考点4 阅读理解——研究报告类说明文（阅读D篇）（核心考点精讲精练）（全国通用）2026年高考英语一轮复习高效培优系列

考点4 阅读理解—研究报告类说明文（阅读D篇） 温馨提示： 本资料注重培优，集中强化重点，突破难度，规避易混易错点，练习全部是26年新模拟题 1. 高考真题考点分布 年份 卷次 主题语境 字数 题型分类 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词义猜测 2025年 2025全国一卷 D减少自来水中微塑料 330+135 2 2 0 0 2025全国二卷 D餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材 334+135 1 2 1 0 C室内植物利于身心 264+126 2 1 1 0 2025浙江1月卷 C矩阵式种植方法 299+121 1 1 1 1 2024年 2024·新高考I卷 C篇：人与社会：纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异 323+160 1 2 0 1 D篇：人与自然：现代生物采样数据的科学性 366+122 1 3 0 0 2024·新高考II卷 B篇：人与社会：：旧金山湾区快速交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭 276+126 2 2 0 0 C篇：人与社会：巴比伦微农场 272+125 2 1 1 0 D篇：人与社会：图书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》 321+160 0 3 0 1 2024·全国甲卷 B篇：人与自然：了解猫的行为 312+124 1 1 1 1 C篇：人与社会：提供医疗服务的圣卢卡斯列车 282+111 1 3 0 0 D篇：人与社会：谈论文学作品的最佳结局 351+146 1 3 0 0 2024·浙江卷1月卷 人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引发思考 340+149 1 1 1 0 2023年 2023·新高考I卷 C篇：人与社会：数字极简主义生活方式 322+ 107 1 2 0 1 D篇：人与社会：“群体智慧”效 339+112 1 2 1 0 2023·新高考II卷 人与自然：保护城市中的野生自然 320+156 1 3 0 0 2023·全国甲卷 人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头 321+149 2 2 0 0 2023·全国乙卷 人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响 295+103 2 2 0 0 2023·浙江卷 人与社会：新型的太阳能农场 317+149 2 1 1 0 2. 命题规律及备考策略 【命题规律】 1．从命题内容上看，高考命题主要从以下几方面考查：研究报告是说明文类中重要的一种形式，也是英语试题中最难的部分。是我们在培优中最应该突破的部分，因为一轮复习有时间攻坚克难。研究报告通常包括科普类、心理学类、语言类、宇宙探索类、社会交往类、人工智能类等，涉及的内容比较广泛。 2．从命题思路上看： 研究报告类说明文通常包括研究结果、研究方法、研究过程、结论阐述、专家评议。研究结果通常会考查主旨大意，关键找中心句，研究方法、研究过程通常考查细节理解和推理判断，专家评议通常考查情感态度、推理判断。 【备考策略】 1. 掌握研究报告说明文的文体特征。 2. 掌握研究报告说明文的命题规律及各种题型的解题要领和选项规律。 3. 熟练掌握研究报告说明文常用的框架结构、说明顺序和说明方法是解题的关键所在，这样就能从整体着眼看清文章的脉络。 【命题预测】 预计2026年研究报告类说明文仍然是试卷中的难点。预想英语得高分成功突破研究报告是关键。问题设置主要以细节理解和推理判断为主，多出现态度观点题。 【必备基础知识】 科普研究类文本结构 总的结构：研究的问题，对象，内容----研究的方法，过程---研究的结果，发现 1. 提出问题----（各类观点/背景信息）----实验发现----解决问题 2. 现象----原因----进一步推进----如何做到----进一步推进----总结 3.结论--实验--总结 结论是批旧立新；实验是设立参照组；总结是照应结论和展望未来。 命题点是：结论是什么？实验说明了什么？未来是什么？ 干扰项特点：截取关键句或非关键句的部分词汇生造一个逻辑，可以说是无中生有。 考生要注意：即使选项每个词文中都有，也要留意这是命题人可能在用熟悉词来混淆视线。 高考说明文阅读技巧 1. 把握首段/尾段/及段落主题句（段首句） 2. 通过每个段落主题句快速掌握文章结构 3. 把握关键词/并忽略无关紧要的修饰词 4. 耐心分析与解题相关的长难句 说明文阅读方法及解题技巧： Step 1. 略读。在第一遍通读文章时，明确每段话的主题句，了解段落大意。（阅读过程中标记关键词：人名、专有名词、表结论/对比/因果等） Step 2. 梳理段落主题句，掌握文章架构，体会作者写作目的及意图。 Step 3. 做题。仔细阅读题干，判断题目与文章各个段落的相关性，二次精读时将选项代入对应段落，继而得出答案。 把握说明方法，抓准关键词 在行文中，为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或把事理阐述明白，通常会用到下列说明方法：举例子、做比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图标、引用、假设、对比或类比等。 对应的就会出现一些标志性的用词：find/discover/prove/indicate/state/stress/explain/show/for example/ for instance/define/compare/cause 表示上下文逻辑关系的词 考点一 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 研究发现型：研究发现——研究过程(背景、目标、对象、原理、方法、数据、结果...) —— 研究结论(前景、影响、意义、评价、未来方向、不足...) 解题指导 1.基本规律：研究报告说明文一般难度都比较大，命题者设题的难度并不大。 2．实用解题方法：① 某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。 ②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。 ③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。 ④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。 ⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。 ⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while 有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 【文章的结构分析】 Para1研究背景（问题） most records of biodiversity are often in the form of digital records；not perfect大多数生物多样性记录通常以数字记录的形式存在，但并非完美 Para2研究原因 Observational data，Are they usable?Daru想知道这种观测数据是否有用。 Para3过程与方法 Using a global dataset Daru和他的团队使用了一个全球数据集进行测试 Para4-5结论与解释 the large number of observation-only records are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species.大量的仅观察记录有失偏颇，倾向于于某些地区、时间段和物种。 Para6-8研究前景 Biodiversity apps；inform users利用生物多样性应用程序引导用户 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. （2026·湖北省宜昌市高三上学期九月起点考试）Plastic has become an essential part of modern life, with around 1 million plastic water bottles sold every minute and 5 trillion plastic bags used worldwide every year, according to the UN’s Environment Program. Half of all plastic production is designed for single-use purposes, and the annual output of over 400 million tons is projected to reach 1,100 million tons by 2050. This growing mountain of waste has intensified public and regulatory demands for improved recycling. Recycling plastic, however, is complex. Many items are dirty or made from multiple layers, making traditional methods ineffective. Consequently, over 90% of plastic waste is buried, or deserted in nature. In response, forward-thinking companies are investing in advanced recycling technologies to turn waste into raw materials for new plastic. Yet, this approach has caused debates. One common method, pyrolysis, involves heating plastic waste to produce oil and synthetic gas, which powers recycling plants. However, the process releases harmful substances, raising concerns about its environmental impact. Critics argue that, rather than achieving a reduction in carbon emissions (排放), this method might result in similar or even higher levels of emissions compared to the production of new plastic. Some even accuse the industry of using advanced recycling as a way to justify continued plastic production. America’s Environmental Protection Agency has rejected this approach, and European environmental groups share similar concerns. Despite these challenges, advanced recycling has potential. For instance, Mura Technology in the UK claims its hydrothermal process produces more output with lower carbon emissions, while Australia’s Samsara Eco is developing enzyme-based methods that remove the need for new oil. These advancements could make recycling more efficient and environmentally friendly, helping to keep plastic in use rather than in landfills (填埋场). While the debate around advanced recycling continues, progress is underway. Britain recently approved a version of the mass-balance approach, and many EU member states are leaning towards acceptance. With further innovation and investment, advanced recycling could play a vital role in addressing the global plastic waste crisis. 12．What do the figures in paragraph 1 indicate? A．The difficulty of recycling. B．The severity of plastic waste. C．The prospect of plastic goods. D．The popularity of plastic items. 13．Why does advanced recycling meet with criticism? A．It legalizes plastic production. B．It produces more plastic waste. C．It does harm to recycling plants. D．It risks higher carbon emissions. 14．What can be inferred about the innovations in advanced recycling? A．They offer an alternative to new oil. B．They have won popularity in the west. C．They hold promise for green recycling. D．They guarantee a solution to plastic waste. 15．What is the author’s attitude towards advanced recycling? A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive. 考点二 Problem--study--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 理解“问题-研究-分析-结论”（Problem–Study-Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。 （2025年1月浙江卷） As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”   Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 【文章结构分析】 Para 1——Problem As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. 随着新技术越来越像人类，人们一直在推动它们变得无性别。 Para2——finding（研究发现）1 gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them.性别增加了用户对这些设备的依恋感和购买兴趣。 Para 3——Analysis While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity.虽然给产品性别化可能是好的营销，但它也可能强化过时或有害的权力和身份观念。 Para 4——finding（研究发现）2 creating a genderless object was difficult 创建无性别的对象很困难 Para 5——solution anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.“拟人化”提供了一个改变刻板印象的机会。 【长难句分析】 1.【原句】Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. 【译文】然而，正如马丁在她的工作中发现的那样，性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式之一，尤其是那些具有人类特征的设计。 【句子结构分析】as Martin has found in her work是非限制性定语从句，people form connections with objects...是定语从句，修饰先行词ways。designed with human characteristics是过去分词短语作定语。 2.【原句】Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 【译文】类似地，人类化的产品也可以被创造出来承担与刻板印象不一致的角色——例如，一个男性机器人帮助哺乳，或一个女性机器人帮助计算。 【句子结构分析】破折号后是同位语，同位语由并列连词or连接，that assists with nursing和 that helps do calculations是定语从句。 32．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand. C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition. 33．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey. C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test. 34．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task. C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. （2026·浙江省嘉兴市高三上学期9月月考）Throughout history, trees have played a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. They absorb CO2 and transform it into oxygen. But one of the challenges with this traditional carbon absorption is that the CO2 trees store can be released back into the atmosphere when they die. However, the discovery of certain trees in Kenya adds a new dimension to this natural process. These trees, also found in several other countries, have been observed to transform CO2 into calcium oxalate. Then bacteria (细菌) present in the trees and surrounding soil transform it further into calcium carbonate (碳酸钙), a primary component of limestone and chalk. The unique process ensures that the CO2 is kept in solid form for much longer, even after the tree’s life ends. This finding was emphasized by Mike Rowley from the University of Zurich at the Goldschmidt Conference. While the scientific community is optimistic about these findings, several challenges remain. The primary concern is determining the exact amount of CO2 that these trees can transform throughout their lifetime. Without this accurate data, it is challenging to assess the full impact of this method globally. Understanding the ecological balance and ensuring the preservation of biodiversity are crucial before worldwide planting of these trees. Cooperative research efforts are needed to explore these aspects and develop a comprehensive strategy for using these trees as a natural solution to climate change. This discovery in Kenya invites us to reconsider the potential of natural processes in addressing environmental challenges. While technological solutions to climate change are vital, integrating natural methods offers an alternative approach. The unique ability of these trees presents a promising method for exploration. The journey to fighting climate change is complex. As we dig deeper into understanding natural phenomena like the Kenyan trees, we must ask ourselves: How can we make the best of the power of nature to create a sustainable future for generations to come? 32．What is special about the trees found in Kenya? A．They absorb more CO2. B．They help turn CO2 into solids. C．They release oxygen quickly. D．They live in harmony with bacteria. 33．What is the core challenge before applying the discovery globally? A．Assessing the cost of the process. B．Understanding the impact on soil. C．Quantifying the CO2 transformation. D．Collecting the data on biodiversity. 34．What does the author try to explore in the last two paragraphs? A．The seriousness of climate change. B．The method of green development. C．The prospect of scientific approaches. D．The role of nature in climate solutions. 35．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A defensive Strategy in Nature B．A Recent Advance in CO2 Research C．Kenyan Trees: A Natural Carbon Lock D．Tree Planting: A Key to Ecological Balance 考点三 Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 理解“现象-分析-结论”（Phenomenon–Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。 【2025·全国I卷】D Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 【文章结构分析】 Para 1——feeling（感受） your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food（浪费食物的感受） Para2——solution（方法）1 one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.纽约一家很受欢迎的餐厅尝试了一种不同的方式：它改变了菜单，只提供本来会被扔掉的食物。 Para 3-5 ——solution（方法）2 wastED solved the problem successfully wastED成功解决了这个问题 Para 6——evaluation creating a genderless object was difficult 创建无性别的对象很困难 12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 15. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. （2026·黑龙江省龙东联盟高三上学期开学考试）For decades, scientists have identified chronic low-level inflammation (炎症) — called “inflammaging” — as one of the primary drivers of age-related diseases. Think of it as your body’s immune system stuck in overdrive — constantly fighting battles that don’t exist, gradually wearing down organs and systems. But a new study challenges that idea and could reshape how we think about aging itself. The research, published in Nature Aging, compared patterns of inflammation in four very different communities around the world. Two groups were from modern, industrialised societies — older adults living in Italy and Singapore. The other two were pristine communities who live more traditional lifestyles: the Tsimane people of the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli in the forests of Malaysia. The researchers analysed blood samples from more than 2,800 people, looking at a wide range of inflammatory molecules (分子), known as cytokines. Among the Italian and Singaporean participants, the researchers found a fairly consistent inflammaging pattern. As people aged, levels of inflammatory markers in the blood rose together. Higher levels were linked to a greater risk of chronic diseases including kidney disease and heart disease. But in the Tsimane and Orang Asli populations, the inflammaging pattern was absent. The same inflammatory molecules did not rise consistently with age, and they were not strongly linked to age-related diseases. In fact, among the Tsimane, who face high rates of microorganism infections, inflammation levels were often high. Yet this did not lead to the same rates of chronic diseases that are common in industrialised nations. These results raise important questions. One possibility is that inflammaging, at least as measured through these blood signals, is not a universal biological feature of aging. Instead, it may arise in societies marked by high-calorie diets, low physical activity and reduced exposure to infections. In other words, chronic inflammation linked to aging and disease might not simply result from an inevitable biological process, but rather from a mismatch between our ancient physiology and the modern environment. If these findings are confirmed, they could have some significant consequences. 32．How is inflammaging related to aging in the established scientific view? A．It attacks human organs. B．It causes the inactivity of organs. C．It generates overactive immune response. D．It lowers the efficiency of immune system. 33．What does the word “pristine” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Unspoiled. B．Unwelcoming. C．Unsafe. D．Unlivable. 34．What has the study found about the Tsimane and Orang Asli people? A．They seldom develop chronic diseases. B．Their blood lacks inflammatory markers. C．They rarely get exposed to sources of infection. D．Their inflammation levels are independent of aging. 35．What does the new study suggest? A．Inflammaging is a signal of aging. B．Inflammaging is biologically unavoidable. C．Repeated infections hold back inflammaging. D．Modern lifestyle contributes to inflammaging. 、 （最新模拟试题演练） 1.（2026·浙江省Z20名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考）AI Radiology: Faster, Smarter, and More Accurate Hospital waiting time for scan results could soon be reduced from days to minutes. A 2025 Stanford study reveals that DeepMedScan, an AI system analyzing CT/MRI images, detects tumors 30% faster than human radiologists (放射科医生) while matching top experts’ 98% accuracy. The system is now used in 40+ EU hospitals, reducing diagnosis delays by up to 80%. The breakthrough lies in 3D neural mapping. Unlike traditional AI recognizing 2D patterns, DeepMedScan constructs dynamic 3D models of organs: It cross-references scans with global databases — processing 200,000+ historical cases in 0.2 seconds. “It’s like giving each radiologist a super-powered second brain,” explains lead researcher Dr. Aris Thorne. Critical advantages include identifying micro-lesions under 2 mm — often missed by human eyes — and predicting disease progression. In German trials, the AI detected early-stage pancreatic cancer in 83% of high-risk patients a year before symptoms emerged, enabling life-saving interventions. Challenges persist, however, Legal frameworks struggle with responsibility for AI misdiagnosis (occurring in 0.7% of cases vs. human 1.2%). Inaccuracy risks also exist; early versions performed poorly on pediatric (小儿科的) scans due to limited child data. Regulatory authorities now enforce “human-AI co-diagnosis” — requiring doctor confirmation for critical cases. Future upgrades focus on accessibility. Lightweight versions for rural clinics are being tested in India, using smartphone-compatible calculation procedure. As WHO advisor Dr. Priya Sharma notes, “Making this tech widely accessible could prevent 500,000+ annual late-stage cancer deaths globally by 2030.” 32．How does the article present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By providing statistics. D．By presenting classifications. 33．What does the author highlight with super-powered second brain? A．Replacing radiologists with automated systems. B．Emphasizing its ultra-fast data processing capacity. C．Demonstrating its superiority over human intelligence. D．Promoting commercial sales of medical equipment. 34．What does the author intend to convey in paragraph 4? A．The potential of AI diagnosis. B．The inaccuracy of AI diagnosis. C．The dominance of authorities in AI diagnosis. D．The necessity of human participation in AI diagnosis. 35．What can be inferred about AI radiology’s future development? A．It will replace doctors. B．It can work with smart phones. C．It can reach people in far-off areas. D．It can avoid late-stage cancer deaths completely. 2.（2026·湖北省高中名校联盟高三上学期第一次联合测评）The newest, hottest power couple doesn’t live in Hollywood. It’s actually the marriage of solar panels and reservoirs (水库): Known as floatovoltaics, these devices on simple floats (浮体) generate power while shading the water below. The primary advantage of the technology is that no trees need to be cleared for solar farms. As an added bonus, the water cools the panels, increasing their efficiency. Research shows that floatovoltaics on just a small share of global lakes and reservoirs could meet nearly a third of the US’s annual electricity demand. As floatovoltaic systems expand, with the market expected to grow 23% annually from 2025 to 2030, scientists are studying their impact on ecosystems. “We shouldn’t be expanding clean energy at the cost of biodiversity loss,” warns Elisa Stephens, a researcher at the University of California, Davis. “This is a great opportunity to increase our research and develop smart designs and better siting practices to have this happy marriage between a healthy, biodiverse ecosystem and renewable energy expansion.” Most floatovoltaics are placed on reservoirs. When paired with the existing water power plants, the panels can generate additional daytime power. This combination can make up for seasonal drops in water or sunlight, ensuring a more stable yearly output. Though artificial, reservoirs host lots of water life that floatovoltaics can interact with. Would this bring risks or benefits? “Our customers have seen migrating (迁徙的) birds feeding and resting on the floats,” reports Chris Bachman of a leading floatovoltaics company. Ecological considerations get trickier where there are unforeseen knock-on effects. Experiments show that shading from panels can slow the growth of algae that fish eat and also reduce harmful algae, affecting the food chain. Floats can hide fish from birds that hunt them but may also serve as safe habitats for these birds. “We need to monitor for long periods to understand the big picture,” says freshwater ecologist Simpson Cardoso. Scientists and companies are discussing wider spacing between panels and avoiding construction during waterbirds’ sensitive periods, such as migration and nesting. “There can definitely be that kind of ecological balance,” says Stephens. 32．How does the author introduce floatovoltaics? A．By giving a technical definition. B．By explaining how they work. C．By relating them to a married couple. D．By describing a popular movie scene. 33．What is scientists’ major concern about floatovoltaics? A．Their influence on ecosystems and biodiversity. B．Their seasonal changes in power output. C．Their high cost of construction and maintenance. D．Their competition against traditional solar farms. 34．Why does the author quote Chris Bachman in paragraph 5? A．To provide evidence of customer satisfaction. B．To show a potential benefit of floatovoltaics. C．To note the complexity of ecological interactions. D．To draw attention to protecting migrating birds. 35．What are scientists focusing on? A．Conducting the application of wider panels. B．Developing smarter designs and practices. C．Proving the existence of ecological balance. D．Avoiding constructions on waterbird habitats. 3.（2026·湖北省武汉市九师联盟高三上学期8月开学）Jade Benjamin-Chung, an assistant professor at the Stanford School of Medicine, worked with her coworkers to analyze the impact of hygiene (卫生) interventions on health outcomes in middle — and low-income Bangladeshi households. They found many common strategies used to protect children from disease weren’t as effective as expected. Feeling curious, Benjamin-Chung and her coworkers identified a potential reason. Around 70% of rural homes in Bangladesh have soil-packed floors. As young kids eat and play on the floor, they often absorb tiny soil-based parasites (寄生虫) that spread disease. So they thought about the concrete floors, which could create a space easier to clean and reduce pathogen (病原体) spread. Benjamin-Chung mentioned their idea to Sarah Billington, an expert on concrete and building materials from the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability. When Billington heard the team’s idea of broadly replacing soil-packed floors with concrete, she worried the approach could have unintended consequences for the climate due to heavy carbon emissions (排放) from concrete production. So Billington invited other Stanford experts into the fold to understand why concrete was effective in reducing pathogen spread and design low-emission concrete alternatives that kept those helpful properties. They wanted to develop a mix using materials that’ re easily found in countries like Bangladesh. Finally, one possible material was recycled fly ash, a byproduct of burning coal. The concrete mix was affordable, durable and produced fewer emissions. Then they did an experiment where they hardened concrete test tiles (砖) made with alternative “green” concrete and then some pathogens were put into the tiles to measure how well they survived on the surface. The team’s findings suggest the pathogens have similar rates of survival on traditional concrete mix tiles and “green” alternative fly ash tiles. “This project could be a model for how to improve public health with sustainability baked in at the beginning,” said Benjamin-Chung. 32．What did Benjamin-Chung and her coworkers focus on initially? A．The bad influences of concrete. B．Disease spread in the neighborhood. C．Hygiene practices in specific families. D．Recycling methods of fly ash. 33．What made Billington invite other experts in? A．Her lack of knowledge of pollution. B．Her worries about health outcomes. C．Her struggle with pathogen resistance. D．Her concern about climate impacts. 34．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．The alternative is effective at reducing disease spread. B．Traditional concrete does more harm to people’s health. C．The study helps reduce the cost of healthcare in Bangladesh. D．The study offers good educational resources to medical schools. 35．What could be a suitable title for the text? A．Strategies for Bangladeshi Public Health B．Sustainable Concrete for Healthier Homes C．Hygiene Interventions in Low-income Homes D．Pathogens Spread through Building Materials 4.（2026·湘豫名校高三上学期入学摸底）The gravitational pull of Mars may be strong enough to stir (搅动) up Earth’s ocean, shifting its sediment (沉淀物) as part of a 2.4-million-year climate cycle, researchers claim. It has long been accepted that shifts in Earth’s orbit around the sun influence the planet's climate, with these Milankovitch cycles operating on periods measured in thousands of years. Now, Adriana Dutkiewicz at the University of Sydney and her teammates say they have found a 2.4-million-year “Grand Cycle”, which they believe is driven by Mars and has had dramatic impacts on currents in Earth’s oceans for at least 40 million years. The evidence for this cycle comes from almost 300 deep-sea drill cores that reveal unexpected variation in the ocean sediment. During periods of stable ocean currents, oceanographers expect sediment to settle in steady layers, but unusual currents can see it stored elsewhere. According to the team, absences or interruptions in the sediment record line up with times when Mars’s gravity puts maximum force on Earth, impacting our planet’s orbital stability. This changes solar radiation levels and climate, resulting in stronger currents in the oceans. Team member Dietmar Müller, also at the University of Sydney, acknowledges that the distance between Earth and Mars is so vast that it is hard to imagine any significant gravitational force being produced. “But there are so many feedbacks that can reflect changes,” he says. “Mars’s impact on Earth’s climate is similar to a butterfly effect.” Benjamin Mills at the University of Leeds, UK, says the drill cores provide more evidence for the existence of global environmental change. “Many of us have seen these multi-million-year cycles in various different geological, geochemical and biological records — including during the famous explosion of animal life in the Cambrian Period,” he says. “This paper helps confirm these ideas as key parts of environmental change.” 12．What evidence supports the 2.4-million-year cycle? A．Changes in Earth’s orbit. B．Variation in ocean sediment. C．Records of solar radiation. D．Impact on Earth’s gravity. 13．What can we infer about Mars’s gravity? A．It directly controls Earth’s climate. B．It has no influence on Earth’s orbit. C．It slightly weakens Earth’s ocean currents. D．Its effect on Earth is indirect but significant. 14．What is Dietmar Müller’s attitude towards the research? A．Doubtful. B．Supportive. C．Negative. D．Uncaring. 15．Why does Benjamin Mills mention the Cambrian Period? A．To question the new finding. B．To introduce a new theory. C．To show the cycle’s long history. D．To explain the butterfly effect. 5.（2026·辽宁名校联盟高三上学期8月联考）Chinese scientists have made a significant breakthrough in producing hydrogen from water using light. They added scandium (钪) to titanium dioxide (二氧化钛, TiO₂) to create a new TiO₂ structure. This innovation increases hydrogen production efficiency 15 times under sunlight compared to previous TiO₂ materials. The new performance of photocatalys, which is a chemical reaction that is accelerated by the absorption of light by a catalyst (催化剂) is due to 5% scandium doping. This creates TiO₂ particles with two crystal facets (面): {101} and {110}. The {101} facet collects electrons, while the {110} facet receives holes. This arrangement produces a strong electric field within the TiO₂ particles, enhancing charge transport efficiency. As a result, the photoinduced (光诱导的) charge separation efficiency has improved over 200 times, and the quantum efficiency for ultraviolet light at 360 nm has exceeded 30%. Compared to traditional solar hydrogen production methods like photovoltaic-powered electrolysis, this new approach is simpler and more cost-effective. Traditional methods require complex and expensive equipment, while TiO₂-based photocatalysts offer a more straightforward alternative. However, TiO₂ has a problem: photoexcited electrons and holes reunite quickly, reducing efficiency. The scandium-doped TiO₂ solves this problem in two ways: 1. Eliminating Charge Traps: Sc³⁺ ions fit well into the TiO₂ structure without causing distortion. Their stable +3 charge neutralizes the imbalance caused by oxygen vacancies, reducing electron-hole recombination. 2. Reconstructing the Crystal Surface: Scandium atoms rearrange the crystal surface to form specific facets, giving electrons and holes more time and space to participate in reactions. If made into a 100 m² photocatalytic panel, this material could generate enough hydrogen in one day to power a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to travel about 68 kilometers. China has the world’s largest TiO₂ production capacity and significant scandium reserves, so this discovery could facilitate the large-scale industrial application of photocatalytic water splitting technology. It offers a promising way for more efficient and economical hydrogen production, which is crucial for transitioning to sustainable and carbon-neutral energy systems. This advancement highlights the potential of rare-earth elements in improving photocatalytic materials. As the world seeks ways to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change, this scandium-doped TiO₂ photocatalyst provides hope. It could accelerate the adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier and support the development of hydrogen-powered technologies across various industries. In summary, this new scandium-doped TiO₂ photocatalyst is a major step forward in renewable energy. Its impressive performance and potential for widespread application bring us closer to a future where clean, sustainable hydrogen energy is both abundant and economically feasible. This breakthrough is expected to inspire further research and innovation in the design of advanced photocatalytic materials, driving the world closer to a carbon-neutral and sustainable energy future. 12．What fundamental innovation enables the dramatic improvement in hydrogen production efficiency? A．Substituting rare-earth elements for traditional catalysts. B．Optimizing catalyst structure through elemental integration. C．Developing ultra-thin semiconductor membrane layers. D．Implementing multi-stage photovoltaic conversion systems. 13．Which dual mechanism addresses the rapid recombination of electrons and holes? A．Neutralizing ionic imbalances and restructuring reactive pathways. B．Enhancing photon absorption and extending wavelength ranges. C．Introducing magnetic fields and cooling thermal byproducts. D．Isolating oxygen molecules and pressurizing reaction chambers. 14．Considering China’s industrial context, which factor would most critically determine the scalability of this technology? A．Global market demand for hydrogen vehicles. B．Availability of specialized manufacturing equipment. C．Domestic mineral resource distribution patterns. D．International carbon emission regulations. 15．A renewable energy startup plans to pilot this technology. Which implementation challenge aligns with the statement “photoexcited electrons and holes reunite quickly”  (para. 3)? A．Maintaining stable light intensity across large surface areas. B．Preventing premature energy loss during charge migration. C．Scaling up ultraviolet light filtration systems. D．Balancing production costs with catalyst durability. 6.（2026·湖南省长沙市湖南师范大学附属中学高三上学期8月月考）Writing and editing working messages with tools like ChatGPT or Gemini has become a commonplace practice. While generative AI tools are seen to make writing easier, are they effective for communicating between managers and employees? “We see a tension between perceptions of message quality and perceptions of the sender,” said Anthony Coman, a researcher at the University of Florida. “Despite positive impressions of professionalism in AI-assisted writing, managers who use AI for routine communication tasks put their trustworthiness at risk when using medium-to -high-levels of AI assistance.” In this study, Coman and his co-author, Peter Cardon, surveyed professionals about how they viewed emails that they were told were written with low, medium and high AI assistance. Survey participants were asked to evaluate different AI-written versions of a congratulatory message on both their perception of the message content and their perception of the sender. While AI-assisted writing was generally seen as efficient, effective, and professional, the impact on trust was substantial: Only 40% to 52% of employees viewed supervisors as sincere when they used high levels of AI, compared to 83% for low-assistance messages. Similarly, while 95% found low-AI supervisor messages professional, this dropped to 69%-73% when supervisors relied heavily on AI tools. The findings reveal employees can often detect AI-generated content and interpret its use as lack of caring. When supervisors rely heavily on AI for messages like team congratulations, employees perceive them as less sincere and question their leadership abilities. “In some cases, AI-assisted writing can undermine perceptions of traits linked to a supervisor’s trustworthiness,” Coman noted. The study suggests managers should carefully consider message types, level of AI assistance and relational context before using AI in their writing. While AI may be appropriately received for informational or routine communications, like meeting reminders, relationship-oriented messages requiring empathy, praise or personal feedback are better handled with minimal technological intervention. 12．What is the focus of Coman’s research? A．The technical complexity of generative AI tools. B．The AI-written message quality and credibility conflict. C．The controversy over AI’s role in employee motivation. D．The rapid decline of human writing skills in workplaces. 13．Why do employees distrust the high-AI messages? A．The messages tend to be less informative. B．Employees feel AI lacks emotional intelligence. C．There are uncontrollable technical errors in the messages. D．Employees spot supervisors’ inattention from the messages. 14．What practical guideline does the research suggest? A．Prohibit AI in all working communications. B．Match AI usage to message types and context. C．Prioritize AI for relationship-oriented messages. D．Train employees to accept AI-generated content. 15．What is the author’s attitude toward AI-assisted writing in the workplace? A．Cautious. B．Suspicious. C．Opposed. D．Approving. 7.（2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）The ability to detect a nearby presence without seeing or touching it may sound fantastical — but it’s a real ability that some creatures have. A family of African fish known as Mormyrids are weakly electric, and have special organs that can locate a nearby target, even when it’s hiding in the mud. Scientists have now developed an artificial sensor system modelled on the ability of these fish. “We developed a new strategy for 3D motion positioning by electronic skin, bio-inspired by ‘electric fish’,” says Dr. Xinge Yu, an associate professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the City University of Hong Kong. The team described their e-skin sensor in a paper published on November 14 in Nature. The artificial sensor is multi-layered. One layer acts as a transmitter (发射器), which will generate an electric field once activated, and another layer acts as a receiver to detect both the direction and the distance to an object. A separate controller creates the driving signal to activate the transmitter. When an object comes within range, the electric field around the sensor is disrupted (扰乱), which in turn can be detected by the receiver. This data is then processed by a microcontroller unit, which computes the position of the target object and sends that information to a smartphone or other devices. A special biogel (生物凝胶) is used in the sensor, which has the ability to transmit and receive electric signals from a pattern of microchannels on the surface. The end result is a sensor that is thin, soft and flexible, making it cosy to adapt to irregular surfaces, such as the human body. In contrast to the traditional sensor system that needs a large number of sensors to achieve spatial positioning, the new system can locate an object precisely in 3D space using just a few sensors. This significantly reduces the power consumption of data collection, transmission, and processing. The researchers hope that this sensor could one day open up a new range of wearable technologies, including sensors for human-machine interaction and thin, flexible e-skin. 12．The first paragraph aims to show __________. A．the special ability of African fish B．the inspiration for a new invention C．the big challenge of locating objects D．the reason for developing a sensor 13．What is the correct order of the system’s working procedures? a. The transmitter creates an electric field. b. A unit computes the position of the target. c. The controller sends the activating signal. d. The receiver detects the change of electric signals. e. The electric field is disrupted by an approaching object. A．c-a-e-d-b. B．c-a-d-e-b. C．a-c-e-d-b. D．a-e-c-d-b. 14．What is an advantage of the new sensor system? A．Its sensitivity to different stimulations. B．Its adaptation to environmental changes. C．Its efficiency in achieving 3D positioning. D．Its speed in data collection and processing. 15．What is the best title for the text? A．Machine Detective “Wears” Flexible E-skin B．Bio-inspired Sensor “Feels” Without Touching C．E-Skin Sensor: The Future of Machine Learning D．Electric Fields: The Frontier of Object Detection 1.（2026·湖北省孝感高级中学高三上学期8月测试）People have been using OpenAI’s GPT-4o to generate Ghibli-style illustrations, landscapes, portraits and even events from history and current affairs. While it may seem entertaining, it could be a key test for copyright (版权) 。 Unlike with some previous AI controversies, the company is not promising to add new controls to stop its generator from ripping off (窃取) an artistic style or to stop people from using controversial subjects. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman’s only concern seems to be the stress it’s putting on the company’s GPUs as the number of weekly active users rose by 11%. “It’s super fun seeing people love images in ChatGPT... But our GPUs are melting,” he wrote. Like some other companies, OpenAI applied restrictions in previous versions of its AI image generators to prevent imitations of the styles of living artists or the portraits of real people. but GPT-4o’s ability to clearly imitate the Ghibli style would appear to suggest OpenAI has cast such measures aside. In a technical paper, OpenAI claims that it’s still taking a “conservative approach” to image rights by including a refusal that activates “when a user attempts to generate an image in the style of a living artist”. But it seems it’s now only applying that to individual artists, not studios. So while GPT-4o should, in theory, refuse to generate an image if the prompt (提示词) asks for the style of Hiyao Mayazaki, it will accept a prompt that asks for the style of Studio Ghibli. The change is curious given that companies can also own copyright, and they’re more likely to have the resources to be able to take legal action. It may be that OpenAI believes that it would be more difficult for a studio to prove ownership over a style. Legal experts argue that a “style” cannot be copyrighted, so the question is whether GPT-4o images use elements of existing works of art. OpenAI now has license arrangements with some companies to allow it to use their content to train its AI models. There has been no statement from either OpenAI or Studio Ghibli about whether this is the case. 12．What is Sam Altman’s worry about GPT-4o? A．Its impact on copyright issues. B．Its GPU pressure from user growth. C．Its inability to control the art imitation. D．Its failure to block controversial topics. 13．What restriction does GPT-4o apply to images? A．It forbids copying studio styles. B．It bans imitating specific living artists. C．It limits the number of images per day. D．It prevents the artworks of real people. 14．Why is GPT-4o’s generation of Ghibli-style images allowed? A．Studio Ghibli can hardly prove its copyright. B．OpenAI has agreements with Studio Ghibli. C．Ghibli-style images boost user engagement. D．Studio Ghibli doesn’t take any legal action. 15．What is the passage mainly about? A．GPT-4o raises art copyright issues. B．OpenAI faces tech challenges with GPT-4o. C．OpenAI removes all restrictions on AI imagery. D．AI-generated art is dominating the artistic world. 2.（2026·福建省厦门双十中学高三上学期开学）The concept of dynamic pricing is simple—and easy for businesses to implement. Whether it’ s a Friday-evening fight, a hotel during the holidays, or a taxi ride in a downpour, we have all been burned by higher-than-normal prices due to excess demand. Raising costs when businesses are busiest is the norm across the travel industry. Perhaps the most well-known example of this is within ride-share companies, which have used surge pricing for years to charge riders when demand for cars rockets relative to the number of drivers available. Outside travel, online stores are increasingly using this dynamic pricing, too, says Vomberg. “On Amazon. com alone, millions of price changes occur within a day, corresponding to a price change of about every ten minutes for each product. ”While consumers might not always pick up on these variations in price, Vomberg says time-based dynamic pricing will likely become a competitive standard at least in online markets. “AI-enabled tools can suggest the best prices via machine learning algorithms(算法). They can also track and learn competitor and customer responses to price changes,” he says. Now, surge pricing is happening in stores including bars and supermarkets as well. “Physical businesses are adopting electronic shelf labels that enable real time price adjustment depending on the time of day, stock levels and whether items are approaching their sell-by date,” says Sarwar Khawaja, chairman of the Oxford Education Group. He says this technology is likely to cause prices in bars that use these signs to increase during the rushes of dinner,weekends or holidays,or for supermarkets to adjust prices throughout the day or week,depending on volume of shoppers. The current economic climate is also driving the need for these pricing technologies. While creating competitive prices is always key to healthy profit margins, Khawaia says dynamic pricing enables businesses to optimise their pricing depending on the financial situations of their customer base. “Businesses can offer discounts during downturns while increasing prices in better off areas,” he says. The changes, however, may not sit well with consumers. “Dynamic and surge pricing will likely expand to more industries and more companies in the long term, but just because a product may be popular does not mean that customers are willing to turn a blind eye to being charged more,” says Khawaja. He adds surge pricing can cause customers to lose faith in a company if they believe they are being overcharged. “Perhaps dynamic pricing of a drink in your favourite pub might be a step too far for loyal customers.” 12．Which of the following best explains “dynamic pricing” in paragraph 1? A．A system of deciding what the prices should be. B．A means for companies to find target customers. C．A method that helps promote sharing economy D．A strategy of offering discounts to attract clients. 13．It can be inferred from Arnd Vomberg’s comments that online stores ________. A．offer the most competitive prices B．make profits by changing prices in real time C．confuse customers by changing prices D．rely too much on machine learning algorithms 14．According to the passage, why do physical businesses adopt dynamic pricing? A．To match supply and demand during peak hours. B．To lift customer experience and encourage loyalty. C．To maintain consistent pricing across all products. D．To compete with online stores and businesses. 15．Which of the following best predicts how customers may react to the expansion of dynamic pricing? A．Turn to whatever offers the lowest prices. B．Protest against it for being too annoying. C．Refuse to give in and are likely to resist. D．Take it for granted and accept it altogether. 3.（2027·福建省（全国名校联盟）高三上学期开学摸底联考）A research team from AMOLF in Amsterdam has created a soft robot that walks, jumps, and swims — all without a brain, electronics, or AI. As described in the study published in Science, it has no computer, no software, and no sensors. And still, it moves with surprising autonomy and speed, simply because of its body and how it interacts with the world. So, what’s really driving it? Underneath the movement is a principle you’ve probably seen, though you might have overlooked. Think of those shaky, air-filled tube dancers swinging freely around in front of gas stations. The same physics that makes them move could hold the key to the next generation of autonomous robots. Powered by a continuous stream of air alone, each of the robot’s soft, tubular legs begins to swing. On its own, each leg waves around randomly. But when many are coupled together, their motions quickly synchronize. “Suddenly, order emerges from chaos,” says the first author Alberto Comoretto. “No controllers, no programming. Complex collective motions arise just from simple interactions.” Even more surprising, the synchronization adapts. If the robot runs into an obstacle, it adjusts itself. When it moves from land to water, it quickly shifts to freestyle swimming. All the movement emerges from the tight coupling between body and environment. The research challenges the conventional idea that robots need complicated control systems to realize lifelike behavior. “Simple objects, like tubes, can give rise to complex and functional behavior, provided we understand how to take advantage of the underlying physics,” says principal investigator Bas Overvelde. “There is no brain, no computer. Essentially, it’s a machine. But when properly designed, it can outperform many robotic systems and behave like an artificial creature.” Possible future applications range from smart pills to space technology: safe microrobots that can be swallowed and release drugs after autonomously reaching the target tissue, robotic wearable suits matching the walking steps without processors, reducing power consumption while enhancing human strength. More broadly, these examples illustrate how this research opens doors to mechanical systems that behave as if they had a computer, without actually needing one. 12．Why does the author mention tube dancers in paragraph 2? A．To stress the wide use of robots. B．To introduce a daily application. C．To show the need for observation. D．To explain the working principle. 13．What does the underlined word “synchronize” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Slow down. B．Match up. C．Change direction. D．Consume energy. 14．What enables the soft robot to adjust itself? A．Its ability to get over obstacles. B．Its connection with a computer. C．Its interaction with the environment. D．Its reliable performance underwater. 15．What should robots be like according to Bas Overvelde? A．Physics-based. B．Cost-effective. C．Function-focused. D．Environmentally-friendly. 4.（2026·安徽省高三上学期8月摸底大联考）New era requires a new vocabulary. Will we still talk about the “mobile” phone when all phones are mobile, or when they are implanted (植入) within us? Technology is everywhere nowadays, especially at work. Some people are really good at using all the cool new tools that keep popping up. They have something called TQ, or technology quotient. It’s like a superpower for understanding the latest tech stuff that our great-grandparents would have found really impossible. Having a high TQ means you’re awesome at using all the cool new things that not everyone knows about yet. The examples are common and becoming more and more frequent. For the parent it might be a home-school video class. For the brand manager it might be search engine boosting. And for the clinician, it might be the role of artificial intelligence in supporting the analysis of a CT scan. TQ attempts to quantify our ability to make sensible use of current technologies and to quickly adapt, embrace and capitalize on future creations. This adoption is critical from a variety of perspectives, from social to business. One trip into the world of ChatGPT and we can see how the dynamics of AI and search are changing for just about everyone. Any Mom or Dad can understand the value of IQ and EQ in projecting the potential for a child’s success. But what about technology? The ability for the child and the teacher to understand, embrace and adopt technology will be a defining aspect of their lives as we speed into the future. We are increasingly defined by technology and our active participation in everything from smart phones to Facebook. It might just be time for the basic human needs of food, water and shelter to incorporate (吸收) technology too. And when that happens, it just might be a good idea to measure it. While this shift brings challenges, it’s unstoppable. As TQ rises, it will combine with IQ and EQ, reshaping how we live, work, and learn—turning adaptability with tech into a measurable edge. 12．What is TQ according to the text? A．Speed of learning new languages. B．Skill of fixing high-tech products. C．Talent to follow modern changes. D．Ability to apply new technologies. 13．Which of the following people has a high TQ? A．A manager who often uses modern search engines. B．A doctor who analyzes CT scans with AI assistance. C．A grandparent who finds new tech devices awkward. D．A mom who watches videos of her child’s school life. 14．What’s the writer’s attitude towards TQ? A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Doubtful. D．Contradictory. 15．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Why Are IQ and EQ Important for TQ? B．How Has TQ Changed in the Modern Era? C．What Makes TQ the New Intelligence? D．Where to Start Adapting to TQ Changes? 5.（2025·湖南省怀化市高三上学期开学）Flamingos (火烈鸟) look graceful, but when it’s time to eat, they look very silly. The birds feed on shrimp and algae (虾和藻) in wetlands. To grab a bite, they stick their heads underwater and open and close their mouth rapidly. Then they step hard with their feet and move around in the mud, shaking their heads up and down as they walk. Why do they take this absurd approach to getting a meal? Flamingos are filter feeders (滤食性动物) and they filter water through their L-shaped beaks (鸟喙), trapping shrimp, algae and other food. But with their heads bending down between their legs, their beaks appear to be upside down, which seems like the wrong way to catch the shrimp and algae in front of them. Of course, flamingos know perfectly well what they’re doing, and so do Saad Bhamla, a biophysicist from Georgia Institute of Technology, and his group. The team reveals that the bird is creating vortices (漩涡) in the water with almost every move. For example, as it pulls out of the water, its beak creates vortices, stirring up shrimp and algae and traps them long enough for the bird to eat. Then as for the strange stepping hard with their feet, the study finds that flamingos’ feet create a pair of vortices that push food toward their beaks. That’s why it makes sense to have the head facing the feet instead of whatever is in front of them. “What they’re basically doing is playing with fluid dynamics — using the beak, using their legs, using their heads and necks,” said Bhamla. Bhamla believes flamingos may have some have some more to teach humans. He works with chemists to learn how to better filter water. Those filters frequently get blocked by substances similar in size to what the flamingos filter for their food. So it seems possible that some of the vortex-generating techniques of flamingos could be adapted to help keep the filters clear. 32．What does flamingos’ feeding behavior appear to be like? A．Awkward. B．Flexible. C．Uncontrollable. D．Unchanged. 33．How do flamingos’ L-shaped beaks help them feed? A．By allowing them to drink more water. B．By catching food as water flows through. C．By making it easier to catch fast-moving food. D．By stopping water from entering their mouths. 34．Why do flamingos move their heads up and down while feeding? A．To clean their beaks from mud and debris. B．To signal to other flamingos about danger. C．To create water currents that help trap food. D．To dig deeper into the mud for hidden food. 35．What will Bhamla continue to study about flamingos’ feeding habits? A．The species conservation. B．Its possible limitation. C．The new research method. D．Its potential application. 6.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8月联考卷（二））In the presence of chubby (胖嘟嘟) babies, furry puppies or other adorable little things, it isn’t uncommon to be driven by a desire to squeeze, pinch (捏) or even bite them. While you may have the desire to do one or more of these things, you certainly don’t wish to hurt these cute creatures. But why do some of us react in this strange way? Scientists have revealed what happens in the brain to fuel this response, which they refer to as “cute aggression.” The researchers gathered together 54 participants between the ages of 18 and 40 and fitted them with electrode caps (电极头罩) to measure their brain activity. The participants were asked to look at 32 photographs that were divided into four separate blocks: one consisted of images of adult animals (which the study’s authors classified as “less cute”), one of baby animals (classified as “cuter”), and two of human babies. The first block of human baby images had been altered to enhance those features we humans typically perceive as being cuter while the other was altered to reduce cuteness. After they had viewed the images, the participants were asked to fill out questionnaires that measured their responses to the photos. Images of baby animals got the strongest response. According to the study’s authors, the participants expressed more significant feelings of cute aggression — such as feelings of overwhelmingness, care-taking desires, and so forth — toward the baby animals than to the adult animals. They didn’t observe the same distinction between participants’ reactions to cuter and less-cute images of babies. Researchers said that this may be because both sets of babies were “objectively pretty cute.” By using the electrode caps, researchers were also able to gain insight into the neural (神经的) activity of participants who experienced cute aggression. This response was associated with greater activity, not only in the brain’s emotional systems, but also in its reward systems. The latter regulate motivation, pleasure and feelings of “wanting”. Scientists suspect that cute aggression is the brain’s way of coping with the overwhelming response that occurs when these two powerful brain systems start to work together. In other words, the brain tosses in a dash of aggression to temper the attack of these positive feelings. 12．Which of the following statements best describes the participants’ reactions to the images? A．They showed similar responses towards images of cute animals and babies. B．They expressed the most significant reactions towards images of baby animals. C．They exhibited stronger emotions towards images of cuter babies compared to less cute ones. D．They displayed the same reactions to the images of baby animals and adult animals. 13．What happened when participants experienced cute aggression? A．There was stronger activity only in the brain’s reward systems. B．There was larger activity only in the brain’s emotional systems. C．There was no significant neural activity related to cute aggression. D．There was greater activity in the brain’s emotional and reward systems. 14．What is cute aggression according to the passage? A．A sign of mental health issues causing aggression. B．A result of negative feelings towards cute creatures. C．A form of control over things perceived as less powerful. D．A way for the brain to handle overwhelming positive feelings. 15．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To investigate why people are driven to destroy cute things. B．To explore the standards people use to determine what is cute. C．To introduce what happens in the brain to cause cute aggression. D．To examine people’s emotional responses to seeing something cute. 7.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9月月考）Two U. S.— based groups, the Council on Foreign Relations and the National Geographic, Society commissioned an online survey earlier this year. They wanted to know what young people educated in American colleges knew about geography, U. S. foreign policy, recent international events, and economics. The survey was given to over 1,200 Americans between the ages of 18 and 26 years. All of them presently attending, or having previously graduated from, a 2- or 4-year college or university. The average test score, out of 75 total possible answers, was 55 percent. The study identifies a few important problems. For example, only 30 percent knew that the only part of the U. S. government that can declare war is Congress. Only 60% of those taking the survey could identify Brazil on a world map. Part of the problem, argue the organizers of the survey, is the internet. They say it is becoming harder to find high-quality information about world events amongst all the fake news and trivia which swamp the web. Forty-three percent of those questioned said they read about the news on Facebook. Another problem is that most college courses do not require students to learn about international issues. If such information is not required, Richard Haass from the Council on Foreign Relations said, then the United States could have leaders like Gary Johnson. He was a recent presidential candidate who did not know about the Syrian city of Aleppo when a reporter asked him about it. The survey results were not all bad. The young people also demonstrated a good understanding of climate change and renewable energy. And the majority of them said that international issues were becoming more important to them. Haass says these findings suggest the need to find was to get good information to students, both in school and online. To help, the Council on Foreign Relations is creating a new program called CFR Campus, designed to help build knowledge about global issues. 12．What can we learn about the survey? A．All the participants were recent university graduates. B．It was an online survey conducted by two US universities. C．Its aim is to figure out what the young people know about America. D．It was given to over 1,200 American people aged from 18 to 26. 13．What’s one reason survey organizers give for young people’s lack of knowledge? A．Young people are unwilling to travel abroad. B．The sources from which they get their information. C．The US university system is of poor quality. D．Their lack of interest in knowing more about the world. 14．According to the survey, what topic did the young Americans understand best? A．Environmental matters. B．Geographic information. C．Foreign relations. D．Government organizations. 15．In which column of a newspaper could we find this article? A．Economics. B．Entertainment. C．Politics. D．Education. 8.（2026·安徽省江淮十校高三上学期8月第一次联考）French scientists from France’s Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) have announced their experiment — carried out on February 12 — has set a new record of 1,337 seconds for keeping or maintaining hydrogen atoms in a state called plasma (等离子体), 25 percent longer than the previous one, which was set in China last month. The team said their work marks an important step in the search for nuclear fusion (核聚变) methods that could produce clean, safe and almost limitless energy. The aim of fusion research is to create the same kind of nuclear reaction as happens in the center of the sun. In a fusion reaction, the centers of two atoms fuse, or join together, to form a new atom with a heavier nucleus, or center, releasing large amounts of energy. However, because fusion happens at very high temperatures, it is difficult to control. The scientists in France used a machine — a circular ring with strong walls to resist intense heat — called a tokamak to do their research. Inside the ring, hydrogen atoms are heated to temperatures up to about 50 million degrees Celsius, creating plasma that is held together by powerful magnets. Anne-Isabelle Etienvre, CEA’s head of fundamental research, told the French news agency AFP the new record for making plasma shows “that we control its production, but also its maintenance.” However, Etienvre noted that there are still many “technological barriers” to overcome before fusion can “produce more energy than it consumes”. Scientists say that for nuclear fusion to succeed, hydrogen atoms will need to be heated up to more than 100 million degrees Celsius. But at this extreme temperature, plasma can become unstable and difficult to control, which can lead to energy loss and limit how well a possible future nuclear fusion reactor could work. In the coming months, the research team will look to increase the time they can keep the atoms in a plasma state, hoping to bring the total time “up to several hours combined”. The CEA noted that in future experiments, scientists will also aim to heat the plasma to higher temperatures and examine the effects the hot plasma has on their testing machine. Teams from multiple countries are working together in southern France to build the world’s largest tokamak and fusion research center, called ITER, hoping the current research on maintaining plasma will be useful for future projects at ITER. However, AFP reports that repeated delays and increasing costs have postponed operations at ITER until at least 2033. 12．What is the main achievement reported by French scientists? A．They created a new type of tokamak machine. B．They achieved nuclear fusion at 100 million degrees Celsius. C．They broke China’s record for plasma maintenance time by 25%. D．They sustained plasma for 1,337 seconds, setting a new world record. 13．According to the text, what remains a major challenge for nuclear fusion? A．Building larger tokamak machines. B．Reducing experiment costs. C．Maintaining plasma stability at over 100 million degrees Celsius. D．Finding alternative energy sources. 14．What will the scientists mainly try to do in the next step? A．To heat the plasma to 100 million degrees Celsius. B．To keep hydrogen atoms in a plasma state longer. C．To test how the hot plasma affects the testing machine. D．To research how nuclear fusion happens. 15．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Plasma — a state of hydrogen atoms B．Nuclear fusion — a technology to improve human life C．A great breakthrough — scientists made in nuclear fusion D．Hydrogen atoms — the fuel of nuclear fusion 9.（2026·广东省湛江市湛江市八校联考高三上学期8月月考）Scientists think that microplastics from ultra-processed (超加工的) foods may be building up in our brains. What they have found was showed in four papers in Brain Medicine recently, suggesting a possible connection to the rise in mental health problems like depression. The cover of Brain Medicine shows a human brain filled with colorful microplastic particles (微粒), next to a plastic spoon. This image highlights a key finding: Human brains may contain about “a spoonful” of microplastic material. Ultra-processed foods, which now make up over 50% of energy intake in the US, contain far more microplastics than whole foods. These tiny plastic particles, less than 5 millimeters in size, can get into human brains and increase significantly in large amounts. Studies have shown a link between eating ultra-processed foods and negative mental health. People who eat such foods have a 22% higher risk of depression, a 48% higher risk of anxiety, and a 41% higher risk of poor sleep. The new assumption is that microplastics could be the missing link in this connection. For example, a type of processed chicken has 30 times more microplastics per gram than fresh chicken breasts. Recent findings in Nature Medicine also revealed high levels of microplastics in the human brain, and these levels were three to five times higher in people with serious mental decline. Ultra-processed foods and microplastics seem to damage human brains through similar biological processes, like causing deleterious reactions and stress inside human bodies. To study this further, researchers suggest creating a Dietary Microplastic Index (DMI) with the aim of measuring microplastic exposure from food. Another paper shows that a modern technique might be able to remove microplastic particles from the blood, but more research is needed. In conclusion, while more studies are required, it is clear that reducing ultra-processed food consumption and finding ways to remove microplastics from our bodies are important. After all, as the saying goes, “You are what you eat.” 12．How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A．By giving examples. B．By defining a concept. C．By providing statistics. D．By presenting a discovery. 13．What can we learn about microplastics from the cover of Brain Medicine? A．They look like spoons. B．They can be too tiny to be found. C．They may build up in the human brain. D．They are primarily found in whole foods. 14．What does the underlined word “deleterious” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Vague. B．Harmful. C．Positive. D．Necessary. 15．What is DMI used to do according to the text? A．Assess the intake of microplastics through food. B．Measure the amount of microplastics in the blood. C．Promote the consumption of ultra-processed foods. D．Facilitate the removal of microplastics from the body. 10.（2026·江苏省南京市六校联合体高三学情调研）Critical thinking influences our daily lives more extensively than we typically acknowledge. Even common decisions, such as selecting a breakfast, involve subconscious (下意识的) application of critical thinking as we weigh factors like nutrition, taste preferences, and dietary needs to determine the best option for that particular morning.​ This ability functions much like a muscle — it strengthens progressively with deliberate practice. As a cornerstone of professional success, critical thinking equips individuals with the capacity to navigate workplace challenges, systematically test hypotheses (假说) through continuous trials, and put forward effective solutions to complex problems. Its significance in career advancement cannot be overstated.​ Fundamentally, critical thinking refers to the capacity to comprehend, assess, and analyze factual information to form reasoned judgments or evaluate the validity of claims. Beyond mere curiosity about the world, critical thinkers excel at establishing logical connections between ideas to grasp broader contexts. Developing this skill enables individuals to convey their thoughts logically, present arguments systematically, and make informed decisions helpful to continuous improvement.​ While scientific professions clearly demand critical thinking, its application extends across diverse careers including law, medicine, journalism, engineering, accounting, and analysis. The World Economic Forum consistently identifies it as an important workforce skill due to its role in enhancing information analysis, improving creativity, enabling innovative problem-solving, and advancing strategic planning. In everyday life, critical thinking operates inconspicuously yet powerfully, empowering independent thought and judgment. ​ Contrary to common misconceptions, critical thinking strengthens interpersonal relationships by boosting empathy for others’ perspectives and maintaining an open mindset. Critical thinkers maintain intellectual curiosity, pose inquiring questions, and refuse to accept information at face value. Critical thinking isn’t just a nice-to-have; it’s how we grow, improve, and make sense of an increasingly complex world. It helps us ask better questions, listen more deeply, and approach problems with clarity instead of chaos. 32．Which method best helps develop critical thinking skills according to the passage? A．Learning through repeated errors. B．Developing stronger emotional awareness. C．Engaging in focused, intentional practice. D．Making decisions based on subconsciousness. 33．Which example best shows critical thinking? A．Consumers buy phones just based on ads. B．Doctors analyze tests before treatment. C．Viewers believe news without confirmation. D．Managers overemphasize certificates in hiring. 34．What does the underlined word “inconspicuously” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Obviously. B．Precisely. C．Unnoticeably. D．Abstractly. 35．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Critical thinking helps drive the world forward. B．Critical thinking harms interpersonal relationships. C．Critical thinkers refuse to accept basic information. D．Critical thinkers can put themselves in others’ shoes. 1.【2022新课标II卷】 As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack. C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart. 33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition. 34. What does Levine’s research find? A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants. C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study. 2.【2024新课标II卷】 Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 3.【2024浙江1月卷】 The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers. C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________. A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 34. What does the author suggest readers do? A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers. C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups 4.【2023新课标I卷】 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 14. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 5.【2022新课标I卷】 Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 6.【2025全国一卷】 Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 7.【2024新课标I卷】 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 8.【2023新课标II卷】 As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 9.【2023全国甲卷】 Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American$ 考点4 阅读理解—研究报告类说明文（阅读D篇） 温馨提示： 本资料注重培优，集中强化重点，突破难度，规避易混易错点，练习全部是26年新模拟题 1. 高考真题考点分布 年份 卷次 主题语境 字数 题型分类 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词义猜测 2025年 2025全国一卷 D减少自来水中微塑料 330+135 2 2 0 0 2025全国二卷 D餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材 334+135 1 2 1 0 C室内植物利于身心 264+126 2 1 1 0 2025浙江1月卷 C矩阵式种植方法 299+121 1 1 1 1 2024年 2024·新高考I卷 C篇：人与社会：纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异 323+160 1 2 0 1 D篇：人与自然：现代生物采样数据的科学性 366+122 1 3 0 0 2024·新高考II卷 B篇：人与社会：：旧金山湾区快速交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭 276+126 2 2 0 0 C篇：人与社会：巴比伦微农场 272+125 2 1 1 0 D篇：人与社会：图书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》 321+160 0 3 0 1 2024·全国甲卷 B篇：人与自然：了解猫的行为 312+124 1 1 1 1 C篇：人与社会：提供医疗服务的圣卢卡斯列车 282+111 1 3 0 0 D篇：人与社会：谈论文学作品的最佳结局 351+146 1 3 0 0 2024·浙江卷1月卷 人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引发思考 340+149 1 1 1 0 2023年 2023·新高考I卷 C篇：人与社会：数字极简主义生活方式 322+ 107 1 2 0 1 D篇：人与社会：“群体智慧”效 339+112 1 2 1 0 2023·新高考II卷 人与自然：保护城市中的野生自然 320+156 1 3 0 0 2023·全国甲卷 人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头 321+149 2 2 0 0 2023·全国乙卷 人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响 295+103 2 2 0 0 2023·浙江卷 人与社会：新型的太阳能农场 317+149 2 1 1 0 2. 命题规律及备考策略 【命题规律】 1．从命题内容上看，高考命题主要从以下几方面考查：研究报告是说明文类中重要的一种形式，也是英语试题中最难的部分。是我们在培优中最应该突破的部分，因为一轮复习有时间攻坚克难。研究报告通常包括科普类、心理学类、语言类、宇宙探索类、社会交往类、人工智能类等，涉及的内容比较广泛。 2．从命题思路上看： 研究报告类说明文通常包括研究结果、研究方法、研究过程、结论阐述、专家评议。研究结果通常会考查主旨大意，关键找中心句，研究方法、研究过程通常考查细节理解和推理判断，专家评议通常考查情感态度、推理判断。 【备考策略】 1. 掌握研究报告说明文的文体特征。 2. 掌握研究报告说明文的命题规律及各种题型的解题要领和选项规律。 3. 熟练掌握研究报告说明文常用的框架结构、说明顺序和说明方法是解题的关键所在，这样就能从整体着眼看清文章的脉络。 【命题预测】 预计2026年研究报告类说明文仍然是试卷中的难点。预想英语得高分成功突破研究报告是关键。问题设置主要以细节理解和推理判断为主，多出现态度观点题。 【必备基础知识】 科普研究类文本结构 总的结构：研究的问题，对象，内容----研究的方法，过程---研究的结果，发现 1. 提出问题----（各类观点/背景信息）----实验发现----解决问题 2. 现象----原因----进一步推进----如何做到----进一步推进----总结 3.结论--实验--总结 结论是批旧立新；实验是设立参照组；总结是照应结论和展望未来。 命题点是：结论是什么？实验说明了什么？未来是什么？ 干扰项特点：截取关键句或非关键句的部分词汇生造一个逻辑，可以说是无中生有。 考生要注意：即使选项每个词文中都有，也要留意这是命题人可能在用熟悉词来混淆视线。 高考说明文阅读技巧 1. 把握首段/尾段/及段落主题句（段首句） 2. 通过每个段落主题句快速掌握文章结构 3. 把握关键词/并忽略无关紧要的修饰词 4. 耐心分析与解题相关的长难句 说明文阅读方法及解题技巧： Step 1. 略读。在第一遍通读文章时，明确每段话的主题句，了解段落大意。（阅读过程中标记关键词：人名、专有名词、表结论/对比/因果等） Step 2. 梳理段落主题句，掌握文章架构，体会作者写作目的及意图。 Step 3. 做题。仔细阅读题干，判断题目与文章各个段落的相关性，二次精读时将选项代入对应段落，继而得出答案。 把握说明方法，抓准关键词 在行文中，为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或把事理阐述明白，通常会用到下列说明方法：举例子、做比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图标、引用、假设、对比或类比等。 对应的就会出现一些标志性的用词：find/discover/prove/indicate/state/stress/explain/show/for example/ for instance/define/compare/cause 表示上下文逻辑关系的词 考点一 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 研究发现型：研究发现——研究过程(背景、目标、对象、原理、方法、数据、结果...) —— 研究结论(前景、影响、意义、评价、未来方向、不足...) 解题指导 1.基本规律：研究报告说明文一般难度都比较大，命题者设题的难度并不大。 2．实用解题方法：① 某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。 ②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。 ③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。 ④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。 ⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。 ⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while 有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 【文章的结构分析】 Para1研究背景（问题） most records of biodiversity are often in the form of digital records；not perfect大多数生物多样性记录通常以数字记录的形式存在，但并非完美 Para2研究原因 Observational data，Are they usable?Daru想知道这种观测数据是否有用。 Para3过程与方法 Using a global dataset Daru和他的团队使用了一个全球数据集进行测试 Para4-5结论与解释 the large number of observation-only records are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species.大量的仅观察记录有失偏颇，倾向于于某些地区、时间段和物种。 Para6-8研究前景 Biodiversity apps；inform users利用生物多样性应用程序引导用户 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→know about→the records of species collected ●文章定位： Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. ●解析思维过程→ in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records→electronic（同义表达）→B. They are mostly in electronic form. ●故选B 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→focus on ●文章定位： These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? ●解析思维过程→ using observational data to investigate→Are they usable?→they—observational data→C. Observational data. ●故选C 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→led to→biases ●文章定位： 第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. 第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. ●解析思维过程→bias→take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it→recording their encounters with species in areas nearby→C. Improper way of sampling. ●故选C 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→led to→biases ●文章定位： Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. ●解析思维过程→ guidance→①to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — ②encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image→D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. ●故选D 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 32.细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 34.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 （2026·湖北省宜昌市高三上学期九月起点考试）Plastic has become an essential part of modern life, with around 1 million plastic water bottles sold every minute and 5 trillion plastic bags used worldwide every year, according to the UN’s Environment Program. Half of all plastic production is designed for single-use purposes, and the annual output of over 400 million tons is projected to reach 1,100 million tons by 2050. This growing mountain of waste has intensified public and regulatory demands for improved recycling. Recycling plastic, however, is complex. Many items are dirty or made from multiple layers, making traditional methods ineffective. Consequently, over 90% of plastic waste is buried, or deserted in nature. In response, forward-thinking companies are investing in advanced recycling technologies to turn waste into raw materials for new plastic. Yet, this approach has caused debates. One common method, pyrolysis, involves heating plastic waste to produce oil and synthetic gas, which powers recycling plants. However, the process releases harmful substances, raising concerns about its environmental impact. Critics argue that, rather than achieving a reduction in carbon emissions (排放), this method might result in similar or even higher levels of emissions compared to the production of new plastic. Some even accuse the industry of using advanced recycling as a way to justify continued plastic production. America’s Environmental Protection Agency has rejected this approach, and European environmental groups share similar concerns. Despite these challenges, advanced recycling has potential. For instance, Mura Technology in the UK claims its hydrothermal process produces more output with lower carbon emissions, while Australia’s Samsara Eco is developing enzyme-based methods that remove the need for new oil. These advancements could make recycling more efficient and environmentally friendly, helping to keep plastic in use rather than in landfills (填埋场). While the debate around advanced recycling continues, progress is underway. Britain recently approved a version of the mass-balance approach, and many EU member states are leaning towards acceptance. With further innovation and investment, advanced recycling could play a vital role in addressing the global plastic waste crisis. 12．What do the figures in paragraph 1 indicate? A．The difficulty of recycling. B．The severity of plastic waste. C．The prospect of plastic goods. D．The popularity of plastic items. 13．Why does advanced recycling meet with criticism? A．It legalizes plastic production. B．It produces more plastic waste. C．It does harm to recycling plants. D．It risks higher carbon emissions. 14．What can be inferred about the innovations in advanced recycling? A．They offer an alternative to new oil. B．They have won popularity in the west. C．They hold promise for green recycling. D．They guarantee a solution to plastic waste. 15．What is the author’s attitude towards advanced recycling? A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive. 【答案】12．B 13．D 14．C 15．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了塑料回收的现状、挑战、先进回收技术及其争议与发展前景。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段“Plastic has become an essential part of modern life, with around 1 million plastic water bottles sold every minute and 5 trillion plastic bags used worldwide every year, according to the UN’s Environment Program. Half of all plastic production is designed for single-use purposes, and the annual output of over 400 million tons is projected to reach 1,100 million tons by 2050. This growing mountain of waste has intensified public and regulatory demands for improved recycling.(据联合国环境规划署称，塑料已成为现代生活中不可或缺的一部分，全球每分钟售出约100万个塑料水瓶，每年使用5万亿个塑料袋。一半的塑料生产是为了一次性使用，年产量超过4亿吨，预计到2050年将达到11亿吨。这一不断增长的垃圾山加剧了公众和监管机构对改进回收利用的要求。)”可知，第一段中的数字表明了塑料垃圾的严重性。故选B。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“One common method, pyrolysis, involves heating plastic waste to produce oil and synthetic gas, which powers recycling plants. However, the process releases harmful substances, raising concerns about its environmental impact. Critics argue that, rather than achieving a reduction in carbon emissions (排放), this method might result in similar or even higher levels of emissions compared to the production of new plastic. Some even accuse the industry of using advanced recycling as a way to justify continued plastic production. America’s Environmental Protection Agency has rejected this approach, and European environmental groups share similar concerns.(热解是一种常见的回收方法，通过加热塑料垃圾生产石油和合成气，为回收工厂提供能源。但该过程会释放有害物质，引发对其环境影响的担忧。批评者认为，这种方法非但无法减少碳排放，反而可能产生与生产新塑料相当甚至更高的排放水平。一些人甚至指责塑料行业利用先进回收技术作为继续生产塑料的借口。美国环境保护局已否决了这种方法，欧洲环保组织也表达了类似担忧。)”可知，先进回收技术受到批评是因为它有可能导致更高的碳排放。故选D。 14．推理判断题。根据第四段“Despite these challenges, advanced recycling has potential. For instance, Mura Technology in the UK claims its hydrothermal process produces more output with lower carbon emissions, while Australia’s Samsara Eco is developing enzyme-based methods that remove the need for new oil. These advancements could make recycling more efficient and environmentally friendly, helping to keep plastic in use rather than in landfills (填埋场).(尽管存在这些挑战，先进回收仍有潜力。例如，英国的Mura Technology公司声称其水热工艺能以更低的碳排放产生更多的产出，而澳大利亚的Samsara Eco公司正在开发基于酶的方法，无需使用新油。这些进步可以使回收更加高效和环保，有助于保持塑料的使用，而不是填埋。)”可知，先进回收技术的创新为绿色回收带来了希望。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While the debate around advanced recycling continues, progress is underway. Britain recently approved a version of the mass-balance approach, and many EU member states are leaning towards acceptance. With further innovation and investment, advanced recycling could play a vital role in addressing the global plastic waste crisis.(尽管围绕先进回收的争论仍在继续，但进展正在进行中。英国最近批准了一种质量平衡方法的版本，许多欧盟成员国也倾向于接受。随着进一步的创新和投资，先进回收可以在解决全球塑料垃圾危机方面发挥至关重要的作用。)”等内容可知，作者对先进回收持客观态度，既提到了其面临的挑战和争议，也指出了其潜力和进展。故选B。 考点二 Problem--study--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 理解“问题-研究-分析-结论”（Problem–Study-Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。 （2025年1月浙江卷） As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”   Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 【文章结构分析】 Para 1——Problem As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. 随着新技术越来越像人类，人们一直在推动它们变得无性别。 Para2——finding（研究发现）1 gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them.性别增加了用户对这些设备的依恋感和购买兴趣。 Para 3——Analysis While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity.虽然给产品性别化可能是好的营销，但它也可能强化过时或有害的权力和身份观念。 Para 4——finding（研究发现）2 creating a genderless object was difficult 创建无性别的对象很困难 Para 5——solution anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.“拟人化”提供了一个改变刻板印象的机会。 【长难句分析】 1.【原句】Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. 【译文】然而，正如马丁在她的工作中发现的那样，性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式之一，尤其是那些具有人类特征的设计。 【句子结构分析】as Martin has found in her work是非限制性定语从句，people form connections with objects...是定语从句，修饰先行词ways。designed with human characteristics是过去分词短语作定语。 2.【原句】Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 【译文】类似地，人类化的产品也可以被创造出来承担与刻板印象不一致的角色——例如，一个男性机器人帮助哺乳，或一个女性机器人帮助计算。 【句子结构分析】破折号后是同位语，同位语由并列连词or连接，that assists with nursing和 that helps do calculations是定语从句。 32．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand. C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→the purpose→new technologies→genderless ●文章定位：As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. ●解析思维过程→People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways→seems like a simple way to fix this→A．To reduce stereotypes ●故选A 33．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey. C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→were asked to do ●文章定位：In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ ●解析思维过程→to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’→survey→to rate their attachment to →B．Respond to a survey. ●故选B 34．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task. C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→Why→difficult→create genderless objects ●文章定位：Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ ●解析思维过程→participants would still assign a gender to it→survey→ they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ →注意would的意思，意为：会，表示一种习惯——rooted（扎根于）→D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind. ●故选D 35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→the last paragraph→talk about ●文章定位：①Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’ ②anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles ●解析思维过程→anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’→created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles→ B．The upside of gendering a product. ●故选B 【答案】32．A 33．B 34．D 35．B 【解析】本文为说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。 32．细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：“人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。”完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简单方法)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A项。 33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行评分)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B项。 34．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ (马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D项。 35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。 （2026·浙江省嘉兴市高三上学期9月月考）Throughout history, trees have played a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. They absorb CO2 and transform it into oxygen. But one of the challenges with this traditional carbon absorption is that the CO2 trees store can be released back into the atmosphere when they die. However, the discovery of certain trees in Kenya adds a new dimension to this natural process. These trees, also found in several other countries, have been observed to transform CO2 into calcium oxalate. Then bacteria (细菌) present in the trees and surrounding soil transform it further into calcium carbonate (碳酸钙), a primary component of limestone and chalk. The unique process ensures that the CO2 is kept in solid form for much longer, even after the tree’s life ends. This finding was emphasized by Mike Rowley from the University of Zurich at the Goldschmidt Conference. While the scientific community is optimistic about these findings, several challenges remain. The primary concern is determining the exact amount of CO2 that these trees can transform throughout their lifetime. Without this accurate data, it is challenging to assess the full impact of this method globally. Understanding the ecological balance and ensuring the preservation of biodiversity are crucial before worldwide planting of these trees. Cooperative research efforts are needed to explore these aspects and develop a comprehensive strategy for using these trees as a natural solution to climate change. This discovery in Kenya invites us to reconsider the potential of natural processes in addressing environmental challenges. While technological solutions to climate change are vital, integrating natural methods offers an alternative approach. The unique ability of these trees presents a promising method for exploration. The journey to fighting climate change is complex. As we dig deeper into understanding natural phenomena like the Kenyan trees, we must ask ourselves: How can we make the best of the power of nature to create a sustainable future for generations to come? 32．What is special about the trees found in Kenya? A．They absorb more CO2. B．They help turn CO2 into solids. C．They release oxygen quickly. D．They live in harmony with bacteria. 33．What is the core challenge before applying the discovery globally? A．Assessing the cost of the process. B．Understanding the impact on soil. C．Quantifying the CO2 transformation. D．Collecting the data on biodiversity. 34．What does the author try to explore in the last two paragraphs? A．The seriousness of climate change. B．The method of green development. C．The prospect of scientific approaches. D．The role of nature in climate solutions. 35．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A defensive Strategy in Nature B．A Recent Advance in CO2 Research C．Kenyan Trees: A Natural Carbon Lock D．Tree Planting: A Key to Ecological Balance 【答案】32．B 33．C 34．D 35．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍树木在维持生态平衡中的作用，重点阐述肯尼亚发现的特殊树木能将二氧化碳转化为碳酸钙以实现长期固碳的独特过程，同时提及当前研究面临的挑战，并指出该发现为利用自然方法应对气候变化提供了新思路。 32．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“These trees, also found in several other countries, have been observed to transform CO2 into calcium oxalate. Then bacteria (细菌) present in the trees and surrounding soil transform it further into calcium carbonate (碳酸钙), a primary component of limestone and chalk. The unique process ensures that the CO2 is kept in solid form for much longer, even after the tree’s life ends.(这类树木在其他几个国家也有分布，研究观察到它们能将二氧化碳转化为草酸钙。随后，树木内部及周围土壤中的细菌会进一步将草酸钙转化为碳酸钙 —— 石灰岩和白垩的主要成分。这一独特过程确保二氧化碳以固态形式被长期封存，即便树木寿命终结也不会轻易释放)”可知，肯尼亚发现的树木特殊之处在于，它们能通过一系列过程将二氧化碳转化为草酸钙，进而转化为碳酸钙，使二氧化碳以固态形式长期封存。故选B。 33．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The primary concern is determining the exact amount of CO2 that these trees can transform throughout their lifetime. Without this accurate data, it is challenging to assess the full impact of this method globally.(首要问题是确定这类树木在其生命周期内可转化的二氧化碳精确量。若缺乏这一准确数据，将难以评估该方法在全球范围内的整体影响)”可知，在全球应用这一发现前，核心挑战是确定这类树木在生命周期内转化二氧化碳的精确量，即对二氧化碳转化量进行量化。故选C。 34．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“This discovery in Kenya invites us to reconsider the potential of natural processes in addressing environmental challenges.(肯尼亚的这一发现，促使我们重新思考自然过程在应对环境挑战中的潜力)”以及最后一段“As we dig deeper into understanding natural phenomena like the Kenyan trees, we must ask ourselves: How can we make the best of the power of nature to create a sustainable future for generations to come?(当我们深入研究肯尼亚树木这类自然现象时，必须反问自己：如何充分利用自然的力量，为子孙后代创造一个可持续发展的未来？)”可知，作者在最后两段中，通过肯尼亚树木的发现，重点探讨了自然过程在应对气候变化、解决环境问题中的潜力与作用，强调应结合自然方法应对气候挑战。故选D。 35．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“However, the discovery of certain trees in Kenya adds a new dimension to this natural process. These trees, also found in several other countries, have been observed to transform CO2 into calcium oxalate.(然而，在肯尼亚发现的一类特殊树木，为这一自然过程增添了新维度。这类树木在其他几个国家也有分布，研究观察到它们能将二氧化碳转化为草酸钙)”以及全文内容可知，全文围绕肯尼亚发现的特殊树木能将二氧化碳转化为固态碳酸钙长期封存展开，先对比传统树木固碳的不足，再介绍该类树木的独特固碳过程、当前研究挑战，最后强调其对利用自然应对气候变化的意义，核心主题是肯尼亚树木的天然固碳作用。选项C“Kenyan Trees: A Natural Carbon Lock(肯尼亚树木：天然的碳锁)”准确概括了全文内容，可以作为最佳标题。故选C。 考点三 Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 理解“现象-分析-结论”（Phenomenon–Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。 【2025·全国I卷】D Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 【文章结构分析】 Para 1——feeling（感受） your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food（浪费食物的感受） Para2——solution（方法）1 one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.纽约一家很受欢迎的餐厅尝试了一种不同的方式：它改变了菜单，只提供本来会被扔掉的食物。 Para 3-5 ——solution（方法）2 wastED solved the problem successfully wastED成功解决了这个问题 Para 6——evaluation creating a genderless object was difficult 创建无性别的对象很困难 12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→be inferred→the author’s early life ●文章定位：Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. ●解析思维过程→growing up in South Africa（witnessed）→ children starving in Africa（food shortage）→more of an uncomfortable reminder→ A. He witnessed food shortage. ●故选A 13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→Why→Blue Hill→carry out the experiment ●文章定位：Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. ●解析思维过程→make the public aware=raise awareness（同义表达）→ of food waste=regarding food waste（同义表达）→B. To make the public aware of food waste. ●故选B 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→paragraph 5→mainly about ●文章定位：It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. ●解析思维过程→Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine→C. What the dishes were made of. ●故选C 15. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→learn about→wastED ●文章定位：Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. ●解析思维过程→ a short-lived experiment→returned to its regular menu→ ended→A. It has ended as planned. ●故选A 【答案】12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 12. A推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 13. B细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 14. C主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 15. A推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 （2026·黑龙江省龙东联盟高三上学期开学考试）For decades, scientists have identified chronic low-level inflammation (炎症) — called “inflammaging” — as one of the primary drivers of age-related diseases. Think of it as your body’s immune system stuck in overdrive — constantly fighting battles that don’t exist, gradually wearing down organs and systems. But a new study challenges that idea and could reshape how we think about aging itself. The research, published in Nature Aging, compared patterns of inflammation in four very different communities around the world. Two groups were from modern, industrialised societies — older adults living in Italy and Singapore. The other two were pristine communities who live more traditional lifestyles: the Tsimane people of the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli in the forests of Malaysia. The researchers analysed blood samples from more than 2,800 people, looking at a wide range of inflammatory molecules (分子), known as cytokines. Among the Italian and Singaporean participants, the researchers found a fairly consistent inflammaging pattern. As people aged, levels of inflammatory markers in the blood rose together. Higher levels were linked to a greater risk of chronic diseases including kidney disease and heart disease. But in the Tsimane and Orang Asli populations, the inflammaging pattern was absent. The same inflammatory molecules did not rise consistently with age, and they were not strongly linked to age-related diseases. In fact, among the Tsimane, who face high rates of microorganism infections, inflammation levels were often high. Yet this did not lead to the same rates of chronic diseases that are common in industrialised nations. These results raise important questions. One possibility is that inflammaging, at least as measured through these blood signals, is not a universal biological feature of aging. Instead, it may arise in societies marked by high-calorie diets, low physical activity and reduced exposure to infections. In other words, chronic inflammation linked to aging and disease might not simply result from an inevitable biological process, but rather from a mismatch between our ancient physiology and the modern environment. If these findings are confirmed, they could have some significant consequences. 32．How is inflammaging related to aging in the established scientific view? A．It attacks human organs. B．It causes the inactivity of organs. C．It generates overactive immune response. D．It lowers the efficiency of immune system. 33．What does the word “pristine” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Unspoiled. B．Unwelcoming. C．Unsafe. D．Unlivable. 34．What has the study found about the Tsimane and Orang Asli people? A．They seldom develop chronic diseases. B．Their blood lacks inflammatory markers. C．They rarely get exposed to sources of infection. D．Their inflammation levels are independent of aging. 35．What does the new study suggest? A．Inflammaging is a signal of aging. B．Inflammaging is biologically unavoidable. C．Repeated infections hold back inflammaging. D．Modern lifestyle contributes to inflammaging. 【答案】32．C 33．A 34．D 35．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究，指出炎症性衰老并不是一个不可避免的生理现象，而是与我们当代的生活方式息息相关。 32．细节理解题。根据第一段“Think of it as your body’s immune system stuck in overdrive — constantly fighting battles that don’t exist, gradually wearing down organs and systems. (把它想象成你身体的免疫系统陷入了超速状态——不断地与不存在的战斗作斗争，逐渐消耗了器官和系统。)”可知，长期低水平炎症使得身体的免疫系统陷入过度激活状态，持续对抗不存在的敌人，逐渐消耗各个器官和系统。故选C。 33．词句猜测题。从第二段“Two groups were from modern, industrialised societies — older adults living in Italy and Singapore. (其中两组来自现代工业化社会——生活在意大利和新加坡的老年人。)”和“who live more traditional lifestyles: the Tsimane people of the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli in the forests of Malaysia. (他们过着更传统的生活方式：玻利维亚亚马逊地区的Tsimane人和马来西亚森林里的Orang Asli人。)”可知，研究选取了现代工业化社会下的人群和原始社区过着传统生活方式的人群进行比较，pristine的意思是“未受损害的，处于原始状态的”，和unspoiled意思相近。故选A。 34．细节理解题。根据第三段“But in the Tsimane and Orang Asli populations, the inflammaging pattern was absent. The same inflammatory molecules did not rise consistently with age, and they were not strongly linked to age-related diseases. (但在Tsimane人和Orang Asli人中，没有这种炎症模式。同样的炎症分子并没有随着年龄的增长而持续增加，它们与年龄相关的疾病也没有很强的联系。)”可知，这项研究发现Tsimane人和Orang Asli人的炎症水平与年龄无关。故选D。 35．推理判断题。根据第四段“One possibility is that inflammaging, at least as measured through these blood signals, is not a universal biological feature of aging. Instead, it may arise in societies marked by high-calorie diets, low physical activity and reduced exposure to infections. (一种可能性是，炎症，至少通过这些血液信号来衡量，并不是衰老的普遍生物学特征。相反，它可能出现在以高热量饮食、低体力活动和低感染风险为特征的社会。)”可知，新的研究表明现代生活方式会导致炎症。故选D。 （最新模拟试题演练） 1.（2026·浙江省Z20名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考）AI Radiology: Faster, Smarter, and More Accurate Hospital waiting time for scan results could soon be reduced from days to minutes. A 2025 Stanford study reveals that DeepMedScan, an AI system analyzing CT/MRI images, detects tumors 30% faster than human radiologists (放射科医生) while matching top experts’ 98% accuracy. The system is now used in 40+ EU hospitals, reducing diagnosis delays by up to 80%. The breakthrough lies in 3D neural mapping. Unlike traditional AI recognizing 2D patterns, DeepMedScan constructs dynamic 3D models of organs: It cross-references scans with global databases — processing 200,000+ historical cases in 0.2 seconds. “It’s like giving each radiologist a super-powered second brain,” explains lead researcher Dr. Aris Thorne. Critical advantages include identifying micro-lesions under 2 mm — often missed by human eyes — and predicting disease progression. In German trials, the AI detected early-stage pancreatic cancer in 83% of high-risk patients a year before symptoms emerged, enabling life-saving interventions. Challenges persist, however, Legal frameworks struggle with responsibility for AI misdiagnosis (occurring in 0.7% of cases vs. human 1.2%). Inaccuracy risks also exist; early versions performed poorly on pediatric (小儿科的) scans due to limited child data. Regulatory authorities now enforce “human-AI co-diagnosis” — requiring doctor confirmation for critical cases. Future upgrades focus on accessibility. Lightweight versions for rural clinics are being tested in India, using smartphone-compatible calculation procedure. As WHO advisor Dr. Priya Sharma notes, “Making this tech widely accessible could prevent 500,000+ annual late-stage cancer deaths globally by 2030.” 32．How does the article present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By providing statistics. D．By presenting classifications. 33．What does the author highlight with super-powered second brain? A．Replacing radiologists with automated systems. B．Emphasizing its ultra-fast data processing capacity. C．Demonstrating its superiority over human intelligence. D．Promoting commercial sales of medical equipment. 34．What does the author intend to convey in paragraph 4? A．The potential of AI diagnosis. B．The inaccuracy of AI diagnosis. C．The dominance of authorities in AI diagnosis. D．The necessity of human participation in AI diagnosis. 35．What can be inferred about AI radiology’s future development? A．It will replace doctors. B．It can work with smart phones. C．It can reach people in far-off areas. D．It can avoid late-stage cancer deaths completely. 【答案】32．C 33．B 34．D 35．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了AI放射学更快、更智能且更精准，介绍了其优势、挑战及未来发展。 32．推理判断题。根据第一段中“A 2025 Stanford study reveals that DeepMedScan, an AI system analyzing CT/MRI images, detects tumors 30% faster than human radiologists (放射科医生) while matching top experts’ 98% accuracy.(2025年斯坦福大学的一项研究显示，分析CT/MRI图像的人工智能系统DeepMedScan检测肿瘤的速度比人类放射科医生快30%，同时准确率与顶级专家相当，达到98%)”可知，文章第一段通过提供统计数据来呈现问题。故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It cross-references scans with global databases — processing 200, 000+ historical cases in 0.2 seconds. “It’s like giving each radiologist a super-powered second brain,” explains lead researcher Dr. Aris Thorne.(它将扫描结果与全球数据库进行交叉参考——在0.2秒内处理20多万个历史病例。“这就像给每个放射科医生一个超级强大的第二大脑，”首席研究员阿里斯·索恩博士解释道)”可知，作者用“超级强大的第二大脑”强调其超快的数据处理能力。故选B。 34．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Regulatory authorities now enforce “human-AI co-diagnosis” — requiring doctor confirmation for critical cases.(监管机构现在强制执行“人机共同诊断”——要求对危急病例进行医生确认)”可知，作者在第四段想传达的是人类参与AI诊断的必要性。故选D。 35．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Future upgrades focus on accessibility. Lightweight versions for rural clinics are being tested in India, using smartphone-compatible calculation procedure.(未来的升级重点是可及性。印度正在测试适用于农村诊所的轻量级版本，使用与智能手机兼容的计算程序)”可推知，AI放射学的未来发展可以覆盖偏远地区的人们。故选C。 2.（2026·湖北省高中名校联盟高三上学期第一次联合测评）The newest, hottest power couple doesn’t live in Hollywood. It’s actually the marriage of solar panels and reservoirs (水库): Known as floatovoltaics, these devices on simple floats (浮体) generate power while shading the water below. The primary advantage of the technology is that no trees need to be cleared for solar farms. As an added bonus, the water cools the panels, increasing their efficiency. Research shows that floatovoltaics on just a small share of global lakes and reservoirs could meet nearly a third of the US’s annual electricity demand. As floatovoltaic systems expand, with the market expected to grow 23% annually from 2025 to 2030, scientists are studying their impact on ecosystems. “We shouldn’t be expanding clean energy at the cost of biodiversity loss,” warns Elisa Stephens, a researcher at the University of California, Davis. “This is a great opportunity to increase our research and develop smart designs and better siting practices to have this happy marriage between a healthy, biodiverse ecosystem and renewable energy expansion.” Most floatovoltaics are placed on reservoirs. When paired with the existing water power plants, the panels can generate additional daytime power. This combination can make up for seasonal drops in water or sunlight, ensuring a more stable yearly output. Though artificial, reservoirs host lots of water life that floatovoltaics can interact with. Would this bring risks or benefits? “Our customers have seen migrating (迁徙的) birds feeding and resting on the floats,” reports Chris Bachman of a leading floatovoltaics company. Ecological considerations get trickier where there are unforeseen knock-on effects. Experiments show that shading from panels can slow the growth of algae that fish eat and also reduce harmful algae, affecting the food chain. Floats can hide fish from birds that hunt them but may also serve as safe habitats for these birds. “We need to monitor for long periods to understand the big picture,” says freshwater ecologist Simpson Cardoso. Scientists and companies are discussing wider spacing between panels and avoiding construction during waterbirds’ sensitive periods, such as migration and nesting. “There can definitely be that kind of ecological balance,” says Stephens. 32．How does the author introduce floatovoltaics? A．By giving a technical definition. B．By explaining how they work. C．By relating them to a married couple. D．By describing a popular movie scene. 33．What is scientists’ major concern about floatovoltaics? A．Their influence on ecosystems and biodiversity. B．Their seasonal changes in power output. C．Their high cost of construction and maintenance. D．Their competition against traditional solar farms. 34．Why does the author quote Chris Bachman in paragraph 5? A．To provide evidence of customer satisfaction. B．To show a potential benefit of floatovoltaics. C．To note the complexity of ecological interactions. D．To draw attention to protecting migrating birds. 35．What are scientists focusing on? A．Conducting the application of wider panels. B．Developing smarter designs and practices. C．Proving the existence of ecological balance. D．Avoiding constructions on waterbird habitats. 【答案】32．C 33．A 34．B 35．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种将太阳能面板和水库结合的新兴技术——浮动光伏。但科学家也提醒应关注其对生态系统的潜在影响，以确保可再生能源的发展不会以破坏生物多样性为代价。 32．推理判断题。根据第一段“The newest, hottest power couple doesn’t live in Hollywood. It’s actually the marriage of solar panels and reservoirs (水库): Known as floatovoltaics, these devices on simple floats (浮体) generate power while shading the water below.(当下最炙手可热的“明星夫妻档”并非生活在好莱坞。实际上，它们是太阳能电池板与水库的结合体：这种被称为“浮式光伏”的装置安装在简单的浮体上，既能发电又能为下方的水域遮阳)”可知，作者通过将浮式光伏系统与一对已婚夫妇的情况进行关联介绍浮式光伏系统。故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段“As floatovoltaic systems expand, with the market expected to grow 23% annually from 2025 to 2030, scientists are studying their impact on ecosystems. “We shouldn’t be expanding clean energy at the cost of biodiversity loss,” warns Elisa Stephens, a researcher at the University of California, Davis. “This is a great opportunity to increase our research and develop smart designs and better siting practices to have this happy marriage between a healthy, biodiverse ecosystem and renewable energy expansion.”(随着浮式光伏系统的不断推广，预计从 2025 年到 2030 年，该市场的年增长率将达到 23%。科学家们正在研究其对生态系统的潜在影响。加州大学戴维斯分校的研究员伊莉莎·斯蒂芬斯警告说：“我们不应以牺牲生物多样性为代价来扩大清洁能源的规模。”“这是一个绝佳的机会，让我们加大研究力度，开发智能设计和更合理的布局方式，以实现健康、多样化的生态系统与可再生能源扩张之间的和谐共生。”)”可知，生态平衡和生物多样性是主要关注点。故选A。 34．推理判断题。根据第五段“Though artificial, reservoirs host lots of water life that floatovoltaics can interact with. Would this bring risks or benefits? “Our customers have seen migrating (迁徙的) birds feeding and resting on the floats,” reports Chris Bachman of a leading floatovoltaics company.(尽管人工建造，但水库中仍生活着大量水生生物，而浮式光伏系统能够与这些生物产生互动。这会带来风险还是带来好处呢？“我们的客户曾看到迁徙的鸟类在浮体上觅食和休息，”一家知名浮式光伏公司的克里斯·巴赫曼说道)”可知，作者在第五段中引用克里斯·巴赫曼的话是为了展示浮式光伏技术的潜在优势。故选B。 35．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Experiments show that shading from panels can slow the growth of algae that fish eat and also reduce harmful algae, affecting the food chain. Floats can hide fish from birds that hunt them but may also serve as safe habitats for these birds. “We need to monitor for long periods to understand the big picture,” says freshwater ecologist Simpson Cardoso.(实验表明，遮阳板提供的遮荫能减缓鱼类所食用的藻类的生长速度，还能减少有害藻类的滋生，从而影响食物链。浮标可以保护鱼类免受捕食鸟类的攻击，但同时也可能成为这些鸟类的安全栖息地。淡水生态学家辛普森·卡多索表示：“我们需要进行长期监测，以了解整体情况。”)”以及最后一段“Scientists and companies are discussing wider spacing between panels and avoiding construction during waterbirds’ sensitive periods, such as migration and nesting. “There can definitely be that kind of ecological balance,” says Stephens.(科学家和相关企业正在探讨将太阳能板之间的间距加大，并避免在水鸟的敏感时期（如迁徙和筑巢期）进行施工。斯蒂芬斯表示：“肯定能够实现这种生态平衡。”)”可知，科学家们正在关注开发更智能的设计与方法。故选B。 3.（2026·湖北省武汉市九师联盟高三上学期8月开学）Jade Benjamin-Chung, an assistant professor at the Stanford School of Medicine, worked with her coworkers to analyze the impact of hygiene (卫生) interventions on health outcomes in middle — and low-income Bangladeshi households. They found many common strategies used to protect children from disease weren’t as effective as expected. Feeling curious, Benjamin-Chung and her coworkers identified a potential reason. Around 70% of rural homes in Bangladesh have soil-packed floors. As young kids eat and play on the floor, they often absorb tiny soil-based parasites (寄生虫) that spread disease. So they thought about the concrete floors, which could create a space easier to clean and reduce pathogen (病原体) spread. Benjamin-Chung mentioned their idea to Sarah Billington, an expert on concrete and building materials from the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability. When Billington heard the team’s idea of broadly replacing soil-packed floors with concrete, she worried the approach could have unintended consequences for the climate due to heavy carbon emissions (排放) from concrete production. So Billington invited other Stanford experts into the fold to understand why concrete was effective in reducing pathogen spread and design low-emission concrete alternatives that kept those helpful properties. They wanted to develop a mix using materials that’ re easily found in countries like Bangladesh. Finally, one possible material was recycled fly ash, a byproduct of burning coal. The concrete mix was affordable, durable and produced fewer emissions. Then they did an experiment where they hardened concrete test tiles (砖) made with alternative “green” concrete and then some pathogens were put into the tiles to measure how well they survived on the surface. The team’s findings suggest the pathogens have similar rates of survival on traditional concrete mix tiles and “green” alternative fly ash tiles. “This project could be a model for how to improve public health with sustainability baked in at the beginning,” said Benjamin-Chung. 32．What did Benjamin-Chung and her coworkers focus on initially? A．The bad influences of concrete. B．Disease spread in the neighborhood. C．Hygiene practices in specific families. D．Recycling methods of fly ash. 33．What made Billington invite other experts in? A．Her lack of knowledge of pollution. B．Her worries about health outcomes. C．Her struggle with pathogen resistance. D．Her concern about climate impacts. 34．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．The alternative is effective at reducing disease spread. B．Traditional concrete does more harm to people’s health. C．The study helps reduce the cost of healthcare in Bangladesh. D．The study offers good educational resources to medical schools. 35．What could be a suitable title for the text? A．Strategies for Bangladeshi Public Health B．Sustainable Concrete for Healthier Homes C．Hygiene Interventions in Low-income Homes D．Pathogens Spread through Building Materials 【答案】32．C 33．D 34．A 35．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型的环保建筑材料——低碳混合水泥板块。 32．细节理解题。根据第一段“Jade Benjamin-Chung, an assistant professor at the Stanford School of Medicine, worked with her coworkers to analyze the impact of hygiene (卫生) interventions on health outcomes in middle — and low-income Bangladeshi households.(斯坦福大学医学院助理教授Jade Benjamin-Chung与她的同事一起分析了卫生干预措施对孟加拉国中低收入家庭健康状况的影响)”可知，Benjamin-Chung和她同事最初的研究重心是孟加拉国中低收入家庭的卫生习惯。故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段“When Billington heard the team’s idea of broadly replacing soil-packed floors with concrete, she worried the approach could have unintended consequences for the climate due to heavy carbon emissions (排放) from concrete production.(当Billington听到该团队的想法是用混凝土广泛取代土壤填充的地板时，她担心这种方法可能会对气候产生意想不到的后果，因为混凝土生产会产生大量的碳排放)”和第四段“So Billington invited other Stanford experts into the fold to understand why concrete was effective in reducing pathogen spread and design low-emission concrete alternatives that kept those helpful properties.(因此，Billington邀请了斯坦福大学的其他专家来了解为什么混凝土能有效地减少病原体的传播，并设计出低排放的混凝土替代品，以保持这些有益的特性)”可知，Billington担心使用混凝土会对气候带来影响，故邀请了其他专家参与进来。故选D。 34．推理判断题。根据第五段“The team’s findings suggest the pathogens have similar rates of survival on traditional concrete mix tiles and “green” alternative fly ash tiles.(研究小组的发现表明，在传统的混凝土混合瓦和“绿色”替代粉煤灰瓦上，病原体的存活率相似)”可推断，新型的水泥混合板在减少疾病传播方面一样有效。故选A。 35．主旨大意题。根据第二段“So they thought about the concrete floors, which could create a space easier to clean and reduce pathogen (病原体) spread.(所以他们想到了混凝土地板，这样可以创造一个更容易清洁的空间，减少病原体的传播)”以及本文主要介绍的是与世界上一些农村地区常见的泥土地面不同，混凝土地面可减少携带疾病的病原体——但它们的成本很高，且对环境有害。一种低碳混合板块可以提供解决这一问题。故B项“可持续混凝土打造更健康的家园”适合作本文标题。故选B。 4.（2026·湘豫名校高三上学期入学摸底）The gravitational pull of Mars may be strong enough to stir (搅动) up Earth’s ocean, shifting its sediment (沉淀物) as part of a 2.4-million-year climate cycle, researchers claim. It has long been accepted that shifts in Earth’s orbit around the sun influence the planet's climate, with these Milankovitch cycles operating on periods measured in thousands of years. Now, Adriana Dutkiewicz at the University of Sydney and her teammates say they have found a 2.4-million-year “Grand Cycle”, which they believe is driven by Mars and has had dramatic impacts on currents in Earth’s oceans for at least 40 million years. The evidence for this cycle comes from almost 300 deep-sea drill cores that reveal unexpected variation in the ocean sediment. During periods of stable ocean currents, oceanographers expect sediment to settle in steady layers, but unusual currents can see it stored elsewhere. According to the team, absences or interruptions in the sediment record line up with times when Mars’s gravity puts maximum force on Earth, impacting our planet’s orbital stability. This changes solar radiation levels and climate, resulting in stronger currents in the oceans. Team member Dietmar Müller, also at the University of Sydney, acknowledges that the distance between Earth and Mars is so vast that it is hard to imagine any significant gravitational force being produced. “But there are so many feedbacks that can reflect changes,” he says. “Mars’s impact on Earth’s climate is similar to a butterfly effect.” Benjamin Mills at the University of Leeds, UK, says the drill cores provide more evidence for the existence of global environmental change. “Many of us have seen these multi-million-year cycles in various different geological, geochemical and biological records — including during the famous explosion of animal life in the Cambrian Period,” he says. “This paper helps confirm these ideas as key parts of environmental change.” 12．What evidence supports the 2.4-million-year cycle? A．Changes in Earth’s orbit. B．Variation in ocean sediment. C．Records of solar radiation. D．Impact on Earth’s gravity. 13．What can we infer about Mars’s gravity? A．It directly controls Earth’s climate. B．It has no influence on Earth’s orbit. C．It slightly weakens Earth’s ocean currents. D．Its effect on Earth is indirect but significant. 14．What is Dietmar Müller’s attitude towards the research? A．Doubtful. B．Supportive. C．Negative. D．Uncaring. 15．Why does Benjamin Mills mention the Cambrian Period? A．To question the new finding. B．To introduce a new theory. C．To show the cycle’s long history. D．To explain the butterfly effect. 【答案】12．B 13．D 14．B 15．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了悉尼大学的研究人员发现火星引力可能对地球海洋环流和气候产生影响的240万年周期，并讨论了相关证据和科学界的看法。 12．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The evidence for this cycle comes from almost 300 deep-sea drill cores that reveal unexpected variation in the ocean sediment.(这一周期的证据来自近300个深海钻探岩心，这些岩心揭示了海洋沉积物中意想不到的变化)”可知，这一周期的证据来自近300个深海钻探岩心揭示的海洋沉积物变化。故选B项。 13．推理判断题。根据第五段“Team member Dietmar Müller, also at the University of Sydney, acknowledges that the distance between Earth and Mars is so vast that it is hard to imagine any significant gravitational force being produced. “But there are so many feedbacks that can reflect changes,” he says. “Mars’s impact on Earth’s climate is similar to a butterfly effect.”(同样来自悉尼大学的团队成员Dietmar Müller承认，地球和火星之间的距离非常遥远，很难想象会产生任何重大的引力。“但是有太多的反馈可以反映变化，”他说。“火星对地球气候的影响类似于蝴蝶效应。”)”可知，火星和地球之间的距离非常遥远，其引力对地球的直接影响微乎其微，但这种影响通过复杂的反馈机制间接地显著改变了地球的气候。故选D项。 14．推理判断题。根据第五段中Dietmar Müller的话“But there are so many feedbacks that can reflect changes(但是有太多的反馈可以反映变化)”以及“Mars’s impact on Earth’s climate is similar to a butterfly effect.(火星对地球气候的影响类似于蝴蝶效应)”可知，Dietmar Müller认为火星引力对地球气候的影响虽然微小，但通过复杂的反馈机制可能会产生显著效果，说明他对这项研究持支持态度。故选B项。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Many of us have seen these multi-million-year cycles in various different geological, geochemical and biological records — including during the famous explosion of animal life in the Cambrian Period(我们许多人在各种不同的地质、地球化学和生物记录中都看到了这些数百万年的周期——包括寒武纪动物生命大爆发的著名时期)”可知，Benjamin Mills提到寒武纪是为了说明这种周期在地球历史中长期存在，从而支持该周期的古老性和普遍性。故选C项。 5.（2026·辽宁名校联盟高三上学期8月联考）Chinese scientists have made a significant breakthrough in producing hydrogen from water using light. They added scandium (钪) to titanium dioxide (二氧化钛, TiO₂) to create a new TiO₂ structure. This innovation increases hydrogen production efficiency 15 times under sunlight compared to previous TiO₂ materials. The new performance of photocatalys, which is a chemical reaction that is accelerated by the absorption of light by a catalyst (催化剂) is due to 5% scandium doping. This creates TiO₂ particles with two crystal facets (面): {101} and {110}. The {101} facet collects electrons, while the {110} facet receives holes. This arrangement produces a strong electric field within the TiO₂ particles, enhancing charge transport efficiency. As a result, the photoinduced (光诱导的) charge separation efficiency has improved over 200 times, and the quantum efficiency for ultraviolet light at 360 nm has exceeded 30%. Compared to traditional solar hydrogen production methods like photovoltaic-powered electrolysis, this new approach is simpler and more cost-effective. Traditional methods require complex and expensive equipment, while TiO₂-based photocatalysts offer a more straightforward alternative. However, TiO₂ has a problem: photoexcited electrons and holes reunite quickly, reducing efficiency. The scandium-doped TiO₂ solves this problem in two ways: 1. Eliminating Charge Traps: Sc³⁺ ions fit well into the TiO₂ structure without causing distortion. Their stable +3 charge neutralizes the imbalance caused by oxygen vacancies, reducing electron-hole recombination. 2. Reconstructing the Crystal Surface: Scandium atoms rearrange the crystal surface to form specific facets, giving electrons and holes more time and space to participate in reactions. If made into a 100 m² photocatalytic panel, this material could generate enough hydrogen in one day to power a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to travel about 68 kilometers. China has the world’s largest TiO₂ production capacity and significant scandium reserves, so this discovery could facilitate the large-scale industrial application of photocatalytic water splitting technology. It offers a promising way for more efficient and economical hydrogen production, which is crucial for transitioning to sustainable and carbon-neutral energy systems. This advancement highlights the potential of rare-earth elements in improving photocatalytic materials. As the world seeks ways to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change, this scandium-doped TiO₂ photocatalyst provides hope. It could accelerate the adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier and support the development of hydrogen-powered technologies across various industries. In summary, this new scandium-doped TiO₂ photocatalyst is a major step forward in renewable energy. Its impressive performance and potential for widespread application bring us closer to a future where clean, sustainable hydrogen energy is both abundant and economically feasible. This breakthrough is expected to inspire further research and innovation in the design of advanced photocatalytic materials, driving the world closer to a carbon-neutral and sustainable energy future. 12．What fundamental innovation enables the dramatic improvement in hydrogen production efficiency? A．Substituting rare-earth elements for traditional catalysts. B．Optimizing catalyst structure through elemental integration. C．Developing ultra-thin semiconductor membrane layers. D．Implementing multi-stage photovoltaic conversion systems. 13．Which dual mechanism addresses the rapid recombination of electrons and holes? A．Neutralizing ionic imbalances and restructuring reactive pathways. B．Enhancing photon absorption and extending wavelength ranges. C．Introducing magnetic fields and cooling thermal byproducts. D．Isolating oxygen molecules and pressurizing reaction chambers. 14．Considering China’s industrial context, which factor would most critically determine the scalability of this technology? A．Global market demand for hydrogen vehicles. B．Availability of specialized manufacturing equipment. C．Domestic mineral resource distribution patterns. D．International carbon emission regulations. 15．A renewable energy startup plans to pilot this technology. Which implementation challenge aligns with the statement “photoexcited electrons and holes reunite quickly”  (para. 3)? A．Maintaining stable light intensity across large surface areas. B．Preventing premature energy loss during charge migration. C．Scaling up ultraviolet light filtration systems. D．Balancing production costs with catalyst durability. 【答案】12．B 13．A 14．C 15．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国科学家用掺钪的二氧化钛光催化剂从水中制氢的突破，该方法高效且成本低，有望推动氢能产业发展。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“They added scandium (钪) to titanium dioxide (二氧化钛, TiO₂) to create a new TiO₂ structure. This innovation increases hydrogen production efficiency 15 times under sunlight compared to previous TiO₂ materials.(他们在二氧化钛 (TiO₂)中加入钪，创造了一种新的二氧化钛结构。与之前的二氧化钛材料相比，这一创新使阳光下的制氢效率提高了15倍)”可知，通过元素融合优化催化剂结构，使得制氢效率大幅提高。故选B项。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“1. Eliminating Charge Traps: Sc³⁺ ions fit well into the TiO₂ structure without causing distortion. Their stable +3 charge neutralizes the imbalance caused by oxygen vacancies, reducing electron hole recombination.(1. 消除电荷陷阱：Sc³⁺离子能很好地融入二氧化钛结构而不造成扭曲。它们稳定的 +3 价电荷中和了氧空位造成的不平衡，减少了电子-空穴复合)”和“2. Reconstructing the Crystal Surface: Scandium atoms rearrange the crystal surface to form specific facets, giving electrons and holes more time and space to participate in reactions.(2. 重构晶体表面：钪原子重新排列晶体表面形成特定的晶面，给电子-空穴更多的时间和空间参与反应)”可知，解决电子-空穴快速复合的双机制是中和离子不平衡和重构反应途径。故选A项。 14．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“China has the world’s largest TiO₂ production capacity and significant scandium reserves, so this discovery could facilitate the large scale industrial application of photocatalytic water splitting technology.(中国拥有世界上最大的二氧化钛生产能力和大量的钪储量，因此这一发现有助于光催化水分解技术的大规模工业应用)”可知，国内矿产资源的分布模式会对该技术的可扩展性起关键作用。故选C项。 15．推理判断题。根据第三段中“However, TiO₂ has a problem: photoexcited electrons and holes reunite quickly, reducing efficiency.(然而，二氧化钛有一个问题：光激发的电子-空穴很快重新结合，降低了效率)”和“1. Eliminating Charge Traps: Sc³⁺ ions fit well into the TiO₂ structure without causing distortion. Their stable +3 charge neutralizes the imbalance caused by oxygen vacancies, reducing electron hole recombination.(1. 消除电荷陷阱：Sc³⁺离子能很好地融入二氧化钛结构而不造成扭曲。它们稳定的 +3 价电荷中和了氧空位造成的不平衡，减少了电子-空穴复合)”可知电子-空穴快速复合导致能量损失，可再生能源初创公司在试点这项技术时，“防止电荷迁移过程中的过早能量损失”这一挑战与“光激发的电子-空穴很快重新结合”相契合。故选B项。 6.（2026·湖南省长沙市湖南师范大学附属中学高三上学期8月月考）Writing and editing working messages with tools like ChatGPT or Gemini has become a commonplace practice. While generative AI tools are seen to make writing easier, are they effective for communicating between managers and employees? “We see a tension between perceptions of message quality and perceptions of the sender,” said Anthony Coman, a researcher at the University of Florida. “Despite positive impressions of professionalism in AI-assisted writing, managers who use AI for routine communication tasks put their trustworthiness at risk when using medium-to -high-levels of AI assistance.” In this study, Coman and his co-author, Peter Cardon, surveyed professionals about how they viewed emails that they were told were written with low, medium and high AI assistance. Survey participants were asked to evaluate different AI-written versions of a congratulatory message on both their perception of the message content and their perception of the sender. While AI-assisted writing was generally seen as efficient, effective, and professional, the impact on trust was substantial: Only 40% to 52% of employees viewed supervisors as sincere when they used high levels of AI, compared to 83% for low-assistance messages. Similarly, while 95% found low-AI supervisor messages professional, this dropped to 69%-73% when supervisors relied heavily on AI tools. The findings reveal employees can often detect AI-generated content and interpret its use as lack of caring. When supervisors rely heavily on AI for messages like team congratulations, employees perceive them as less sincere and question their leadership abilities. “In some cases, AI-assisted writing can undermine perceptions of traits linked to a supervisor’s trustworthiness,” Coman noted. The study suggests managers should carefully consider message types, level of AI assistance and relational context before using AI in their writing. While AI may be appropriately received for informational or routine communications, like meeting reminders, relationship-oriented messages requiring empathy, praise or personal feedback are better handled with minimal technological intervention. 12．What is the focus of Coman’s research? A．The technical complexity of generative AI tools. B．The AI-written message quality and credibility conflict. C．The controversy over AI’s role in employee motivation. D．The rapid decline of human writing skills in workplaces. 13．Why do employees distrust the high-AI messages? A．The messages tend to be less informative. B．Employees feel AI lacks emotional intelligence. C．There are uncontrollable technical errors in the messages. D．Employees spot supervisors’ inattention from the messages. 14．What practical guideline does the research suggest? A．Prohibit AI in all working communications. B．Match AI usage to message types and context. C．Prioritize AI for relationship-oriented messages. D．Train employees to accept AI-generated content. 15．What is the author’s attitude toward AI-assisted writing in the workplace? A．Cautious. B．Suspicious. C．Opposed. D．Approving. 【答案】12．B 13．D 14．B 15．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是管理者在工作沟通中使用生成式人工智能工具（如ChatGPT或Gemini）撰写和编辑信息时，对员工信任度及领导力感知的影响。 12．推理判断题。根据第二段“Despite positive impressions of professionalism in AI-assisted writing, managers who use AI for routine communication tasks put their trustworthiness at risk when using medium-to high-levels of AI assistance.(尽管人们对人工智能辅助写作的专业性印象良好，但当管理者在常规沟通任务中使用中高程度的人工智能辅助时，他们的可信度就会面临风险。)”和第三段“While AI-assisted writing was generally seen as efficient, effective, and professional, the impact on trust was substantial(尽管人工智能辅助写作总体上被视为高效、有效且专业，但它对信任度的影响却很大)”可知，Coman的研究重点是人工智能撰写的信息质量与可信度冲突。故选B。 13．细节理解题。根据第四段“The findings reveal employees can often detect AI-generated content and interpret its use as lack of caring.(研究结果显示，员工往往能察觉出人工智能生成的内容，并将其解读为上级缺乏关怀。)”可知，员工不信任高度依赖人工智能的信息是因为员工从信息中察觉到上级的不重视。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The study suggests managers should carefully consider message types, level of AI assistance and relational context before using AI in their writing. While AI may be appropriately received for informational or routine communications, like meeting reminders, relationship-oriented messages requiring empathy, praise or personal feedback are better handled with minimal technological intervention.(该研究表明，管理者在使用人工智能撰写信息前，应仔细考虑信息类型、人工智能辅助程度以及关系背景。虽然人工智能在信息性或常规沟通（如会议提醒）中可能更容易被接受，但需要同理心、表扬或个人反馈的关系导向型信息，最好尽量减少技术干预。)”可知，该研究提出了的实用建议是根据信息类型和场景匹配人工智能使用。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The study suggests managers should carefully consider message types, level of AI assistance and relational context before using AI in their writing. While AI may be appropriately received for informational or routine communications, like meeting reminders, relationship-oriented messages requiring empathy, praise or personal feedback are better handled with minimal technological intervention.(该研究表明，管理者在使用人工智能撰写信息前，应仔细考虑信息类型、人工智能辅助程度以及关系背景。虽然人工智能在信息性或常规沟通（如会议提醒）中可能更容易被接受，但需要同理心、表扬或个人反馈的关系导向型信息，最好尽量减少技术干预。)”可知，作者对人工智能辅助写作在工作场所的态度是谨慎的，故选A。 7.（2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）The ability to detect a nearby presence without seeing or touching it may sound fantastical — but it’s a real ability that some creatures have. A family of African fish known as Mormyrids are weakly electric, and have special organs that can locate a nearby target, even when it’s hiding in the mud. Scientists have now developed an artificial sensor system modelled on the ability of these fish. “We developed a new strategy for 3D motion positioning by electronic skin, bio-inspired by ‘electric fish’,” says Dr. Xinge Yu, an associate professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the City University of Hong Kong. The team described their e-skin sensor in a paper published on November 14 in Nature. The artificial sensor is multi-layered. One layer acts as a transmitter (发射器), which will generate an electric field once activated, and another layer acts as a receiver to detect both the direction and the distance to an object. A separate controller creates the driving signal to activate the transmitter. When an object comes within range, the electric field around the sensor is disrupted (扰乱), which in turn can be detected by the receiver. This data is then processed by a microcontroller unit, which computes the position of the target object and sends that information to a smartphone or other devices. A special biogel (生物凝胶) is used in the sensor, which has the ability to transmit and receive electric signals from a pattern of microchannels on the surface. The end result is a sensor that is thin, soft and flexible, making it cosy to adapt to irregular surfaces, such as the human body. In contrast to the traditional sensor system that needs a large number of sensors to achieve spatial positioning, the new system can locate an object precisely in 3D space using just a few sensors. This significantly reduces the power consumption of data collection, transmission, and processing. The researchers hope that this sensor could one day open up a new range of wearable technologies, including sensors for human-machine interaction and thin, flexible e-skin. 12．The first paragraph aims to show __________. A．the special ability of African fish B．the inspiration for a new invention C．the big challenge of locating objects D．the reason for developing a sensor 13．What is the correct order of the system’s working procedures? a. The transmitter creates an electric field. b. A unit computes the position of the target. c. The controller sends the activating signal. d. The receiver detects the change of electric signals. e. The electric field is disrupted by an approaching object. A．c-a-e-d-b. B．c-a-d-e-b. C．a-c-e-d-b. D．a-e-c-d-b. 14．What is an advantage of the new sensor system? A．Its sensitivity to different stimulations. B．Its adaptation to environmental changes. C．Its efficiency in achieving 3D positioning. D．Its speed in data collection and processing. 15．What is the best title for the text? A．Machine Detective “Wears” Flexible E-skin B．Bio-inspired Sensor “Feels” Without Touching C．E-Skin Sensor: The Future of Machine Learning D．Electric Fields: The Frontier of Object Detection 【答案】12．B 13．A 14．C 15．B 【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一种仿生传感器，灵感来自一种鱼类，无需触摸即可感知物体的位置。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段中“A family of African fish known as Mormyrids are weakly electric, and have special organs that can locate a nearby target, even when it’s hiding in the mud. Scientists have now developed an artificial sensor system modelled on the ability of these fish. (一种被称为电鱼的非洲鱼类是弱电性的，有特殊的器官可以定位附近的目标，即使它躲在泥里。科学家们现在已经开发出一种以这些鱼的能力为模型的人工传感器系统)”可知，第一段主要介绍了一种鱼类，有特殊的器官可以定位附近的目标，受此启发，科学家们开发出一种以这些鱼的能力为模型的人工传感器系统，由此可知，第一段旨在介绍一个新发明的灵感。故选B项。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段内容“The artificial sensor is multi-layered. One layer acts as a transmitter (发射器), which will generate an electric field once activated, and another layer acts as a receiver to detect both the direction and the distance to an object. A separate controller creates the driving signal to activate the transmitter. When an object comes within range, the electric field around the sensor is disrupted (扰乱), which in turn can be detected by the receiver. This data is then processed by a microcontroller unit, which computes the position of the target object and sends that information to a smartphone or other devices. (人工传感器是多层的。一层充当发射器，一旦激活就会产生电场，另一层充当接收器，检测物体的方向和距离。一个单独的控制器产生驱动信号来激活发射器。当物体进入范围内时，传感器周围的电场会被扰乱，这反过来又可以被接收器检测到。然后，微控制器单元处理这些数据，计算目标物体的位置，并将该信息发送到智能手机或其他设备)”可知，工作过程是控制器发送激活信号，发射器产生电场，电场被接近的物体扰乱，接收器检测电信号的变化，一个微控制器单元计算目标的位置，结合选项可知，系统工作程序的正确顺序是“c-a-e-d-b”。故选A项。 14．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In contrast to the traditional sensor system that needs a large number of sensors to achieve spatial positioning, the new system can locate an object precisely in 3D space using just a few sensors. This significantly reduces the power consumption of data collection, transmission, and processing. (与需要大量传感器来实现空间定位的传统传感器系统相比，新系统可以使用几个传感器在3D空间中精确定位物体。这大大降低了数据收集、传输和处理的功耗)”可知，新传感器系统在实现3D定位方面的效率更高，大大降低了数据收集、传输和处理的功耗，由此可知，新传感器系统的优点是它在实现3D定位方面的效率更高。故选C项。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“A family of African fish known as Mormyrids are weakly electric, and have special organs that can locate a nearby target, even when it’s hiding in the mud. Scientists have now developed an artificial sensor system modelled on the ability of these fish. (一种被称为电鱼的非洲鱼类是弱电性的，有特殊的器官可以定位附近的目标，即使它躲在泥里。科学家们现在已经开发出一种以这些鱼的能力为模型的人工传感器系统)”可知，文章主要介绍了受生物启发开发的一种新型传感器，该传感器能够通过电场感知物体而无需接触，具备灵活、高效的特点。B选项“Bio-inspired Sensor “Feels” Without Touching(受生物启发的传感器“无需接触即可感知”)”准确概括了文章的核心内容。故选B项。 1.（2026·湖北省孝感高级中学高三上学期8月测试）People have been using OpenAI’s GPT-4o to generate Ghibli-style illustrations, landscapes, portraits and even events from history and current affairs. While it may seem entertaining, it could be a key test for copyright (版权) 。 Unlike with some previous AI controversies, the company is not promising to add new controls to stop its generator from ripping off (窃取) an artistic style or to stop people from using controversial subjects. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman’s only concern seems to be the stress it’s putting on the company’s GPUs as the number of weekly active users rose by 11%. “It’s super fun seeing people love images in ChatGPT... But our GPUs are melting,” he wrote. Like some other companies, OpenAI applied restrictions in previous versions of its AI image generators to prevent imitations of the styles of living artists or the portraits of real people. but GPT-4o’s ability to clearly imitate the Ghibli style would appear to suggest OpenAI has cast such measures aside. In a technical paper, OpenAI claims that it’s still taking a “conservative approach” to image rights by including a refusal that activates “when a user attempts to generate an image in the style of a living artist”. But it seems it’s now only applying that to individual artists, not studios. So while GPT-4o should, in theory, refuse to generate an image if the prompt (提示词) asks for the style of Hiyao Mayazaki, it will accept a prompt that asks for the style of Studio Ghibli. The change is curious given that companies can also own copyright, and they’re more likely to have the resources to be able to take legal action. It may be that OpenAI believes that it would be more difficult for a studio to prove ownership over a style. Legal experts argue that a “style” cannot be copyrighted, so the question is whether GPT-4o images use elements of existing works of art. OpenAI now has license arrangements with some companies to allow it to use their content to train its AI models. There has been no statement from either OpenAI or Studio Ghibli about whether this is the case. 12．What is Sam Altman’s worry about GPT-4o? A．Its impact on copyright issues. B．Its GPU pressure from user growth. C．Its inability to control the art imitation. D．Its failure to block controversial topics. 13．What restriction does GPT-4o apply to images? A．It forbids copying studio styles. B．It bans imitating specific living artists. C．It limits the number of images per day. D．It prevents the artworks of real people. 14．Why is GPT-4o’s generation of Ghibli-style images allowed? A．Studio Ghibli can hardly prove its copyright. B．OpenAI has agreements with Studio Ghibli. C．Ghibli-style images boost user engagement. D．Studio Ghibli doesn’t take any legal action. 15．What is the passage mainly about? A．GPT-4o raises art copyright issues. B．OpenAI faces tech challenges with GPT-4o. C．OpenAI removes all restrictions on AI imagery. D．AI-generated art is dominating the artistic world. 【答案】12．B 13．B 14．A 15．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们用OpenAI的GPT-4o生成吉卜力风格的插图等，这引发了版权问题，还介绍了OpenAI相关限制及GPT-4o能生成吉卜力风格图像的原因。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“OpenAI CEO Sam Altman’s only concern seems to be the stress it’s putting on the company’s GPUs as the number of weekly active users rose by 11%. ‘It’s super fun seeing people love images in ChatGPT... But our GPUs are melting,’ he wrote.(OpenAI首席执行官Sam Altman唯一担心的似乎是随着每周活跃用户数量增长了11%，它给公司的GPU带来的压力。他写道：“看到人们喜欢ChatGPT里的图片真是太有趣了……但我们的GPU要不堪重负了。”)”可知，Sam Altman担心的是GPT-4o因用户增长带来的GPU压力。故选B项。 13．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In a technical paper, OpenAI claims that it’s still taking a ‘conservative approach’ to image rights by including a refusal that activates ‘when a user attempts to generate an image in the style of a living artist’.(在一篇技术论文中，OpenAI声称，它仍然对图像版权采取“保守的方法”，即当用户试图生成一位在世艺术家风格的图像时，系统会拒绝)”可知，GPT-4o对图像的限制是禁止模仿特定在世艺术家。故选B项。 14．细节理解题。根据第五段中“It may be that OpenAI believes that it would be more difficult for a studio to prove ownership over a style.(可能是OpenAI认为工作室更难证明对一种风格拥有所有权)”可知，GPT-4o被允许生成吉卜力风格的图像是因为吉卜力工作室很难证明其版权。故选A项。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“People have been using OpenAI’s GPT-4o to generate Ghibli-style illustrations, landscapes, portraits and even events from history and current affairs. While it may seem entertaining, it could be a key test for copyright (版权).(人们一直在使用OpenAI的GPT-4o来生成吉卜力风格的插图、风景、肖像，甚至历史和时事事件。虽然这看起来可能很有趣，但它可能是对版权的一个关键考验)”可知，本文主要围绕GPT-4o引发艺术版权问题展开。故A项“GPT-4o引发艺术版权问题”能概括文章内容，是文章的主旨。故选A项。 2.（2026·福建省厦门双十中学高三上学期开学）The concept of dynamic pricing is simple—and easy for businesses to implement. Whether it’ s a Friday-evening fight, a hotel during the holidays, or a taxi ride in a downpour, we have all been burned by higher-than-normal prices due to excess demand. Raising costs when businesses are busiest is the norm across the travel industry. Perhaps the most well-known example of this is within ride-share companies, which have used surge pricing for years to charge riders when demand for cars rockets relative to the number of drivers available. Outside travel, online stores are increasingly using this dynamic pricing, too, says Vomberg. “On Amazon. com alone, millions of price changes occur within a day, corresponding to a price change of about every ten minutes for each product. ”While consumers might not always pick up on these variations in price, Vomberg says time-based dynamic pricing will likely become a competitive standard at least in online markets. “AI-enabled tools can suggest the best prices via machine learning algorithms(算法). They can also track and learn competitor and customer responses to price changes,” he says. Now, surge pricing is happening in stores including bars and supermarkets as well. “Physical businesses are adopting electronic shelf labels that enable real time price adjustment depending on the time of day, stock levels and whether items are approaching their sell-by date,” says Sarwar Khawaja, chairman of the Oxford Education Group. He says this technology is likely to cause prices in bars that use these signs to increase during the rushes of dinner,weekends or holidays,or for supermarkets to adjust prices throughout the day or week,depending on volume of shoppers. The current economic climate is also driving the need for these pricing technologies. While creating competitive prices is always key to healthy profit margins, Khawaia says dynamic pricing enables businesses to optimise their pricing depending on the financial situations of their customer base. “Businesses can offer discounts during downturns while increasing prices in better off areas,” he says. The changes, however, may not sit well with consumers. “Dynamic and surge pricing will likely expand to more industries and more companies in the long term, but just because a product may be popular does not mean that customers are willing to turn a blind eye to being charged more,” says Khawaja. He adds surge pricing can cause customers to lose faith in a company if they believe they are being overcharged. “Perhaps dynamic pricing of a drink in your favourite pub might be a step too far for loyal customers.” 12．Which of the following best explains “dynamic pricing” in paragraph 1? A．A system of deciding what the prices should be. B．A means for companies to find target customers. C．A method that helps promote sharing economy D．A strategy of offering discounts to attract clients. 13．It can be inferred from Arnd Vomberg’s comments that online stores ________. A．offer the most competitive prices B．make profits by changing prices in real time C．confuse customers by changing prices D．rely too much on machine learning algorithms 14．According to the passage, why do physical businesses adopt dynamic pricing? A．To match supply and demand during peak hours. B．To lift customer experience and encourage loyalty. C．To maintain consistent pricing across all products. D．To compete with online stores and businesses. 15．Which of the following best predicts how customers may react to the expansion of dynamic pricing? A．Turn to whatever offers the lowest prices. B．Protest against it for being too annoying. C．Refuse to give in and are likely to resist. D．Take it for granted and accept it altogether. 【答案】12．A 13．B 14．A 15．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了什么是“动态定价”，并分析了动态定价产生的原因及其影响。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段“The concept of dynamic pricing is simple—and easy for businesses to implement. Whether it’ s a Friday-evening fight, a hotel during the holidays, or a taxi ride in a downpour, we have all been burned by higher-than-normal prices due to excess demand. (动态定价的概念很简单，企业也很容易实现。无论是周五晚上的打架，假期里的酒店，还是倾盆大雨中的出租车，由于需求过剩，我们都被高于正常水平的价格所折磨。)”可知，“动态定价”的核心是决定价格。A项“A system of deciding what the prices should be. (决定价格的体系。)”最能解释“动态定价”。故选A。 13．推理判断题。根据第二段““On Amazon. com alone, millions of price changes occur within a day, corresponding to a price change of about every ten minutes for each product. ” (“仅在亚马逊网站上，一天内就会发生数百万次价格变化，相当于每种产品大约每十分钟就会发生一次价格变化。”)”可知，网店通过实时改变价格获利。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段““Physical businesses are adopting electronic shelf labels that enable real time price adjustment depending on the time of day, stock levels and whether items are approaching their sell-by date,” says Sarwar Khawaja, chairman of the Oxford Education Group. (牛津教育集团主席Sarwar Khawaja表示：“实体企业正在采用电子货架标签，可以根据一天中的时间、库存水平以及商品是否接近保质期进行实时价格调整。”)”可知，实体企业采用动态定价是为了满足高峰时段的供应和需求。故选A。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The changes, however, may not sit well with consumers. “Dynamic and surge pricing will likely expand to more industries and more companies in the long term, but just because a product may be popular does not mean that customers are willing to turn a blind eye to being charged more,” says Khawaja. (然而，这些变化可能不会让消费者满意。Khawaja说：“从长远来看，动态和激增的定价可能会扩展到更多的行业和公司，但仅仅因为一种产品可能很受欢迎并不意味着客户愿意对收取更多费用视而不见。”)”可知，顾客可能会不满意动态定价，很可能会反抗。故选C。 3.（2027·福建省（全国名校联盟）高三上学期开学摸底联考）A research team from AMOLF in Amsterdam has created a soft robot that walks, jumps, and swims — all without a brain, electronics, or AI. As described in the study published in Science, it has no computer, no software, and no sensors. And still, it moves with surprising autonomy and speed, simply because of its body and how it interacts with the world. So, what’s really driving it? Underneath the movement is a principle you’ve probably seen, though you might have overlooked. Think of those shaky, air-filled tube dancers swinging freely around in front of gas stations. The same physics that makes them move could hold the key to the next generation of autonomous robots. Powered by a continuous stream of air alone, each of the robot’s soft, tubular legs begins to swing. On its own, each leg waves around randomly. But when many are coupled together, their motions quickly synchronize. “Suddenly, order emerges from chaos,” says the first author Alberto Comoretto. “No controllers, no programming. Complex collective motions arise just from simple interactions.” Even more surprising, the synchronization adapts. If the robot runs into an obstacle, it adjusts itself. When it moves from land to water, it quickly shifts to freestyle swimming. All the movement emerges from the tight coupling between body and environment. The research challenges the conventional idea that robots need complicated control systems to realize lifelike behavior. “Simple objects, like tubes, can give rise to complex and functional behavior, provided we understand how to take advantage of the underlying physics,” says principal investigator Bas Overvelde. “There is no brain, no computer. Essentially, it’s a machine. But when properly designed, it can outperform many robotic systems and behave like an artificial creature.” Possible future applications range from smart pills to space technology: safe microrobots that can be swallowed and release drugs after autonomously reaching the target tissue, robotic wearable suits matching the walking steps without processors, reducing power consumption while enhancing human strength. More broadly, these examples illustrate how this research opens doors to mechanical systems that behave as if they had a computer, without actually needing one. 12．Why does the author mention tube dancers in paragraph 2? A．To stress the wide use of robots. B．To introduce a daily application. C．To show the need for observation. D．To explain the working principle. 13．What does the underlined word “synchronize” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Slow down. B．Match up. C．Change direction. D．Consume energy. 14．What enables the soft robot to adjust itself? A．Its ability to get over obstacles. B．Its connection with a computer. C．Its interaction with the environment. D．Its reliable performance underwater. 15．What should robots be like according to Bas Overvelde? A．Physics-based. B．Cost-effective. C．Function-focused. D．Environmentally-friendly. 【答案】12．D 13．B 14．C 15．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是阿姆斯特丹AMOLF研究所的一个研究团队开发出的一款无需大脑、电子设备或人工智能，仅凭自身机体与环境的交互就能实现行走、跳跃和游泳等复杂动作的软体机器人。 12．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Think of those shaky, air-filled tube dancers swinging freely around in front of gas stations. The same physics that makes them move could hold the key to the next generation of autonomous robots.(想想加油站前那些摇摆不定、充气的管状舞者自由摆动的场景吧。让它们动起来的物理原理，或许正是开启下一代自主机器人大门的关键所在。)”可知，作者在第二段提到充气的管状舞者的目的是解释工作原理。故选D。 13．词句猜测题。根据第三段中划线词上文“On its own, each leg waves around randomly.(单独的时候，每条腿都是随机摆动的。)”、“But when many are coupled together(但当多条腿连接在一起时)”中表转折的but以及划线词下文““Suddenly, order emerges from chaos,” says the first author Alberto Comoretto.(“突然间，混乱中出现了秩序，”第一作者阿尔贝托·科莫雷托（Alberto Comoretto）说。)”可知，单独的时候每条腿都是随机摆动，但当多条腿连接在一起时多个腿部动作很快协调一致、有序；划线词所在句子表示“但当多条腿连接在一起时，它们的动作很快就会同步”，synchronize的意思是“同步，与……一致”，和Match up“相同，相似”意思相近。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段“If the robot runs into an obstacle, it adjusts itself. When it moves from land to water, it quickly shifts to freestyle swimming. All the movement emerges from the tight coupling between body and environment.(如果机器人遇到障碍物，它会自行调整。当它从陆地进入水中时，能迅速切换到自由泳模式。所有这些动作都源于机器人机体与环境的紧密耦合。)”可知，使软体机器人能够自我调整的是它与环境的相互作用。故选C。 15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““Simple objects, like tubes, can give rise to complex and functional behavior, provided we understand how to take advantage of the underlying physics,” says principal investigator Bas Overvelde.(“像管子这样的简单物体，只要我们懂得如何利用其背后的物理原理，就能产生复杂且具有功能性的行为，”首席研究员Bas Overvelde表示。)”可知，Bas Overvelde认为机器人应该是基于物理的。故选A。 4.（2026·安徽省高三上学期8月摸底大联考）New era requires a new vocabulary. Will we still talk about the “mobile” phone when all phones are mobile, or when they are implanted (植入) within us? Technology is everywhere nowadays, especially at work. Some people are really good at using all the cool new tools that keep popping up. They have something called TQ, or technology quotient. It’s like a superpower for understanding the latest tech stuff that our great-grandparents would have found really impossible. Having a high TQ means you’re awesome at using all the cool new things that not everyone knows about yet. The examples are common and becoming more and more frequent. For the parent it might be a home-school video class. For the brand manager it might be search engine boosting. And for the clinician, it might be the role of artificial intelligence in supporting the analysis of a CT scan. TQ attempts to quantify our ability to make sensible use of current technologies and to quickly adapt, embrace and capitalize on future creations. This adoption is critical from a variety of perspectives, from social to business. One trip into the world of ChatGPT and we can see how the dynamics of AI and search are changing for just about everyone. Any Mom or Dad can understand the value of IQ and EQ in projecting the potential for a child’s success. But what about technology? The ability for the child and the teacher to understand, embrace and adopt technology will be a defining aspect of their lives as we speed into the future. We are increasingly defined by technology and our active participation in everything from smart phones to Facebook. It might just be time for the basic human needs of food, water and shelter to incorporate (吸收) technology too. And when that happens, it just might be a good idea to measure it. While this shift brings challenges, it’s unstoppable. As TQ rises, it will combine with IQ and EQ, reshaping how we live, work, and learn—turning adaptability with tech into a measurable edge. 12．What is TQ according to the text? A．Speed of learning new languages. B．Skill of fixing high-tech products. C．Talent to follow modern changes. D．Ability to apply new technologies. 13．Which of the following people has a high TQ? A．A manager who often uses modern search engines. B．A doctor who analyzes CT scans with AI assistance. C．A grandparent who finds new tech devices awkward. D．A mom who watches videos of her child’s school life. 14．What’s the writer’s attitude towards TQ? A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Doubtful. D．Contradictory. 15．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Why Are IQ and EQ Important for TQ? B．How Has TQ Changed in the Modern Era? C．What Makes TQ the New Intelligence? D．Where to Start Adapting to TQ Changes? 【答案】12．D 13．B 14．A 15．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了TQ（科技商数）的概念，阐述了在科技无处不在的当今时代，理解和运用技术的能力（TQ）正变得与IQ和EQ一样重要，并将成为定义个人成功的关键因素。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段“It’s like a superpower for understanding the latest tech stuff that our great-grandparents would have found really impossible. Having a high TQ means you’re awesome at using all the cool new things that not everyone knows about yet. (它就像一种超能力，能让人理解最新的科技事物——这些事物对我们的曾祖父母来说，无疑是难以想象的。拥有高技术商数（TQ），意味着你擅长运用那些眼下还未被所有人熟知的酷炫新事物)”以及第三段“TQ attempts to quantify our ability to make sensible use of current technologies and to quickly adapt, embrace and capitalize on future creations. (TQ试图量化我们合理利用现有技术、并快速适应、接纳和利用未来创造的能力)”可知，TQ指的是应用新技术的能力。故选D项。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段“Having a high TQ means you’re awesome at using all the cool new things that not everyone knows about yet. (拥有高TQ意味着你非常擅长使用那些还不是人人都知道的新奇事物)”和第三段所举例子“For the clinician, it might be the role of artificial intelligence in supporting the analysis of a CT scan. (对临床医生来说，它可能是人工智能在辅助分析CT扫描中的作用)”可知，能够利用AI辅助分析CT扫描的医生，正是擅长运用前沿新技术的典型例子，因此他拥有高TQ。故选B项。 14．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“As TQ rises, it will combine with IQ and EQ, reshaping how we live, work, and learn—turning adaptability with tech into a measurable edge. (随着TQ的提升，它将与IQ和EQ结合，重塑我们的生活、工作和学习方式——将对技术的适应能力转变为一种可衡量的优势)”可知，作者认为TQ的提升能带来竞争优势，并将其与IQ、EQ并列，视为未来成功的关键。因此作者对TQ持积极的态度。故选A项。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“New era requires a new vocabulary. Will we still talk about the “mobile” phone when all phones are mobile, or when they are implanted (植入) within us? (新时代需要新的词汇。当所有手机都具备移动功能，或是当手机被植入我们体内时，我们还会称呼它为“移动”电话吗？)”并结合全文内容可知，文章开篇以新时代需要新词汇引出话题，接着第二段定义了TQ的概念，第三段举例说明TQ的应用并强调其重要性，第四段将其与IQ、EQ类比，指出其将成为定义未来成功的关键方面，末段总结TQ将结合IQ、EQ重塑我们的生活。全文核心围绕“是什么使TQ成为一种新的智力商数”展开。故选C项。 5.（2025·湖南省怀化市高三上学期开学）Flamingos (火烈鸟) look graceful, but when it’s time to eat, they look very silly. The birds feed on shrimp and algae (虾和藻) in wetlands. To grab a bite, they stick their heads underwater and open and close their mouth rapidly. Then they step hard with their feet and move around in the mud, shaking their heads up and down as they walk. Why do they take this absurd approach to getting a meal? Flamingos are filter feeders (滤食性动物) and they filter water through their L-shaped beaks (鸟喙), trapping shrimp, algae and other food. But with their heads bending down between their legs, their beaks appear to be upside down, which seems like the wrong way to catch the shrimp and algae in front of them. Of course, flamingos know perfectly well what they’re doing, and so do Saad Bhamla, a biophysicist from Georgia Institute of Technology, and his group. The team reveals that the bird is creating vortices (漩涡) in the water with almost every move. For example, as it pulls out of the water, its beak creates vortices, stirring up shrimp and algae and traps them long enough for the bird to eat. Then as for the strange stepping hard with their feet, the study finds that flamingos’ feet create a pair of vortices that push food toward their beaks. That’s why it makes sense to have the head facing the feet instead of whatever is in front of them. “What they’re basically doing is playing with fluid dynamics — using the beak, using their legs, using their heads and necks,” said Bhamla. Bhamla believes flamingos may have some have some more to teach humans. He works with chemists to learn how to better filter water. Those filters frequently get blocked by substances similar in size to what the flamingos filter for their food. So it seems possible that some of the vortex-generating techniques of flamingos could be adapted to help keep the filters clear. 32．What does flamingos’ feeding behavior appear to be like? A．Awkward. B．Flexible. C．Uncontrollable. D．Unchanged. 33．How do flamingos’ L-shaped beaks help them feed? A．By allowing them to drink more water. B．By catching food as water flows through. C．By making it easier to catch fast-moving food. D．By stopping water from entering their mouths. 34．Why do flamingos move their heads up and down while feeding? A．To clean their beaks from mud and debris. B．To signal to other flamingos about danger. C．To create water currents that help trap food. D．To dig deeper into the mud for hidden food. 35．What will Bhamla continue to study about flamingos’ feeding habits? A．The species conservation. B．Its possible limitation. C．The new research method. D．Its potential application. 【答案】32．A 33．B 34．C 35．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了火烈鸟看似笨拙的进食方式背后的科学原理及其潜在应用价值。 32．推理判断题。根据第一段“Flamingos look graceful, but when it’s time to eat, they look very silly.(火烈鸟看起来很优雅，但到了吃饭的时候，它们看起来很傻)”以及下文对火烈鸟进食时摇头晃脑、踩踏泥浆等动作的描述可知，火烈鸟的进食行为看起来很笨拙。故选A。 33．细节理解题。根据第二段“Flamingos are filter feeders and they filter water through their L-shaped beaks, trapping shrimp, algae and other food.(火烈鸟是滤食性动物，它们通过L形的鸟喙过滤水，捕捉虾、藻类和其他食物)”可知，火烈鸟的L形鸟喙通过允许水流过时捕捉食物来帮助它们进食。故选B。 34．细节理解题。根据第三段“For example, as it pulls out of the water, its beak creates vortices, stirring up shrimp and algae and traps them long enough for the bird to eat.(例如，当它从水中拉出时，它的喙会产生漩涡，搅动虾和藻类，并将它们困住足够长的时间让它吃掉)”以及“Then as for the strange stepping hard with their feet, the study finds that flamingos’ feet create a pair of vortices that push food toward their beaks.(至于它们用脚奇怪地用力踩踏，研究发现火烈鸟的脚会产生一对漩涡，将食物推向它们的喙)”可知，火烈鸟进食时上下移动头部是为了制造水流，帮助捕捉食物。故选C。 35．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Bhamla believes flamingos may have some more to teach humans. He works with chemists to learn how to better filter water. Those filters frequently get blocked by substances similar in size to what the flamingos filter for their food. So it seems possible that some of the vortex-generating techniques of flamingos could be adapted to help keep the filters clear.(Bhamla认为火烈鸟可能还能教给人类更多东西。他与化学家合作，学习如何更好地过滤水。这些过滤器经常被与火烈鸟过滤食物的大小相似的物质堵塞。因此，火烈鸟的一些产生漩涡的技术似乎有可能被用来帮助保持过滤器的清洁)”可知，Bhamla将继续研究火烈鸟进食习惯的潜在应用。故选D。 6.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8月联考卷（二））In the presence of chubby (胖嘟嘟) babies, furry puppies or other adorable little things, it isn’t uncommon to be driven by a desire to squeeze, pinch (捏) or even bite them. While you may have the desire to do one or more of these things, you certainly don’t wish to hurt these cute creatures. But why do some of us react in this strange way? Scientists have revealed what happens in the brain to fuel this response, which they refer to as “cute aggression.” The researchers gathered together 54 participants between the ages of 18 and 40 and fitted them with electrode caps (电极头罩) to measure their brain activity. The participants were asked to look at 32 photographs that were divided into four separate blocks: one consisted of images of adult animals (which the study’s authors classified as “less cute”), one of baby animals (classified as “cuter”), and two of human babies. The first block of human baby images had been altered to enhance those features we humans typically perceive as being cuter while the other was altered to reduce cuteness. After they had viewed the images, the participants were asked to fill out questionnaires that measured their responses to the photos. Images of baby animals got the strongest response. According to the study’s authors, the participants expressed more significant feelings of cute aggression — such as feelings of overwhelmingness, care-taking desires, and so forth — toward the baby animals than to the adult animals. They didn’t observe the same distinction between participants’ reactions to cuter and less-cute images of babies. Researchers said that this may be because both sets of babies were “objectively pretty cute.” By using the electrode caps, researchers were also able to gain insight into the neural (神经的) activity of participants who experienced cu$