考点3 阅读理解——普通说明文（阅读C篇）（核心考点精讲精练）（全国通用）2026年高考英语一轮复习高效培优系列

考点3 阅读理解—普通说明文（阅读C篇） 温馨提示： 本资料注重培优，集中强化重点，突破难度，规避易混易错点，练习全部是26年新模拟题 1. 高考真题考点分布 年份 卷次 主题语境 字数 题型分类 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词义猜测 2025年 2025全国一卷 D减少自来水中微塑料 330+135 2 2 0 0 2025全国二卷 D餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材 334+135 1 2 1 0 C室内植物利于身心 264+126 2 1 1 0 2025浙江1月卷 C矩阵式种植方法 299+121 1 1 1 1 2024年 2024·新高考I卷 C篇：人与社会：纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异 323+160 1 2 0 1 D篇：人与自然：现代生物采样数据的科学性 366+122 1 3 0 0 2024·新高考II卷 B篇：人与社会：：旧金山湾区快速交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭 276+126 2 2 0 0 C篇：人与社会：巴比伦微农场 272+125 2 1 1 0 D篇：人与社会：图书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》 321+160 0 3 0 1 2024·全国甲卷 B篇：人与自然：了解猫的行为 312+124 1 1 1 1 C篇：人与社会：提供医疗服务的圣卢卡斯列车 282+111 1 3 0 0 D篇：人与社会：谈论文学作品的最佳结局 351+146 1 3 0 0 2024·浙江卷1月卷 人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引发思考 340+149 1 1 1 0 2023年 2023·新高考I卷 C篇：人与社会：数字极简主义生活方式 322+ 107 1 2 0 1 D篇：人与社会：“群体智慧”效 339+112 1 2 1 0 2023·新高考II卷 人与自然：保护城市中的野生自然 320+156 1 3 0 0 2023·全国甲卷 人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头 321+149 2 2 0 0 2023·全国乙卷 人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响 295+103 2 2 0 0 2023·浙江卷 人与社会：新型的太阳能农场 317+149 2 1 1 0 2. 命题规律及备考策略 【命题规律】 高考普通说明文的考查主要出现在C篇有时还有B篇。通过观察C篇各个问题的信息句，命题老师的命题点通常位于：主题句（话题句、总结句）、承上启下句、转折（对比／因果／递进／解释／并列／条件）句中，此外比较常见的还有定语从句（状语、同位语、特殊句式）、举例项、引用、特殊标点后。 因此在阅读时，需要额外关注这些点位的句子，便于解题时快速、有效定位。 在解题时，充分利用语篇标志词，利用句子内部、句子之间的逻辑关系和语法关系。 说明文采用多种方式说明事物，如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。 ☞ 举例说明法，使用例子说明事物，阐明观点； ☞ 分解展开法，着重于事物的区别、差异； ☞ 分类展开法，强调事物的相像之处； ☞ 类比法，说明事物如何相似； ☞ 对比法，说明事物如何不同； ☞ 因果说明法，说明事物发生的原因及结果。 除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常使用数据，图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。 【备考策略】 ⑴快速浏览主题 快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息，以了解语篇提供的是哪方面的信息，并判定行文方式。 ⑵速读题干，跳读定位信息 接下来阅读每一道试题，根据题干定位信息点，并在文章中找出答案或相关信息。在定位和寻找信息点的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信息提高阅读和解题速度，如果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性快速查找答案，查找信息时不一定要读完全文。 ①对立选项通常选其一，相同意思选项同时排除； ②若该题精确定位在第二段，则精确对应在其他段落的选项再精确也不对； ③非常符合常识及人们潜意识的选项若原文没有正面回应或谈及则不是答案； ⑶题文对应 说明文答题有一个基本原则，答案往往就在原材料中。为此，必须根据题意，从原材料中找出与各个选项相对应的句段，并从这些句段中提取有效信息，找准已知条件，作为解题的依据。这是答题的关键。  ④选项与文中某处信息极为对应但其谓语动词已被偷梁换柱则不是答案； ⑤文中不同句子内容的拼凑一定不是答案； ⑥极端选项通常不是答案，除非文中有明显的对应词； ⑦过于笼统的选项只是与文章相关通常不是答案，同理，文中的细节以点概面通常也非答案； ⑷细读解题信息 最后，即紧扣题干的要求，根据查找的相关信息，经过思考后选出正确答案。 ⑧由文中某处信息推理得出的若干个可能情况的相关选项通常不是答案； ⑨定位处信息要尤为注意形容词、副词、语气词及动词； ⑩细节题的考察一定注意出题人问的角度：是问细节本身还是细节在文中的作用（例子数据名言等）。 ⑸逐项比较，得出最佳 做阅读理解题，切不可凭主观印象，想当然地确定答案。任何一道题目，均可以在原文中找到相关线索，这就如同破译密码一样。做题人的思维过程和编题人的思维过程恰好相反，编题人先找好线索，然后设计问题和选项，解题人根据问题，再去文中找相关线索。因此，我们做题时要逐项比较，排除错误选项，得出最佳答案。 【命题预测】 从近三年命题的发展趋势来看，预测2026年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主要考查题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判断题为主，主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。 【必备基础知识】 一、【语篇特点】 普通说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的C篇，以介绍说明型为主。说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。 二、【解题策略】 1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。 2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。 3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。 4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。 5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。 考点一 普通说明文中的细节理解题 一、细节理解题方法 题型特点：考查对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等。问题通常以“who”“what”“when”“where”“why”“how”等疑问词引导。 解题技巧： 先看题干，明确题目要求，确定关键词。关键词可以是人名、地名、时间、数字、核心名词等。 根据关键词在文中快速定位相关信息，仔细阅读定位处的上下文，与选项进行逐一对比。注意选项与原文的表述可能存在同义替换、词性转换等情况。 对于一些较复杂的细节题，可能需要综合多个段落的信息来判断。 二、说明文中考查的细节理解题命题区域共同点： 1.在列举处命题。如用First（ly）、Second（ly）、Third（ly）、Finally、not only...but also、then、in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。 2.在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句通过比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。 3.在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much...as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。 4.在比较处命题。无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。 5.在复杂句中命题。包括同位语、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系的理解。 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句来表达相同的意思。 1.（2025全国二卷） When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” …… 28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→How→ when it started ●文章定位：题干同义表达opened→started；she didn’t have high hopes for it转折关键词But， She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone（没想到完全出乎意料：光是2020年6月，她就接到了1200个订单。）→didn’t have high hopes for it反义表达It went surprisingly well→D ●解析思维过程→didn’t have high hopes for it→D. It went surprisingly well（反义表达） ●故选D 29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→ Knuth’s findings ●文章定位：“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” ●解析思维过程→选项同义表达productivity→productivity（原词复现）；enhance→perform better（同义表达） →D. They enhance productivity→D ●故选D 【答案】28. D 29. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 28.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 29.细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 1.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8月联考卷（二））C篇 Tipping has long been a widely accepted social norm in North America. But now more and more people are feeling tip fatigue from being “forced” to tip more frequently. Some consumers are posting on social media complaining about tip requests at restaurants. Others say they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee. What’s next, they wonder — are we going to be tipping our doctors and dentists, too? As more businesses start to include digital forms of payment, customers are automatically being asked to leave a tip — many times as high as 30% — at places they normally wouldn’t. And some say it has become more frustrating as the price of items has skyrocketed due to inflation (通货膨胀). The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In the past, shoppers could easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity — or lack of it — can be laid bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers themselves. Tipping was born in the Middle Ages in Europe, a custom where servants would receive an extra tip from their masters for excellent performance. Tips were left in European pubs to ensure quick and good service. Wealthy Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brought it back to the states as a way to feel noble. Traditionally, consumers have taken pride in being good tippers at places like restaurants, which typically pay their workers lower than the minimum wage. But many consumers are now feeling annoyed by automatic tip requests at coffee shops and other counter service eateries where tipping has not typically been expected. The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael Lynn, a consumer behavior professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. They were showing support for workers who held jobs that put them more at risk of catching the virus. Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of 2022, while tips at quick or counter service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021, according to data. This data shows that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019. 8．Which of the following is a reason why many consumers are feeling tip fatigue? A．Consumers often have to pay tips for some simple services. B．The inflation could provide people with more chances to tip. C．Consumers are worried they have to tip doctors in the future. D．The digital forms of payment allow customers to tip freely. 9．The digital forms of payment have ______. A．made tipping less than a choice B．decreased the frequency of tipping C．reduced social pressure related to tipping D．removed the need for tipping altogether 10．Why did wealthy Americans adopt the tipping tradition from Europe? A．To reward excellent performance by people. B．To ensure quick and good service in pubs. C．To support workers during financial crises. D．To showcase that they are people of high social rank. 11．The last two paragraphs mainly talk about ______. A．the history and origins of tipping in Europe and America B．the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on tipping trends C．variation in tipping habits in different types of restaurants D．social pressure and frustration caused by digital tipping 【答案】8．A 9．A 10．D 11．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了欧美的小费日益增高，人们对此表现出小费厌倦。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段“Others say they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee. (其他人说，他们厌倦了被要求为简单的一杯咖啡留下小费。)”可知，消费者经常要为一些简单的服务付小费。故选A。 9．细节理解题。根据第四段“The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In the past, shoppers could easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity — or lack of it — can be laid bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers themselves. (数字请求会产生社会压力，更难避免。过去，如果购物者没有多余的零钱，他们可以很容易地忽略小费。如今，你的慷慨——或缺乏慷慨——可以暴露给任何靠近屏幕的人，包括工人自己。)”可知，在电子支付盛行的今天，是否慷慨 (给的小费金额)，赤裸裸地展示在屏幕上，任何可以看到屏幕的人都知道，并无隐私而言，而是带有一定的强制性。故选A。 10．推理判断题。根据第五段“Wealthy Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brought it back to the states as a way to feel noble. (19世纪五六十年代，富有的美国人自己发现了这一传统，并将其带回美国，作为一种彰显高贵的方式。)”可知，富有的美国人采用欧洲的小费传统是为了彰显他们高贵的身份。故选D。 11．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael Lynn, a consumer behavior professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. (疫情也加速了更多小费的趋势。消费者行为教授迈克尔·林恩表示，在新冠疫情初期，消费者给的小费更多。)”以及最后一段“Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of 2022, while tips at quick or counter service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021, according to data. This data shows that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019. (数据显示，2022年第三季度，全服务餐厅的小费增长了25.3%，而快速或柜台服务餐厅的小费与2021年同期相比增长了16.7%。这些数据表明，自2019年以来，这一时期一直在持续增长。)”可知，最后两段主要讲述了新冠疫情对小费趋势的影响。故选B。 2.（2026·安徽省蚌埠市高三上学期开学）C篇If you’re the kind of person who gets a lot done, you’re grateful for every one of the 86,400 seconds that make up a day. On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets. The likeliest cause is the position of the moon. Lunar distance is an always-changing thing, with the moon tracing an elliptical(椭圆的) orbit around the Earth. At its closest approach—or perigee—the moon is only 224,000 miles distant. At its furthest—or apogee—that gap widens to 251,655 miles. On the three speedy days this summer, the moon will be at or near apogee—which is a puzzle, since lunar gravity is such that the Earth tends to slow down, not speed up, when the moon is farther away. The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too, angled anywhere from 18° to 28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits, with lunar gravity in this case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On the three days in question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak. Climate change—again and seemingly always—may play a role too. Last year, two NASA-funded studies found that since 2000, melting glaciers have caused the axis(轴) of the planet to shift by about 30 ft, changing the speed of rotation. The catch is, in this case the change causes the planet to decelerate, not speed up—by about 1.33 milliseconds per century. Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth and the moon have been doing their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one. Here’s betting they’ve got a few billion more years yet in their run. 8．What will happen on July 9, July 22, and August 5 according to the text? A．Lunar distance will decrease greatly, changing how time is measured. B．The moon’s gravity will weaken, reducing Earth’s rotation speed. C．Climate change will speed up ice melting, affecting day length. D．The Earth will rotate faster, making the day less than 24 hours. 9．What mainly causes the phenomenon on those days? A．The speed of the moon’s rotation. B．The angle of the moon’s cockeyed orbit. C．The temperature on the moon’s surface. D．The distance from the moon to the Earth. 10．What is the author’s attitude towards the change of the days? A．Anxious and alarmed. B．Indifferent and uncaring. C．Relaxed and unworried. D．Confused and uncertain. 11．What is the best title for the text? A．Shorter Days: The Moon’s Hidden Role B．Climate Change: Speeding Up Earth’s Rotation C．Earth’s Rotation: A 4. 5-Billion-Year-Old Puzzle D．Lunar Orbit: Always Changing and Unpredictable 【答案】8．D 9．B 10．C 11．A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章指出7月9 日、22 日及8月5 日地球自转加快以致白天略短，分析得出月球轨道倾斜角度是主因，作者认为无需担忧。 8．细节理解题。根据第一段中 “On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.( 然而，在7月9日，以及7月22日和8月5日，你不会得到你的全部秒数。在这些日子里，地球的自转速度将明显加快，从通常的24小时缩短1.3到1.5毫秒。)”可知，在7月9日、7月22日和8月5日，地球自转速度加快，一天的时间会比平常的24小时少1.3到1.5毫秒 。故选D项。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段“The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too, angled anywhere from 18° to 28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits, with lunar gravity in this case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On the three days in question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak.( 然而，月球的轨道不仅是椭圆形的，而且也是倾斜的，相对于地球赤道的角度在18°到28°之间。这个角度越尖锐，地球绕轨道运行的速度就越快，在这种情况下，月球的引力会加速，抵消月球远地点通常会产生的减速效应。在这个夏天的三天里，月亮将接近其28°的峰值。)”可知，月球轨道不仅是椭圆形的，而且是倾斜的，这个倾斜角度越尖锐，地球公转速度越快，在这三天里月球接近28°的峰值，所以是月球倾斜轨道的角度主要导致了这种现象。故选B项。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth and the moon have been doing their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one. Here’s betting they’ve got a few billion more years yet in their run.( 不管怎样，我们不需要因为白天变短而失眠。在45亿年的大部分时间里，地球和月球一直在跳舞，而且一直很稳定。我打赌它们还有几十亿年的生命。)”可知，作者认为我们不需要为稍微短一点的日子而担心，地球和月球已经稳定运行了 45 亿年，还会继续稳定运行数十亿年，所以作者对日子的变化持放松、不担心的态度。故选C项。 11．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.( 然而，在7月9日，以及7月22日和8月5日，你不会得到你的全部秒数。在这些日子里，地球的自转速度将明显加快，从通常的24小时缩短1.3到1.5毫秒。)”可知，文章主要讲述了在 7 月 9 日、7 月 22 日和 8 月 5 日这几天地球自转加快，一天时间变短，分析了月球的位置（包括远地点以及轨道倾斜角度）对地球自转速度的影响，强调了月球在其中隐藏的作用。所以A 选项“更短的日子：月球隐藏的角色”最适合作为标题。故选A项。 考点二 说明文中的深层推断题 【题型解读】 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。 【设题趋势】     常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等词提问。 提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, could, might, would 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably, possibly等。 具体的设问方式如: What can we infer from the (first/.../last) paragraph? Where does this passage probably come from? 【推理判断题解题技巧】 1. 正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项一般具有以下特征: (1) “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。 (2) 选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等。 (3) 正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。 【干扰选项】 张冠李戴 即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点 无中生有 这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干 曲解文意 即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原文意思的曲解 鱼目混珠 鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义 扩缩范围 为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法 偷梁换柱 干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,造成句意的改变 1.（2025浙江1月卷） …… Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. …… 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→describe→ Piet Oudolf’s gardens ●文章定位：Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. ●解析思维过程→artistic flavors→playing with color and form→Beautiful year-round →the sound of grasses in the gentle wind→the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads→Tasteful ●故选C 30. C。推理判断题。根据第三段中的adding artistic flavors、playing with color and form、Beautiful、enjoy the smallest detail、the sound of grasses、the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads 可知，Piet Oudolf 的花园融入了艺术特色，巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美，细节丰富，具有观赏价值。Tasteful意为“雅致的；有品位的”，是对artistic、Beautiful、enjoy的概括。 （2024新课标I卷） …… BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 30. What can be concluded about BMF employees? A. They have a great passion for sports. B. They are devoted to community service. C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D .They have a strong environmental awareness. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What can be concluded→ BMF employees ●文章定位：BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. ●解析思维过程→About half of them walk or bike to work→they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic →reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment→D .They have a strong environmental awareness. ●故选D 30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。 （2026·安徽省高三上学期8月摸底大联考）Frankie Gaw, an Asian American food creator and author of a cookbook, is known for his unique approach to cuisine. He mixes American classics with an Asian flavor, creating dishes like a Pop-Tart topped with strawberry litchi frosting and a Happy Meal that includes Fried pork, cucumber salad and a Yakult. Gaw’s social media page is filled with videos of these innovative creations. “I asked myself, If the world is much more inclusive and embraces all of these diverse flavors, what are the things that Asian Americans would want to see?” Gaw talked about how his hit social media, cooking series “Turning American Classics Asian”, came to be. The idea appeared after a trip to his local supermarket. Walking through aisles (过道), Gaw noticed that much of the food stocked on the shelves was similar to what he saw as a kid 20 years ago. Meanwhile, ingredients like soy sauce and miso (味噌) were still strictly grouped in “Asian” aisles. For many immigrants and children of immigrants, food is an important part of life. For Gaw, standing between the “Asian” aisle and the rest of the grocery store was also symbolic of his upbringing in Cincinnati, Ohio. Growing up, Gaw felt like he was living a double life. In public, Gaw enjoyed McDonald’s chicken and fries. At home, he feasted on his grandmother’s beef noodle soup. It took time for him to embrace his dual taste. Years later in his Seattle apartment, Gaw began experimenting with his childhood favorites. He changed Campbell’s cream of mushroom soup and turned it into porridge. He added miso to the cheese. Gaw shared his food on social media. It took off. His food and his experiences at the grocery store received strong feedback, especially from other Asian Americans. “Turning American classics Asian is not just about my appreciation for Asian flavors and ingredients, or respect to American dishes. Instead, it’s my way of showing respect for both and, on a larger scale, for the experiences of Asian Americans. Seeing this familiar food at a fast-food restaurant makes me feel like I have a seat at the table,” he said. 4．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．Frankie Gaw focuses on preserving traditional American food. B．Turning American Classics Asian is one of the bestsellers in America. C．Strawberry litchi frosting isn’t a common part of the American table. D．Asian Americans dislike the typical American dishes. 5．Why does Gaw mention his memory about “Asian” aisles in the supermarket? A．To show his disappointment with the limited food options. B．To express his love with Asian food. C．To imply his embarrassment as a child of immigrants. D．To tell us how he was inspired to make his innovations. 6．What does the underlined sentence “It took off” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Gaw’s innovation with food got mixed reactions. B．Gaw’s new cuisine gained popularity quickly. C．Gaw’s ideas on food were strongly objected. D．Gaw’s creations got into a big trouble. 7．What’s the Asian American food like according to Gaw? A．It’s a bridge for cultural integration. B．It’s an improvement on American food. C．It’s a reflection of the Asian people’s life. D．It’s a proof of his preference for Asia. 【答案】4．C 5．D 6．B 7．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美籍亚裔食品创作者和食谱作者Frankie Gaw如何将美国经典美食与亚洲风味相结合，创造出独特的菜肴，并通过社交媒体分享他的创新作品，受到了广泛的欢迎和反馈。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“He mixes American classics with an Asian flavor, creating dishes like a Pop-Tart topped with strawberry litchi frosting and a Happy Meal that includes Fried pork, cucumber salad and a Yakult.(他将美国经典与亚洲风味相结合，创造出像草莓荔枝糖霜的Pop-Tart和包含炸猪肉、黄瓜沙拉和养乐多的开心乐园餐这样的菜肴。)”可知，草莓荔枝糖霜不是美国餐桌上常见的部分，而是Frankie Gaw的创新。故选C项。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段“The idea appeared after a trip to his local supermarket.(这个想法是在他去当地一家超市购物后萌生的。)”以及“For Gaw, standing between the “Asian” aisle and the rest of the grocery store was also symbolic of his upbringing in Cincinnati, Ohio. Growing up, Gaw felt like he was living a double life. (对Gaw而言，站在超市的“亚洲食品区”与其他区域之间，这一场景也象征着他在俄亥俄州辛辛那提市的成长经历。年少时，Gaw总觉得自己过着双重生活。)”可知，Gaw提到超市里“亚洲”过道的记忆，是因为这个经历让他产生了将美国经典美食亚洲化的想法，是在告诉我们他是如何受到启发进行创新的，故选D项。 6．词句猜测题。根据第四段“His food and his experiences at the grocery store received strong feedback, especially from other Asian Americans.(他创作的美食以及他在超市的那段经历获得了热烈的反响，尤其是来自其他亚裔美国人的反馈)”可知，他的食物和他在杂货店的经历收到了强烈的反馈，尤其是来自其他亚裔美国人的反馈。由此可推知，“It took off.”意思是Gaw的新美食很快受到了欢迎。故选B项。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Turning American classics Asian is not just about my appreciation for Asian flavors and ingredients, or respect to American dishes. Instead, it’s my way of showing respect for both and, on a larger scale, for the experiences of Asian Americans. (将美国经典美食亚洲化，不仅仅是出于我对亚洲风味与食材的喜爱，也不只是对美国菜肴的尊重。相反，这是我向两者表达敬意的方式，并且从更广泛的层面来说，也是对亚裔美国人生活经历的尊重)”可知，将美国经典美食亚洲化不仅仅是Gaw对亚洲风味和食材的欣赏，或是对美国菜肴的尊重，更是他对两者表示尊重的方式，从更大层面来说，是对亚裔美国人经历的尊重。由此可推知，在Gaw看来，亚裔美国食物是文化融合的桥梁，故选A项。 考点三 推理判断题之预测文章走势 根据阅读文章全部内容推断文章的未来走势。预测文章走势的方法：1.利用文章最后一段的内容，预测作者未来要写的方向；2.根据文章的第一段内容，预测文章的前面可能写的内容；3.理清文章的写作思路，把握文章的重要内容及写作方法是预测文章走势的根本。 常见的设问方式： 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3．What would the author most probably discuss next? 4．Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about? 规律方法：如何解决预测推断题？ 有些题目要求根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。 1.(2025全国一卷B篇片段) … According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 【答案】B 【解析】第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词the author, continue talking about。 第二步：根据题干定位到第三段(最后一段)的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。 第三步：比对选项得出答案B。 2. (2025全国二卷B篇片段) For many centuries, people used windmills to grind (磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground when electricity was discovered in the 1ate 1800s,people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity. This al1owed them to people in almost all1 areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the course 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A. The advantage of wind power. B. The design of wind power plants. C. The worldwide movement to save energy. D. The global trend towards producing power from wind. 【答案】 【解析】第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词the author, probably discuss, in the paragraph that follows。 第二步：根据题干定位到文章最后一段的“During the course 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind . ( 在20世纪70年代，人们开始担心煤炭和天然气燃烧发电造成的污染。人们还意识到，煤炭和天然气的供应不会永远持续下去。然后，风能被重新发现，尽管这意味着更高的成本。今天，全球正在进行一场运动，希望通过使用风能提供越来越多的电力。)”可知，最后一段讲述了二十世纪七十年代，人们更加注重环保，而且认识到煤和气的短缺；而尽管成本较高，但是风能的特点是洁净并丰富的。如今，全球范围内正在发起利用风能发电的运动。因此推断下一段将会讲述全球利用风能发电的情况。 第三步：比对选项得出答案D。 （2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）Proper questioning has become a lost art. The curious four-year-old asks a lot of questions—incessant streams of “Why?” and “Why not?” might sound familiar—but as we grow older, our questioning decreases. In a recent survey of more than 200 of our clients, we found that those with children estimated that 70-80% of their kids’ dialogues with others were comprised of questions. But those same clients said that only 15-25% of their own interactions consisted of questions. Why the drop off? Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are that you received the most recognition or reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we often reward those who answer questions, not those who ask them. Questioning conventional wisdom can even lead to being distanced, or considered a threat. Because expectations for decision-making have gone from “get it done soon” to “get it done now” to “it should have been done yesterday”, we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more questions. And the unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making. That’s why it’s vital that we slow down and take the time to ask more and better questions. At best, we’ll arrive at better conclusions. At worst, we’ll avoid a lot of rework later on. Aside from not speaking up enough, many professionals don’t think about how different types of questions can lead to different outcomes. We should lead a conversation by asking the right kinds of questions, based on the problem we’re trying to solve. In some cases, we’ll want to expand our view of the problem rather than keeping it narrowly focused. In others, we may want to challenge basic assumptions or confirm our understanding in order to feel more confident in our conclusions. Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a goal. 8．What does the underlined word “incessant” in paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Simple. B．Random. C．Constant. D．Annoying. 9．What accounts for the decline of questioning in adulthood? A．One poses a threat to the company if they ask questions. B．Adults don’t get as many chances as they did in childhood. C．Those who question popular beliefs are thought to be wise. D．Those asking questions don’t always get positive feedback. 10．What can we infer from paragraph 3? A．Redoing is unavoidable despite thoughtful questions. B．Decisions made in a hurry may turn out to be wrong. C．Better questions can surely bring desirable outcomes. D．More attention should be paid to making conclusions. 11．What might the author continue talking about? A．Proper questions that should be raised. B．Important goals that we are to achieve. C．Right kinds of answers to the questions. D．Ways to expand our view of the problem. 【答案】8．C 9．D 10．B 11．A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了恰当的提问已经成为一门失传的艺术，分析了原因以及鼓励人们恰当的提问。 8．词句猜测题。根据第一段“The curious four-year-old(好奇的四岁孩子以及)”“以及as we grow older, our questioning decreases(但随着年龄的增长，我们的提问会减少)”可知，这个好奇的四岁孩子问了很多问题——没完没了地问“为什么?”和“为什么不呢？所以划线词的意思是“持续不断的”。故选C。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are you received the most recognition or reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we often reward those who answer questions, not those who ask them.(回想一下你在学校的成长过程。当你得到正确答案时，你可能会得到最多的认可或奖励。在以后的生活中，这种动力会继续存在。在工作中，我们经常奖励那些回答问题的人，而不是那些提出问题的人)”可知，提问题的人不一定能得到积极的反馈是致了成年后提问的减少的原因。故选D。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段“Because expectations for decision-making have gone from “get it done soon” to “get it done now” to “it should have been done yesterday”, we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more questions. And the unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making.(因为对决策的期望已经从“尽快完成”变成了“现在完成”，再变成了“昨天就应该完成”，我们倾向于直接下结论，而不是问更多的问题。没有问足够多的问题的副作用是糟糕的决策)”可知，匆忙做出的决定可能会被证明是错误的。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a goal.(因此，问正确的问题是实现目标的关键)”可知，接下来要讨论应该提出适当的问题。故选A。 考点四 考查推理判断之写作方法 推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通的。 规律方法： 常见的设问方式： （1）How is the passage organized? （2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________. （3）The first paragraph serves as a（n）  __________. （4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________. 了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。 说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。 (2025全国一卷D篇片段) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. … 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 【答案】C 【解析】第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词How, present the issue, the first paragraph。 第二步：根据题干关键词定位到第一段内容“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类身体里。)”可推断，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。温馨提醒：关注破折号和冒号解释说明作用。 第三步：比对选项得出答案C。 （2026·安徽省高三上学期8月摸底大联考）Through evolution, animals have developed numerous ways to protect themselves from predators (捕食者). Turtles hide in their shells, and skunks (臭鼬) use smelly liquid. But these defenses don’t work against cars. Environmental journalist Ben Goldfarb explains, “When facing a car, these defenses are useless — or even harmful. Staying still is the worst choice. Roadkill is a serious threat to wildlife.” Roads also act as barriers, preventing animals from moving freely. The constant traffic on highways creates what scientists call a “moving fence”— a wall of vehicles that animals avoid crossing. While we often see dead animals like deer or squirrels on roads, we don’t see the ones that never try to cross. This isolation can harm animal populations more than roadkill itself. Chemicals from roads also damage the environment. Every year, the U. S. uses 20 million tons of road salt to melt ice, which pollutes nearby soil and plants. Cars release metals like zinc and copper, and tires leave behind microplastics. These pollutants make roadsides dangerous for creatures like monarch butterflies, even though these areas could otherwise be good habitats. Roadsides sometimes attract animals with food like flowers or berries, but this becomes an “ecological trap”. Animals are drawn to these resources, only to face the danger of traffic. Interestingly, when traffic decreases, animals quickly adapt. Researchers in the Bay Area found that when cars disappeared for months, white-crowned sparrows — small songbirds — started singing more complex and varied songs. Without traffic noise, they no longer needed to “shout” and could return to their natural behaviors. This shows how much roads affect wildlife — but also how adaptable animals can be. Despite these challenges, Goldfarb says, certain species have made remarkable adaptations. He notes that Chicago’s urban foxes are said to look both ways before crossing the street. “We think about roads as these forces that are universally or exclusively harmful to animals, and certainly they’re incredibly destructive,” he says. “But wildlife is also impressively adaptive and clever and animals are finding ways to make a living in our midst.” 8．How does the author start the text in the first paragraph? A．By stating a reason. B．By providing statistics. C．By defining a concept. D．By giving examples. 9．What harmful impact do roads have on wildlife? A．Less food supply. B．Restricted movement. C．Increased predators. D．Species extinction. 10．What can we infer from Goldfarb’s words in the last paragraph? A．Roads are not truly harmful to wildlife. B．Urban foxes seldom get hit by vehicles. C．Animals adapt cleverly to dangerous roads. D．Wildlife protection deserves highest attention. 11．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To advocate reducing traffic. B．To preserve wildlife diversity. C．To analyze roads’ effects on wildlife. D．To highlight roadkill danger to animals. 【答案】8．D 9．B 10．C 11．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了道路对野生动物产生的多方面影响，包括道路致死、阻碍迁徙、造成污染以及形成生态陷阱等，同时也提到了动物在交通减少时的适应能力和某些物种的适应性变化。 8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Through evolution, animals have developed numerous ways to protect themselves from predators (捕食者). Turtles hide in their shells, and skunks (臭鼬) use smelly liquid.  (通过进化，动物发展出了许多保护自己免受捕食者伤害的方法。乌龟躲在壳里，臭鼬使用有臭味的液体。)”可知，作者在第一段通过列举乌龟和臭鼬保护自己的例子开启全文。故选D项。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Roads also act as barriers, preventing animals from moving freely. The constant traffic on highways creates what scientists call a “moving fence” — a wall of vehicles that animals avoid crossing. (道路还起到了屏障的作用，阻碍动物自由活动。高速公路上川流不息的车辆形成了科学家们所说的“移动围栏”——一道由车辆组成的墙，动物们会避开穿越这道墙。)”可知，道路对野生动物的有害影响之一是限制了它们的活动。故选B项。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“He notes that Chicago’s urban foxes are said to look both ways before crossing the street. “We think about roads as these forces that are universally or exclusively harmful to animals, and certainly they’re incredibly destructive,” he says. “But wildlife is also impressively adaptive and clever and animals are finding ways to make a living in our midst.” (他指出，芝加哥的都市狐狸过马路时据说会左右张望。“我们总把道路看作对动物普遍或唯一有害的力量，它们确实极具破坏性，”他说，“但野生动物也展现出惊人的适应能力和智慧，许多动物正在我们身边找到生存之道。”)”可知，从Goldfarb的话中可以推断出动物能聪明地适应危险的道路环境。故选C项。 11．主旨大意题。根据第一段“But these defenses don’t work against cars. Environmental journalist Ben Goldfarb explains, “When facing a car, these defenses are useless — or even harmful. Staying still is the worst choice. Roadkill is a serious threat to wildlife.” (但这些防御手段在汽车面前毫无用处，甚至还会带来危害。环境记者Ben Goldfarb解释道：“面对汽车时，这些防御方法不仅没用，甚至可能有害。一动不动是最糟糕的选择。道路致死是野生动物面临的一个严重威胁。”)”并结合全文内容可知，文章围绕道路对野生动物的影响展开，依次阐述了公路导致的路杀现象以及公路阻碍动物迁徙、带来化学污染、形成“生态陷阱”等负面影响，同时也提到了部分物种的适应性调整。整体是在分析公路对野生动物多方面的影响。故选C项。 考点五 考查推理判断之写作态度 推理判断之写作态度考点是高考中的常考点。作者发表文章总有自己的观点和主张，也会自然流露出对某事的态度。做这类题时，我们一定要站在作者的角度上看问题。 规律方法： 常见的设问方式： 1.What is the author’s attitude to ......? 2. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to......? 3. The author’s attitude towards ....... may best be described as . 做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible, impossible, seem, strange等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。 褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。 贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappointed(失望的)等。 中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。 1.（2024全国甲卷） The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. 【答案】A 【解析】推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。 2.（2021年新高考I卷之D篇） Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 【答案】A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。 推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。 （2026·安徽省蚌埠市高三上学期开学）If you’re the kind of person who gets a lot done, you’re grateful for every one of the 86,400 seconds that make up a day. On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets. The likeliest cause is the position of the moon. Lunar distance is an always-changing thing, with the moon tracing an elliptical(椭圆的) orbit around the Earth. At its closest approach—or perigee—the moon is only 224,000 miles distant. At its furthest—or apogee—that gap widens to 251,655 miles. On the three speedy days this summer, the moon will be at or near apogee—which is a puzzle, since lunar gravity is such that the Earth tends to slow down, not speed up, when the moon is farther away. The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too, angled anywhere from 18° to 28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits, with lunar gravity in this case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On the three days in question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak. Climate change—again and seemingly always—may play a role too. Last year, two NASA-funded studies found that since 2000, melting glaciers have caused the axis(轴) of the planet to shift by about 30 ft, changing the speed of rotation. The catch is, in this case the change causes the planet to decelerate, not speed up—by about 1.33 milliseconds per century. Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth and the moon have been doing their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one. Here’s betting they’ve got a few billion more years yet in their run. 8．What will happen on July 9, July 22, and August 5 according to the text? A．Lunar distance will decrease greatly, changing how time is measured. B．The moon’s gravity will weaken, reducing Earth’s rotation speed. C．Climate change will speed up ice melting, affecting day length. D．The Earth will rotate faster, making the day less than 24 hours. 9．What mainly causes the phenomenon on those days? A．The speed of the moon’s rotation. B．The angle of the moon’s cockeyed orbit. C．The temperature on the moon’s surface. D．The distance from the moon to the Earth. 10．What is the author’s attitude towards the change of the days? A．Anxious and alarmed. B．Indifferent and uncaring. C．Relaxed and unworried. D．Confused and uncertain. 11．What is the best title for the text? A．Shorter Days: The Moon’s Hidden Role B．Climate Change: Speeding Up Earth’s Rotation C．Earth’s Rotation: A 4. 5-Billion-Year-Old Puzzle D．Lunar Orbit: Always Changing and Unpredictable 【答案】8．D 9．B 10．C 11．A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章指出7月9 日、22 日及8月5 日地球自转加快以致白天略短，分析得出月球轨道倾斜角度是主因，作者认为无需担忧。 8．细节理解题。根据第一段中 “On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.( 然而，在7月9日，以及7月22日和8月5日，你不会得到你的全部秒数。在这些日子里，地球的自转速度将明显加快，从通常的24小时缩短1.3到1.5毫秒。)”可知，在7月9日、7月22日和8月5日，地球自转速度加快，一天的时间会比平常的24小时少1.3到1.5毫秒 。故选D项。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段“The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too, angled anywhere from 18° to 28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits, with lunar gravity in this case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On the three days in question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak.( 然而，月球的轨道不仅是椭圆形的，而且也是倾斜的，相对于地球赤道的角度在18°到28°之间。这个角度越尖锐，地球绕轨道运行的速度就越快，在这种情况下，月球的引力会加速，抵消月球远地点通常会产生的减速效应。在这个夏天的三天里，月亮将接近其28°的峰值。)”可知，月球轨道不仅是椭圆形的，而且是倾斜的，这个倾斜角度越尖锐，地球公转速度越快，在这三天里月球接近28°的峰值，所以是月球倾斜轨道的角度主要导致了这种现象。故选B项。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth and the moon have been doing their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one. Here’s betting they’ve got a few billion more years yet in their run.( 不管怎样，我们不需要因为白天变短而失眠。在45亿年的大部分时间里，地球和月球一直在跳舞，而且一直很稳定。我打赌它们还有几十亿年的生命。)”可知，作者认为我们不需要为稍微短一点的日子而担心，地球和月球已经稳定运行了 45 亿年，还会继续稳定运行数十亿年，所以作者对日子的变化持放松、不担心的态度。故选C项。 11．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.( 然而，在7月9日，以及7月22日和8月5日，你不会得到你的全部秒数。在这些日子里，地球的自转速度将明显加快，从通常的24小时缩短1.3到1.5毫秒。)”可知，文章主要讲述了在 7 月 9 日、7 月 22 日和 8 月 5 日这几天地球自转加快，一天时间变短，分析了月球的位置（包括远地点以及轨道倾斜角度）对地球自转速度的影响，强调了月球在其中隐藏的作用。所以A 选项“更短的日子：月球隐藏的角色”最适合作为标题。故选A项。 考点六 考查说明文的主旨大意 题型特点：考查对文章整体内容的概括和归纳能力，包括文章的主旨、标题、段落大意等。常见的提问方式有“What is the main idea of the passage?”“The best title for the passage might be...”“What does the first/second/... paragraph mainly talk about?”等。 解题技巧： 关注文章的首段和尾段，这两个部分往往是文章主旨的集中体现。首段可能引出话题，提出中心论点；尾段可能总结全文，再次强调主旨。 分析文章的结构，如果是“总 - 分”结构，开头的总述部分就是主旨；如果是“总 - 分 - 总”结构，首尾的总结部分是关键；如果是递进式结构，要综合各段落内容，找出贯穿全文的核心线索。 对于标题类题目，标题要简洁明了，能够准确概括文章的主要内容，同时具有一定的吸引力。避免选择过于宽泛或过于具体的选项。 1. (2025全国二卷D篇片段) … It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. … 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 【答案】C 【解析】第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词paragraph 5。 第二步：根据关键词定位到文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。 第三步：比对选项得出答案C。 2.（2020·全国新课标II） Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills. Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said. The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age. “The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement. The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls. The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.242 27．What is the text mainly about? A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study. C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program. 【答案】27．B 【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。 27．主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。 3.（2023年1月·浙江卷） According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. “Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫). Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms. Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D．Solar Farms: A New Development 【答案】  D 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。 35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。 1.（2026·江苏省南京市六校联合体高三学情调研）A leading fossil expert has suggested that the climate crisis might make humans smaller over time because smaller mammals often handle rising temperatures better. Steve Brusatte, a fossil expert from the University of Edinburgh, thinks looking at how animals dealt with past climate changes can help us guess what might happen to humans. For example, about 55 million years ago, when the world got hotter, early horses became smaller. He wonders if humans could follow a similar pattern. In his book The Rise and Reign of the Mammals, Brusatte talks about something called Bergmann’s rule. It’s an idea that animals in warm places are usually smaller than those in cold areas. “We’re not sure exactly why,” he explains, “but smaller animals probably have an advantage. Their bodies have more surface area compared to their size, which helps them emit extra heat more easily.” Brusatte says getting smaller is “a common way mammals survive when the climate changes fast.” He adds, “Not every mammal would shrink, but it’s a trick many use when temperatures rise quickly. So could humans get smaller if it gets hot fast? I think that’s possible.” But not all experts agree. Adrian Lister, from London’s Natural History Museum, says the link between heat and shrinking in mammals isn’t strong, especially for humans. “Natural selection doesn’t control us like it used to,” he argues. “For humans to get smaller, bigger people would have to die before having kids because of the heat. But that’s not happening. We have clothes, heaters, and air conditioners to handle temperature changes. These things reduce the need for our bodies to evolve to cope with heat.” So while some think humans might shrink due to climate change, others doubt it. It’s an interesting debate—one that shows how nature and human technology might shape our future. 28．Why does Steve Brusatte mention early horses that lived 55 million years ago? A．To confirm Bergmann’s rule applies universally. B．To suggest humans are bound to become smaller. C．To demonstrate temperature’s effect on horse evolution. D．To show how mammals adapted to historical climate shifts. 29．What can be learned from Bergmann’s rule as explained in the passage? A．Surface area alone affects animals’ heat emission. B．Smaller animals are more adaptable to warm environments. C．Warm-region mammals evolve faster than cold-region ones. D．Smaller animals will replace larger ones as the climate warms. 30．What does Adrian Lister imply about human evolution? A．Humans tend to grow larger in hot climates. B．Natural selection still shapes human body size. C．Climate change no longer affects human evolution. D．Technology reduces the need for climate adaptation. 31．What is the passage mainly about? A．Climate crisis’s impact on human size evolution. B．Modern technology’s impact on natural selection. C．Mammal evolution in response to climate change. D．The application of Bergmann’s rule in modern society. 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气候变化是否会影响人类体型大小进化的问题。一些专家认为，随着气候变暖，小型哺乳动物通常能更好地应对高温，因此人类可能会逐渐变小。然而，还有一些专家认为，由于人类技术的发展，如衣服、暖气和空调等，已经减少了身体需要进化来应对温度变化的必要性，因此气候变化可能不再影响人类进化。 28．推理判断题。根据第二段“Steve Brusatte, a fossil expert from the University of Edinburgh, thinks looking at how animals dealt with past climate changes can help us guess what might happen to humans. For example, about 55 million years ago, when the world got hotter, early horses became smaller. (来自爱丁堡大学的化石专家Steve Brusatte认为，观察动物如何应对过去的气候变化可以帮助我们猜测人类可能会发生什么。例如，大约5500万年前，当世界变得更热时，早期的马变得更小。)”可知，他通过这一例子来展示哺乳动物是如何适应气候变化的，因此D选项“To show how mammals adapted to historical climate shifts.(为了展示哺乳动物是如何适应历史上的气候变化的。)”符合题意。故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It’s an idea that animals in warm places are usually smaller than those in cold areas. “We’re not sure exactly why,” he explains, “but smaller animals probably have an advantage. Their bodies have more surface area compared to their size, which helps them emit extra heat more easily.”(这是一种观点，认为生活在温暖地方的动物通常比生活在寒冷地区的动物要小。“我们还不太确定具体的原因，”他解释道，“但是小型动物可能具有某种优势。与它们的体型相比，它们的身体拥有更大的表面积，这有助于它们更容易地散发多余的热量。”)”可知，此处解释了Bergmann法则即生活在温暖地方的动物通常比生活在寒冷地区的动物小，且小型动物在散热方面具有优势。因此，B选项“Smaller animals are more adaptable to warm environments.(小型动物更适应温暖的环境)”符合题意。故选B。 30．推理判断题。Adrian Lister在第五段中提到“We have clothes, heaters, and air conditioners to handle temperature changes. These things reduce the need for our bodies to evolve to cope with heat.(我们有衣服、加热器和空调来处理温度变化。这些东西减少了我们的身体为了应对热量而进化的需要。)”可知，他认为技术减少了人类为适应气候而进化的需求。因此，D选项“Technology reduces the need for climate adaptation.(技术减少了适应气候的需求)”符合题意。故选D。 31．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“A leading fossil expert has suggested that the climate crisis might make humans smaller over time because smaller mammals often handle rising temperatures better.( 一位顶尖的化石专家提出，气候危机可能会使人类随着时间的推移而体型变小，因为体型较小的哺乳动物通常能更好地应对温度上升的情况。)”以及通读全文可知，文章开头就提出了化石专家Steve Brusatte的观点，即气候危机可能会使人类逐渐变小，因为小型哺乳动物通常能更好地应对高温。接下来的内容都是围绕这一观点展开的，包括其他专家对这一观点的看法和争议，由此讨论的是气候危机对人类体型进化的影响。因此，A选项“Climate crisis’s impact on human size evolution.(气候危机对人类体型进化的影响。)”概括了文章的主旨大意。故选A。 2.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9月月考）The best and most-commonly used sources for the pills we have are oily fish like salmon (鲑鱼), mackerel (鲭鱼) and sardine (沙丁鱼). Many environmentalists fear that some species are being overfished for this purpose. We may have an endless voracity for fish oil, but we don’t have an endless supply of fish. Menhaden (鲱鱼), which is described as “a big-headed, smelly, foot-long fish”, is in great danger. Although prized for dinner in the 18th century, the species has become the unknown victim of the fish oil business, which presents us with potential selfish. Menhaden feeds almost entirely on algae (海藻) and is especially good at changing it into omega-3 fatty acids, which make it a good target for fish oil companies. One particular company, Protein of Houston, has been fishing 90 percent of the country’s menhaden. It’s become such a big problem that 13 of the 15 Atlantic states have banned the company’s boats from their waters. Yet the company is still allowed to fish in North Carolina and Virginia, as well as federal waters; the company’s efforts result in the removing of half a billion menhadens every year. Aside from a public natural resource running out for a company’s private profit, the damage to the ecosystem is the cause for alarm. The muddy brown colour of the Long Island Sound is the direct result of lacking water filtration (过滤) — a job that was once done by menhaden. Menhaden keeps the ocean waters of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts clean. A menhaden filters four to six gallons of water of algae in a minute, which prevents underwater dead zones. Measures should be taken to avoid the overfished situation. Plant seeds such as flax seeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, and sesame seeds — and particularly their oils — are good vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids, although the mix of specific acids is different from which one can get from fish. 4．What does the underlined word “voracity” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Trouble. B．Shortage. C．Resource. D．Appetite. 5．Why does menhaden become a good fish for companies to make pills? A．It is good at forming omega-3 fatty acids. B．It feeds mainly on the harmful algae. C．It is well-known for its rich protein. D．It is relatively easy for companies to catch. 6．What does the author intend to suggest us in the last paragraph? A．To grow more plants for their seeds to make oil. B．To use some substitutes instead of more fish oil. C．To call on the government to make laws in fishing. D．To take part in more activities to protect the environment. 7．What is the best title for the text? A．The Broken Natural Ecosystem B．The Process of Making Fish Oil C．Bad Effects of Fish Oil Making D．How to use natural resources. 【答案】4．D 5．A 6．B 7．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了因制作鱼油丸，鲱鱼被过度捕捞，生态系统遭破坏，作者呼吁寻找替代品。 4．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“We may have an endless voracity for fish oil, but we don’t have an endless supply of fish.(我们可能对鱼油有着无尽的voracity，但我们的鱼类供应并不是无穷无尽的。)”可知，此处表示人类对鱼油的需求很大，voracity意思是“胃口，需求”。故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Menhaden feeds almost entirely on algae (海藻) and is especially good at changing it into omega-3 fatty acids, which make it a good target for fish oil companies.(鲱鱼几乎完全以海藻为食，尤其擅长将其转化为欧米伽-3脂肪酸，这使它成为鱼油公司的好目标。)”可知，鲱鱼擅长形成欧米伽-3脂肪酸，所以成为制作鱼油丸的好原料。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Measures should be taken to avoid the overfished situation. Plant seeds such as flax seeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, and sesame seeds — and particularly their oils — are good vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids, although the mix of specific acids is different from which one can get from fish.(应该采取措施避免过度捕捞的情况。植物种子，如亚麻籽、奇亚籽、大麻籽和芝麻籽——尤其是它们的油——是欧米伽-3脂肪酸的良好素食来源，尽管特定酸的混合物与从鱼中获取的不同。)”可知，作者在最后一段建议使用一些替代品来代替更多的鱼油。故选B。 7．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是结合第二段中“Menhaden (鲱鱼), which is described as “a big-headed, smelly, foot-long fish”, is in great danger.(鲱鱼被描述为“头大、有臭味、一英尺长的鱼”，它正处于极大的危险之中。)”以及第四段中“Aside from a public natural resource running out for a company’s private profit, the damage to the ecosystem is the cause for alarm.(除了公共自然资源因公司私利而枯竭外，对生态系统的破坏也令人担忧。)”可知，文章主要讲述了因制作鱼油丸，鲱鱼被过度捕捞，生态系统遭破坏，作者呼吁寻找替代品。故C项“Bad Effects of Fish Oil Making(制作鱼油的负面影响)”最适合作为文章标题。故选C。 考点七 考查词义猜测题 通过阅读理解中的猜测词义，考查考生推测词义的能力、培养学生整体把握文章内容，不拘泥于细节，对于生词可以通过上下文理解其含义。猜测词义的考查类型：1.单个单词的意思；2.考查短语的意思；3.考查句子的意思；4.考查代词的意思；5.考查熟词生意；6.考查生词生意。 规律方法： 常见的设问方式： 1. What do the underlined words “......” mean in paragraph 7? 2． What does “......” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? 3． The word "......" in paragraph 2 means _________? 4．What do the underlined words “......” probably mean? 规律方法 此类题目有的可利用构词法来解答，首先要弄明白构词法的三种形式：派生法、转 化法和合成法，现在高考阅读理解题中的猜测词义题考查派生和合成词形式的较少，主要是需要利用上下文的已知部分进行推理；有的还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义；还有的可以根据定义、解释和举例猜测词义。 （2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷）C The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances. (　)29.What does the underlined word“declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean? A.Clear-up. B.Add-on. C.Check-in. D.Take-over. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一本有关数字极简主义的书的具体内容。 29.A　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.”可知,这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。由此推知,画线词所在句意为“第一部分通过介绍我建议的采用这一哲学的方法:数字清理进行了总结”,因此画线词的含义为“清理”。 （最新模拟试题演练） 1.（2026·安徽省江淮十校高三上学期8月第一次联考）In recent years, the concept of “slow travel” has emerged as a reaction to the fast paced, mass tourism that dominates the industry. Slow travel encourages travelers to engage profoundly with local cultures, stay longer in destinations, and form meaningful connections with local communities. One of the key principles of slow travel is to reduce environmental impact. By choosing to stay in locally-owned accommodations, eating at family-run restaurants, and using public transportation or bicycles, travelers can significantly decrease their carbon footprint. For instance, a study found that tourists who engage in slow travel produce up to 70% less greenhouse gas emissions compared to those on traditional package tours. Slow travel also allows for a deeper cultural understanding. Instead of rushing through tourist attractions, slow travelers take the time to participate in local traditions, learn about historical significance, and interact with residents. This not only enriches the travel experience but also provides economic benefits to local communities. In some rural areas, slow travel initiatives have helped preserve endangered crafts and revitalize (使恢复元气) dying traditions. However, slow travel is not without challenges. It requires more planning and flexibility, as travelers need to research local customs, transportation options, and authentic experiences. Additionally, slow travel may not be feasible for everyone due to time or budget constraints (约束). For busy professionals or families with limited vacation days, spending weeks in a single destination may seem unrealistic. Despite these challenges, the slow travel movement continues to grow. Travelers are becoming more conscious of their environmental and cultural impact, and many are seeking more authentic and sustainable ways to explore the world. As a result, travel companies are starting to offer more slow-travel options. such as extended homestays and cultural immersion programs. 8．What is the benefit of slow travel? A．It can save money on traveling. B．It can be more environmentally friendly. C．It can allow travelers to visit more places hurriedly. D．It can increase the financial income of travel companies. 9．What can we learn about slow travel from the third paragraph? A．It has little impact on local economies. B．It focuses on superficial interactions with locals. C．It discourages travelers from learning about history. D．It may contribute to the preservation of traditional crafts. 10．What does the underlined word “feasible” mean in this context? A．practical B．inevitable C．contradictory D．desirable 11．What can be inferred about the future of slow travel? A．It will replace traditional tourism entirely. B．It may become more popular in the future. C．It will cost less as time passes. D．It will only be accessible to wealthy travelers. 【答案】8．B 9．D 10．A 11．B 【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了近年“慢旅行”兴起以应对快节奏大众旅游，其能减少环境影响、深化文化理解，但存在规划多等挑战，如今仍在发展，相关旅行选择增多。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段“One of the key principles of slow travel is to reduce environmental impact. By choosing to stay in locally-owned accommodations, eating at family-run restaurants, and using public transportation or bicycles, travelers can significantly decrease their carbon footprint. For instance, a study found that tourists who engage in slow travel produce up to 70% less greenhouse gas emissions compared to those on traditional package tours.(慢旅行的关键原则之一是减少对环境的影响。通过选择入住当地经营的酒店、在家庭经营的餐馆用餐以及使用公共交通工具或自行车出行，旅行者能够大幅降低他们的碳足迹。例如，一项研究发现，参与慢旅行的游客所产生的温室气体排放量比参加传统包价旅游的游客少多达70%)”可知，慢旅行可能对环境更有益。故选B。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段“In some rural areas, slow travel initiatives have helped preserve endangered crafts and revitalize (使恢复元气) dying traditions.(在一些农村地区，缓慢的旅游活动有助于保护濒危的技艺，并使濒临消亡的传统得以复兴)”可知，慢旅行可能有助于传统工艺的传承。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据划线词所在句“slow travel may not be feasible for everyone due to time or budget constraints”(由于时间或预算的限制，慢速旅行可能并不feasible每个人)以及后文举例“spending weeks in a single destination may seem unrealistic(在同一个地方停留数周似乎不太现实)”可知，此处指慢旅行对某些人可能不“实际可行”。故选项A“可行的”符合语境。故选A。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despite these challenges, the slow travel movement continues to grow. Travelers are becoming more conscious of their environmental and cultural impact, and many are seeking more authentic and sustainable ways to explore the world. As a result, travel companies are starting to offer more slow-travel options. such as extended homestays and cultural immersion programs.(尽管面临诸多挑战，慢旅行运动仍在持续发展。旅行者们越来越意识到自身对环境和文化的潜在影响，许多人正在寻求更真实且可持续的方式来探索世界。因此，旅游公司也开始提供更多的慢旅行选择，比如延长的寄宿体验和文化沉浸式项目)”可知，慢旅行在未来可能会变得更加流行。故选B。 2.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9月月考）You stayed up too late browsing through your phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel sleepy and impatient. That dessert or sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. This isn’t just about willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes. Research shows that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-control and increases your risk of weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millions. More than one-third of U.S. adults regularly get less than seven hours of sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters of adolescents fall short of the recommended 8-10 hours sleep during the school week. First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules. These patterns disturb the body’s internal clock and are linked to increased appetite, poor eating habits and elevated risks for obesity and metabolic disease. Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation (匮乏), reward-related areas such as the amygdala, a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them, regardless of how hungry they actually felt. Sleep is as important as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Fortunately, even a few nights of consistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start to reverse some of these effects. In a culture that glorifies hustle and late nights, sleep is often treated as optional. So the next time you find yourself reaching for junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health. 8．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A．High-calorie foods are more attractive. B．Staying up late can make people dizzy. C．Sleep loss stimulates the brain for appetite. D．People are addicted to using mobile phones. 9．Why are first responders more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation? A．They have unhealthy lifestyles. B．They bear expectation of the society. C．They have demanding and shifting schedules. D．They have much pressure from the workload. 10．Why is the brain more likely to shift into the reward mode after sleep insufficiency? A．The brain becomes more excited and unrealistic. B．Sleep loss changes how the brain evaluates food. C．The brain reacts more quickly to the environment. D．Sleep loss changes how the body absorbs nutrients. 11．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph? A．Getting enough sleep. B．Putting down the electronics. C．Staying away from junk food. D．Controlling our weight. 【答案】8．C 9．C 10．B 11．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是睡眠不足对食欲、体重及整体健康的影响。 8．细节理解题。从文章第一段最后一句“Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes.(你的大脑因缺乏休息，正在把你推向快速、高热量食物的解决方案。)”可知，作者在第一段中指出的现象是睡眠不足会刺激大脑产生食欲。故选C。 9．推理判断题。从文章第二段“First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules.(由于夜班和各种不可控的时间表，包括护士、消防员和急救人员在内的急救人员尤其容易受到伤害。)”可知，急救人员更容易睡眠不足是因为他们的日程安排要求很高，而且多变。故选C。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段“Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation (匮乏), reward-related areas such as the amygdala, a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them, regardless of how hungry they actually felt.(研究表明，在仅仅一个晚上的睡眠不足之后，与奖励相关的区域，如杏仁核（大脑中驱动动机和寻求奖励的部分），对诱人的食物反应会变得更加强烈。你的大脑会因为垃圾食品而变得更加兴奋，并且无法抵抗它。睡眠剥夺研究的参与者不仅认为高热量食物更可取，而且更有可能选择它们，而不管他们实际上有多饿。)”可知，睡眠不足后大脑更容易进入奖励模式是因为睡眠不足会改变大脑对食物的评价。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“So the next time you find yourself reaching for junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health.(所以，下次当你发现自己在短暂的一夜之后想吃垃圾食品时，要认识到你的生理机能正在对压力做出反应。睡眠是控制食欲、调节能量和长期健康的最有力工具。)”可知，作者在最后一段主张保证充足的睡眠。故选A。 Young people in the United States do not have a strong understanding of the world and their place in it. 3.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8月联考卷（二））Tipping has long been a widely accepted social norm in North America. But now more and more people are feeling tip fatigue from being “forced” to tip more frequently. Some consumers are posting on social media complaining about tip requests at restaurants. Others say they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee. What’s next, they wonder — are we going to be tipping our doctors and dentists, too? As more businesses start to include digital forms of payment, customers are automatically being asked to leave a tip — many times as high as 30% — at places they normally wouldn’t. And some say it has become more frustrating as the price of items has skyrocketed due to inflation (通货膨胀). The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In the past, shoppers could easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity — or lack of it — can be laid bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers themselves. Tipping was born in the Middle Ages in Europe, a custom where servants would receive an extra tip from their masters for excellent performance. Tips were left in European pubs to ensure quick and good service. Wealthy Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brought it back to the states as a way to feel noble. Traditionally, consumers have taken pride in being good tippers at places like restaurants, which typically pay their workers lower than the minimum wage. But many consumers are now feeling annoyed by automatic tip requests at coffee shops and other counter service eateries where tipping has not typically been expected. The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael Lynn, a consumer behavior professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. They were showing support for workers who held jobs that put them more at risk of catching the virus. Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of 2022, while tips at quick or counter service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021, according to data. This data shows that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019. 8．Which of the following is a reason why many consumers are feeling tip fatigue? A．Consumers often have to pay tips for some simple services. B．The inflation could provide people with more chances to tip. C．Consumers are worried they have to tip doctors in the future. D．The digital forms of payment allow customers to tip freely. 9．The digital forms of payment have ______. A．made tipping less than a choice B．decreased the frequency of tipping C．reduced social pressure related to tipping D．removed the need for tipping altogether 10．Why did wealthy Americans adopt the tipping tradition from Europe? A．To reward excellent performance by people. B．To ensure quick and good service in pubs. C．To support workers during financial crises. D．To showcase that they are people of high social rank. 11．The last two paragraphs mainly talk about ______. A．the history and origins of tipping in Europe and America B．the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on tipping trends C．variation in tipping habits in different types of restaurants D．social pressure and frustration caused by digital tipping 【答案】8．A 9．A 10．D 11．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了欧美的小费日益增高，人们对此表现出小费厌倦。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段“Others say they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee. (其他人说，他们厌倦了被要求为简单的一杯咖啡留下小费。)”可知，消费者经常要为一些简单的服务付小费。故选A。 9．细节理解题。根据第四段“The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In the past, shoppers could easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity — or lack of it — can be laid bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers themselves. (数字请求会产生社会压力，更难避免。过去，如果购物者没有多余的零钱，他们可以很容易地忽略小费。如今，你的慷慨——或缺乏慷慨——可以暴露给任何靠近屏幕的人，包括工人自己。)”可知，在电子支付盛行的今天，是否慷慨 (给的小费金额)，赤裸裸地展示在屏幕上，任何可以看到屏幕的人都知道，并无隐私而言，而是带有一定的强制性。故选A。 10．推理判断题。根据第五段“Wealthy Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brought it back to the states as a way to feel noble. (19世纪五六十年代，富有的美国人自己发现了这一传统，并将其带回美国，作为一种彰显高贵的方式。)”可知，富有的美国人采用欧洲的小费传统是为了彰显他们高贵的身份。故选D。 11．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael Lynn, a consumer behavior professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. (疫情也加速了更多小费的趋势。消费者行为教授迈克尔·林恩表示，在新冠疫情初期，消费者给的小费更多。)”以及最后一段“Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of 2022, while tips at quick or counter service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021, according to data. This data shows that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019. (数据显示，2022年第三季度，全服务餐厅的小费增长了25.3%，而快速或柜台服务餐厅的小费与2021年同期相比增长了16.7%。这些数据表明，自2019年以来，这一时期一直在持续增长。)”可知，最后两段主要讲述了新冠疫情对小费趋势的影响。故选B。 4.（2026·黑龙江省龙东联盟高三上学期开学考试）Walk around most large cities in Europe and the United States, and you’d be thinking that we’re living in a new world of affordable and effortless mobility for all, with the smartphone in your pocket an entrance to shared bikes and electric cars. But if you’re disabled or elderly, living in a low-income area or without a smartphone or credit card, using these shared mobility services becomes a lot more difficult. Shared mobility could be a key part of a more sustainable transportation system. But to be most effective, it needs to include everyone. Right now, various initiatives and projects are seeking creative solutions to reach underserved communities. The E-Bike Library model was born in such context. E-bike libraries address a number of barriers: The bikes are free, and the libraries are hosted by places that are already an important part of the community. In addition to maintaining the bikes, the programs also organize training, group rides and educational events to familiarize people with cycling culture and safety. For Mobitwin, a social transportation service for elderly people and those with reduced mobility, personal interactions and affordability are important. Founded by the Belgian mobility nongovernmental organization Mpact, Mobitwin lets elderly people request a vehicle ride from a volunteer for a minimal fee. The program, which has been running since the 1980s, currently serves around 40,000 people in Belgium. Being able to get out and about is a crucial part of participating in society, and reduced mobility in old age goes hand in hand with social isolation and loneliness, according to Esen Köse, project manager at Mpact. “We want to make sure that people who are often not in the social cycle of going to work or school, who are actually often left out, still have an option to get out of the house and do the simple daily things, like going to the grocery store or seeing families,” he says, “our big goal is to engage as many people as possible in shared mobility, so supporting service is essential to facilitate this shift.” 28．What is the problem with the current shared mobility according to the text? A．Disturbance to traffic order. B．Overdependence on smart devices. C．Limited involvement of certain groups. D．Heavy financial burden for vehicle users. 29．How does the E-Bike Library help underserved groups? A．By upgrading cycling facilities. B．By publishing cycling-related books. C．By building a cycling-support community. D．By providing safety guarantees for cycling. 30．Which of the following words best describes Mobitwin? A．Experimental. B．Commercial. C．Accessible. D．Digital. 31．What can you infer from Esen Köse’s words? A．Social mobility depends on financial aid. B．Shared mobility promotes green travel shift. C．Public mobility is mainly based on device updates. D．Mobility is a key to the elderly’s emotional wellness. 【答案】28．C 29．C 30．C 31．D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了两个项目，致力于解决共享移动服务人群覆盖不足的问题。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“But if you’re disabled or elderly, living in a low-income area or without a smartphone or credit card, using these shared mobility services becomes a lot more difficult.(但如果你身有残疾、年事已高、居住在低收入地区或者没有智能手机和信用卡，那么使用这些共享出行服务就会变得困难得多)”和第二段“But to be most effective, it needs to include everyone.(但要发挥最大的效力，它就必须让所有人都参与进来)”可知，残疾人群和老年人群使用共享移动服务困难，共享移动服务需要将社会的每一个人包括进来。故选C。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段“The E-Bike Library model was born in such context. E-bike libraries address a number of barriers: The bikes are free, and the libraries are hosted by places that are already an important part of the community. In addition to maintaining the bikes, the programs also organize training, group rides and educational events to familiarize people with cycling culture and safety.(“电动自行车图书馆”模式正是在这种背景下应运而生的。电动自行车图书馆解决了诸多难题：这些自行车是免费提供的，而且图书馆设立在已经深深融入社区的场所内。除了维护自行车外，这些项目还组织培训、团体骑行活动以及教育活动，以帮助人们熟悉骑行文化和安全知识)”可知，电动自行车图书馆通过建立一个支持骑行的社群帮助那些弱势群体。故选C。 30．推理判断题。根据第四段“For Mobitwin, a social transportation service for elderly people and those with reduced mobility, personal interactions and affordability are important. Founded by the Belgian mobility nongovernmental organization Mpact, Mobitwin lets elderly people request a vehicle ride from a volunteer for a minimal fee.(对于“摩比特温”这一专为老年人及行动不便者提供的社交出行服务而言，人际互动和价格合理性至关重要。该服务由比利时的非政府组织“姆帕克特”创立，它允许老年人向志愿者申请乘车服务，并只需支付少量费用)”可知，Mobitwin使老年人能以极低廉的价格获得志愿者搭载服务，特点是“可获得的”。故选C。 31．推理判断题。根据第五段“We want to make sure that people who are often not in the social cycle of going to work or school, who are actually often left out, still have an option to get out of the house and do the simple daily things, like going to the grocery store or seeing families(我们希望确保那些通常无法参与正常工作或上学的群体（他们往往会被排除在外），仍然能够有机会走出家门，去做一些简单的日常事情，比如去超市购物或者探望家人)”和“Being able to get out and about is a crucial part of participating in society, and reduced mobility in old age goes hand in hand with social isolation and loneliness, according to Esen Köse, project manager at Mpact.(埃森·科斯是“Mpact”项目的负责人，他表示：“能够外出活动是参与社会生活的重要组成部分，而老年人行动能力的下降往往伴随着社交孤立和孤独感的产生。”)”可知，增强老年人的活动能力，使其有条件走出家门参与日常社会活动是减少其情感孤独的关键因素之一。故选D。 5.（2025·湖南省怀化市高三上学期开学）A recent study reveals that the ability to see things from others’ perspectives (观点) may augment creativity. Researchers from the University of Vienna conducted experiments with young Chinese adults to examine how different types of empathy (同理心) relate to creative thinking and achievement. The study measured two kinds of empathy: cognitive empathy (understanding others’ points of view) and emotional empathy (sharing others’ feelings). Participants completed questionnaires about their empathic tendencies and reported their creative activities over the past year, such as writing, inventing, or artistic pursuits. Researchers also analyzed long-term data from China’s Gene-Brain-Behavior Project to track creative development. Results showed that people with stronger cognitive empathy engaged in more creative activities and achieved greater success in fields like visual arts, science, and writing. Interestingly, emotional empathy didn’t show the same connection to creativity. The benefits of perspective-taking appeared strongest in areas requiring innovative thinking rather than technical skills like music performance. Further analysis suggested that understanding different viewpoints might stimulate creativity by exposing individuals to diverse ways of thinking. However, the emotional aspect of empathy didn’t contribute similarly, possibly because it requires mental energy that could otherwise be used for creative work. The findings highlight how developing our ability to see through others’ eyes might be an effective way to boost creative potential, especially in fields that value novel approaches and solutions. Whatever the case, the findings suggest that increasing your ability to take someone’s perspectives might be a good thing for your creativity. Fortunately, empathy can be cultivated through deliberate effort. One effective method is to engage with books or watch TV or films and mentally place yourself in the characters’ shoes, thereby building your perspective-taking muscles. You can also build empathy by interacting with people who are different from you in some way, while being curious about their inner life and deeply listening to their perspectives. 28．What does the underlined word “augment” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Put off. B．Call for. C．Hold back. D．Add to. 29．Why is cognitive empathy linked to greater creative achievement? A．It shares others’ emotional experiences. B．It introduces different thought processes. C．It offers mental energy among innovators. D．It helps individuals master technical skills. 30．How can people develop empathy? A．By role-imagining. B．By exposing inner world. C．By working out. D．By comparing backgrounds. 31．Which can be the best title for the text? A．The Science of Creativity: How It Unlocks Empathy B．The Mental Process of Seeing Through Others’ Eyes C．Understanding Others: the Key to Your Next Big Idea D．Seeing Differently Rarely Meaning Thinking Differently 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．A 31．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了一项研究揭示的从他人视角看问题的能力可能会增强创造力，还介绍了研究中涉及的两种同理心、研究结果以及培养同理心的方法等。 28．词句猜测题。根据下文研究结果“Results showed that people with stronger cognitive empathy engaged in more creative activities and achieved greater success in fields like visual arts, science, and writing. (结果表明，具有较强认知同理心的人参与更多的创造性活动，并在视觉艺术、科学和写作等领域取得更大的成功)”可知，有更强认知同理心的人创造力更强，这说明从他人视角看问题的能力可能会“增强”创造力，由此可推测，“augment”的意思是“增加、增强”，与“Add to”意思相近。故选D项。 29．细节理解题。根据第四段“Further analysis suggested that understanding different viewpoints might stimulate creativity by exposing individuals to diverse ways of thinking. (进一步的分析表明，理解不同的观点可能会通过让个人接触到不同的思维方式来激发创造力)”可知，认知同理心与更强的创造性成就相关，是因为它能让人们接触到不同的思维过程。故选B项。 30．细节理解题。根据最后一段“One effective method is to engage with books or watch TV or films and mentally place yourself in the characters’ shoes, thereby building your perspective-taking muscles. (一种有效的方法是阅读书籍或观看电视、电影，在心理上设身处地为角色着想，从而锻炼自己的换位思考能力)”可知，通过角色想象，在心理上置身于角色的处境可以培养同理心。故选A项。 31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A recent study reveals that the ability to see things from others’ perspectives (观点) may augment creativity. (最近一项研究表明，从他人视角看待事物的能力可能会增强创造力)”并结合全文内容可知，文章开篇指出研究表明从他人视角看问题的能力可能会增强创造力，接着介绍了研究中对两种同理心的测量、研究结果（认知同理心与创造力相关），还说明了培养同理心的方法，全文围绕“理解他人（从他人视角看问题）有助于创造力”这一核心展开，C选项“理解他人：你下一个伟大想法的关键”能够概括文章主旨，可以作为最佳标题。故选C项。 6.（2027·福建省（全国名校联盟）高三上学期开学摸底联考）A new study shows choosing exercise you enjoy is vital for lasting benefits like strength gains and stress relief. “People try to become more active but struggle to sustain the changes,” said Dr. Ronca from UCLA．“We examined how personality affects this to develop better health interventions.” In this study, researchers assessed 132 participants’ fitness level and personalities, and then divided them into two groups: half took part in an eight-week program combining cycling and strength training, while the other half were a non-exercise control group. During the exercise program, participants were asked to rate their enjoyment of each exercise session, before having their fitness level tested again once the program had been completed. Clear links appeared between personality and preference. Extroverts (外向者)particularly enjoyed high-intensity exercise sessions. Participants who scored high on anxiety engaged well with the program but preferred short bursts of intensity over longer efforts. They also preferred not being monitored, suggesting these individuals might appreciate being given space for independence and privacy. Highly hardworking and reliable individuals demonstrated strong self-discipline and overall fitness gains, likely motivated by health benefits rather than enjoyment itself. At the beginning of the study, the stress levels of the intervention group and the control group were similar. However, the only participants to experience a significant reduction in stress levels after exercising were those with high tendency to worry, suggesting tailored exercise offers them particular stress relief benefits. When choosing a sport, the public should consider personal interests rather than blindly following trends. The most important thing people can do to improve their activity levels is to find something that they enjoy, making exercise a truly sustainable habit. “We found some clear links between personality and exercise preferences, which could potentially be used to personalize physical activity recommendations and help people to become and remain more active,” said Dr. Ronca. 8．How were participants’ responses measured? A．By recording their heart rate. B．By assessing their sense of pleasure. C．By attending interview sessions. D．By tracking exercise preferences. 9．Who is most likely to stick to a 4-hour boxing group class? A．Mr. Yu, an extrovert who avoids tiring workout. B．Kevin, a shy boy who loves watching boxing games. C．Monica, a trendy blogger who values personal space. D．Ms. Li, a disciplined teacher who seeks weight loss. 10．What can we learn about participants with high anxiety? A．Their stress got relieved after exercises. B．They preferred intense exercises. C．Their fitness improved more with company. D．They made health benefits a priority. 11．What is the best title for the text? A．Why High-Intensity Workouts Suit Extroverts B．How Fitness Testing Improves Exercise Enjoyment C．Personality Preferences: Key to Sustainable Exercise D．Exercise Enjoyment: Benefits of Monitoring Exercise 【答案】8．B 9．D 10．A 11．C 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍研究发现选择自己喜欢的锻炼方式，更容易坚持下去。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段中“During the exercise program, participants were asked to rate their enjoyment of each exercise session, before having their fitness level tested again once the program had been completed.(在锻炼项目中，参与者被要求评价他们对每次锻炼的享受程度，然后在项目完成后再次测试他们的健康水平)”可知，参与者的反应是通过评价他们的享受程度来测量的。故选B。 9．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Extroverts (外向者)particularly enjoyed high-intensity exercise sessions. Participants who scored high on anxiety engaged well with the program but preferred short bursts of intensity over longer efforts.(外向的人特别喜欢高强度的锻炼。焦虑得分高的参与者对这个项目的反应很好，但他们更喜欢短时间的高强度锻炼，而不是长时间的锻炼)”和“Highly hardworking and reliable individuals demonstrated strong self-discipline and overall fitness gains, likely motivated by health benefits rather than enjoyment itself.(高度努力和可靠的个人表现出强烈的自律和整体健康收益，可能是出于健康益处而不是享受本身)”可知，外向的人喜欢高强度的锻炼，焦虑的人喜欢短时间的锻炼，高度努力和可靠的人表现出强烈的自律和整体健康收益。由此推知，严于律己且正在减肥的李老师最有可能坚持4小时的拳击课。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据第四段中“However, the only participants to experience a significant reduction in stress levels after exercising were those with high tendency to worry, suggesting tailored exercise offers them particular stress relief benefits.(然而，唯一在锻炼后压力水平显著降低的参与者是那些容易焦虑的人，这表明量身定制的锻炼对他们的压力释放有特别的好处)”可知，高度焦虑的参与者在锻炼后压力得到了释放。故选A。 11．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段中“A new study shows choosing exercise you enjoy is vital for lasting benefits like strength gains and stress relief.(一项新的研究表明，选择你喜欢的运动对增强力量和缓解压力等持久的好处至关重要)”和最后一段中“When choosing a sport, the public should consider personal interests rather than blindly following trends. The most important thing people can do to improve their activity levels is to find something that they enjoy, making exercise a truly sustainable habit.(在选择一项运动时，公众应该考虑个人兴趣，而不是盲目跟风。为了提高运动水平，人们能做的最重要的事情就是找到自己喜欢的事情，让锻炼成为一个真正可持续的习惯)”可知，文章主要介绍研究发现选择自己喜欢的锻炼方式，更容易坚持下去，即个性是坚持锻炼的关键。C项“个性偏好：持续锻炼的关键”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选C。 1.（2026·福建省厦门双十中学高三上学期开学）When discussions are getting heated, divisions on opinions potentially lead to some awkward moments. This causes many of us to struggle with how to convince people to change their minds and how to argue our side effectively. Unfortunately, we’ve already become quite divided. One study showed that when people receive information against their beliefs, their brains aren’t as active as when they receive information that confirms their beliefs. Humans have a well- documented bias (偏见) called the “confirmation bias”, which is a tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing views and to avoid information that disconfirms them. Throwing data at people isn’t at all effective in changing minds and especially hearts. Instead, people just find it super annoying. Luckily, research has provided some guidance about best practices, and, not surprisingly, they all suggest what our parents have been telling us for decades: You catch more flies with honey than with vinegar. In fact, it turns out that instead of citing why you are right and someone else is wrong in a heated conversation, one of the most effective strategies you can use for changing someone’s mind is to find areas where you agree. Another thing we can do is to be open to other perspectives (观点) . We can start by acknowledging our own confirmation bias and making a conscious effort to override it. We can also try to take other people’s perspectives. And better yet — ask them for it. Ask them why they feel the way they do and what would change their mind. Be open to admitting that you could be wrong and make it easy for others to admit their own mistakes. Finally, make new friends — friends that are different from you. Make your bias a disconfirmation bias;in other words, when you have an opinion on something, don’t just read information that confirms it. Instead, make an effort to find information that could potentially prove you wrong. If you were right all along, this exercise will only make your arguments stronger. If you were wrong, your mind will have been opened up to new ideas. Either way, this kind of open-mindedness will give you a brand-new perspective on life, and you might even make some unlikely new friends in the process. 8．Which can illustrate “confirmation bias”? A．We tend to welcome different ideas. B．We accept messages from the others. C．We argue against points of disagreement. D．We prefer information in line with our views 9．What does the underlined word “honey”in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Following advice. B．Sharing common ground. C．Admitting mistakes. D．Blocking different ideas. 10．How can we benefit from our bias according to the last paragraph? A．By letting go of our own opinion. B．By making arguments more reliable. C．By opening up minds$ 考点3 阅读理解—普通说明文（阅读C篇） 温馨提示： 本资料注重培优，集中强化重点，突破难度，规避易混易错点，练习全部是26年新模拟题 1. 高考真题考点分布 年份 卷次 主题语境 字数 题型分类 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词义猜测 2025年 2025全国一卷 D减少自来水中微塑料 330+135 2 2 0 0 2025全国二卷 D餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材 334+135 1 2 1 0 C室内植物利于身心 264+126 2 1 1 0 2025浙江1月卷 C矩阵式种植方法 299+121 1 1 1 1 2024年 2024·新高考I卷 C篇：人与社会：纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异 323+160 1 2 0 1 D篇：人与自然：现代生物采样数据的科学性 366+122 1 3 0 0 2024·新高考II卷 B篇：人与社会：：旧金山湾区快速交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭 276+126 2 2 0 0 C篇：人与社会：巴比伦微农场 272+125 2 1 1 0 D篇：人与社会：图书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》 321+160 0 3 0 1 2024·全国甲卷 B篇：人与自然：了解猫的行为 312+124 1 1 1 1 C篇：人与社会：提供医疗服务的圣卢卡斯列车 282+111 1 3 0 0 D篇：人与社会：谈论文学作品的最佳结局 351+146 1 3 0 0 2024·浙江卷1月卷 人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引发思考 340+149 1 1 1 0 2023年 2023·新高考I卷 C篇：人与社会：数字极简主义生活方式 322+ 107 1 2 0 1 D篇：人与社会：“群体智慧”效 339+112 1 2 1 0 2023·新高考II卷 人与自然：保护城市中的野生自然 320+156 1 3 0 0 2023·全国甲卷 人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头 321+149 2 2 0 0 2023·全国乙卷 人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响 295+103 2 2 0 0 2023·浙江卷 人与社会：新型的太阳能农场 317+149 2 1 1 0 2. 命题规律及备考策略 【命题规律】 高考普通说明文的考查主要出现在C篇有时还有B篇。通过观察C篇各个问题的信息句，命题老师的命题点通常位于：主题句（话题句、总结句）、承上启下句、转折（对比／因果／递进／解释／并列／条件）句中，此外比较常见的还有定语从句（状语、同位语、特殊句式）、举例项、引用、特殊标点后。 因此在阅读时，需要额外关注这些点位的句子，便于解题时快速、有效定位。 在解题时，充分利用语篇标志词，利用句子内部、句子之间的逻辑关系和语法关系。 说明文采用多种方式说明事物，如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。 ☞ 举例说明法，使用例子说明事物，阐明观点； ☞ 分解展开法，着重于事物的区别、差异； ☞ 分类展开法，强调事物的相像之处； ☞ 类比法，说明事物如何相似； ☞ 对比法，说明事物如何不同； ☞ 因果说明法，说明事物发生的原因及结果。 除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常使用数据，图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。 【备考策略】 ⑴快速浏览主题 快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息，以了解语篇提供的是哪方面的信息，并判定行文方式。 ⑵速读题干，跳读定位信息 接下来阅读每一道试题，根据题干定位信息点，并在文章中找出答案或相关信息。在定位和寻找信息点的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信息提高阅读和解题速度，如果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性快速查找答案，查找信息时不一定要读完全文。 ①对立选项通常选其一，相同意思选项同时排除； ②若该题精确定位在第二段，则精确对应在其他段落的选项再精确也不对； ③非常符合常识及人们潜意识的选项若原文没有正面回应或谈及则不是答案； ⑶题文对应 说明文答题有一个基本原则，答案往往就在原材料中。为此，必须根据题意，从原材料中找出与各个选项相对应的句段，并从这些句段中提取有效信息，找准已知条件，作为解题的依据。这是答题的关键。  ④选项与文中某处信息极为对应但其谓语动词已被偷梁换柱则不是答案； ⑤文中不同句子内容的拼凑一定不是答案； ⑥极端选项通常不是答案，除非文中有明显的对应词； ⑦过于笼统的选项只是与文章相关通常不是答案，同理，文中的细节以点概面通常也非答案； ⑷细读解题信息 最后，即紧扣题干的要求，根据查找的相关信息，经过思考后选出正确答案。 ⑧由文中某处信息推理得出的若干个可能情况的相关选项通常不是答案； ⑨定位处信息要尤为注意形容词、副词、语气词及动词； ⑩细节题的考察一定注意出题人问的角度：是问细节本身还是细节在文中的作用（例子数据名言等）。 ⑸逐项比较，得出最佳 做阅读理解题，切不可凭主观印象，想当然地确定答案。任何一道题目，均可以在原文中找到相关线索，这就如同破译密码一样。做题人的思维过程和编题人的思维过程恰好相反，编题人先找好线索，然后设计问题和选项，解题人根据问题，再去文中找相关线索。因此，我们做题时要逐项比较，排除错误选项，得出最佳答案。 【命题预测】 从近三年命题的发展趋势来看，预测2026年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主要考查题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判断题为主，主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。 【必备基础知识】 一、【语篇特点】 普通说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的C篇，以介绍说明型为主。说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。 二、【解题策略】 1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。 2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。 3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。 4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。 5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。 考点一 普通说明文中的细节理解题 一、细节理解题方法 题型特点：考查对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等。问题通常以“who”“what”“when”“where”“why”“how”等疑问词引导。 解题技巧： 先看题干，明确题目要求，确定关键词。关键词可以是人名、地名、时间、数字、核心名词等。 根据关键词在文中快速定位相关信息，仔细阅读定位处的上下文，与选项进行逐一对比。注意选项与原文的表述可能存在同义替换、词性转换等情况。 对于一些较复杂的细节题，可能需要综合多个段落的信息来判断。 二、说明文中考查的细节理解题命题区域共同点： 1.在列举处命题。如用First（ly）、Second（ly）、Third（ly）、Finally、not only...but also、then、in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。 2.在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句通过比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。 3.在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much...as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。 4.在比较处命题。无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。 5.在复杂句中命题。包括同位语、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系的理解。 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句来表达相同的意思。 1.（2025全国二卷） When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” …… 28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 1.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8月联考卷（二））C篇 Tipping has long been a widely accepted social norm in North America. But now more and more people are feeling tip fatigue from being “forced” to tip more frequently. Some consumers are posting on social media complaining about tip requests at restaurants. Others say they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee. What’s next, they wonder — are we going to be tipping our doctors and dentists, too? As more businesses start to include digital forms of payment, customers are automatically being asked to leave a tip — many times as high as 30% — at places they normally wouldn’t. And some say it has become more frustrating as the price of items has skyrocketed due to inflation (通货膨胀). The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In the past, shoppers could easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity — or lack of it — can be laid bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers themselves. Tipping was born in the Middle Ages in Europe, a custom where servants would receive an extra tip from their masters for excellent performance. Tips were left in European pubs to ensure quick and good service. Wealthy Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brought it back to the states as a way to feel noble. Traditionally, consumers have taken pride in being good tippers at places like restaurants, which typically pay their workers lower than the minimum wage. But many consumers are now feeling annoyed by automatic tip requests at coffee shops and other counter service eateries where tipping has not typically been expected. The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael Lynn, a consumer behavior professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. They were showing support for workers who held jobs that put them more at risk of catching the virus. Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of 2022, while tips at quick or counter service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021, according to data. This data shows that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019. 8．Which of the following is a reason why many consumers are feeling tip fatigue? A．Consumers often have to pay tips for some simple services. B．The inflation could provide people with more chances to tip. C．Consumers are worried they have to tip doctors in the future. D．The digital forms of payment allow customers to tip freely. 9．The digital forms of payment have ______. A．made tipping less than a choice B．decreased the frequency of tipping C．reduced social pressure related to tipping D．removed the need for tipping altogether 10．Why did wealthy Americans adopt the tipping tradition from Europe? A．To reward excellent performance by people. B．To ensure quick and good service in pubs. C．To support workers during financial crises. D．To showcase that they are people of high social rank. 11．The last two paragraphs mainly talk about ______. A．the history and origins of tipping in Europe and America B．the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on tipping trends C．variation in tipping habits in different types of restaurants D．social pressure and frustration caused by digital tipping 2.（2026·安徽省蚌埠市高三上学期开学）C篇If you’re the kind of person who gets a lot done, you’re grateful for every one of the 86,400 seconds that make up a day. On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets. The likeliest cause is the position of the moon. Lunar distance is an always-changing thing, with the moon tracing an elliptical(椭圆的) orbit around the Earth. At its closest approach—or perigee—the moon is only 224,000 miles distant. At its furthest—or apogee—that gap widens to 251,655 miles. On the three speedy days this summer, the moon will be at or near apogee—which is a puzzle, since lunar gravity is such that the Earth tends to slow down, not speed up, when the moon is farther away. The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too, angled anywhere from 18° to 28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits, with lunar gravity in this case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On the three days in question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak. Climate change—again and seemingly always—may play a role too. Last year, two NASA-funded studies found that since 2000, melting glaciers have caused the axis(轴) of the planet to shift by about 30 ft, changing the speed of rotation. The catch is, in this case the change causes the planet to decelerate, not speed up—by about 1.33 milliseconds per century. Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth and the moon have been doing their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one. Here’s betting they’ve got a few billion more years yet in their run. 8．What will happen on July 9, July 22, and August 5 according to the text? A．Lunar distance will decrease greatly, changing how time is measured. B．The moon’s gravity will weaken, reducing Earth’s rotation speed. C．Climate change will speed up ice melting, affecting day length. D．The Earth will rotate faster, making the day less than 24 hours. 9．What mainly causes the phenomenon on those days? A．The speed of the moon’s rotation. B．The angle of the moon’s cockeyed orbit. C．The temperature on the moon’s surface. D．The distance from the moon to the Earth. 10．What is the author’s attitude towards the change of the days? A．Anxious and alarmed. B．Indifferent and uncaring. C．Relaxed and unworried. D．Confused and uncertain. 11．What is the best title for the text? A．Shorter Days: The Moon’s Hidden Role B．Climate Change: Speeding Up Earth’s Rotation C．Earth’s Rotation: A 4. 5-Billion-Year-Old Puzzle D．Lunar Orbit: Always Changing and Unpredictable 考点二 说明文中的深层推断题 【题型解读】 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。 【设题趋势】     常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等词提问。 提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, could, might, would 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably, possibly等。 具体的设问方式如: What can we infer from the (first/.../last) paragraph? Where does this passage probably come from? 【推理判断题解题技巧】 1. 正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项一般具有以下特征: (1) “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。 (2) 选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等。 (3) 正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。 【干扰选项】 张冠李戴 即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点 无中生有 这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干 曲解文意 即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原文意思的曲解 鱼目混珠 鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义 扩缩范围 为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法 偷梁换柱 干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,造成句意的改变 1.（2025浙江1月卷） …… Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. …… 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. （2024新课标I卷） …… BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 30. What can be concluded about BMF employees? A. They have a great passion for sports. B. They are devoted to community service. C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D .They have a strong environmental awareness. （2026·安徽省高三上学期8月摸底大联考）Frankie Gaw, an Asian American food creator and author of a cookbook, is known for his unique approach to cuisine. He mixes American classics with an Asian flavor, creating dishes like a Pop-Tart topped with strawberry litchi frosting and a Happy Meal that includes Fried pork, cucumber salad and a Yakult. Gaw’s social media page is filled with videos of these innovative creations. “I asked myself, If the world is much more inclusive and embraces all of these diverse flavors, what are the things that Asian Americans would want to see?” Gaw talked about how his hit social media, cooking series “Turning American Classics Asian”, came to be. The idea appeared after a trip to his local supermarket. Walking through aisles (过道), Gaw noticed that much of the food stocked on the shelves was similar to what he saw as a kid 20 years ago. Meanwhile, ingredients like soy sauce and miso (味噌) were still strictly grouped in “Asian” aisles. For many immigrants and children of immigrants, food is an important part of life. For Gaw, standing between the “Asian” aisle and the rest of the grocery store was also symbolic of his upbringing in Cincinnati, Ohio. Growing up, Gaw felt like he was living a double life. In public, Gaw enjoyed McDonald’s chicken and fries. At home, he feasted on his grandmother’s beef noodle soup. It took time for him to embrace his dual taste. Years later in his Seattle apartment, Gaw began experimenting with his childhood favorites. He changed Campbell’s cream of mushroom soup and turned it into porridge. He added miso to the cheese. Gaw shared his food on social media. It took off. His food and his experiences at the grocery store received strong feedback, especially from other Asian Americans. “Turning American classics Asian is not just about my appreciation for Asian flavors and ingredients, or respect to American dishes. Instead, it’s my way of showing respect for both and, on a larger scale, for the experiences of Asian Americans. Seeing this familiar food at a fast-food restaurant makes me feel like I have a seat at the table,” he said. 4．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．Frankie Gaw focuses on preserving traditional American food. B．Turning American Classics Asian is one of the bestsellers in America. C．Strawberry litchi frosting isn’t a common part of the American table. D．Asian Americans dislike the typical American dishes. 5．Why does Gaw mention his memory about “Asian” aisles in the supermarket? A．To show his disappointment with the limited food options. B．To express his love with Asian food. C．To imply his embarrassment as a child of immigrants. D．To tell us how he was inspired to make his innovations. 6．What does the underlined sentence “It took off” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Gaw’s innovation with food got mixed reactions. B．Gaw’s new cuisine gained popularity quickly. C．Gaw’s ideas on food were strongly objected. D．Gaw’s creations got into a big trouble. 7．What’s the Asian American food like according to Gaw? A．It’s a bridge for cultural integration. B．It’s an improvement on American food. C．It’s a reflection of the Asian people’s life. D．It’s a proof of his preference for Asia. 考点三 推理判断题之预测文章走势 根据阅读文章全部内容推断文章的未来走势。预测文章走势的方法：1.利用文章最后一段的内容，预测作者未来要写的方向；2.根据文章的第一段内容，预测文章的前面可能写的内容；3.理清文章的写作思路，把握文章的重要内容及写作方法是预测文章走势的根本。 常见的设问方式： 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3．What would the author most probably discuss next? 4．Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about? 规律方法：如何解决预测推断题？ 有些题目要求根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。 1.(2025全国一卷B篇片段) … According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 2. (2025全国二卷B篇片段) For many centuries, people used windmills to grind (磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground when electricity was discovered in the 1ate 1800s,people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity. This al1owed them to people in almost all1 areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the course 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A. The advantage of wind power. B. The design of wind power plants. C. The worldwide movement to save energy. D. The global trend towards producing power from wind. （2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）Proper questioning has become a lost art. The curious four-year-old asks a lot of questions—incessant streams of “Why?” and “Why not?” might sound familiar—but as we grow older, our questioning decreases. In a recent survey of more than 200 of our clients, we found that those with children estimated that 70-80% of their kids’ dialogues with others were comprised of questions. But those same clients said that only 15-25% of their own interactions consisted of questions. Why the drop off? Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are that you received the most recognition or reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we often reward those who answer questions, not those who ask them. Questioning conventional wisdom can even lead to being distanced, or considered a threat. Because expectations for decision-making have gone from “get it done soon” to “get it done now” to “it should have been done yesterday”, we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more questions. And the unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making. That’s why it’s vital that we slow down and take the time to ask more and better questions. At best, we’ll arrive at better conclusions. At worst, we’ll avoid a lot of rework later on. Aside from not speaking up enough, many professionals don’t think about how different types of questions can lead to different outcomes. We should lead a conversation by asking the right kinds of questions, based on the problem we’re trying to solve. In some cases, we’ll want to expand our view of the problem rather than keeping it narrowly focused. In others, we may want to challenge basic assumptions or confirm our understanding in order to feel more confident in our conclusions. Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a goal. 8．What does the underlined word “incessant” in paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Simple. B．Random. C．Constant. D．Annoying. 9．What accounts for the decline of questioning in adulthood? A．One poses a threat to the company if they ask questions. B．Adults don’t get as many chances as they did in childhood. C．Those who question popular beliefs are thought to be wise. D．Those asking questions don’t always get positive feedback. 10．What can we infer from paragraph 3? A．Redoing is unavoidable despite thoughtful questions. B．Decisions made in a hurry may turn out to be wrong. C．Better questions can surely bring desirable outcomes. D．More attention should be paid to making conclusions. 11．What might the author continue talking about? A．Proper questions that should be raised. B．Important goals that we are to achieve. C．Right kinds of answers to the questions. D．Ways to expand our view of the problem. 考点四 考查推理判断之写作方法 推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通的。 规律方法： 常见的设问方式： （1）How is the passage organized? （2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________. （3）The first paragraph serves as a（n）  __________. （4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________. 了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。 说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。 (2025全国一卷D篇片段) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. … 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. （2026·安徽省高三上学期8月摸底大联考）Through evolution, animals have developed numerous ways to protect themselves from predators (捕食者). Turtles hide in their shells, and skunks (臭鼬) use smelly liquid. But these defenses don’t work against cars. Environmental journalist Ben Goldfarb explains, “When facing a car, these defenses are useless — or even harmful. Staying still is the worst choice. Roadkill is a serious threat to wildlife.” Roads also act as barriers, preventing animals from moving freely. The constant traffic on highways creates what scientists call a “moving fence”— a wall of vehicles that animals avoid crossing. While we often see dead animals like deer or squirrels on roads, we don’t see the ones that never try to cross. This isolation can harm animal populations more than roadkill itself. Chemicals from roads also damage the environment. Every year, the U. S. uses 20 million tons of road salt to melt ice, which pollutes nearby soil and plants. Cars release metals like zinc and copper, and tires leave behind microplastics. These pollutants make roadsides dangerous for creatures like monarch butterflies, even though these areas could otherwise be good habitats. Roadsides sometimes attract animals with food like flowers or berries, but this becomes an “ecological trap”. Animals are drawn to these resources, only to face the danger of traffic. Interestingly, when traffic decreases, animals quickly adapt. Researchers in the Bay Area found that when cars disappeared for months, white-crowned sparrows — small songbirds — started singing more complex and varied songs. Without traffic noise, they no longer needed to “shout” and could return to their natural behaviors. This shows how much roads affect wildlife — but also how adaptable animals can be. Despite these challenges, Goldfarb says, certain species have made remarkable adaptations. He notes that Chicago’s urban foxes are said to look both ways before crossing the street. “We think about roads as these forces that are universally or exclusively harmful to animals, and certainly they’re incredibly destructive,” he says. “But wildlife is also impressively adaptive and clever and animals are finding ways to make a living in our midst.” 8．How does the author start the text in the first paragraph? A．By stating a reason. B．By providing statistics. C．By defining a concept. D．By giving examples. 9．What harmful impact do roads have on wildlife? A．Less food supply. B．Restricted movement. C．Increased predators. D．Species extinction. 10．What can we infer from Goldfarb’s words in the last paragraph? A．Roads are not truly harmful to wildlife. B．Urban foxes seldom get hit by vehicles. C．Animals adapt cleverly to dangerous roads. D．Wildlife protection deserves highest attention. 11．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To advocate reducing traffic. B．To preserve wildlife diversity. C．To analyze roads’ effects on wildlife. D．To highlight roadkill danger to animals. 考点五 考查推理判断之写作态度 推理判断之写作态度考点是高考中的常考点。作者发表文章总有自己的观点和主张，也会自然流露出对某事的态度。做这类题时，我们一定要站在作者的角度上看问题。 规律方法： 常见的设问方式： 1.What is the author’s attitude to ......? 2. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to......? 3. The author’s attitude towards ....... may best be described as . 做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible, impossible, seem, strange等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。 褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。 贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappointed(失望的)等。 中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。 1.（2024全国甲卷） The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. 2.（2021年新高考I卷之D篇） Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. （2026·安徽省蚌埠市高三上学期开学）If you’re the kind of person who gets a lot done, you’re grateful for every one of the 86,400 seconds that make up a day. On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets. The likeliest cause is the position of the moon. Lunar distance is an always-changing thing, with the moon tracing an elliptical(椭圆的) orbit around the Earth. At its closest approach—or perigee—the moon is only 224,000 miles distant. At its furthest—or apogee—that gap widens to 251,655 miles. On the three speedy days this summer, the moon will be at or near apogee—which is a puzzle, since lunar gravity is such that the Earth tends to slow down, not speed up, when the moon is farther away. The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too, angled anywhere from 18° to 28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits, with lunar gravity in this case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On the three days in question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak. Climate change—again and seemingly always—may play a role too. Last year, two NASA-funded studies found that since 2000, melting glaciers have caused the axis(轴) of the planet to shift by about 30 ft, changing the speed of rotation. The catch is, in this case the change causes the planet to decelerate, not speed up—by about 1.33 milliseconds per century. Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth and the moon have been doing their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one. Here’s betting they’ve got a few billion more years yet in their run. 8．What will happen on July 9, July 22, and August 5 according to the text? A．Lunar distance will decrease greatly, changing how time is measured. B．The moon’s gravity will weaken, reducing Earth’s rotation speed. C．Climate change will speed up ice melting, affecting day length. D．The Earth will rotate faster, making the day less than 24 hours. 9．What mainly causes the phenomenon on those days? A．The speed of the moon’s rotation. B．The angle of the moon’s cockeyed orbit. C．The temperature on the moon’s surface. D．The distance from the moon to the Earth. 10．What is the author’s attitude towards the change of the days? A．Anxious and alarmed. B．Indifferent and uncaring. C．Relaxed and unworried. D．Confused and uncertain. 11．What is the best title for the text? A．Shorter Days: The Moon’s Hidden Role B．Climate Change: Speeding Up Earth’s Rotation C．Earth’s Rotation: A 4. 5-Billion-Year-Old Puzzle D．Lunar Orbit: Always Changing and Unpredictable 考点六 考查说明文的主旨大意 题型特点：考查对文章整体内容的概括和归纳能力，包括文章的主旨、标题、段落大意等。常见的提问方式有“What is the main idea of the passage?”“The best title for the passage might be...”“What does the first/second/... paragraph mainly talk about?”等。 解题技巧： 关注文章的首段和尾段，这两个部分往往是文章主旨的集中体现。首段可能引出话题，提出中心论点；尾段可能总结全文，再次强调主旨。 分析文章的结构，如果是“总 - 分”结构，开头的总述部分就是主旨；如果是“总 - 分 - 总”结构，首尾的总结部分是关键；如果是递进式结构，要综合各段落内容，找出贯穿全文的核心线索。 对于标题类题目，标题要简洁明了，能够准确概括文章的主要内容，同时具有一定的吸引力。避免选择过于宽泛或过于具体的选项。 1. (2025全国二卷D篇片段) … It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. … 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 2.（2020·全国新课标II） Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills. Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said. The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age. “The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement. The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls. The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.242 27．What is the text mainly about? A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study. C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program. 3.（2023年1月·浙江卷） According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. “Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫). Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms. Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D．Solar Farms: A New Development 1.（2026·江苏省南京市六校联合体高三学情调研）A leading fossil expert has suggested that the climate crisis might make humans smaller over time because smaller mammals often handle rising temperatures better. Steve Brusatte, a fossil expert from the University of Edinburgh, thinks looking at how animals dealt with past climate changes can help us guess what might happen to humans. For example, about 55 million years ago, when the world got hotter, early horses became smaller. He wonders if humans could follow a similar pattern. In his book The Rise and Reign of the Mammals, Brusatte talks about something called Bergmann’s rule. It’s an idea that animals in warm places are usually smaller than those in cold areas. “We’re not sure exactly why,” he explains, “but smaller animals probably have an advantage. Their bodies have more surface area compared to their size, which helps them emit extra heat more easily.” Brusatte says getting smaller is “a common way mammals survive when the climate changes fast.” He adds, “Not every mammal would shrink, but it’s a trick many use when temperatures rise quickly. So could humans get smaller if it gets hot fast? I think that’s possible.” But not all experts agree. Adrian Lister, from London’s Natural History Museum, says the link between heat and shrinking in mammals isn’t strong, especially for humans. “Natural selection doesn’t control us like it used to,” he argues. “For humans to get smaller, bigger people would have to die before having kids because of the heat. But that’s not happening. We have clothes, heaters, and air conditioners to handle temperature changes. These things reduce the need for our bodies to evolve to cope with heat.” So while some think humans might shrink due to climate change, others doubt it. It’s an interesting debate—one that shows how nature and human technology might shape our future. 28．Why does Steve Brusatte mention early horses that lived 55 million years ago? A．To confirm Bergmann’s rule applies universally. B．To suggest humans are bound to become smaller. C．To demonstrate temperature’s effect on horse evolution. D．To show how mammals adapted to historical climate shifts. 29．What can be learned from Bergmann’s rule as explained in the passage? A．Surface area alone affects animals’ heat emission. B．Smaller animals are more adaptable to warm environments. C．Warm-region mammals evolve faster than cold-region ones. D．Smaller animals will replace larger ones as the climate warms. 30．What does Adrian Lister imply about human evolution? A．Humans tend to grow larger in hot climates. B．Natural selection still shapes human body size. C．Climate change no longer affects human evolution. D．Technology reduces the need for climate adaptation. 31．What is the passage mainly about? A．Climate crisis’s impact on human size evolution. B．Modern technology’s impact on natural selection. C．Mammal evolution in response to climate change. D．The application of Bergmann’s rule in modern society. 2.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9月月考）The best and most-commonly used sources for the pills we have are oily fish like salmon (鲑鱼), mackerel (鲭鱼) and sardine (沙丁鱼). Many environmentalists fear that some species are being overfished for this purpose. We may have an endless voracity for fish oil, but we don’t have an endless supply of fish. Menhaden (鲱鱼), which is described as “a big-headed, smelly, foot-long fish”, is in great danger. Although prized for dinner in the 18th century, the species has become the unknown victim of the fish oil business, which presents us with potential selfish. Menhaden feeds almost entirely on algae (海藻) and is especially good at changing it into omega-3 fatty acids, which make it a good target for fish oil companies. One particular company, Protein of Houston, has been fishing 90 percent of the country’s menhaden. It’s become such a big problem that 13 of the 15 Atlantic states have banned the company’s boats from their waters. Yet the company is still allowed to fish in North Carolina and Virginia, as well as federal waters; the company’s efforts result in the removing of half a billion menhadens every year. Aside from a public natural resource running out for a company’s private profit, the damage to the ecosystem is the cause for alarm. The muddy brown colour of the Long Island Sound is the direct result of lacking water filtration (过滤) — a job that was once done by menhaden. Menhaden keeps the ocean waters of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts clean. A menhaden filters four to six gallons of water of algae in a minute, which prevents underwater dead zones. Measures should be taken to avoid the overfished situation. Plant seeds such as flax seeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, and sesame seeds — and particularly their oils — are good vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids, although the mix of specific acids is different from which one can get from fish. 4．What does the underlined word “voracity” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Trouble. B．Shortage. C．Resource. D．Appetite. 5．Why does menhaden become a good fish for companies to make pills? A．It is good at forming omega-3 fatty acids. B．It feeds mainly on the harmful algae. C．It is well-known for its rich protein. D．It is relatively easy for companies to catch. 6．What does the author intend to suggest us in the last paragraph? A．To grow more plants for their seeds to make oil. B．To use some substitutes instead of more fish oil. C．To call on the government to make laws in fishing. D．To take part in more activities to protect the environment. 7．What is the best title for the text? A．The Broken Natural Ecosystem B．The Process of Making Fish Oil C．Bad Effects of Fish Oil Making D．How to use natural resources. 考点七 考查词义猜测题 通过阅读理解中的猜测词义，考查考生推测词义的能力、培养学生整体把握文章内容，不拘泥于细节，对于生词可以通过上下文理解其含义。猜测词义的考查类型：1.单个单词的意思；2.考查短语的意思；3.考查句子的意思；4.考查代词的意思；5.考查熟词生意；6.考查生词生意。 规律方法： 常见的设问方式： 1. What do the underlined words “......” mean in paragraph 7? 2． What does “......” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? 3． The word "......" in paragraph 2 means _________? 4．What do the underlined words “......” probably mean? 规律方法 此类题目有的可利用构词法来解答，首先要弄明白构词法的三种形式：派生法、转 化法和合成法，现在高考阅读理解题中的猜测词义题考查派生和合成词形式的较少，主要是需要利用上下文的已知部分进行推理；有的还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义；还有的可以根据定义、解释和举例猜测词义。 （2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷）C The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances. (　)29.What does the underlined word“declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean? A.Clear-up. B.Add-on. C.Check-in. D.Take-over. （最新模拟试题演练） 1.（2026·安徽省江淮十校高三上学期8月第一次联考）In recent years, the concept of “slow travel” has emerged as a reaction to the fast paced, mass tourism that dominates the industry. Slow travel encourages travelers to engage profoundly with local cultures, stay longer in destinations, and form meaningful connections with local communities. One of the key principles of slow travel is to reduce environmental impact. By choosing to stay in locally-owned accommodations, eating at family-run restaurants, and using public transportation or bicycles, travelers can significantly decrease their carbon footprint. For instance, a study found that tourists who engage in slow travel produce up to 70% less greenhouse gas emissions compared to those on traditional package tours. Slow travel also allows for a deeper cultural understanding. Instead of rushing through tourist attractions, slow travelers take the time to participate in local traditions, learn about historical significance, and interact with residents. This not only enriches the travel experience but also provides economic benefits to local communities. In some rural areas, slow travel initiatives have helped preserve endangered crafts and revitalize (使恢复元气) dying traditions. However, slow travel is not without challenges. It requires more planning and flexibility, as travelers need to research local customs, transportation options, and authentic experiences. Additionally, slow travel may not be feasible for everyone due to time or budget constraints (约束). For busy professionals or families with limited vacation days, spending weeks in a single destination may seem unrealistic. Despite these challenges, the slow travel movement continues to grow. Travelers are becoming more conscious of their environmental and cultural impact, and many are seeking more authentic and sustainable ways to explore the world. As a result, travel companies are starting to offer more slow-travel options. such as extended homestays and cultural immersion programs. 8．What is the benefit of slow travel? A．It can save money on traveling. B．It can be more environmentally friendly. C．It can allow travelers to visit more places hurriedly. D．It can increase the financial income of travel companies. 9．What can we learn about slow travel from the third paragraph? A．It has little impact on local economies. B．It focuses on superficial interactions with locals. C．It discourages travelers from learning about history. D．It may contribute to the preservation of traditional crafts. 10．What does the underlined word “feasible” mean in this context? A．practical B．inevitable C．contradictory D．desirable 11．What can be inferred about the future of slow travel? A．It will replace traditional tourism entirely. B．It may become more popular in the future. C．It will cost less as time passes. D．It will only be accessible to wealthy travelers. 2.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9月月考）You stayed up too late browsing through your phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel sleepy and impatient. That dessert or sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. This isn’t just about willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes. Research shows that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-control and increases your risk of weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millions. More than one-third of U.S. adults regularly get less than seven hours of sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters of adolescents fall short of the recommended 8-10 hours sleep during the school week. First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules. These patterns disturb the body’s internal clock and are linked to increased appetite, poor eating habits and elevated risks for obesity and metabolic disease. Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation (匮乏), reward-related areas such as the amygdala, a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them, regardless of how hungry they actually felt. Sleep is as important as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Fortunately, even a few nights of consistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start to reverse some of these effects. In a culture that glorifies hustle and late nights, sleep is often treated as optional. So the next time you find yourself reaching for junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health. 8．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A．High-calorie foods are more attractive. B．Staying up late can make people dizzy. C．Sleep loss stimulates the brain for appetite. D．People are addicted to using mobile phones. 9．Why are first responders more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation? A．They have unhealthy lifestyles. B．They bear expectation of the society. C．They have demanding and shifting schedules. D．They have much pressure from the workload. 10．Why is the brain more likely to shift into the reward mode after sleep insufficiency? A．The brain becomes more excited and unrealistic. B．Sleep loss changes how the brain evaluates food. C．The brain reacts more quickly to the environment. D．Sleep loss changes how the body absorbs nutrients. 11．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph? A．Getting enough sleep. B．Putting down the electronics. C．Staying away from junk food. D．Controlling our weight. 3.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8月联考卷（二））Tipping has long been a widely accepted social norm in North America. But now more and more people are feeling tip fatigue from being “forced” to tip more frequently. Some consumers are posting on social media complaining about tip requests at restaurants. Others say they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee. What’s next, they wonder — are we going to be tipping our doctors and dentists, too? As more businesses start to include digital forms of payment, customers are automatically being asked to leave a tip — many times as high as 30% — at places they normally wouldn’t. And some say it has become more frustrating as the price of items has skyrocketed due to inflation (通货膨胀). The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In the past, shoppers could easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity — or lack of it — can be laid bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers themselves. Tipping was born in the Middle Ages in Europe, a custom where servants would receive an extra tip from their masters for excellent performance. Tips were left in European pubs to ensure quick and good service. Wealthy Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brought it back to the states as a way to feel noble. Traditionally, consumers have taken pride in being good tippers at places like restaurants, which typically pay their workers lower than the minimum wage. But many consumers are now feeling annoyed by automatic tip requests at coffee shops and other counter service eateries where tipping has not typically been expected. The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael Lynn, a consumer behavior professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. They were showing support for workers who held jobs that put them more at risk of catching the virus. Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of 2022, while tips at quick or counter service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021, according to data. This data shows that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019. 8．Which of the following is a reason why many consumers are feeling tip fatigue? A．Consumers often have to pay tips for some simple services. B．The inflation could provide people with more chances to tip. C．Consumers are worried they have to tip doctors in the future. D．The digital forms of payment allow customers to tip freely. 9．The digital forms of payment have ______. A．made tipping less than a choice B．decreased the frequency of tipping C．reduced social pressure related to tipping D．removed the need for tipping altogether 10．Why did wealthy Americans adopt the tipping tradition from Europe? A．To reward excellent performance by people. B．To ensure quick and good service in pubs. C．To support workers during financial crises. D．To showcase that they are people of high social rank. 11．The last two paragraphs mainly talk about ______. A．the history and origins of tipping in Europe and America B．the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on tipping trends C．variation in tipping habits in different types of restaurants D．social pressure and frustration caused by digital tipping 4.（2026·黑龙江省龙东联盟高三上学期开学考试）Walk around most large cities in Europe and the United States, and you’d be thinking that we’re living in a new world of affordable and effortless mobility for all, with the smartphone in your pocket an entrance to shared bikes and electric cars. But if you’re disabled or elderly, living in a low-income area or without a smartphone or credit card, using these shared mobility services becomes a lot more difficult. Shared mobility could be a key part of a more sustainable transportation system. But to be most effective, it needs to include everyone. Right now, various initiatives and projects are seeking creative solutions to reach underserved communities. The E-Bike Library model was born in such context. E-bike libraries address a number of barriers: The bikes are free, and the libraries are hosted by places that are already an important part of the community. In addition to maintaining the bikes, the programs also organize training, group rides and educational events to familiarize people with cycling culture and safety. For Mobitwin, a social transportation service for elderly people and those with reduced mobility, personal interactions and affordability are important. Founded by the Belgian mobility nongovernmental organization Mpact, Mobitwin lets elderly people request a vehicle ride from a volunteer for a minimal fee. The program, which has been running since the 1980s, currently serves around 40,000 people in Belgium. Being able to get out and about is a crucial part of participating in society, and reduced mobility in old age goes hand in hand with social isolation and loneliness, according to Esen Köse, project manager at Mpact. “We want to make sure that people who are often not in the social cycle of going to work or school, who are actually often left out, still have an option to get out of the house and do the simple daily things, like going to the grocery store or seeing families,” he says, “our big goal is to engage as many people as possible in shared mobility, so supporting service is essential to facilitate this shift.” 28．What is the problem with the current shared mobility according to the text? A．Disturbance to traffic order. B．Overdependence on smart devices. C．Limited involvement of certain groups. D．Heavy financial burden for vehicle users. 29．How does the E-Bike Library help underserved groups? A．By upgrading cycling facilities. B．By publishing cycling-related books. C．By building a cycling-support community. D．By providing safety guarantees for cycling. 30．Which of the following words best describes Mobitwin? A．Experimental. B．Commercial. C．Accessible. D．Digital. 31．What can you infer from Esen Köse’s words? A．Social mobility depends on financial aid. B．Shared mobility promotes green travel shift. C．Public mobility is mainly based on device updates. D．Mobility is a key to the elderly’s emotional wellness. 5.（2025·湖南省怀化市高三上学期开学）A recent study reveals that the ability to see things from others’ perspectives (观点) may augment creativity. Researchers from the University of Vienna conducted experiments with young Chinese adults to examine how different types of empathy (同理心) relate to creative thinking and achievement. The study measured two kinds of empathy: cognitive empathy (understanding others’ points of view) and emotional empathy (sharing others’ feelings). Participants completed questionnaires about their empathic tendencies and reported their creative activities over the past year, such as writing, inventing, or artistic pursuits. Researchers also analyzed long-term data from China’s Gene-Brain-Behavior Project to track creative development. Results showed that people with stronger cognitive empathy engaged in more creative activities and achieved greater success in fields like visual arts, science, and writing. Interestingly, emotional empathy didn’t show the same connection to creativity. The benefits of perspective-taking appeared strongest in areas requiring innovative thinking rather than technical skills like music performance. Further analysis suggested that understanding different viewpoints might stimulate creativity by exposing individuals to diverse ways of thinking. However, the emotional aspect of empathy didn’t contribute similarly, possibly because it requires mental energy that could otherwise be used for creative work. The findings highlight how developing our ability to see through others’ eyes might be an effective way to boost creative potential, especially in fields that value novel approaches and solutions. Whatever the case, the findings suggest that increasing your ability to take someone’s perspectives might be a good thing for your creativity. Fortunately, empathy can be cultivated through deliberate effort. One effective method is to engage with books or watch TV or films and mentally place yourself in the characters’ shoes, thereby building your perspective-taking muscles. You can also build empathy by interacting with people who are different from you in some way, while being curious about their inner life and deeply listening to their perspectives. 28．What does the underlined word “augment” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Put off. B．Call for. C．Hold back. D．Add to. 29．Why is cognitive empathy linked to greater creative achievement? A．It shares others’ emotional experiences. B．It introduces different thought processes. C．It offers mental energy among innovators. D．It helps individuals master technical skills. 30．How can people develop empathy? A．By role-imagining. B．By exposing inner world. C．By working out. D．By comparing backgrounds. 31．Which can be the best title for the text? A．The Science of Creativity: How It Unlocks Empathy B．The Mental Process of Seeing Through Others’ Eyes C．Understanding Others: the Key to Your Next Big Idea D．Seeing Differently Rarely Meaning Thinking Differently 6.（2027·福建省（全国名校联盟）高三上学期开学摸底联考）A new study shows choosing exercise you enjoy is vital for lasting benefits like strength gains and stress relief. “People try to become more active but struggle to sustain the changes,” said Dr. Ronca from UCLA．“We examined how personality affects this to develop better health interventions.” In this study, researchers assessed 132 participants’ fitness level and personalities, and then divided them into two groups: half took part in an eight-week program combining cycling and strength training, while the other half were a non-exercise control group. During the exercise program, participants were asked to rate their enjoyment of each exercise session, before having their fitness level tested again once the program had been completed. Clear links appeared between personality and preference. Extroverts (外向者)particularly enjoyed high-intensity exercise sessions. Participants who scored high on anxiety engaged well with the program but preferred short bursts of intensity over longer efforts. They also preferred not being monitored, suggesting these individuals might appreciate being given space for independence and privacy. Highly hardworking and reliable individuals demonstrated strong self-discipline and overall fitness gains, likely motivated by health benefits rather than enjoyment itself. At the beginning of the study, the stress levels of the intervention group and the control group were similar. However, the only participants to experience a significant reduction in stress levels after exercising were those with high tendency to worry, suggesting tailored exercise offers them particular stress relief benefits. When choosing a sport, the public should consider personal interests rather than blindly following trends. The most important thing people can do to improve their activity levels is to find something that they enjoy, making exercise a truly sustainable habit. “We found some clear links between personality and exercise preferences, which could potentially be used to personalize physical activity recommendations and help people to become and remain more active,” said Dr. Ronca. 8．How were participants’ responses measured? A．By recording their heart rate. B．By assessing their sense of pleasure. C．By attending interview sessions. D．By tracking exercise preferences. 9．Who is most likely to stick to a 4-hour boxing group class? A．Mr. Yu, an extrovert who avoids tiring workout. B．Kevin, a shy boy who loves watching boxing games. C．Monica, a trendy blogger who values personal space. D．Ms. Li, a disciplined teacher who seeks weight loss. 10．What can we learn about participants with high anxiety? A．Their stress got relieved after exercises. B．They preferred intense exercises. C．Their fitness improved more with company. D．They made health benefits a priority. 11．What is the best title for the text? A．Why High-Intensity Workouts Suit Extroverts B．How Fitness Testing Improves Exercise Enjoyment C．Personality Preferences: Key to Sustainable Exercise D．Exercise Enjoyment: Benefits of Monitoring Exercise 1.（2026·福建省厦门双十中学高三上学期开学）When discussions are getting heated, divisions on opinions potentially lead to some awkward moments. This causes many of us to struggle with how to convince people to change their minds and how to argue our side effectively. Unfortunately, we’ve already become quite divided. One study showed that when people receive information against their beliefs, their brains aren’t as active as when they receive information that confirms their beliefs. Humans have a well- documented bias (偏见) called the “confirmation bias”, which is a tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing views and to avoid information that disconfirms them. Throwing data at people isn’t at all effective in changing minds and especially hearts. Instead, people just find it super annoying. Luckily, research has provided some guidance about best practices, and, not surprisingly, they all suggest what our parents have been telling us for decades: You catch more flies with honey than with vinegar. In fact, it turns out that instead of citing why you are right and someone else is wrong in a heated conversation, one of the most effective strategies you can use for changing someone’s mind is to find areas where you agree. Another thing we can do is to be open to other perspectives (观点) . We can start by acknowledging our own confirmation bias and making a conscious effort to override it. We can also try to take other people’s perspectives. And better yet — ask them for it. Ask them why they feel the way they do and what would change their mind. Be open to admitting that you could be wrong and make it easy for others to admit their own mistakes. Finally, make new friends — friends that are different from you. Make your bias a disconfirmation bias;in other words, when you have an opinion on something, don’t just read information that confirms it. Instead, make an effort to find information that could potentially prove you wrong. If you were right all along, this exercise will only make your arguments stronger. If you were wrong, your mind will have been opened up to new ideas. Either way, this kind of open-mindedness will give you a brand-new perspective on life, and you might even make some unlikely new friends in the process. 8．Which can illustrate “confirmation bias”? A．We tend to welcome different ideas. B．We accept messages from the others. C．We argue against points of disagreement. D．We prefer information in line with our views 9．What does the underlined word “honey”in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Following advice. B．Sharing common ground. C．Admitting mistakes. D．Blocking different ideas. 10．How can we benefit from our bias according to the last paragraph? A．By letting go of our own opinion. B．By making arguments more reliable. C．By opening up minds to new friends. D．By securing information opposite to ours. 11．What is the best title of the text? A．How to negotiate with others B．Why it’s so hard to change hearts and minds C．How to shift minds in polarized communication D．Why open-mindedness is effective in conversations 2.（2026·湖北省孝感高级中学高三上学期8月测试）Polar bears have a hidden-in-plain-sight superpower that has long been known to Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, but only now has been noticed and studied by scientists. Bodil Holst at the University of Bergen in Norway is a physicist who studies the properties of surfaces. Her interest in polar bear fur began when, while watching a TV quiz programme, she saw that the bears hardly show upon infrared (红外线的) cameras because they are so well insulated (被隔热的). That means the temperature of their outer fur is below freezing, Holst realised, but she had never seen a polar bear in wildlife films that was coated with ice, even after swimming in sub-zero waters. “And then I thought, well, how come freezing is not a problem?” she says. This is, after all, a problem for many other land mammals in cold environments. Holst asked researchers at the Norwegian Polar Institute if they knew why polar bear fur doesn’t ice up. None did, but they decided to investigate together. Holst and her colleagues obtained samples of polar bear fur from the wild and compared them with human hair. They found that the force required to remove ice from polar bear hair was a quarter of what was needed for human hair. Washing polar bear fur removed its ice resistance, suggesting that the oily coating on the hairs, known as sebum (皮脂), is the key to its properties. This substance lacks squalene (角鲨烯) but contains some unusual fatty acids which could be unique to polar bears, but we need further studies to look at the composition of animal sebum, says Holst. Arctic peoples have traditionally used the fur in ways that make use of its ice-resistant properties. For instance, Inuit hunters in Greenland have placed small pieces of polar bear fur under the legs of the benches to stop them sticking to ice. They also strapped polar bear fur to the soles of boots while tracking animals, to avoid the noise made by ice-coated surfaces. Holst’s team is now exploring potential applications, such as creating environmentally friendly ski waxes that contain no long-lasting fluorocarbon (碳氟化合物) currently used to prevent icing. A hair wax based on polar bear sebum could also help people who work in cold environments. “I had not thought about that application, but absolutely, that should work,” says Holst. 8．What made Holst curious about polar bear fur? A．Polar bear’s low inner body temperature. B．Polar bear’s invisibility on infrared cameras. C．Polar bear’s resistance to sub-zero environments. D．Polar bear’s appearance in a TV quiz programme. 9．How did Holst and her colleagues carry out their research? A．By keeping track of polar bears in the Arctic. B．By contrasting polar bear fur with human hair. C．By removing polar bear fur’s warming function. D．By observing Arctic peoples using polar bear fur. 10．What contributes to the ice resistance of polar bear fur? A．Its physical properties. B．Its similarity to human hair. C．Its oily coating called sebum. D．Its unique squalene composition. 11．Which of the following is the potential application of polar bear fur? A．Designing non-stick boots. B．Making noise-reducing coats. C．Creating heat-resistant benches. D．Developing ice-free hair products. 3.（2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）Proper questioning has become a lost art. The curious four-year-old asks a lot of questions—incessant streams of “Why?” and “Why not?” might sound familiar—but as we grow older, our questioning decreases. In a recent survey of more than 200 of our clients, we found that those with children estimated that 70-80% of their kids’ dialogues with others were comprised of questions. But those same clients said that only 15-25% of their own interactions consisted of questions. Why the drop off? Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are that you received the most recognition or reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we often reward those who answer questions, not those who ask them. Questioning conventional wisdom can even lead to being distanced, or considered a threat. Because expectations for decision-making have gone from “get it done soon” to “get it done now” to “it should have been done yesterday”, we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more questions. And the unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making. That’s why it’s vital that we slow down and take the time to ask more and better questions. At best, we’ll arrive at better conclusions. At worst, we’ll avoid a lot of rework later on. Aside from not speaking up enough, many professionals don’t think about how different types of questions can lead to different outcomes. We should lead a conversation by asking the right kinds of questions, based on the problem we’re trying to solve. In some cases, we’ll want to expand our view of the problem rather than keeping it narrowly focused. In others, we may want to challenge basic assumptions or confirm our understanding in order to feel more confident in our conclusions. Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a goal. 8．What does the underlined word “incessant” in paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Simple. B．Random. C．Constant. D．Annoying. 9．What accounts for the decline of questioning in adulthood? A．One poses a threat to the company if they ask questions. B．Adults don’t get as many chances as they did in childhood. C．Those who question popular beliefs are thought to be wise. D．Those asking questions don’t always get positive feedback. 10．What can we infer from paragraph 3? A．Redoing is unavoidable despite thoughtful questions. B．Decisions made in a hurry may turn out to be wrong. C．Better questions can surely bring desirable outcomes. D．More attention should be paid to making conclusions. 11．What might the author continue talking about? A．Proper questions that should be raised. B．Important goals that we are to achieve. C．Right kinds of answers to the questions. D．Ways to expand our view of the problem. 4.（2026·湖南省长沙市湖南师范大学附属中学高三上学期8月月考）You stayed up too late browsing through your phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel sleepy and impatient. That dessert or sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. This isn’t just about willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes. Research shows that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-control and increases your risk of weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millions. More than one-third of U.S. adults regularly get less than seven hours of sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters of adolescents fall short of the recommended 8-10 hours sleep during the school week. First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules. These patterns disturb the body’s internal clock and are linked to increased appetite, poor eating habits and elevated risks for obesity and metabolic disease. Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation (匮乏), reward-related areas such as the amygdala, a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them, regardless of how hungry they actually felt. Sleep is as important as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Fortunately, even a few nights of consistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start to reverse some of these effects. In a culture that glorifies hustle and late nights, sleep is often treated as optional. So the next time you find yourself reaching for junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health. 8．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A．High-calorie foods are more attractive. B．Staying up late can make people dizzy. C．Sleep loss stimulates the brain for appetite. D．People are addicted to using mobile phones. 9．Why are first responders more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation? A．They have unhealthy lifestyles. B．They bear expectation of the society. C．They have demanding and shifting schedules. D．They have much pressure from the workload. 10．Why is the brain more likely to shift into the reward mode after sleep insufficiency? A．The brain becomes more excited and unrealistic. B．Sleep loss changes how the brain evaluates food. C．The brain reacts more quickly to the environment. D．Sleep loss changes how the body absorbs nutrients. 11．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph? A．Getting enough sleep. B．Putting down the electronics. C．Staying away from junk food. D．Controlling our weight. 5.（2026·湘豫名校高三上学期入学摸底）Electric vehicles (EVs) are cars with engines powered by electricity rather than the internal combustion engines (内燃机) found in gasoline-powered cars. Across the world, traditional producers are adding EVs to their product lineups, as well as improving battery technology and vehicle range. In many markets, EVs are now cheaper to operate than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, though upfront costs are higher. And EVs are only expected to get cheaper. But do they have any advantages in saving our environment? In short, yes. A common sense about EVs is that harvesting the elements needed to produce their batteries is more harmful for the environment than building an ICEV (内燃机汽车) is. Despite the higher greenhouse gas emissions (排放) associated with building EVs, their total emissions over the life of the car can be 40% to 60% lower than the emissions of ICEVs, because EVs do not produce any carbon dioxide when driven. Although the harvesting of rare earth minerals and other elements needed for EV batteries is environmentally harmful, EV batteries can be recycled at the end of their lifetime. For instance, battery recycling company Umicore says it can reclaim 95% of metallic substances such as nickel, copper and cobalt in EV batteries for reuse. Because EVs tend to be heavier than ICEVs and produce higher torque (扭矩), some have argued that EVs wear through tyres more quickly and produce more particulate matter — a harmful material than gas-powered cars do. A study by researchers at the University of Portsmouth in the U.K. found that tyre breakdown accounted for 28% of the world’s microplastics. But tyre friction in both ICEVs and EVs produces particulate pollution, and driving style and road quality have bigger impacts on how much pollution is produced, German tyre producer Continental told The Guardian. Finally, if power plants and car producing plants increasingly use renewable sources of energy, the initial emissions associated with making EVs will approach zero. ICEVs, in comparison, will always release CO2. 8．What is a difference in cost between EVs and ICEVs? A．ICEVs need cheaper repairs. B．ICEVs save more on fuel. C．EVs have lower upfront costs. D．EVs have less driving expense. 9．What does the example of Umicore show about EV battery recycling? A．It recovers more renewable items. B．It is not yet widely adopted in EVs. C．It causes new environmental problems. D．It focuses on non-metallic elements. 10．Why might future EVs be even better for the environment? A．They will use fewer rare Earth minerals. B．More industries may use renewable energy. C．They will become lighter than traditional cars. D．Tyre technology will stop producing microplastics. 11．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How Are EV Batteries Recycled? B．EVs vs ICEVs: Cost Comparison? C．The Future of Renewable Energy in Cars? D．More Environmentally Friendly, ICEVs or EVs? 6.（2026·湖北省武汉市九师联盟高三上学期8月开学）As dust from the Sahara blows thousands of kilometers across the Atlantic Ocean, it becomes progressively more nutritious for marine microbes (海洋微生物), a new study suggests. “Dust clouds settling on the Atlantic can generate phytoplankton (浮游植物) blooms that support marine ecosystems,” said Timothy Lyons, a scientist at the University of California, Riverside. “Iron in the dust is incredibly important for life,” he said. Phytoplankton require it to change carbon dioxide into sugars. Over 240 million metric tons of Saharan dust blows over the Atlantic Ocean each year. To know whether the types of dust settling on the Atlantic had changed over the past 120,000 years, Lyons and the marine geologist Jeremy Owens, analyzed dust-derived (灰尘衍生的) minerals in four cores collected from the muddy seafloor — two in the eastern Atlantic near Africa, and two from farther west near North America. In dust worldwide, approximately 40% of iron is ordinarily present within “reactive” minerals like pyrite. This kind of iron can break down with weak acids and potentially be used by life. In the core samples from the bottom of the Atlantic, only about 9% of iron in the dust minerals sampled from farther west consisted of reactive iron minerals, compared with about 18% in dust minerals taken from closer to Africa. “There’re photochemical transformations that tend to make the iron more soluble (可溶解的) in water,” said Lyons. He and Owens concluded that during the dust’ s several-day transatlantic flight, more and more of its reactive iron was changed — attacked by acids and radiation. As that improved iron later settled into the ocean, it was eaten directly by phytoplankton. The only reactive iron that made it to the seafloor was the stuff that wasn’t changed during air transport, and wasn’t taken in later. “The new results are plausible because previous studies have shown that iron minerals react in the atmosphere,” said Natalie Mahowald, an atmospheric scientist who studies dust at Cornell University. “Their conclusion goes along with what I thought was happening,” she said. 28．Why is iron important for marine ecosystems? A．It makes carbon dioxide more. B．It leads to the absorption of sugars. C．It protects phytoplankton from attack. D．It provides nutrition for phytoplankton. 29．What can be concluded from the findings of the research? A．Weak acids seldom change reactive iron minerals. B．The dust minerals from farther west are rich in iron. C．The fewer minerals there are, the more sensitive weak acids are. D．The farther the desert dust flies, the less the reactive iron is left. 30．What can be learned from paragraph 5? A．How phytoplankton makes it to the seafloor. B．How reactive iron cooperates with radiation. C．How iron in dust becomes easier to absorb. D．How atmospheric chemical reactions fail. 31．What does the underlined word “plausible” in the last paragraph mean? A．Reliable. B．Uncertain. C．Abstract. D．Contradictory. 7.（2026·湖北省高中名校联盟高三上学期第一次联合测评）Huge piles of research on diet are published annually. The most shocking of these get reported in the media. All claim to be based on the latest research and each claims to prove the last study wrong. Do scientists really not know what’s good for us, or is the news report to blame for the confusion? Misleading media coverage plays a role, but publication bias (偏见) is one major source: studies that show surprising results are more likely to get published. “What you see published in the nightly news is the end result of a system where everyone is encouraged to come up with a positive result,” says Vinay at Oregon Science University. One way to get around this problem is to conduct large, randomized controlled trials, which involve randomly assigning participants to different groups to control variables. But these kinds of studies are difficult to do for foods, as few would risk eating habits on chance; fewer still sustain changes long enough to benefit. Instead, nutrition scientists usually observe what people eat by asking them to fill out food diaries, and then track the health of participants over a given period of time. In these “observational” studies, people track their diets while going about their lives. Differences between subjects in what they do outside of mealtimes can make all the difference. People who eat what is seen as an unhealthy diet — with more fast food, for instance — might have unhealthy lifestyles in other ways, such as smoking. Consequently, dietary effects are hard to set apart. Because of these difficulties, even today’s most recommended dietary advice lacks good quality evidence. This doesn’t mean we can eat as much cake as we like. But it does suggest that within limits of common sense, one way of eating is about as good as another. While admittedly simple advice, it removes the pressure to constantly run after the latest amazing diet or fear seemingly harmful foods. Within reason, trusting your stomach is mostly fine. 28．What phenomenon is presented in paragraph 1? A．Scientists fail to figure out truth. B．News spreads confusion on purpose. C．Research on diet astonishes people. D．Media reports conflicting diet studies. 29．Which of the following news items suggests publication bias? A．Chocolate unexpectedly aids weight loss. B．Calorie restriction helps to slow aging. C．Effects of zero fat diet require further tests. D．Whole grain diet improves heart health. 30．What do paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly discuss? A．The reliability of self-reported diet data. B．How long-term diet tracking improves health. C．The main problems in studying dietary effects. D．How lifestyle factors affect diet research results. 31．What is the author’s suggestion for food choice? A．Avoid potentially unhealthy foods. B．Consume varieties of foods. C．Count on the latest dietary advice. D．Follow body signals sensibly. 8.（2026·浙江省Z20名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考）Britain’s housing crisis has created a distinct generational divide. While older generations often own property, millions of young adults face increasing rents and unachievable homeownership. A recent official report warns that 630, 000 people under 35 may face homelessness in old age due to chronic shortages of affordable homes. This crisis originates from decades of policy failure. Since the mid-1990s, house prices have skyrocketed dramatically, widening the gap between property owners and others. Government projects like “Help-to-Buy” intended to assist first-time buyers instead inflated prices further, making housing less accessible. University graduates carry heavy debts from tuition fees exceeding £9, 000 annually since 2010, weakening their savings potential. The rental market offers little relief. Private renters have jumped from 2. 8 million to 4. 5 million households since 2007, with those aged 25-34 consisting of over a third. Yet renters face instability and exploitation. “No-fault drivings” allow landlords (房东) to end rentings without cause, while rents exceed wage growth. Even social housing renters experience widening inequality compared to homeowners. Policy responses are emerging but controversial. London Mayor Sadiq Khan proposed a landlord registry and rent control commission to regulate the private sector. Scotland has established “rent pressure zones” to stop increases. The Labour Party advocates abolishing no-fault drivings, arguing that secure right of habitation are essential for dignity. Ultimately, this is about intergenerational fairness. A functional society cannot thrive when younger citizens bear unreasonable burdens. As one analyst notes: “We depend on the young to sustain our future — denying them housing security damages everyone.” 28．What does the official report predict about young adults? A．Universal elderly poverty. B．Persistent renting difficulties. C．Long-term housing insecurity. D．Unachievable huge property. 29．What brings about the housing crisis? A．Stable rental market. B．Students’ reduced debt burden. C．Decades-long policy failure. D．Consistent policy responses. 30．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Young adults’ housing security should be guaranteed. B．Efforts should be made to create a sustainable society. C．The property of older generations should be passed on. D．The young should be responsible for intergenerational fairness. 31．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Housing: Pricing out the Young? B．Policy: Regulating the Private Owners? C．Landlords: Forced to Accept Rent Hikes? D．Rental Control: Solving the Renter-landlord Conflicts? 1 (2025浙江1月卷) A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 2. (2023全国乙卷) What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 28. What do people usually think of British food? A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition. C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation. 29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV? A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential. 30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now? A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%. 31. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 3.(2020全国I卷) Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills. Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said. The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age. “The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement. The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls. The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science. 24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play? A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills. C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge. 25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment? A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination. C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship. 26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play? A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less during the game. C. They prefer to use more spatial language. D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles. 27. What is the text mainly about? A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study. C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program. 4.【2020全国I卷】 Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative. The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight. There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring is Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar. While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends. 24. Why does the author like rereading? A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship. B. It’s a window to a whole new world. C. It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend. D. It extends the understanding of oneself. 25. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast? A. It’s a brief account of a trip. B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man. C. It’s a record of a historic event. D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris. 26. What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to? A. Debt. B. Reward. C. Allowance. D. Face value. 27. What can we infer about the author from the text? A. He loves poetry. . He’s an editor. C. He’s very ambitious. D. He teaches reading. 5.【2020全国I卷】 Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem. Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass. Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour. However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the gr$