精品解析：北京市延庆区2025-2026学年高三上学期开学测英语试题

延庆区2025—2026学年第一学期质量监测 高三英语 2025.09 考生须知 1.考生要认真填写个人信息。 2.本试卷共11页，三大部分(共100分)，考试时间90分钟。 3.试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。选择题必须用2B铅笔作答;非选择题必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。 4.考试结束后，考生应将答题卡按要求放在桌面上，待监考员收回。 第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30分) 第一节 完形填空(共10小题：每小题1.5分，共15分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 It was in the cold midwinter, and the wayfaring couple walked through the cold night.The father-to-be ___1___ the roadside, seeking shelter, where his struggling companion might rest ___2___ for the night. She labored along, her way made heavier by the new life growing inside her. Their names were Pepper and Cooper, a pair of beagles (米格鲁猎犬). Gus Kiebel, a county wildlife officer, was driving home from work when he ___3___ the pair in the flash of his headlights. It was snowing so hard, but he could tell the dogs were wearing collars and tags. What were they doing out here when it was too cold for dogs to go outside? Gus parked his truck and ___4___ the animals. He stretched out his hands to the beagles, which made no ___5___ to escape. He read their tags by his truck’s headlights: the female was named Pepper, and the male was Cooper. He then called the number listed, but it was snowing so hard that his ___6___ blurred. He placed the dogs onto the passenger seat and they were snuggled together there. Gus dried his phone and dialed the number again. A man answered and immediately grew ___7___ when Gus told him why he was calling. “I gave those dogs away,” the man said, “They’re not mine anymore.” These beagles were ____8____. Gus noticed their large eyes pleading. He then brought them home. The Kiebels prepared a bed for the dogs on their warm enclosed porch, also ____9____ food and water. The exhausted animals lay together. It’s a simple story — people who practice kindness give shelter from a storm to a homeless couple — but it speaks to the best of our ____10____. 1. A. blocked B. guarded C. scanned D. identified 2. A. safely B. happily C. quickly D. willingly 3. A. tracked B. spotted C. ignored D. hunted 4. A. patted B. protected C. tested D. approached 5. A. effort B. meaning C. consensus D. contact 6. A. truck B. screen C. mind D. headlight 7. A. interested B. embarrassed C. defensive D. talkative 8. A. avoided B. adopted C. appreciated D. abandoned 9. A. giving out B. setting out C. putting out D. carrying out 10. A. nature B. talent C. pursuit D. advantage 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述格斯·基贝尔救助一对米格鲁猎犬的故事。 【1题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这位准爸爸察看路边，寻找避难所，在那里，他苦苦挣扎的同伴可以安全地休息过夜。A. blocked封锁；B. guarded守卫；C. scanned扫描，察看；D. identified鉴定。由下文“seeking shelter”可知，这个准爸爸狗在“察看”路边，寻找庇护所。故选C项。 【2题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：这位准爸爸察看路边，寻找避难所，在那里，他苦苦挣扎同伴可以安全地休息过夜。A. safely安全地；B. happily快乐地；C. quickly快速地；D. willingly很乐意地。由上文“in the cold midwinter”和“seeking shelter”可知，这指这准爸爸想让同伴在庇护所中“安全地”休息过一夜。故选A项。 【3题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：县野生动物官员格斯·基贝尔下班开车回家时，在车灯的闪光中发现了这对动物。A. tracked跟踪；B. spotted看见；C. ignored忽略；D. hunted猎杀。由下文“ in the flash of his headlights”以及语境可知，这里指格斯在灯光中“看见”了这两只狗。故选B项。 【4题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：格斯停好卡车，走近动物们。A. patted拍了拍；B. protected保护；C. tested测试；D. approached走近。由上文“parked his truck”以及语境可知，这里指格斯停好车向这对狗“走近”。故选D项。 【5题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他向米格鲁猎犬们伸出手，米格鲁猎犬们没有逃跑。A. effort努力；B. meaning意思；C. consensus共识；D. contact接触。由上文“his struggling companion”和“it was too cold for dogs”以及下文“The exhausted animals lay together”可知，这里指这两只狗在寒冷中已经精疲力尽了，遇到陌生人都不“努力”尝试逃跑了。故选A项。 【6题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后他拨打了列出的号码，但雪下得很大，他的屏幕都模糊了。A. truck卡车；B. screen屏幕；C. mind思维；D. headlight前照灯。由下文“Gus dried his phone and dialed the number again”可知，前面指雪水让“屏幕”模糊看不清。故选B项。 【7题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个男人接了电话，当格斯告诉他为什么打电话时，他立刻开始有戒心了。A. interested感兴趣的；B. embarrassed尴尬的；C. defensive防御的，怀有戒心的；D. talkative健谈的。由下文“They’re not mine anymore”可知，这男的是不想要这两只狗，所以是“有戒备地”回答格斯的电话。故选C项。 【8题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些米格鲁猎犬被遗弃了。A. avoided避免；B. adopted采纳；C. appreciated感谢；D. abandoned抛弃。由上文“They’re not mine anymore”可知，这里指这两条狗被“抛弃”了。故选D项。 【9题详解】 考查动词词组辨析。句意：基贝尔一家在温暖的封闭门廊上为狗准备了一张床，还安排了食物和水。筋疲力尽的动物们躺在一起。 A. giving out分发；B. setting out出发，安排；C. putting out扑灭；D. carrying out执行。由下文“food and wate”以及语境可知，这里指基贝尔一家为狗们“安排”了食物和水。故选B项。 【10题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是一个简单的故事——实践善良的人为一对无家可归的夫妇提供风暴避难所，但这反映了我们本性中最好的一面。A. nature自然，本性；B. talent天赋；C. pursuit追求；D. advantage优势。由上文“people who practice kindness give shelter from a storm to a homeless couple”可知，这里指善良是我们应该要拥有的“本性”。故选A项。 第二节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分) A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 80-year-old ____11____ (retire) tailor, James McKay, spent Saturday (his birthday) night in a cell after hitting 30-year-old Keith Smith over the head with his walking stick. McKay’s wife said, while McKay is usually a peaceful and pleasant person, he had been driven to this act of ____12____ (violent) by literally getting wet just once too often. Smith is not going to take things further with the police. As McKay left the police station, a large crowd of supporters ____13____ (sing) him happy birthday. 【答案】11. retired 12. violence 13. sang 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍了一位80岁退休裁缝在生日当晚因用拐杖击打他人头部而被拘留的事件，以及他的妻子对事件的解释和公众反应。 【11题详解】 考查形容词。句意：80岁的退休裁缝James McKay在周六（他的生日）晚上用拐杖击打30岁的Keith Smith的头部后，在牢房里度过了一夜。修饰名词tailor，应用retire的形容词形式retired作定语，意为“退休的”。故填retired。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：McKay的妻子说，虽然McKay通常是一个平和、友好的人，但被一次又一次地淋湿，迫使他采取了这种暴力行为。根据空格前的介词of可知，此处应用violent的名词形式violence作宾语，意为“暴力”，且为不可数名词。故填violence。 【13题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：当McKay离开警察局时，一大群支持者为他唱生日歌。根据“As McKay left the police station”和语意可知，此处描述的是过去发生的事情，应该用一般过去时，谓语动词sing用过去式。故填sang。 B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 With the development of computers, people expected ____14____ (get) more things done efficiently. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, ____15____ enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other. Nowadays, life ____16____ the internet for most people is unimaginable. 【答案】14. to get 15. which 16. without 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述互联网能让人们效率更高，如今，对于大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是不可想象的。 【14题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：随着计算机的发展，人们期望更有效率地完成更多的事情。expect to do sth“期待做某事”，故填to get。 【15题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：1990年， Tim Berners-Lee发明了万维网，使世界各地的计算机能够相互通信。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是World Wide Web，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导，故填which。 【16题详解】 考查介词。句意：如今，对于大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是不可想象的。结合句意及“is unimaginable”可知此处指“如果没有互联网”，使用介词without，故填without。 C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 In an air-conditioned office, you may see men sporting shorts while their female coworkers wear jackets to keep warm. Why do women feel cold ____17____ (easy) than men? The accepted answer is ____18____ men and women feel temperature differently. Generally speaking, men have more muscles than women, ____19____ (lead) to a higher metabolic (新陈代谢) rate. It means that more heat ____20____ (create). As a result, men, on average, do not feel cold as easily as women. 【答案】17. more easily 18. that 19. leading 20. is created 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨了为什么女性比男性更容易感到寒冷，解释了男女在体温感受上的差异及其原因。 【17题详解】 考查副词比较级。句意：为什么女性比男性更容易感到寒冷？修饰动词feel，应用easy的副词形式easily作状语，且根据空格后的than可知，此处应用比较级形式。故填more easily。 【18题详解】 考查表语从句。句意：公认的答案是男性和女性对温度的感受不同。分析句子结构可知，此处引导表语从句，从句成分完整、句意通顺，所以应用只起连接作用、无实意的从属连词that来引导。故填that。 【19题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：一般来说，男性比女性有更多的肌肉，这导致了更高的新陈代谢率。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词have，所以此处应用lead的非谓语动词形式，因其与前面整个分句之间为主动关系，且表示自然而然的结果，所以应用现在分词作结果状语。故填leading。 【20题详解】 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：这意味着会产生更多的热量。分析句子结构可知，空格处为that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词，根据主句中的means可知，句子描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；heat与create之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态；heat为不可数名词，be动词应用is。故填is created。 第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38分) 第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A How can we use scientific design to change the world and take better care of our environment? In this course, you will learn about our natural resources and explore renewable energy through problem solving in a multi-science class. ________ Solving any problem begins with recognizing it! But where do you begin? In this multi-science class, you will investigate global issues facing the world today and how people make changes in their communities. You will both discuss and put into practice creative and persuasive ways to influence policymakers and community organizations. Furthermore, you will create your own political community at the Harkness table that will inspire you to learn by doing. Energy and Innovation In this multi-science class, you will investigate biological, physical, and chemical aspects of Earth’s working systems and how they relate to climate change. Its impacts are far reaching and thus will require forward thinking and planning. Your ideas and creativity will be needed to compare and contrast the benefits and costs of energy alternatives as we discuss and problem solve our planet’s path into the future. Art: Transform the World In this studio class we will develop our creative powers. Drawing on natural sciences, we will engage with perspectives of life on Earth. Our materials will be newspapers, recycled cardboard, and other things that are often thrown away. Working with our hands and tools, we will transform wastes into objects useful. In this class you will discover your artistic talent, learn about form, image and technique, and cooperate to create pieces for the final Student Art Exhibit. 21. Which of the following might be the name of the class? A. Political Science B. Green Organizations C. Global Changes D. Practical Policymaker 22. In Energy and Innovation students will ____________. A. solve political problems B. make a plan for their future C. change the world through pictures D. explore the Earth’s working system 23. What do the three classes have in common? A. They conduct scientific experiments. B. They develop personal interests. C. They need creative design. D. They use renewable energy. 【答案】21 A 22. D 23. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种课程体系的具体情况。 【21题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第二段中“You will both discuss and put into practice creative and persuasive ways to influence policymakers and community organizations. Furthermore, you will create your own political community at the Harkness table that will inspire you to learn by doing. (你们将讨论并实践创造性和有说服力的方式来影响决策者和社区组织。此外，你将在哈克内斯会议桌上创建自己的政治社区，这将激励你在实践中学习。)”可知，在这项课程中，学生将研究与政治相关事宜，故这是政治学。故选A。 【22题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第三段中“In this multi-science class, you will investigate biological, physical, and chemical aspects of Earth’s working systems and how they relate to climate change. (在这堂多学科课程中，你将研究地球工作系统的生物、物理和化学方面，以及它们与气候变化的关系。)”可知，在能源与创新课程中，学生将探索地球的工作系统。故选D。 【23题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第二段中“You will both discuss and put into practice creative and persuasive ways to influence policymakers and community organizations. (你们将讨论并实践影响决策者和社区组织的创造性和有说服力的方法。)”和文章第三段中“Your ideas and creativity will be needed to compare and contrast the benefits and costs of energy alternatives as we discuss and problem solve our planet’s path into the future. (在我们讨论和解决我们星球通往未来的道路时，需要你的想法和创造力来比较和对比能源替代品的好处和成本。)”,以及文章第四段中“In this studio class we will develop our creative powers. (在这堂工作室课上，我们将发展我们的创造力。)”可知，这三个班都需要学生有创意的设计。故选C。 B 14-year-old Jessica was born with small eyes, making it difficult for her to see the markings and numbers on traditional maths sets at school. Disappointed that standard equipment just didn’t add up, Jessica’s mum, Sam, emailed stationery (文具) giant Maped Helix, more in hope than expectation that they might have something that could help. She was so surprised when she got a reply saying that the team at Helix, inspired by Jessica’s story, had decided to develop a unique stationery set specifically to support the needs of children with sight difficulties. The groundbreaking Oxford Vision Maths Set includes a self-centering metal compass with safety point, a pencil sharpener, 15 cm/6-inch ruler, 45° and 60° set squares, etc. Designed in cooperation with the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB), the maths set has been created using a high contrasting black and yellow design to make each item easier to read. The complete set is sold in plastic-free packaging made from recycled materials. Following guidance from the experts, clever details such as large print graduations (刻度线) on the ruler, as well as all the text being raised by 0.5 mm have been included. “We receive a lot of emails, but this particular one really struck a chord with us, making us really think of how we can have a commitment to empower all children,” said Gray Richmond, Managing Director at Maped Helix. “This product will make a huge difference to the lives of children with vision conditions, allowing them to have independence in the classroom and giving them access to the same opportunities as their sighted classmates,” said Nicola Cornwell, Head of Business Services at RNIB. 24. What difficulty does Jessica face at school? A. She cannot understand numbers. B. She fails in her maths examinations. C. She finds it hard to hear in the classroom. D. She struggles to use traditional stationery. 25. What do we know about the new maths set? A. It is only available in one color. B. It is designed under the guidance of RNIB. C. It has complex designs and decorations. D. It uses plastic packaging to protect the items. 26. What do the underlined words “struck a chord with” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Touched. B. Satisfied. C. Comforted. D. Entertained. 27. Why did Helix decide to develop the Oxford Vision Maths Set? A. To make maths sets more affordable. B. To respond to a customer’s complaint. C. To support children with visual challenges. D. To create a simplified version of maths tools. 【答案】24. D 25. B 26. A 27. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述为了帮助有视力障碍的孩子，一个特别的文具套装被开发出来的故事。 【24题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“14-year-old Jessica was born with small eyes, making it difficult for her to see the markings and numbers on traditional maths sets at school. (14岁的Jessica天生眼睛很小，这使她在学校里很难看清传统数学套件上的标记和数字)”可知，Jessica在学校使用传统文具很吃力。故选D。 【25题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Designed in cooperation with the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB), the maths set has been created using a high contrasting black and yellow design to make each item easier to read. (在皇家盲人研究所 (RNIB) 的合作设计下，这套数学工具采用了高对比度的黑色和黄色设计，使每个项目更容易阅读。)”可知，新的数学套装是在RNIB的指导下设计的。故选B。 【26题详解】 词句猜测题。根据最后一段“making us really think of how we can have a commitment to empower all children(使我们真正思考如何实现我们承诺，以赋予所有孩子力量)”可知，此处是说：这封特别的邮件真的打动了我们， 使我们真正思考如何实现我们的承诺，以赋予所有孩子力量。所以推测出画线词意为“触动，打动”。故选A。 【27题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“This product will make a huge difference to the lives of children with vision conditions, allowing them to have independence in the classroom and giving them access to the same opportunities as their sighted classmates (这款产品将对有视力障碍的孩子的生活产生巨大影响，使他们在课堂上有独立性，并使他们能够获得与他们的视力正常同学相同的机会。)”可知，Helix决定开发Oxford Vision Maths Set是为了支持有视力障碍的孩子。故选C。 C Conflict in communities is usually about the task or the person. Of course, sometimes it’s hard to separate one from the other. Task conflict happens when people have different ideas of what needs to be done. It points to potential differences in opinion about everything you can imagine that is essential for a group: mission, priorities of tasks, compensation mechanism (机制), decision-making mechanisms, etc. Task conflict is not a problem when people realize the source of the conflict is the task and not the people. Community members must resolve tension inclusively with everyone’s voice being heard and acknowledged. However, this does not mean that the solution must include everyone’s opinion. After the conversation, everyone should feel that they had a fair chance to express their opinion and that it was taken seriously by others and not brushed aside. Conflict between people is tricky because it’s attacking a person’s essence and self-worth. Often this form of conflict, relationship conflict, happens when two conditions are met: First, people have different values or are holding different assumptions, and secondly, neither party can see beyond their own biases. With relationship conflict, the person is perceived to be the problem and is being attacked by others. Each party assumes that most people are on their side and that the other person is acting out of self-interest. This eventually leads to people disagreeing with each other, not for the task’s sake but to prove the other person is wrong. Sometimes conflict originates in a task. People might prefer different tools or different approaches. If this initial controversy is ignored or not dealt with appropriately, the relatively easy task conflict turns into a more complex relationship conflict. When relationship conflict occurs, a lot of things are reactive rather than reflective. People stop thinking and act impulsively (冲动地). All in all, remember that every culture has its own way of handling conflict. Some people consider it dishonest if an argument is not addressed openly, while in other cultures, such a discussion will not be acceptable. It comes down to “Don’t assume everyone thinks like you”. 28. What does the underlined phrase “brushed aside” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. Approved. B. Ignored. C. Swept. D. Denied. 29. Which of the following is a relationship conflict? A. Eric has a quarrel with his girlfriend in shopping mall. B. Group members are debating which approaches to be used. C. Tom is criticized by his best friend for being irresponsible. D. Two neighbors have a big argument over community health issues. 30. What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? A. Relationship conflict originates from task conflict. B. Task conflict is easier to resolve than relationship conflict. C. Conflict in communities causes people to make impulsive decisions. D. Task conflict can be sometimes transformed into relationship conflict. 31. What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A. Give a warning. B. Offer a suggestion. C. Make an assumption. D. List a misconception. 【答案】28. B 29. C 30. D 31. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者向读者介绍了团体中的任务冲突和关系冲突的含义、特点以及二者之间的关系，并就如何解决冲突提出了建议。 【28题详解】 词义猜测题。划线短语上文讲到“After the conversation, everyone should feel that they had a fair chance to express their opinion and that it was taken seriously by others and not (谈话结束后，每个人都应该觉得自己有一个公平的机会表达自己的观点，别人会认真对待，而不是……)”可知，划线短语和“take it seriously”是相反的意思，因此，第二段中下划线的短语的意思是“忽略”。故选B。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。文章第三段讲到“Conflict between people is tricky because it’s attacking a person’s essence and self-worth. (人与人之间的冲突很棘手，因为它攻击了一个人的本质和自我价值)”可知，关系冲突攻击的是人的本质和自我价值，C项“汤姆被他最好的朋友批评为不负责任”中“不负责任”是人的本质，因此C项表示关系冲突。故选C。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。文章第四段讲到“If this initial controversy is ignored or not dealt with appropriately, the relatively easy task conflict turns into a more complex relationship conflict. When relationship conflict occurs, a lot of things are reactive rather than reflective. (如果这种最初的争议被忽视或处理不当，相对容易的任务冲突就会演变成更复杂的关系冲突。当关系冲突发生时，很多事情都是被动的，而不是反思的)”可推知，任务冲突有时会转化为关系冲突。故选D。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“All in all, remember that every culture has its own way of handling conflict (总而言之，记住每种文化都有自己处理冲突的方式)”以及最后一句“It comes down to “Don’t assume everyone thinks like you” (归结起来就是“不要假设每个人都和你想的一样”)”可知，作者在最后一段是要提供一个建议，建议大家能看到并包容其他文化、其他人的。故选B。 D Nature vs. Nurture Curiosity has always been one of the most innate and prevailing qualities of humankind. Our endless pursuit of truth and reason has resulted in a lot of crucial discoveries in the world. However, the more we uncover the world, the more we end up generating more questions to answer. Out of all the wonders of the world, human psychology is deemed to be one of the most controversial. The complexity of the mind and its reflection on human behavior has been a subject of many studies and debates. One of the oldest and, still, most talked about argument in psychology is the nature against nurture debate. Nature refers to the biological structure and processes that determine a person’s physical and behavioral attributes. Due to the advancement of genetics, scientists have uncovered that physical traits such as eye color, hair type, height, and life expectancy of a person can strongly be related to the genetic makeup. These discoveries have led to the speculation that most psychological characteristics like intellect, personality, and language acquisition ability are already pre-wired to our system through our genetic pattern. In contrast, nurture theory suggests that behavior is shaped from socio-cultural factors. This theory is guided by John Locke’s “blank slate” theory, which refers to the idea that the human mind, in its primal state, is a blank slate that is gradually filled in with information derived from direct and indirect experiences. This theory states people’s characteristics and behavioral diversity are results of social and cultural influences encountered during their development. The term Nature vs. Nurture debate was put forward by Sir Francis Galton, who believed that intellect is a quantifiable and hereditary (遗传的) human trait. He also believed that intellect can be passed from generation to generation. Thus, people with high intelligence have a major chance of having highly intellectual offspring, while people having lower than average intellect are more likely to have low intellectual offspring. However, the believers of nurture theory believed that intellectual ability is the result of inequalities in access to resources and opportunities. Thus, intellect is not a product of heredity but more of a result of the social construct. Countless research and experimentation have been conducted to put an end to the seemingly endless debate. Psychologists and researchers of the present already embrace the idea that a person’s character is highly influenced by his genetic makeup and the environment. The years of labored research on nature and nurture theory finally have borne fruit. Technology and research have expanded a better understanding of the human personality and mind, and will just continuously do as time passes by. 32. Why does the author mention “curiosity” in the first paragraph? A. To predict the research results. B. To emphasize the importance of exploring. C. To lead to the argument of nature against nurture. D. To raise the reader’s interest in the theory of nature. 33. What does John Locke’s “blank slate” theory suggest? A. Human mind is always blank. B. People’s behaviors are learned. C. Behavior is determined genetically. D. Culture has little influence on human. 34. What is the attitude of Sir Francis Galton towards the theory of nurture? A. Disapproving. B. Supportive. C. Neutral. D. Cautious. 【答案】32. C 33. B 34. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕心理学中最为古老且备受争议的“先天与后天”之争展开讨论，介绍了“先天”和“后天”两种理论的内容及人们对这两种理论的态度。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Curiosity has always been one of the most innate and prevailing qualities of humankind. Our endless pursuit of truth and reasons has resulted in a lot of crucial discoveries in the world. However, the more we uncover the world, the more we end up generating more questions to answer. Out of all the wonders of the world, human psychology is deemed to be one of the most controversial. The complexity of the mind and its reflection on human behavior has been a subject of many studies and debates. One of the oldest and, still, most talked about argument in psychology is the nature against nurture debate.(好奇心一直是人类最天生和最普遍的品质之一。我们对真理和理性的无尽追求导致了世界上许多重要的发现。然而，我们对世界的了解越多，最终就会产生更多需要回答的问题。在世界上所有的奇迹中，人类心理学被认为是最具争议的之一。大脑的复杂性及其对人类行为的反映一直是许多研究和辩论的主题。心理学中最古老且仍然备受争议的论点之一就是先天与后天之争)”可推知，作者在第一段提到“好奇心”，是为了引出后文对心理学中最古老且备受争议的先天与后天之争的讨论。故选C项。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“In contrast, nurture theory suggests that behavior is honed from socio-cultural factors. This theory is guided by John Locke’s “blank slate” theory, which refers to the idea that the human mind, in its primal state, is a blank slate that is gradually filled in with information derived from direct and indirect experiences.(相比之下，后天培养理论认为，行为是由社会文化因素塑造的。这一理论以约翰·洛克的“白板说”理论为指导，该理论认为，人类的大脑在原始状态下是一块白板，逐渐被来自直接和间接经验的信息所填充)”可知，约翰·洛克的“白板说”理论认为，人类的行为是通过后天经验学习得来的。故选B项。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“The term Nature vs. Nurture debate was put forward by Sir Francis Galton, who believed that intellect is a quantifiable and hereditary (遗传的) human trait. He also believed that intellect can be passed from generation to generation. Thus, people with high intelligence have a major chance of having highly intellectual offspring, while people having lower than average intellect are more likely to have low intellectual offspring. However, the believers of nurture theory believed that intellectual ability is the result of inequalities in access to resources and opportunities. Thus, intellect is not a product of heredity but more of a result of the social construct.(“先天与后天”之争这一术语是由弗朗西斯·高尔顿爵士提出的，他认为智力是一种可量化的、可遗传的人类特征。他还认为智力可以代代相传。因此，高智商的人生出高智商后代的可能性很大，而智商低于平均水平的人生出低智商后代的可能性更大。然而，后天培养理论的信徒认为，智力是获取资源和机会不平等的结果。因此，智力不是遗传的产物，而是社会建构的结果)”可知，弗朗西斯·高尔顿爵士认为智力是遗传的，而后天培养理论的信徒认为智力是社会建构的结果。由此推知，弗朗西斯·高尔顿爵士对后天培养理论持不赞成的态度。故选A项。 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 A robot is chatting to an elderly British man in his bedroom. ____35____ . Perhaps because of the man’s age, the robot starts asking him about his memories of the Second World War. The elderly man goes on to tell how his father was in the army, and he hasn’t seen him for years. ____36____. The behavior is the product of the Caresses project which aims to design robots that can take into account the cultural background of the person they’re talking to. The man is British, so the robot thinks he will be interested in such a topic, regardless of the man’s personal feelings. Cultural robotics is part of a wider movement to make robotics more culturally inclusive. ____37____ For example, because the Internet is mainly in English, large language models are primarily trained on English text — with the cultural biases (偏见) existing. Similarly, the move to make robots more culturally sensitive means well, but people are worried about where it could lead, considering the diverse cultural preferences across different social groups. Humans from different cultures react differently to robots. For example, different cultures have different expectations around personal space, and this affects how far they prefer robots to stand from them. ____38____ People are more able to understand a robot if it uses the facial expressions they are familiar with. Culture is a complex concept, open to various explanations. ____39____ . To avoid designing robots based on stereotypes (刻板印象), we will need to be more thoughtful. A. It has a pleasantly bright voice. B. Does this topic really hold a person’s interest C. However, concerns about this have been raised. D. This practice is widely recognized across cultures. E. Therefore, a one-size-fits-all approach is impractical. F. Why does a robot mention a topic that may cause pain? G. Different cultures interpret facial expressions differently too. 【答案】35. A 36. F 37. C 38. G 39. E 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕文化机器人技术展开，介绍了其相关项目，阐述了使人工智能和机器人技术更具文化包容性这一趋势以及面临的问题，如文化的多样性导致不同文化背景的人对机器人的反应不同，还指出需要更周全的视角来避免基于刻板印象设计机器人。 【35题详解】 根据空前的“A robot is chatting to an elderly British man in his bedroom.(一个机器人正在一位英国老人的卧室里和他聊天。)”可知，此处描述机器人在与一位英国老人聊天，由此可知，此空应描述机器人的相关特征，A选项“It has a pleasantly bright voice. (它有着悦耳明亮的声音。)”进一步介绍了机器人的特点，使描述更具体，符合语境。故选A项。 【36题详解】 根据空后的“The behavior is the product of the Caresses project which aims to design robots that can take into account the cultural background of the person they’re talking to. The man is British, so the robot thinks he will be interested in such a topic, regardless of the man’s personal feelings. (这种行为是Caresses项目的产物。该项目属于文化机器人学的新领域，旨在设计出能够考虑到对话者文化背景的机器人。这个人是英国人，所以机器人认为他会对这样的话题感兴趣，而忽略了这个人的个人感受)”可知，此处解释这是Caresses项目的设定，机器人忽略了老人的个人感受，由此可推测，空处应提出对机器人忽略个人感受这一行为的疑问，F选项“Why does a robot mention a topic that may cause pain? (为什么机器人会提到一个可能带来痛苦的话题？)”以疑问的形式引出对机器人提问意图的探讨，与下文“项目旨在考虑文化背景”形成因果关系，符合语境。故选F项。 【37题详解】 根据空前的“Cultural robotics is part of a wider movement to make robotics more culturally inclusive.(文化机器人学是使机器人学更具文化包容性的更广泛运动的一部分。)”以及空后的“Similarly, the move to make robots more culturally sensitive means well, but people are worried about where it could lead, considering the diverse cultural preferences across different social groups. (同样地，让机器人更具文化敏感性的举措初衷是好的，但考虑到不同社会群体存在多样化的文化偏好，人们担心这一举措可能会带来何种结果。)”可知，此处应体现人们对文化机器人学存在担忧，C选项“However, concerns about this have been raised. (然而，对此的担忧已经出现。)”与前文形成转折，引出下文人们的担忧，符合语境。故选C项。 【38题详解】 根据空前的“For example, different cultures have different expectations around personal space, and this affects how far they prefer robots to stand from them.(例如，不同的文化对个人空间有不同的期望，这会影响他们希望机器人与自己保持的距离。)”以及空后的“People are more able to understand a robot if it uses the facial expressions they are familiar with.(如果机器人使用人们熟悉的面部表情，人们更容易理解它。)”可知，空前提到了不同文化背景的人对机器人的反应不同，空后提到了机器人使用人们熟悉的面部表情进行交流，所以，空处应承上启下，说明不同文化对机器人面部表情的反应也不同，G选项“Different cultures interpret facial expressions differently too. (不同的文化对面部表情的解读也不同。)”与前后文都围绕不同文化的差异展开，补充另一个文化差异的维度，与下文“熟悉的表情更易理解”直接相关，符合语境。故选G项。 【39题详解】 根据空前的“Culture is a complex concept, open to various explanations.(文化是一个复杂的概念，可以有多种解释。)”可知，此处应说明由于文化的复杂性，通用的方法并不适用，E选项“Therefore, a one-size-fits-all approach is impractical. (因此，一刀切的方法是不切实际的。)”与空前为因果关系，是前文文化复杂性得出的结论。故选E项。 第三部分：书面表达(共三节，32分) 第一节 阅读表达(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 If you feel like you may be a people-pleaser, you’re not alone. In today’s highly-connected world, we have a growing obsession (痴迷) with being liked and needing to please others. People seek to please others for various reasons, including avoiding conflicts, securing feelings of being needed, and reducing fears of abandonment. And they are forced to use agreeableness as self-defense. People-pleasing behavior can lead to mental and physical health problems such as fear of rejection, frustration, anger, addictions, headaches, stomach problems, and high blood pressure. It can also result in weak boundaries, problems with decision-making and dependency. Therefore, it’s important to recognize and overcome your own people-pleasing behaviors. Here are some simple exercises that you can start working on today. Learn to love your own company. Trust that people will not abandon you, even if you don’t drop everything for them. Believing you are lovable for who you are, not what you do, means knowing that people will still be there for you even if you do not always search for ways to please them. Practice this by going to a movie or restaurant alone. Value the plans made with yourself. They are as important as plans you make with other people. Otherwise, you are sending a message to your brain that a plan you make with yourself does not hold as much value. Don’t break long-or short-term plans you make with yourself, whether it’s going to the gym or studying for an exam. Say “no” when necessary. If you’re a people-pleaser, you may find it hard to say “no” because you feel it comes across as cruel or uncaring. But it absolutely does not have to. Be clear, be direct, and use “I” statements. Try statements like: “I would really love to be able to help you, but unfortunately, I’m already committed at that time.” By consistently integrating these strategies into your life, you’ll break your people-pleasing habits and develop more healthy, interdependent relationships. 40. What is a people-pleaser like? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 41. Besides mental and physical problems, what other problems may a people-pleaser suffer from? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement then underline it and explain why. If you don’t want to be a people-pleaser, you should love being with others, value the plans made with yourself, and decline others’requests when necessary. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 43. What do you think of the behavior of pleasing others? (In about 40 words) _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】40. A people-pleaser has a (growing) obsession with being liked and needing to please others. 41. A people-pleaser may suffer from weak boundaries, problems with decision-makingand dependency. 42. If you don’t want to be a people-pleaser, (you should) love being with others, value the plans made with yourself, and decline others’ requests when necessary. You should learn to love your own company. 43. I think it’s harmful to mental health. Always obsessed with being liked and ignoring the true needs of our own, we would lose ourselves and tie our worthiness to others’ approval. Once we fail to satisfy all, anxiety and frustration would creep into our minds, causing mental health issues. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是取悦他人的人会出现的一些问题以及如何克服取悦他人的行为。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段的“If you feel like you may be a people-pleaser, you’re not alone. In today’s highly-connected world, we have a growing obsession (痴迷) with being liked and needing to please others.(如果你觉得自己是一个讨人喜欢的人，那么你并不孤单。在当今这个高度互联的世界里，我们越来越痴迷于被喜欢，也越来越需要取悦他人。)”可知，取悦他人的人越来越痴迷于被人喜欢，需要取悦他人。故答案为A people-pleaser has a (growing) obsession with being liked and needing to please others. 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段的“People-pleasing behavior can lead to mental and physical health problems such as fear of rejection, frustration, anger, addictions, headaches, stomach problems, and high blood pressure. It can also result in weak boundaries, problems with decision-making and dependency.(取悦他人的行为会导致精神和身体健康问题，比如害怕被拒绝、沮丧、愤怒、上瘾、头痛、胃病和高血压。它还可能导致边界薄弱，决策问题和依赖性。)”可知，除了精神和身体上的问题，取悦他人的人还可能会边界薄弱，决策问题和依赖性。故答案为A people-pleaser may suffer from weak boundaries, problems with decision-makingand dependency. 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段的“Learn to love your own company.(学会爱自己的陪伴。)”，第四段的“Value the plans made with yourself.(重视自己制定的计划。)”和第五段的“Say “no” when necessary.(必要的时候说“不”。)”可知，如果你不想成为取悦别人的人，你应该学会爱自己的陪伴，重视自己制定的计划，必要时拒绝别人的要求，因此错误的部分是“(you should) love being with others”，正确的应该是You should learn to love your own company，故答案为If you don’t want to be a people-pleaser, (you should) love being with others, value the plans made with yourself, and decline others’ requests when necessary. You should learn to love your own company. 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“People-pleasing behavior can lead to mental and physical health problems such as fear of rejection, frustration, anger, addictions, headaches, stomach problems, and high blood pressure. It can also result in weak boundaries, problems with decision-making and dependency.(取悦他人的行为会导致精神和身体健康问题，比如害怕被拒绝、沮丧、愤怒、上瘾、头痛、胃病和高血压。它还可能导致边界薄弱，决策问题和依赖性。)”并结合我个人的看法可知，我认为取悦他人对心理健康有害。总是沉迷于被人喜欢，而忽视了自己真正的需求，我们会迷失自我，把自己的价值与别人的认可联系在一起。一旦我们不能满足所有人，焦虑和沮丧就会潜入我们的脑海，导致心理健康问题，故答案为I think it’s harmful to mental health. Always obsessed with being liked and ignoring the true needs of our own, we would lose ourselves and tie our worthiness toothers’ approval. Once we fail to satisfy all, anxiety and frustration would creep into our minds, causing mental health issues. 第二节 写作(20分) 44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国笔友Jim给你写了一封信，提及因为误解，他和同学产生了不愉快。请用英文给Jim回复邮件，内容包括： 1. 安慰Jim； 2. 具体建议。 注意：1．词数 100 左右； 2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】范文1 Dear Jim, I’m sorry to hear that you are having trouble with your classmates. It’s never easy when misunderstandings occur. But don’t worry, I’m here for you. I have some suggestions that might help. Try having an open and honest conversation with your classmates. Explain how you’re feeling and listen to their points as well. It’s possible that they just didn’t realize they were causing you harm. If that doesn’t work, don’t be afraid to ask teachers for help. They’re expert at dealing with conflicts and can give you advice on how to handle the situation. I hope this helps. Just remember that conflicts are totally normal, but with a little patience and understanding, you are sure to work through it. Take care. Yours, Li Hua 范文2 Dear Jim, I’m sorry to hear that you’re experiencing some difficulties with your classmates. It can be tough when misunderstandings occur, but please know that you’re not alone. We all go through similar situations in our lives. As for your situation, here are some suggestions that might help. Firstly, try to have an open and honest conversation with your classmates to understand their perspective and clarify any misunderstandings. Secondly, it’s important to approach the situation with kindness and empathy. Finally, don’t be afraid to seek help from a teacher or counselor if the situation continues. Remember, you’re a great person and don’t let this situation bring you down. Keep your head up and stay positive! Yours, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给英国笔友Jim回复邮件，对于他和同学产生的不愉快表示安慰并提出建议。 【详解】1.词汇积累 发生：occur→happen 观点：point→view 向……求助：ask…for help→turn to…for help 完全：totally→completely 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：They’re expert at dealing with conflicts and can give you advice on how to handle the situation. 拓展句：They’re expert at dealing with conflicts, who can give you advice on how to handle the situation. 【点睛】【高分句型1】I have some suggestions that might help.（运用了that引导的定语从句） 【高分句型2】It’s possible that they just didn’t realize they were causing you harm.（运用了it作形式主语，that引导主语从句以省略that的宾语从句） 【高分句型3】If that doesn’t work, don’t be afraid to ask teachers for help.（运用了if引导的条件状语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 延庆区2025—2026学年第一学期质量监测 高三英语 2025.09 考生须知 1.考生要认真填写个人信息。 2.本试卷共11页，三大部分(共100分)，考试时间90分钟。 3.试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。选择题必须用2B铅笔作答;非选择题必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。 4.考试结束后，考生应将答题卡按要求放在桌面上，待监考员收回。 第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30分) 第一节 完形填空(共10小题：每小题1.5分，共15分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 It was in the cold midwinter, and the wayfaring couple walked through the cold night.The father-to-be ___1___ the roadside, seeking shelter, where his struggling companion might rest ___2___ for the night. She labored along, her way made heavier by the new life growing inside her. Their names were Pepper and Cooper, a pair of beagles (米格鲁猎犬). Gus Kiebel, a county wildlife officer, was driving home from work when he ___3___ the pair in the flash of his headlights. It was snowing so hard, but he could tell the dogs were wearing collars and tags. What were they doing out here when it was too cold for dogs to go outside? Gus parked his truck and ___4___ the animals. He stretched out his hands to the beagles, which made no ___5___ to escape. He read their tags by his truck’s headlights: the female was named Pepper, and the male was Cooper. He then called the number listed, but it was snowing so hard that his ___6___ blurred. He placed the dogs onto the passenger seat and they were snuggled together there. Gus dried his phone and dialed the number again. A man answered and immediately grew ___7___ when Gus told him why he was calling. “I gave those dogs away,” the man said, “They’re not mine anymore.” These beagles were ____8____. Gus noticed their large eyes pleading. He then brought them home. The Kiebels prepared a bed for the dogs on their warm enclosed porch, also ____9____ food and water. The exhausted animals lay together. It’s a simple story — people who practice kindness give shelter from a storm to a homeless couple — but it speaks to the best of our ____10____. 1. A. blocked B. guarded C. scanned D. identified 2. A. safely B. happily C. quickly D. willingly 3. A. tracked B. spotted C. ignored D. hunted 4. A. patted B. protected C. tested D. approached 5. A. effort B. meaning C. consensus D. contact 6. A. truck B. screen C. mind D. headlight 7. A. interested B. embarrassed C. defensive D. talkative 8. A. avoided B. adopted C. appreciated D. abandoned 9 A. giving out B. setting out C. putting out D. carrying out 10. A. nature B. talent C. pursuit D. advantage 第二节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分) A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 80-year-old ____11____ (retire) tailor, James McKay, spent Saturday (his birthday) night in a cell after hitting 30-year-old Keith Smith over the head with his walking stick. McKay’s wife said, while McKay is usually a peaceful and pleasant person, he had been driven to this act of ____12____ (violent) by literally getting wet just once too often. Smith is not going to take things further with the police. As McKay left the police station, a large crowd of supporters ____13____ (sing) him happy birthday. B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 With the development of computers, people expected ____14____ (get) more things done efficiently. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, ____15____ enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other. Nowadays, life ____16____ the internet for most people is unimaginable. C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 In an air-conditioned office, you may see men sporting shorts while their female coworkers wear jackets to keep warm. Why do women feel cold ____17____ (easy) than men? The accepted answer is ____18____ men and women feel temperature differently. Generally speaking, men have more muscles than women, ____19____ (lead) to a higher metabolic (新陈代谢) rate. It means that more heat ____20____ (create). As a result, men, on average, do not feel cold as easily as women. 第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38分) 第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A How can we use scientific design to change the world and take better care of our environment? In this course, you will learn about our natural resources and explore renewable energy through problem solving in a multi-science class. ________ Solving any problem begins with recognizing it! But where do you begin? In this multi-science class, you will investigate global issues facing the world today and how people make changes in their communities. You will both discuss and put into practice creative and persuasive ways to influence policymakers and community organizations. Furthermore, you will create your own political community at the Harkness table that will inspire you to learn by doing. Energy and Innovation In this multi-science class, you will investigate biological, physical, and chemical aspects of Earth’s working systems and how they relate to climate change. Its impacts are far reaching and thus will require forward thinking and planning. Your ideas and creativity will be needed to compare and contrast the benefits and costs of energy alternatives as we discuss and problem solve our planet’s path into the future. Art: Transform the World In this studio class we will develop our creative powers. Drawing on natural sciences, we will engage with perspectives of life on Earth. Our materials will be newspapers, recycled cardboard, and other things that are often thrown away. Working with our hands and tools, we will transform wastes into objects useful. In this class you will discover your artistic talent, learn about form, image and technique, and cooperate to create pieces for the final Student Art Exhibit. 21. Which of the following might be the name of the class? A. Political Science B. Green Organizations C. Global Changes D. Practical Policymaker 22. In Energy and Innovation, students will ____________. A. solve political problems B. make a plan for their future C. change the world through pictures D. explore the Earth’s working system 23. What do the three classes have in common? A. They conduct scientific experiments. B. They develop personal interests. C They need creative design. D. They use renewable energy. B 14-year-old Jessica was born with small eyes, making it difficult for her to see the markings and numbers on traditional maths sets at school. Disappointed that standard equipment just didn’t add up, Jessica’s mum, Sam, emailed stationery (文具) giant Maped Helix, more in hope than expectation that they might have something that could help. She was so surprised when she got a reply saying that the team at Helix, inspired by Jessica’s story, had decided to develop a unique stationery set specifically to support the needs of children with sight difficulties. The groundbreaking Oxford Vision Maths Set includes a self-centering metal compass with safety point, a pencil sharpener, 15 cm/6-inch ruler, 45° and 60° set squares, etc. Designed in cooperation with the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB), the maths set has been created using a high contrasting black and yellow design to make each item easier to read. The complete set is sold in plastic-free packaging made from recycled materials. Following guidance from the experts, clever details such as large print graduations (刻度线) on the ruler, as well as all the text being raised by 0.5 mm have been included. “We receive a lot of emails, but this particular one really struck a chord with us, making us really think of how we can have a commitment to empower all children,” said Gray Richmond, Managing Director at Maped Helix. “This product will make a huge difference to the lives of children with vision conditions, allowing them to have independence in the classroom and giving them access to the same opportunities as their sighted classmates,” said Nicola Cornwell, Head of Business Services at RNIB. 24. What difficulty does Jessica face at school? A. She cannot understand numbers. B. She fails in her maths examinations. C. She finds it hard to hear in the classroom. D. She struggles to use traditional stationery. 25. What do we know about the new maths set? A. It is only available in one color. B. It is designed under the guidance of RNIB. C. It has complex designs and decorations. D. It uses plastic packaging to protect the items. 26. What do the underlined words “struck a chord with” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Touched. B. Satisfied. C. Comforted. D. Entertained. 27. Why did Helix decide to develop the Oxford Vision Maths Set? A To make maths sets more affordable. B. To respond to a customer’s complaint. C. To support children with visual challenges. D. To create a simplified version of maths tools. C Conflict in communities is usually about the task or the person. Of course, sometimes it’s hard to separate one from the other. Task conflict happens when people have different ideas of what needs to be done. It points to potential differences in opinion about everything you can imagine that is essential for a group: mission, priorities of tasks, compensation mechanism (机制), decision-making mechanisms, etc. Task conflict is not a problem when people realize the source of the conflict is the task and not the people. Community members must resolve tension inclusively with everyone’s voice being heard and acknowledged. However, this does not mean that the solution must include everyone’s opinion. After the conversation, everyone should feel that they had a fair chance to express their opinion and that it was taken seriously by others and not brushed aside. Conflict between people is tricky because it’s attacking a person’s essence and self-worth. Often this form of conflict, relationship conflict, happens when two conditions are met: First, people have different values or are holding different assumptions, and secondly, neither party can see beyond their own biases. With relationship conflict, the person is perceived to be the problem and is being attacked by others. Each party assumes that most people are on their side and that the other person is acting out of self-interest. This eventually leads to people disagreeing with each other, not for the task’s sake but to prove the other person is wrong. Sometimes conflict originates in a task. People might prefer different tools or different approaches. If this initial controversy is ignored or not dealt with appropriately, the relatively easy task conflict turns into a more complex relationship conflict. When relationship conflict occurs, a lot of things are reactive rather than reflective. People stop thinking and act impulsively (冲动地). All in all, remember that every culture has its own way of handling conflict. Some people consider it dishonest if an argument is not addressed openly, while in other cultures, such a discussion will not be acceptable. It comes down to “Don’t assume everyone thinks like you”. 28. What does the underlined phrase “brushed aside” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. Approved. B. Ignored. C. Swept. D. Denied. 29. Which of the following is a relationship conflict? A. Eric has a quarrel with his girlfriend in shopping mall. B. Group members are debating which approaches to be used. C. Tom is criticized by his best friend for being irresponsible. D. Two neighbors have a big argument over community health issues. 30. What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? A. Relationship conflict originates from task conflict. B. Task conflict is easier to resolve than relationship conflict. C. Conflict in communities causes people to make impulsive decisions. D. Task conflict can be sometimes transformed into relationship conflict. 31. What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A. Give a warning. B. Offer a suggestion. C. Make an assumption. D. List a misconception. D Nature vs. Nurture Curiosity has always been one of the most innate and prevailing qualities of humankind. Our endless pursuit of truth and reason has resulted in a lot of crucial discoveries in the world. However, the more we uncover the world, the more we end up generating more questions to answer. Out of all the wonders of the world, human psychology is deemed to be one of the most controversial. The complexity of the mind and its reflection on human behavior has been a subject of many studies and debates. One of the oldest and, still, most talked about argument in psychology is the nature against nurture debate. Nature refers to the biological structure and processes that determine a person’s physical and behavioral attributes. Due to the advancement of genetics, scientists have uncovered that physical traits such as eye color, hair type, height, and life expectancy of a person can strongly be related to the genetic makeup. These discoveries have led to the speculation that most psychological characteristics like intellect, personality, and language acquisition ability are already pre-wired to our system through our genetic pattern. In contrast, nurture theory suggests that behavior is shaped from socio-cultural factors. This theory is guided by John Locke’s “blank slate” theory, which refers to the idea that the human mind, in its primal state, is a blank slate that is gradually filled in with information derived from direct and indirect experiences. This theory states people’s characteristics and behavioral diversity are results of social and cultural influences encountered during their development. The term Nature vs. Nurture debate was put forward by Sir Francis Galton, who believed that intellect is a quantifiable and hereditary (遗传的) human trait. He also believed that intellect can be passed from generation to generation. Thus, people with high intelligence have a major chance of having highly intellectual offspring, while people having lower than average intellect are more likely to have low intellectual offspring. However, the believers of nurture theory believed that intellectual ability is the result of inequalities in access to resources and opportunities. Thus, intellect is not a product of heredity but more of a result of the social construct. Countless research and experimentation have been conducted to put an end to the seemingly endless debate. Psychologists and researchers of the present already embrace the idea that a person’s character is highly influenced by his genetic makeup and the environment. The years of labored research on nature and nurture theory finally have borne fruit. Technology and research have expanded a better understanding of the human personality and mind, and will just continuously do as time passes by. 32. Why does the author mention “curiosity” in the first paragraph? A. To predict the research results. B. To emphasize the importance of exploring. C. To lead to the argument of nature against nurture. D. To raise the reader’s interest in the theory of nature. 33. What does John Locke’s “blank slate” theory suggest? A. Human mind is always blank. B. People’s behaviors are learned. C. Behavior is determined genetically. D. Culture has little influence on human. 34. What is the attitude of Sir Francis Galton towards the theory of nurture? A. Disapproving. B. Supportive. C. Neutral. D. Cautious. 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 A robot is chatting to an elderly British man in his bedroom. ____35____ . Perhaps because of the man’s age, the robot starts asking him about his memories of the Second World War. The elderly man goes on to tell how his father was in the army, and he hasn’t seen him for years. ____36____. The behavior is the product of the Caresses project which aims to design robots that can take into account the cultural background of the person they’re talking to. The man is British, so the robot thinks he will be interested in such a topic, regardless of the man’s personal feelings. Cultural robotics is part of a wider movement to make robotics more culturally inclusive. ____37____ For example, because the Internet is mainly in English, large language models are primarily trained on English text — with the cultural biases (偏见) existing. Similarly, the move to make robots more culturally sensitive means well, but people are worried about where it could lead, considering the diverse cultural preferences across different social groups. Humans from different cultures react differently to robots. For example, different cultures have different expectations around personal space, and this affects how far they prefer robots to stand from them. ____38____ People are more able to understand a robot if it uses the facial expressions they are familiar with. Culture is a complex concept, open to various explanations. ____39____ . To avoid designing robots based on stereotypes (刻板印象), we will need to be more thoughtful. A It has a pleasantly bright voice. B. Does this topic really hold a person’s interest C. However, concerns about this have been raised. D. This practice is widely recognized across cultures. E. Therefore, a one-size-fits-all approach is impractical. F. Why does a robot mention a topic that may cause pain? G. Different cultures interpret facial expressions differently too. 第三部分：书面表达(共三节，32分) 第一节 阅读表达(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 If you feel like you may be a people-pleaser, you’re not alone. In today’s highly-connected world, we have a growing obsession (痴迷) with being liked and needing to please others. People seek to please others for various reasons, including avoiding conflicts, securing feelings of being needed, and reducing fears of abandonment. And they are forced to use agreeableness as self-defense. People-pleasing behavior can lead to mental and physical health problems such as fear of rejection, frustration, anger, addictions, headaches, stomach problems, and high blood pressure. It can also result in weak boundaries, problems with decision-making and dependency. Therefore, it’s important to recognize and overcome your own people-pleasing behaviors. Here are some simple exercises that you can start working on today. Learn to love your own company. Trust that people will not abandon you even if you don’t drop everything for them. Believing you are lovable for who you are, not what you do, means knowing that people will still be there for you even if you do not always search for ways to please them. Practice this by going to a movie or restaurant alone. Value the plans made with yourself. They are as important as plans you make with other people. Otherwise, you are sending a message to your brain that a plan you make with yourself does not hold as much value. Don’t break long-or short-term plans you make with yourself, whether it’s going to the gym or studying for an exam. Say “no” when necessary. If you’re a people-pleaser, you may find it hard to say “no” because you feel it comes across as cruel or uncaring. But it absolutely does not have to. Be clear, be direct, and use “I” statements. Try statements like: “I would really love to be able to help you, but unfortunately, I’m already committed at that time.” By consistently integrating these strategies into your life, you’ll break your people-pleasing habits and develop more healthy, interdependent relationships. 40. What is a people-pleaser like? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 41. Besides mental and physical problems, what other problems may a people-pleaser suffer from? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. If you don’t want to be a people-pleaser, you should love being with others, value the plans made with yourself, and decline others’requests when necessary. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 43. What do you think of the behavior of pleasing others? (In about 40 words) _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 第二节 写作(20分) 44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国笔友Jim给你写了一封信，提及因为误解，他和同学产生了不愉快。请用英文给Jim回复邮件，内容包括： 1. 安慰Jim； 2. 具体建议。 注意：1．词数 100 左右； 2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $