of people from the highest income groups in the United States, including many lawyers and business managers. This is why television reporting of golf and tennis is sponsored by companies selling high-priced cars, business and personal computers, and holiday trips. This is also why the networks continue to carry these programs regardless of low ratings. Advertisers are willing to pay high fees to reach high-income consumers and those managers who make decisions to buy thousands of “company cars” and computers. With such viewers, these programs don’t need high ratings to stay on the air. 44．Television sport programs on weekend afternoons ________. A．result in more sport events. B．get more viewers to play sports. C．make more people interested in television. D．bring more money to the television networks. 45．Why would weekend afternoons become dead time without sport programs? A．Because there would be few viewers. B．Because the advertisers would be off work. C．Because television programs would go slowly. D．Because viewers would pay less for watching television. 46．The ratings are not important for golf and tennis programs, because ________. A．their advertisers are carmakers. B．their viewers are attracted by sports. C．their advertisers target at rich people. D．their viewers can afford expensive cars. 47．What is the passage mainly about? A．Television ratings are determined by male viewers. B．Rich viewers contribute most to television companies. C．Sports are gaining importance in advertising on television. D．Commercial advertisers are the major sponsors of sport events. 【答案】44．D 45．A 46．C 47．C 【来源】【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章指出电视公司通过销售广告时间获得的收入中，体育运动所占份额呈增长之势。各个电视公司推出体育运动节目吸引男性观看，从而让他们购买广告商的产品，例如汽车，电脑，保险等昂贵商品。 44．推理判断题。根据文章第二段的描述“Sports events are the most popular weekend programs, especially among male viewers who may not watch much television at other times during the week. This means the television networks are able to sell advertising time at relatively high prices during what normally would be dead time for programming.(体育赛事是周末最受欢迎的节目，尤其是对于那些在一周其他时间可能不太看电视的男性观众。这意味着电视网络能够在通常情况下是节目死档的时间段以相对较高的价格出售广告时间。)”可以推断，周末下午的电视体育节目能够带来更多的广告收入，从而为电视网络赚到更多钱。故选D项。 45．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“Sport events are the most popular weekend programs, especially among male viewers who may not watch much television at other times during the week.(运动节目是周末最受欢迎的节目，尤其是男性观众，他们一般不会在其它时间看电视)”可推测出，如果周末没有运动节目，男性可能就不会看电视，那看的人就少了，那样周末下午就会变成死档时间。综上所述，A.（因为观众会更少）符合题意。故选A项。 46．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Golf and tennis are special cases for television programming. These sports attract few viewers, and the ratings(收视率)are unusually low. However, the audience for these sports is attractive to certain advertisers. It is made up of people from the highest income groups in the United States, including many lawyers and business managers. This is why television reporting of golf and tennis is sponsored by companies selling high-priced cars, business and personal computers, and holiday trips. This is also why the networks continue to carry these programs regardless of low ratings. Advertisers are willing to pay high fees to reach high-income consumers and those managers who make decisions to buy thousands of “company cars” and computers. With such viewers, these programs don’t need high ratings to stay on the air.(高尔夫和网球是电视节目的特例。这些运动吸引的观众很少，收视率也异常低。然而，这些运动的观众对某些广告商很有吸引力。它由来自美国最高收入群体的人组成，包括许多律师和商业经理。这就是为什么高尔夫和网球的电视报道是由销售高价汽车、商务和个人电脑以及度假旅行的公司赞助的。这也是为什么网络继续播放这些节目，而不管收视率如何。广告商愿意支付高昂的费用来接触高收入消费者和那些决定购买数千辆“公司汽车”和电脑的经理。有了这样的观众，这些节目不需要高收视率就能继续播出。)”可知，高尔夫和网球节目的收视率并不重要，因为参加这些运动的是高收入群体，广告商愿意接触这些人，广告商的目标就是富人。故选C项。 47．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Sports accounts for a growing amount of income made on the sales of commercial time by television companies. Many television companies have used sports to attract views from particular sections of the general public, and then they have sold audiences to advertisers.(电视公司通过销售广告时间获得的收入中，体育运动所占份额呈增长之势。许多电视公司利用体育来吸引特定的人群观看，然后把观众卖给广告商)”可知，运动类在电视广告中变得越来越重要。C.（运动在电视广告中获得重要性）可以概括本篇主题。故选C项。 主题02 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京人大附中·期中） Psychological science is full of interesting topics, many of which tell a coherent picture of human nature, but some of which create seemingly contradictory stories. A case in point is the tricky and misunderstood intersection between strength-based science and the research on narcissism (自恋). There is now convincing evidence to show that narcissism is on the rise, especially in our youth. Some researchers have gone so far as to say that it is occurring in epidemic proportions, with about 25% of young people showing symptoms of narcissism. The inflated ego of Generation Me is reflected in reality TV, celebrity worship, out-of-control consumerism, materialism...perhaps even a new type of president. We are correct to be concerned about this phenomenon but our fear that all kids are potential narcissists has caused an unhelpful counter-reaction to approaches that seek to make our children and teens feel good about themselves. In my own research on strength-based parenting it is common for people to wrongly label this approach as a recipe for self-entitlement. Their argument seems to be that a child who knows their strengths will automatically view themselves as better than everyone else. It is argued that the self-assurance that comes with identifying and using their positive qualities will make a child arrogant, selfish and uncaring. Genuine confidence about one’s strengths is categorized as over-confidence; desirable self-knowledge is branded as excessive self-admiration. Why does this occur? It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths. While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals or has been applied only within certain contexts such as the workplace, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and into our collective conscious. The New York Times noted that narcissism is a favored “go-to” topic and that people everywhere are diagnosing others with it. The fear that a strength-based approach will cause narcissism also occurs because we unwittingly fall prey to binary (非此即彼的) thinking. We mistakenly believe that one cannot be both confident and humble. We focus on Donald Trump and Kim Kardashian rather than Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa. There’s no way that Gandhi and Mother Teresa could have achieved what they did without confidence in their strengths, and yet they are both pillars of humility and selflessness. When we assume that strength-focus is the same as a self-focus, we fail to entertain the idea that people who know their strengths are, actually, more likely to be pro-social and focus on helping others. It’s tempting to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble — even when they use their strengths. 48．What can we learn from the passage? A．Both strengths psychology and narcissism are difficult to understand. B．Approximately a quarter of kids are potential narcissists. C．Knowing the kids’ strengths has an opposite effect on making them feel good. D．An increasing number of youth are showing an inflated sense of self. 49．Why are teenagers’ strengths often mistaken for narcissism? A．Strengths psychology is less accessible to the general public. B．Academic journals and mass media report more on narcissism. C．There is a lack of strengths in our collective consciousness. D．A number of people are diagnosed with narcissism by doctors. 50．What’s the author’s attitude towards strength-based parenting? A．Skeptical. B．Neutral. C．Favorable. D．Cautious. 51．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．A Recipe for Self-entitlement B．Teens’ Narcissism Diagnosis C．Binary Thinking of Psychological Science D．Teens’ Confidence Misunderstood 【答案】48．D 49．A 50．C 51．D 【来源】【导语】本文为一篇议论文。文章主要论述了一直以来，人们对个人长处和自恋两者之间认识不足导致了对青少年的自信产生误解这一观点。作者认为，以突出孩子们长处为基础的育儿方式是有益的。 48．细节理解题。根据文章第二段关键句“There is now convincing evidence to show that narcissism is on the rise, especially in our youth. (现在有令人信服的证据表明，自恋正在上升，特别是在我们的年轻人当中)”及“The inflated ego of Generation Me is reflected in reality TV, celebrity worship, out-of-control consumerism, materialism...perhaps even a new type of president. (“我这一代”膨胀的自我表现在真人秀、名人崇拜、失控的消费主义、物质主义，甚至可能是一个新型的总统等方面)”可知，越来越多的年轻人表现出自我膨胀的感觉。故选D项。 49．细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容及第五段关键句“It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths.While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals or has been applied only within certain contexts such as the workplace, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and into our collective conscious.(这在一定程度上是因为人们对自恋的了解超过了对优势的了解。虽然优势心理学在很大程度上还停留在学术期刊的范围内，或者只应用于特定的环境，如工作场所，但对自恋的研究已经进入了大众媒体和我们的集体意识)”可知，青少年的优点经常被认为是自恋是由于大众对于优势心理学有较少接触。故选A项。 50．推理判断题。根据文章第四段关键句“In my own research on strength-based parenting it is common for people to wrongly label this approach as a recipe for self-entitlement. (在我自己关于以力量为基础的育儿方式的研究中，人们通常错误地将这种方式称为自我授权的秘诀)”及最后一段关键句“but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble — even when they use their strengths. (但我想为成千上万和我一起工作过的孩子们说话，他们有爱心、有思想、谦逊——即使当他们发挥自己的长处时)”可推知，作者对以长处为基础的育儿方式持赞成态度。故选C项。 51．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段关键句“A case in point is the tricky and misunderstood intersection between strength-based science and the research on narcissism. (一个恰当的例子是基于优势的科学和对自恋的研究之间棘手而又被误解的交叉)”及最后一段“It’s tempting to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble — even when they use their strengths.(我们很容易得出这样的结论：每个年轻人都有成为自恋者的风险，但我想为我工作过的成千上万的孩子们说话，他们是有爱心的、有思想的、谦逊的——即使当他们发挥自己的长处时)”可知，本文主要论述了一直以来，人们对个人长处和自恋两者之间认识不足导致了对青少年的自信产生误解这一观点。D选项“Teens’ Confidence Misunderstood(青少年的自信被误解)”适合作为本文最佳标题。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京北师大附中·期中） The Expression of Emotions Feelings like happiness and sadness are something everyone feels, no matter where in the world they’re from. But how do we know if someone else is feeling happy or really sad? It seems that showing how we feel might be something everyone does in similar ways. Smiling is a sign that people everywhere use to show they’re friendly and they like something. An aggressive display of teeth can signal our anger, just like Charles Darwin, a famous scientist from a long time ago, said. Darwin thought that everyone recognizing faces showing feelings would help people survive. For example, seeing certain faces could let us know if someone dangerous (or a friend) was coming, even if we couldn’t talk to them. Most investigators concur that certain faces show the same feelings in all people. Also, people from different places in the world can understand the feelings shown by these faces. A scientist named Paul Ekman took pictures of people showing feelings like anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being shown in them. People from many different backgrounds, including a group called the Fore who live in a faraway place called New Guinea and don’t have much contact with the rest of the world, agreed on the feelings shown in the pictures. The Fore also made the same faces we do when asked how they would feel in certain situations. Ekman and the people he worked with found similar results when they studied ten different groups, letting people say that more than one feeling could be shown on a face at the same time. People generally agreed on which feelings were shown and which one was stronger. Psychology experts generally agree that the faces we make show the emotions we’re feeling. In fact, different emotions can cause specific patterns of electrical activity in our facial muscles and brain. The facial-feedback idea, though, suggests that emotions and facial expressions can influence each other. This idea says that signals from our facial muscles are sent back to the parts of the brain that control emotions. So, the expression we make can affect how we feel emotionally. Darwin once said: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression(克制), as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” This makes us wonder if smiling can lead to a feeling of kindness, or if frowning can lead to feelings of anger. Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. For instance, when participants in experiments are made to smile, they tend to report more positive emotions and rate cartoons-humorous drawings of people or situations as funnier. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive. What could be the connection between faces showing feelings and our emotions? One idea is something called arousal, which is how active or ready to act we are. Using certain face muscles, like the ones we use when we’re scared, can make us more active. When we feel more active, we also feel more emotional. Other ideas might involve changes in how warm our brain gets and the release of things that help our nerves talk to each other. Using our face muscles can both change how we feel inside and show what we’re feeling. Ekman found that a real smile, the one that makes wrinkles around our eyes and our eyes look a little lower, can make us feel good. Ekman’s finding might be related to a British saying, “keep a stiff upper lip,” which means to stay calm when things are tough. Maybe keeping our lips stiff can control our feelings as long as they’re not shaking with fear or stress. But if the feeling that makes our lips stiff is very strong and involves a lot of muscle tension, the signals from our face might actually make our feelings stronger. 52．The author mentions “an aggressive display of teeth” in Paragraph 1 in order to______. A．provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood B．differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it C．contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions D．support Darwin’s theory of evolution 53．The underlined word “concur” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______. A．estimate B．expect C．agree D．understand 54．The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refers to ______. A．emotions B．people C．cultures D．photographs 55．According to Paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea? A．They did not want to be shown photographs. B．They knew very little about Western culture. C．They were famous for their story-telling skills. D．They did not encourage the expression of emotions. 56．According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed? A．They would become less intense. B．They would cause problems later. C．They would last longer than usual. D．They would become more negative. 57．According to the passage, which of the following supported the facial-feedback hypothesis? A．The long-term effects of repressing emotions. B．The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons. C．The tendency of people in experiments to cooperate. D．The release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments. 58．The underlined word “rate” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______. A．reject B．judge C．draw D．want 59．According to the passage, which of the following effects may stiffening the upper lip have? A．It may either heighten or reduce emotional response. B．It may cause fear and tension in those who see it. C．It first suppresses stress, then intensifies it. D．It can damage the lip muscles. 【答案】52．A 53．C 54．D 55．B 56．A 57．B 58．B 59．A 【来源】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章探讨了人类面部表情与情绪之间的关系，指出面部表情能反映情绪，同时情绪也能影响面部表情，并介绍了相关研究成果。 52．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“It seems that showing how we feel might be something everyone does in similar ways. Smiling is a sign that people everywhere use to show they’re friendly and they like something. An aggressive display of teeth can signal our anger, just like Charles Darwin, a famous scientist from a long time ago, said.An aggressive display of teeth can signal our anger, just like Charles Darwin, a famous scientist from a long time ago, said. (似乎每个人都会以类似的方式表达我们的感受。微笑是世界各地人们用来表示友好和喜欢某事的标志。正如很久以前的著名科学家查尔斯·达尔文所说，牙齿的攻击性展示可以表明我们的愤怒)”可知，作者提到“an aggressive display of teeth (咄咄逼人地展示牙齿)”是为了提供一个例子，说明某些面部表情的意义是广泛理解的。故选A项。 53．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中的“Also, people from different places in the world can understand the feelings shown by these faces. (此外，来自世界各地的人们可以理解这些面孔所表现出的感受)”和第二段中的“People from many different backgrounds, including a group called the Fore who live in a faraway place called New Guinea and don’t have much contact with the rest of the world, agreed on the feelings shown in the pictures. (来自不同背景的人们，包括一个名为Fore的团体，他们住在一个遥远的新几内亚，与世界其他地区没有太多联系，他们对照片中显示的感受表示赞同)”可知，某些面部表情在所有人身上都表现出相同的感受，大多数调查人员都同意这一点，由此可知，划线部分是“赞同”的含义。故选C项。 54．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中的“A scientist named Paul Ekman took pictures of people showing feelings like anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being shown in them. (一位名叫保罗·埃克曼的科学家拍摄了人们表现出愤怒、厌恶、恐惧、快乐和悲伤等情绪的照片。然后，他要求世界各地的人们指出他们表现出了什么样的情绪)”可知，保罗·埃克曼拍摄了人们表现出愤怒、厌恶、恐惧、快乐和悲伤等情绪的照片，然后他要求世界各地的人们指出照片上的人表现出了什么样的情绪。由此可知，them指的是保罗·埃克曼拍摄的那些照片。故选D项。 55．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“People from many different backgrounds, including a group called the Fore who live in a faraway place called New Guinea and don’t have much contact with the rest of the world, agreed on the feelings shown in the pictures. (来自不同背景的人们，包括一个名为Fore的团体，他们住在一个遥远的新几内亚，与世界其他地区没有太多联系，他们对照片中显示的感受表示赞同)”可知，新几内亚的福尔人与世界其他地区没有太多联系，因此他们对西方文化知之甚少。故选B项。 56．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Darwin once said: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression (克制), as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.”  (达尔文曾说过：“通过外在迹象自由表达情绪会加剧情绪。另一方面，尽可能压制所有外在迹象会软化我们的情绪。”)”可知，达尔文认为不表达的情感会减弱，也就是说，没有表达的人类情感会变得不那么激烈。故选A项。 57．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. For instance, when participants in experiments are made to smile, they tend to report more positive emotions and rate cartoons-humorous drawings of people or situations- as funnier. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive. (心理学研究已经得出了一些关于面部反馈假说的有趣发现。例如，当实验参与者被要求微笑时，他们倾向于报告更多的积极情绪，并将漫画中幽默的人物或情景画评为更有趣。当他们皱眉时，他们认为漫画更具攻击性)”可知，作者利用实验中人们对漫画的反应作为例子来说明心理学研究已经得出的一些关于面部反馈假说，因此，支持面部反馈假设的是实验参与者对漫画的反应。故选B项。 58．词义猜测题。根据文章第四段中的“For instance, when participants in experiments are made to smile, they tend to report more positive emotions (例如，当实验参与者被要求微笑时，他们倾向于报告更多的积极情绪)”和“as funnier (为更有趣)”以及“as being more aggressive (为更具攻击性)”可知，此处表达的是实验参与者被要求做出不同情感的面部表情时对漫画的评价。因此，和rate含义接近的是judge (评价)。故选B项。 59．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“Ekman’s finding might be related to a British saying, “keep a stiff upper lip,” which means to stay calm when things are tough. Maybe keeping our lips stiff can control our feelings-as long as they’ re not shaking with fear or stress. (埃克曼的发现可能与英国谚语“咬紧牙关”有关，意思是在困难的时候保持冷静。也许保持嘴唇僵硬可以控制我们的情绪，只要它们没有因为恐惧或压力而颤抖)”可知，紧绷上唇可以控制我们的情绪，也就是说可能会增加或减少情感反应。故选A项。 Passage 3 Making Everything Sweet （24-25学年高一上·北京延庆区·期中） Japanese scientists have developed a special kind of tomato. It can change an eater’s sense of taste, says a report in Science News. For about an hour after a person eats one of the tomatoes, sour foods taste sweet. Say you eat one of the tomatoes before lunch. Then you take a bite of a lemon. You will find that the lemon tastes like super-sweet lemonade. How magical is that! The key ingredient (成分) in the taste-changing tomatoes is “miraculin.” Miraculin is found in berries that grow in West Africa. These fruits are sometimes sold as “Miracle Fruit” berries. People have long known about the ability of miracle berries to change taste. In some countries, the berries are used as a way to help people lose weight. For example, a dieter can eat a berry and then eat low-calorie sour foods that will taste wonderfully sweet. Scientists found miraculin in the miracle berry in 1968. Since then, people have wondered how to manufacture it. One way could be to harvest the berries. The problem was that if demand got too large, the berry plants could be driven to extinction. That’s where the Japanese scientists came in. Professor Kazuhisa Kato and his team at the University of Tsukuba studied the DNA of the miracle berry. They found a gene that contains the instructions for how to make miraculin. Kato and other researchers put the gene for miraculin into the DNA of a tomato. As a result, the tomatoes started to make miraculin. Those tomatoes had just as much miraculin as miracle berries do. These “miracle” tomatoes could be grown in large numbers. If scientists can grow other foods with miraculin inside, then there won’t be any need to harvest all the miracle berries. The researchers don’t know yet how the tomato-based miraculin can be used. Perhaps it could be sold as a dieting food, to be taken before meals. 60．The tomato is special because ________. A．it turns all tastes sweet B．it can only be eaten before lunch C．it changes a sour taste to a sweet one D．it has a magical ingredient 61．The underlined word “extinction” in Paragraph 5 probably means ______. A．a state of low- growing B．a state of being active C．a state of fast-growing D．a state of complete death 62．According to the article, the Japanese scientists ______. A．found a gene that contains instructions for making miraculin B．discovered the secrets of miracle fruit berries in 1968 C．have planted miracle tomatoes in large numbers D．invented the miraculin gene and put it into the tomato 63．According to the article, we can know that ______. A．It was a latest discovery that miracle berries could change taste B．The tomato is a low-calorie fruit that tastes wonderfully sweet C．Scientists have already found many uses for mariculin D．The tomato-based miraculin might be used as a dieting food 【答案】60．C 61．D 62．A 63．D 【来源】【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了科学家发现了一种神秘果素，它可以将酸味变成甜味，日本科学家发现了一种基因，将它放进西红柿，生产出了具有这种特殊功能的西红柿。 60．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Japanese scientists have developed a special kind of tomato. It can change an eater’s sense of taste, says a report in Science News. For about an hour after a person eats one of the tomatoes, sour foods taste sweet.(日本科学家开发了一种特殊的番茄，据《Science News》报道，这种番茄可以改变食用者的味觉。人在吃了这种番茄后的大约一个小时里，酸的食物会尝起来很甜)”可知，西红柿是特别的是因为它能将酸味变成甜味。故选C。 61．词句猜测题。根据文章第五段划线词前文“Scientists found miraculin in the miracle berry in 1968. Since then, people have wondered how to manufacture it. One way could be to harvest the berries. The problem was that if demand got too large, the berry plants could be driven…(1968年，科学家们在神奇浆果中发现了神秘果素。从那时起，人们就想知道如何制造它。一种方法是采摘浆果。问题是，如果需求太大，浆果植物可能会……)”可知，如果采摘量太大，植物会灭绝，划线词表示“完全死亡的状态”。故选D。 62．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段“They found a gene that contains the instructions for how to make miraculin.(他们发现了一种基因，其中包含了如何制神秘果素的指令)”可知，日本科学家发现了一种基因，它包含了制造神秘果素的指令。故选A。 63．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The researchers don’t know yet how the tomato-based miraculin can be used. Perhaps it could be sold as a dieting food, to be taken before meals.(研究人员还不知道如何使用这种以番茄为原料的神秘果素。也许它可以作为一种节食食品出售，饭前服用)”可知，以番茄为原料的神秘果素可作为一种减肥食品。故选D。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高一上·北京中关村中学·期中） Although it has been revealed in recent years that plants are capable of seeing, hearing and smelling, they are still usually thought of as silent. But now, for the first time, they have been recorded making ultrasonic (超声的) cries when stressed, which researchers say could open up a new field of precision agriculture where farmers listen for water starved crops. Itzhak Khait and his colleagues at Tel Aviv University in Israel found that tomato and tobacco plants made cries at frequencies humans cannot hear when stressed by a lack of water or when their stem it cut. Microphones placed 10 centimetres from the plants picked up sounds in the ultrasonic range of 20 to 100 kilohertz, which the team says insects and some mammals would be capable of hearing and responding to from as far as 5 metres away, A moth may decide against laying eggs on a plant that sounds water-stressed, the researchers suggest. Plants could even hear that other plants are short of water and react accordingly, they speculate (推断). On average, drought-stressed tomato plants made 35 sounds an hour, while tobacco plants made 11. When plant stems were cut, tomato plants made an average of 25 sounds in the following hour, and tobacco plants 15. Unstressed plants produced fewer than one sound per hour, on average. It is even possible to distinguish between the sounds to know what the stress is. The researchers trained a machine-learning model to recognize between the plants’ sounds and the wind, rain and other noises of the greenhouse, correctly identifying in most cases whether the stress was caused by dryness or a cut, based on the sound’s intensity and frequency. Water-hungry tobacco appears to make louder sounds than cut tobacco, for example. Enabling farmers to listen for water-stressed plants could “open a new direction in the field of precision agriculture”, the researchers suggest. They add that such an ability will be increasingly important as climate change exposes more areas to drought. “The suggestion that the sounds that drought-stressed plants make could be used in precision agriculture seems feasible (可行的) if it is not too costly to set up the recording in a field situation,” says Anne Visscher at the royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK. She warns that the results can’t yet be broadened out to other stresses, such as salt or temperature, because these may not lead to sounds. In addition, there have been no experiments to show whether moths or any other animal can hear and respond to the sounds the plants make, so that idea remains based on guesses for now, she says. 64．The experiment by researchers, at Tel Aviv University shows that ______. A．tomato plants cry more often than tobacco when hurt B．plant sounds can be heard by plants quite far away C．humans can hear water-hungry plants crying D．moths like laying eggs on stressed plant 65．What is Anne Visscher’s attitude towards the finding of the experiment? A．Disapproving B．Cautious. C．Appreciative. D．Optimistic. 66．Taking advantage of the new research finding, farmers can ______. A．predict the drought B．reduce greenhouse effects C．diagnose plant condition faster D．detect and remove insects easily 67．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Plants get stressed Just Like Us. B．Sounds of Plants Detected Far Away. C．Cries of plants break Farmers’ Hearts D．Plants scream in the presence of stress 【答案】64．A 65．B 66．C 67．D 【来源】【导语】本文是说明文。主要介绍的是研究表明，植物在受到缺水或者被砍断时的压力时，它们会发出尖叫声，这开创了精准农业的一个新领域。 64．细节理解题。根据第四段中“When plant stems were cut, tomato plants made an average of 25 sounds in the following hour, and tobacco plants 15.(当植物茎秆被切断后，番茄植株在接下来的一小时内平均发出25种声音，而烟草植株发出15种声音)”可知，研究人员的实验显示番茄植株受到伤害时比烟草植株更容易发出尖叫声。故选A项。 65．推理判断题。第八段中提到Anne Visscher所说的话“She warns that the results can’t yet be broadened out to other stresses, such as salt or temperature, because these may not lead to sounds. In addition, there have been no experiments to show whether moths or any other animal can hear and respond to the sounds the plants make, so that idea remains based on guesses for now, she says.(她警告说，这个结果还不能扩展到其他压力，比如盐分或温度，因为这些可能不会产生声音。此外，还没有实验证明飞蛾或其他动物是否能听到植物发出的声音并作出反应，所以目前这个想法仍是基于猜测)”可知，Anne Visscher认为目前这个想法仍是基于猜测，所以Anne Visscher对实验结果持谨慎的态度。故选B项。 66．推理判断题。第六段中提到“Enabling farmers to listen for water-stressed plants could “open a new direction in the field of precision agriculture”, the researchers suggest. They add that such an ability will be increasingly important as climate change exposes more areas to drought.(研究者们认为，让农民能够听到缺水植物的声音可能“在精准农业领域会开辟一个新方向”。他们补充说，随着气候变化使更多地区面临干旱，这种能力将变得越来越重要)”可知，这一新的发现让农民能够听到缺水植物的声音，农民就可以快速判断植物当前处于缺水的状况。故选C项。 67．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段提到“they have been recorded making ultrasonic (超声的) cries when stressed, which researchers say could open up a new field of precision agriculture where farmers listen for water-starved crops.(已经记录下当植物有压力时它们发出的哭声的超声波，研究者们认为这开创了精准农业的一个新领域，农民可以听到缺水植物的声音)”以及下文介绍的这一研究的具体过程可知，文章是关于植物在受到缺水或者被砍断时的压力时，它们会发出声音，因此，文章的标题应该是“植物在压力下会发出尖叫声”。故选D项。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高一上·北京八一学校·期中） The US scientists who created the first living robots say the life forms, known as xenobots, can now reproduce—and in a way not seen in plants and animals. Xenobots are formed from the stem cells of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), from which it takes its name. “Frogs have a way of reproducing that they normally use, but when you liberate the stem cells from the embryo(胚胎) and you give them a chance to figure out how to be in a new environment, not only do they figure out a new way to move, but they also figure out apparently a new way to reproduce,” said Michael Levin, a professor of biology at Tufts University, who was co-lead author of the new research. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types. To make the xenobots, the researchers removed living stem cells from frog embryos and left them to develop. “Most people think of robots as being made of metal, but it’s not so much what a robot is made from but what it does, which is act on its own on behalf of people,” said Josh Bongard, a computer science professor and robotics expert at the University of Vermont and lead author of the study. “In that way, it’s a robot, but it’s also clearly an organism made from frog cells.” The researchers found that the xenobots could replicate(自我复制). But it happened rarely and only in specific circumstances. The xenobots used “kinetic replication”—a process that is known to occur at the molecular(分子) level. With the help of artificial intelligence, the researchers then tested billions of body shapes to make the xenobots more effective at this type of replication. The supercomputer came up with a C-shape that looked like Pac-Man, the 1980s video game. They found it was able to find tiny stem cells, gather hundreds of them inside its mouth, and a few days later the pack of cells became new xenobots. “The AI didn’t program these machines in the way we usually think about writing code. It shaped and sculpted and came up with this Pac-Man shape,” Bongard said. “The shape is, in essence, the program. The shape influences how the xenobots behave to speed up this incredibly surprising process.” The xenobots are very early technology-think of a 1940s computer—and don’t yet have any practical applications. However, this combination of molecular biology and artificial intelligence could potentially be used in many tasks in the body and the environment. This may include things like collecting microplastics in the oceans, inspecting root systems and regenerative medicine. “There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity and ability of cells to solve problems,” Bongard said. 68．According to Josh Bongard, a robot should be defined in terms of ______. A．its function B．its reliability C．its appearance D．its material 69．What can we learn about xenobots from the passage? A．Xenobots have copied stem cells using computer programs. B．Specialized cells play a key role in the replication of xenobots. C．AI makes it possible for xenobots to replicate more effectively. D．The shape of xenobots was inspired from a video game in the 1980s. 70．What is the author’s attitude towards future applications of xenobots? A．Disapproving. B．Optimistic. C．Unconcerned. D．Objective. 71．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Where does the unnatural replication process lead? B．Arc xenobots the future of artificial intelligence? C．The uncertain role of robot reproduction D．Fact or fantasy? Robots can reproduce 【答案】68．A 69．C 70．B 71．D 【来源】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们创造出一批可以复制的“异种机器人”，并阐述了研究过程和发展前景。 68．细节理解题。根据第四段“Most people think of robots as being made of metal, but it’s not so much what a robot is made from but what it does, which is act on its own on behalf of people,(大多数人认为机器人是由金属制成的，但问题不在于机器人是由什么制成的，而在于它能做什么，也就是代表人类独立行动。)”可知，根据Josh Bongard的说法，机器人应该根据它的功能来定义。故选A。 69．细节理解题。根据第六段“With the help of artificial intelligence, the researchers then tested billions of body shapes to make the xenobots more effective at this type of replication.(在人工智能的帮助下，研究人员测试了数十亿个体型，以使异种机器人在这种类型的复制上更有效。)”可知，人工智能使异种机器人更有效地复制成为可能。故选C。 70．推理判断题。根据最后一段“There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity and ability of cells to solve problems(如果我们利用细胞的这种可塑性和能力来解决问题，就有可能实现很多事情。)”可推断，作者对异种机器人的未来应用持乐观态度。故选B。 71．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The US scientists who created the first living robots say the life forms, known as xenobots, can now reproduce—and in a way not seen in plants and animals.(创造出第一批活体机器人的美国科学家表示，这种被称为“异种机器人”的生命形式现在可以繁殖了，而且是以一种在动植物中未见过的方式。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了科学家们创造出一批可以复制的“异种机器人”，并阐述了研究过程和发展前景。所以“Fact or fantasy? Robots can reproduce(事实还是幻想?机器人可以复制)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。 Passage 6 （24-25学年高一上·北京北师大附中·期中） What does it mean to live a good life? This question has been debated for centuries. In the field of psychology, two main concepts of the good life have been quite popular: A happy life full of pleasure and positive emotions, and a meaningful life full of purpose and sacrifice. But what if these aren’t the only options? In recent years, a long-neglected version of the good life has been receiving greater attention: the psychologically rich life. It is full of complex mental engagement, a wide range of intense and deep emotions, and diverse, novel, surprising and interesting experiences. Sometimes they are neither pleasant nor meaningful. However, they are rarely boring or monotonous. After all, both happy and meaningful lives can become monotonous and repetitive. A person with a steady office job, married with children, may be satisfied and find his or her life meaningful and still be bored. Also, the psychologically rich life doesn’t necessarily involve economic richness. For instance, consider Hesse’s character Goldmund, who has no money but pursues the life of a free spirit. Research has found psychological richness is related to, but partially distinct from, both happy and meaningful lives. Psychological richness is related with openness to experience and experiencing both positive and negative emotions more intensely. But is the psychologically rich life one that people actually want? In a new study, Oishi and his colleagues asked people in nine countries the degree to which they value a psychologically rich life, a happy life and a meaningful life. They found many people’s self-described ideal lives involve psychological richness. When forced to choose a life, however, the majority chose a happy life and a meaningful life. Even so, a minority of people still favored the psychologically rich life, ranging from 6.7% in Singapore to 16.8% in Germany. These numbers went up when the desire for a psychologically rich life was measured indirectly. To understand what a person wishes their lives might have been, it is important to explore what people wish they had avoided in their lives. When asked what they regret most and whether undoing this event would have made their lives happier, more meaningful or psychologically richer, about 28% of Americans said undoing the regrettable event would have made their lives psychologically richer. These findings suggest that while most people strive to be happy and have meaning in their lives, a sizable number of people are content merely living a psychologically rich existence. As Oishi and his colleagues conclude, “We believe that taking the psychologically rich life seriously will deepen and enrich our understanding of well-being.” At the end of the day, there is no one singularly acceptable path to the good life. You have to find a path that works best for you. 72．According to the passage, the psychologically rich life _______. A．means living a luxurious life B．involves various intense emotions C．combines pleasure with purpose D．emphasizes openness and repetition 73．What does Oishi’s research indicate? A．The Germans prefer psychological richness to a happy life. B．Undoing regrettable events has enriched many people’s lives. C．A hidden desire for psychological richness exists among some people. D．People with psychological richness tend to describe their lives as ideal. 74．We can learn from the passage that _______. A．purpose outweighs pleasure in terms of significance B．the choice of a good life differs from person to person C．a positive mindset helps us understand our well-being D．we should never be content and always strive for the best 75．What is the main purpose of the article? A．To compare different concepts of a good life. B．To explain how to live a psychologically rich life. C．To persuade people to attain psychological richness. D．To draw attention to a less familiar version of a good life. 【答案】72．B 73．C 74．B 75．D 【来源】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章提出除了传统观念的好的生活之外，另一种好生活——心理丰富的生活应该得到关注。 【详解】1.细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“It is full of complex mental engagement, a wide range of intense and deep emotions, and diverse, novel, surprising and interesting experiences.”（它充满了复杂的心理参与，广泛的强烈和深刻的情感，以及多样的、新奇的、惊奇的和有趣的体验。）可知，心理丰富的生活包含了各种强烈的情感。故选B。 2.细节理解题。根据倒第二段“These findings suggest that while most people strive to be happy and have meaning in their lives, a sizable number of people are content merely living a psychologically rich existence.”（这些发现表明，虽然大多数人努力让自己快乐，让自己的生活有意义，但仍有相当数量的人仅仅满足于心理上丰富的生活。）可知，Oishi的调查显示在一些人当中，隐藏着一种对心理丰富的渴望。故选C。 3.推理判断题。根据第五段最后两句“When forced to choose a life, however, the majority chose a happy life and a meaningful life. Even so, a minority of people still favored the psychologically rich life, ranging from 6.7% in Singapore to 16.8% in Germany.”（然而，当被迫选择一种生活时，大多数人选择了幸福的生活和有意义的生活。即便如此，仍有一小部分人青睐心理富裕的生活，从新加坡的6.7%到德国的16.8%不等。）可知，对于好的生活的选择因人而异。故选B。 4.推理判断题。文章第一段中提出问题“What does it mean to live a good life? ”（过好生活意味着什么?）并指出“In the field of psychology, two main concepts of the good life have been quite popular: A happy life full of pleasure and positive emotions, and a meaningful life full of purpose and sacrifice.”（在心理学领域，关于美好生活的两个主要概念一直很流行：一个是充满快乐和积极情绪的幸福生活，一个是充满目标和牺牲的有意义的生活。）然后提出问题“But what if these aren’t the only options?”（但如果这些不是唯一的选择呢?）所以文章的目的是想提出一种不与传统概念相同的另一种好的生活的选择，并在第二段中提出“In recent years, a long-neglected version of the good life has been receiving greater attention: the psychologically rich life.”（近年来，一个长期被忽视的美好生活的版本越来越受到关注：心理丰富的生活。）可知这篇文章的主要目的是让人们注意到不太熟悉的美好生活。故选D。 Passage 7 （24-25学年高一上·北京八一学校·期中） At the heart of psychology is understanding behavior, and understanding behavior has much to do with understanding the brain. Neuroscientists (神经系统科学家) have become more efficient at mapping the brain and have gained more understanding of how the brain develops and works. Truly, differences in behavior as we age and between genders, are most likely explained by the physical state of and changes in our brains. Around the age of 12, it is believed that the areas of the brain that are used most will be strengthened and cells in the brain that are not used tend to die. What you do with your brain in your teen years probably decides how your brain will work for the rest of your life. If a teen spends endless hours watching TV, the neural connections that help the brain process TV are what will be strengthened. It is clear, therefore, that how young people spend their time is of great importance. Surprisingly, and different from earlier beliefs, the brain is still developing even in the early twenties. Areas of the brain that are related to emotion, decision making, reasoning, and problem solving are still not fully developed. This may go some way toward explaining why car accident rates in young people are significantly higher than those among older people. Young people don’t have the necessary skills to make complex judgments while driving. There are also differences in the way brains develop when it comes to gender. It appears that girls are ready to process more challenging information earlier than boys, with the area of the brain responsible for this activity peaking at the age of 14 to 16 in boys, a full two years later than girls. In addition, studies have shown that girls and boys process language input in different parts of their brains. Girls typically tend to do better than boys in language, which means that they have more brain matter responsible for language skills. This kind of research raises important questions about how boys and girls should be taught in school to maximize (使最大化) their learning. For example, the idea of single-sex education should perhaps be taken into consideration. Experts say that we would do well to revisit the timing of the subjects taught in school, as some parts of the brain develop before others. Additionally, what we understand about the teenage brain should perhaps be taken into consideration when laws are being made with regard to the minimum (最低的) driving age. 76．According to the passage, young people are more likely to have car accidents because _______. A．they fail to realize the importance of skills B．they don’t have the necessary skills in driving C．certain areas in their brains are not fully developed D．their brains tend to be influenced by their emotions 77．What can we learn from the passage? A．Earlier beliefs show the brain is still developing in the early twenties. B．Girls are better at language because they are devoted to language learning. C．How people spend their time when they’re teenagers affects their future life. D．Gender makes no difference when it comes to the physical state of the brain. 78．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. A．single-sex education may benefit teenagers B．the time when school starts should be put off C．lawmakers will lower the minimum driving age D．the number of subjects in school might be changed 79．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Age and the Brain B．Genders and the Brain C．Mapping the Brain D．The Developing Brain 【答案】76．C 77．C 78．A 79．D 【来源】【分析】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了人类的大脑在不断的发展。 76．细节理解题。根据原文第三段“Areas of the brain that are related to emotion, decision making, reasoning, and problem solving are still not fully developed. This may go some way toward explaining why car accident rates in young people are significantly higher than those among older people.”可知，大脑中与情感、决策、推理论证和问题解决有关的大脑区域尚未发育完全，这可以解释为何年轻人的交通事故发生率显著高于中老年人。C选项“大脑中的某些区域尚未发育完全”符合原文。完成题目时应注意排除干扰项B，第三段最后一句提到年轻人缺乏的是驾驶时做出复杂判断的必要能力（make complex judgments while driving），而不是缺乏驾驶的必要能力，B选项偷换概念。综上应选C。 77．推理判断题。原文第二段举了12岁左右的青少年看电视的例子，并明确指出“What you do with your brain in your teen years probably decides how your brain will work for the rest of your life.”（在青少年时期你用你的大脑干什么很可能会决定余下的一生你的大脑是如何运转的），文中提到如果青少年没完没了地看电视，那么大脑中与此有关的细胞就会活跃发达，其它部分会退化，并总结道“It is clear, therefore, that how young people spend their time is of great importance”，因此，年轻人怎样花他们的时间（对他们的未来发展、未来生活）十分重要。由此判断出，人们在青少年时期如何打发时间会影响他们未来的生活。故选C。 78．推理判断题。本题问的是从最后一段可以推断出什么，在倒数第二段文章提到男女性别不同，大脑发展规律有别，最后一段进一步说这样的研究提出了一个问题——即学校应该如何教育男孩和女孩最大限度地提高他们的学习能力？紧接着作者举了例子“For example, the idea of single-sex education should perhaps be taken into consideration.”（例如，男女分开、因才施策的点子或许应该被纳入考虑），结合前文的内容可合理推断，这里的“纳入考虑”正是基于这种教育或许对青少年有益，由此推断出分男女的教育对青少年有益，故选A。 79．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“Neuroscientists (神经系统科学家) have become more efficient at mapping the brain and have gained more understanding of how the brain develops and works. Truly, differences in behavior as we age and between genders, are most likely explained by the physical state of and changes in our brains.”可知，神经科学家在绘制大脑图谱方面变得更加高效，对大脑的发育和运作有了更多的了解。的确，随着年龄的增长和性别的差异，很可能是由我们大脑的生理状态和变化来解释的。D选项“不断发展中的大脑”适合做标题。故选D。 Passage 8 （24-25学年高一上·北京第十二中学·期中） Have you ever bought a new car and started noticing the exact color and model of car everywhere? Has that type of car just become popular in your city? Were they there before? Or are you just going crazy? You’re not going crazy. The reason you are now just noticing them is what psychologists call “priming”. Basically, the cars were always there. You just didn’t recognize them consciously. However, when that certain model of car becomes part of your conscious thinking, you start “automatically” recognizing all of the other cars that are the same, because you are already “primed” to do so. The priming effect takes many forms. In one study, students were asked to walk around a room for 5 minutes at a rate of 30 steps per minute, which was about one-third their normal pace. After this brief experience, the participants were much quicker to recognize words related to old age, such as forgetful, old, and lonely. Reciprocal priming effects tend to produce a coherent reaction: if you are primed to think of old age, you would tend to act old, and acting old would reinforce the thought of old age. This research shows that the way we think influences the way we act, and the way we act influences the way we think. A similar conclusion was reached by the American psychologist William James a century ago, but he emphasized the effect on feeling. “Actions seem to follow feeling, but really actions and feeling go together; and by regulating the action, which is under the more direct control of the will, we can indirectly regulate the feeling, which is not. Thus the path to cheerfulness, should our cheerfulness be lost, is to sit up cheerfully and to act and speak as if cheerfulness were already there.” So, that’s it. If you want to be happy, just sit up and act happy. Based on these scientific findings, we can adopt certain priming effects to help make ourselves consistently happier. One thing we have in common is our ability to think, and thus feel. Pleasant thoughts have been proven to produce the chemicals that make us feel happy, particularly thoughts and feelings of gratitude. When we purposefully go through and think about the things we’re grateful for and deliberately feel as much gratitude as we can, we are flooding our mind with the “happy chemicals”. Furthermore, by consciously thinking, feeling and expressing gratitude, we will not only be happier in the moment, we will be “primed” to recognize the things in our life to appreciate. Each time this happens, the “happy chemicals” will be produced. Do this every day and we will become consistently happier. This makes up for the momentary happiness we gain from eating chocolate or buying new clothes. More than that, combining thoughts of gratitude with happy acts like smiling and laughing will have a supplementary positive effect on our state of mind. 80．Which of the following is an example of the priming effect? A．Walking much faster after attending a lecture about old age. B．Donating money to the poor after seeing pictures of cute cats. C．Learning about various types of cars after purchasing the first car. D．Completing SO_P as SOUP rather than SOAP after seeing the word EAT. 81．What does the underlined word “re$