专题07 阅读理解（议论文或夹叙夹议文）（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高二英语上学期

专题07 阅读理解之议论文或夹叙夹议 主题01人与自我（基础） Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海徐汇南洋中学·期中) To be honest. I’ve been missing the online shopping experience in China since I moved to the US four years ago. So when I noticed Shein becoming mainstream in the US over the past few years, I though, Great! I finally have a Taohao replacement! So I went on my first Shein journey in August 2022. But somewhere along the way, I started questioning why I enjoy this particular kind of shopping, and also what it means for an e-commerce platform to offer endless deals. To be fair, there are Shein purchases that I’ve really enjoyed, like a $2 nylon watchband that feels better than my original Apple Watch band. I also think people should be able to choose quantity and price over quality, because the idea of demanding that people only buy premium products feels unrealistic. But as it turns out, I’ve finally started to see through the illusion (错觉) of Shein-like platforms. To get these occasional incredible deals, you are encouraged to shop much more than is necessary or even reasonable. This illusion has worked for a long time and for a lot of people, including me! But it’s become harder and harder to ignore the environmental consequences of my purchases, and the ways in which platforms trick people into buying more and more. And I don’t think I’m the only one experiencing that awakening. Broadly speaking, I think society is slowly but surely shifting toward recognizing the climate impact of mass-produced cheap goods. While these conversations have yet to happen as widely and furiously in China, companies like Taobao and Shein will inevitably have to answer the question of whether their business model is sustainable for everyone—or only for themselves. So where are they beading from here? There’s certainly a lot of soul-searching for the industry to do. And I’m doing some soul-searching of my own. 1．Why does the author mention a “$2 nylon watchband”? A．To compare it with her original band. B．To persuade readers to buy it. C．To show her satisfaction with Shein. D．To show its cheapness. 2．What does the underlined word “premium” mean in the third paragraph? A．High-quantity. B．Expensive. C．High-quality. D．Original. 3．What do the customers tend to do with the illusion of Shein-like platforms? A．They get incredible products on sale. B．They often buy much more than what they need. C．They ignore the environmental impacts. D．They are tricked into buying more and more reasonable products. 4．What is a consequence of endless deals in e-commerce platforms? A．Environmental harm. B．Price reduction. C．Energy shortage. D．Worldwide starvation. Passage 2 (23-24高二上·上海洋泾中学·期中)I used to think my little corner of urban England was somewhere I could get away from the stress and strain of modern-day life — until they moved in next door. There are two of them. They are white, woolly and probably have sharp teeth as well as loud bark. But every time their constant barking interrupts my sleep, I remind myself that, in many respects, I am lucky. The neighbors don’t hold all-night parties, nor do they shout or throw crockery at each other, and though their dogs may bark, they don’t bite. According to a recent consumer magazine report on “nightmare neighbors”, dogs are the fifth most common source of bad relations between neighbors. Noise of any description heads the list of complaints, followed by DIY enthusiasts, parking quarrelling, and arguments over house extensions. So what alternatives are there? One is to take legal action. But this can be time-consuming and expensive and does nothing to improve already difficult relationships. The other alternatives are to sell up and go, or to try to reach a solution with the help of someone neutral. Mediation UK— the United Nations equivalent of garden fence conflicts — was set in 1984 to help resolve community disagreements. In most cases, the lack of communication is found the main cause of conflict. David Nation of Plymouth Mediation points to poor public housing and widespread unemployment as additional factors. He also reports more cases of complaints from people who live in flats. Large houses built in the nineteenth century and designed as single-occupation family homes have, he says, been changed into flats with little or no attention to sound insulation. Dividing walls are paper thin and hardly block out sound at all. Buyers can also be put off by the external appearance of neighboring houses. Anything from wild, uncared for gardens to unusual external color schemes can put off buyers — even though the offending property is next door. But it could be worse. John Gladden, of Norbury in Surrey upset his neighbors in St Oswald’s Road by mounting a huge fish in fiberglass (玻璃纤维) and putting it on the roof of his house. The local council argued that he should have got planning permission; residents thought the fish did nothing to improve the appearance of the neighborhood, and war broke out. Sightseers poured in and homes near the suburban property can now be hard to sell. 1．Why doesn’t the writer like her next-door neighbor’s dogs? A．They wake her up. B．They sometimes bark. C．They are aggressive. D．They remind her of sheep. 2．What does “it” in the last paragraph refer to? A．the color scheme B．the garden C．the situation D．the house 3．The purpose of this passage is to _______. A．inform people what to do if they have problems with their neighbors B．describe the writer’s own problems with her neighbors. C．illustrate the types and causes of problems between neighbors D．explain the activities of the organization Mediation UK Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海松江二中·期中)By now you’ve probably heard about the “you’re not special” speech, when English teacher David McCullough told graduating seniors at Wellesley High School: “Do not get the idea you’re anything special, because you’re not.” Mothers and fathers present at the ceremony — and a whole lot of other parents across the Internet — took issue with McCullough’s ego-puncturing words. But lost in the uproar was something we really should be taking to heart: our young people actually have no idea whether they’re particularly talented or accomplished or not. In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports. In fact, it’s not just privileged high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above average. Such inflated self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it’s often exactly when we’re least competent at a given task that we rate our performance most generously. In a 2006 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on an essay test were the most charitable in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more strictly. Poor students, the authors note, “lack insight” into their own inadequacy. Why should this be? Another study, led by Cornell University psychologist David Dunning, offers an enlightening explanation. People who are incompetent, he writes with coauthor Justin Kruger, suffer from a “dual burden”: they’re not good at what they do, and their very incapability prevents them from recognizing how bad they are. In Dunning and Kruger’s study, subjects scoring at the bottom of the heap on tests of logic, grammar and humor “extremely overestimated” their talents. What these individuals lacked (in addition to clear logic, proper grammar and a sense of humor) was “metacognitive skill”: the capacity to monitor how well they’re performing. In the absence of that capacity, the subjects arrived at an overly hopeful view of their own abilities. There’s a paradox here, the authors note: “The skills that lead to competence in a particular domain are often the very same skills necessary to evaluate competence in that domain.” In other words, to get better at judging how well we’re doing at an activity, we have to get better at the activity itself. There are a couple of ways out of this double bind. First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you yourself don’t possess it, and compare what you can do against what truly excellent individuals are able to accomplish. Second, seek out feedback that is frequent, accurate and specific. Find a critic who will tell you not only how poorly you’re doing, but just what it is that you’re doing wrong. As Dunning and Kruger note, success indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more ambiguous: any number of things could have gone wrong. Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up. If we adopt these strategies — and most importantly, teach them to our children — they won’t need parents, or a commencement (毕业典礼) speaker, to tell them that they’re special. They’ll already know that they are, or have a plan to get that way. 1．Which can be the best title of this passage? A．Special or Not? Teach Kids To Figure It Out B．Let’s Admit That We Are Not That Special C．Tips On Making Ourselves More Special D．Tell The Truth: Kids Overestimate their Talents 2．The author thinks the real problem is that ______. A．we don't know whether our young people are talented or not B．young people don't know how to assess their abilities realistically C．no requirement is set up for young people to get better D．we always tend to consider ourselves to be privileged 3．Which is NOT mentioned about poor students according to the passage? A．They usually give themselves high scores in self-evaluations. B．They tend to be unable to know exactly how bad they are. C．They are intelligently inadequate in tests and exams. D．They lack the capacity to monitor how well they are performing. 4．We can infer from the passage that those high-scoring students ______. A．know how to cultivate clear logic and proper grammar B．tend to underestimate their performance because they know their limits C．tend to regard themselves as competent due to their strict self-judgement D．tend to be very competent in judging their performance in their high-scoring fields. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海浦东新区华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中)American culture nurtures many myths about the moral value of hard work. The phrase “by the bootstraps”, describing those who have found success through dogged work and stubborn will, rose from The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen: the aristocrat (贵族) pulls himself from a swamp - not by his bootstraps, but by his hair. And Horatio Alger’s stories, often remembered as the representative tale of American rags to American riches, romanticized not just the social and economic power of hard work, but also the power of old-fashioned good luck. The myths will live on: They confirm a deeply held value in American culture, allowing us residents to hold onto the idea: that we live in a meritocracy (精英体制). That our widely imitated and yet unusual take on democracy has been built, and continues to rest, on a system that ensures talent and hard work will be rewarded. Current events have helped to reveal the notion of meritocracy to be what it always was: yet another myth. During a discussion at the Aspen Ideas Festival, NPR’s Michele Norris talked with Darren Walker, the president of the Ford Foundation, and Jeff Raikes, the co-founder of the Raikes Foundation, emphasizing the tensions between how we talk about the American dream and how people live it. “As Americans, we want to believe you can get on that mobility escalator and ride it as far as you want,” Walker said, “but that no one rides it faster than anyone else.” We want to believe talent will triumph, and that hard work will be the tool of that success. Which is: We want to believe that opportunity is evenly distributed. However, this country, as Walker put it, “was constructed on a racialized hierarchy.” It’s a hierarchy that remains today, which is evident across American culture, across the American education system, across the American economy. And yet our myths tend to belie that reality. The logic of meritocracy - “a system where the talented are chosen and moved ahead, and their progress is based on ability and talent rather than on class privilege or wealth” - supports a world where economic success carries a moral value, and where, as a consequence, the lack of such success implies a kind of moral failing. “Meritocracy” takes as its core assumption, essentially, an equality that doesn’t exist in America. It is romantic rather than realistic. 1．Why is The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchhausen and Horatio Alger’s stories mentioned in Para.1? A．To reveal the impact of American culture on literature. B．To explore the social and economic power of hard work. C．To exemplify the cultural origin of American meritocracy. D．To uncover the meritocracy in the American myth. 2．What does the author mean by saying the notion of meritocracy is “yet another myth” (Para.3)? A．The notion of meritocracy is deep-rooted in American legends. B．The so-called legendary meritocracy doesn’t exist. C．Democracy has been built on the basis of meritocracy. D．Meritocracy reveals another mysterious American dream. 3．Which of the following statements may Mr. Walker agree with? A．Those who work hard will be rewarded with opportunities. B．Americans still live in a society stressing the social hierarchy. C．Economic success is more dependent on moral success. D．Talent will triumph by employing the tool of diligence properly. 4．Which of the following is similar to the meaning of “belie” in Para.6? A．mask B．convert C．expose D．identify Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海师范大学附属中学·期中)There is a famous story about British poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He was writing a poem when he was interrupted by a knock at the door. This was an age before the telephone. Someone was delivering a message. When Coleridge got back to his poem, he had lost his inspiration. His poetic mood had been broken by the knock on his door. His unfinished poem, which could otherwise have been a masterpiece, would now never be more than a fragment (片段). This story tells how unexpected communication can destroy an important thought. That brings us to the invention of the cellphone. The most common complaint about cellphones is that people talk on them to the annoyance of people around them. But more damaging may be the cellphone’s disruption (中断) of our thoughts. We have already entered a golden age of little white lies about our cellphones, and this is by and large a healthy, protective development. “I didn’t hear it ring” or “I didn’t realize my phone had shut off” are among the lies we tell to give ourselves space where we’re beyond reach. The notion of being unreachable is not a new concept — we have “Do Not Disturb” signs on the doors of hotel rooms. So why must we feel guilty when it comes to cellphones? Why must we apologize if we decide to shut off the cellphone for a while? The problem is that we come from a long-established tradition of difficulty with distance communication. Until the recent mass use of cellphones, it was easy to communicate with someone next to us or a few feet away, but difficult with someone across town, the country or the globe. We came to take it for granted. But cellphones make long-distance communication common, and endanger our time by ourselves. Now time alone, or a conversation with someone next to us which cannot be interrupted by a phone, is something to be cherished (珍惜). Even cellphone devotees, myself usually included, can’t help at times wanting to throw their phones away, or curse the day they were invented. But we don’t and won’t, and there really is no need. All that’s required to take back our private time is a general social recognition that we have the right to it. In other words, we have to develop a healthy contempt (轻视) for the rings of our own phones. Given the ease of making and receiving cellphone calls, if we don’t talk to the caller right now, we surely will shortly later. A cellphone call deserves no greater priority than a random word from the person next to us. Though the call on my cellphone may be the one-in-a-million from Steven Spielberg — who has finally read my novel and wants to make it his next movie. But most likely it is not, and I’m better off thinking about the idea I just had for a new story, or the slice of pizza I’ll eat for lunch. 1．What is the point of the story about the poet Coleridge? A．To direct readers’ attention to the main topic. B．To attract readers’ attention to read his poems. C．To show how important inspiration is to a poet. D．To emphasize the disadvantage of not having a cellphone. 2．Why does the writer mention the “Do Not Disturb” sign? A．To encourage us to use the cellphone as much as we can. B．To persuade us not to worry about the ring of the cellphone. C．To inform us that the cellphone is not to be disturbed in our life. D．To ask us to make an apology when we don’t answer the cellphone call. 3．What does the underlined word “it” (Paragraph 7) most probably refer to? A．answering a call from afar B．talking to friend next to us C．using the cellphone to chat with friends D．communicating to keep the long-established friendship 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Cellphones require more attention than any other invention. B．We sometimes throw the phone away when it is too disturbing. C．The writer would rather continue his own work than be interrupted by the ring. D．We should give priority to the cellphone as it has brought us so much convenience. 主题01人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海南洋模范中学·期中)False medical news can lead to patients’ experiencing greater side effects through the “nocebo effect (反安慰剂效果)”. Sometimes patients benefit from an intervention simply because they believe they will- -that’s the placebo effect. The nocebo effect is the opposite: Patients can experience negative effects just because they expect them. This is very true of statins. In blinded trials, patients who get statins are no more likely to report feeling muscle aches than patients who get a placebo. Yet, in clinical practice, according to one study, almost a fifth of patients taking statins report side effects, leading many to discontinue the drugs. What else is on the fake news hit list? As always, vaccines. False concerns that the vaccine for the virus called human papilloma virus causes seizures (癫痫) and other side effects reduced coverage rates in Japan from 10 percent to less than 1 percent in recent years. Cancer is another big target for pushers of medical misinformation — many of whom are making money off alternative therapies. “Though most people think cancer tumors are bad, they’re actually the way your body attempts to contain the harmful cells,” one fake news story reads. It suggests that surgery increases the risk of spreading harmful cells. Silicon Valley needs to own this problem. When human health is at risk, perhaps search engines, social media platforms and websites should be held responsible for promoting or hosting fake information. The scientific community needs to do its part to educate the public about key concepts in research, such as the difference between observational studies and higher quality randomized trials. Finally, journalists can do a better job of spreading accurate information. News sites are more likely to cover catchy observational studies than randomized controlled trials, perhaps because the latter are less likely to produce surprising results. Such coverage can overstate benefits, claiming for example, that statins could cure cancer; it can unduly emphasize potential risks, such as suggesting a misleading connection with dementia, a serious mental disorder. 1．What does the writer imply about the side effects of statins? A．They are common in certain patients. B．They aren’t like those of placebos. C．They don’t really exist. D．They disappear very soon. 2．Which statement is the writer most likely to agree with? A．The public should put more trust in news coverage. B．Silicon Valley ought to take the blame for the fake medicine. C．The scientific community ought to involve the public in research. D．Journalists should be objective while reporting medical news. 3．The word “unduly” in the last paragraph most probably means . A．on a small scale B．overly C．as likely as not D．universally 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To warn readers against fake medical news on the Internet. B．To encourage journalists to report more positive news events. C．To tell readers what role the “nocebo effect” plays in treating disease. D．To teach readers how to distinguish truths from fake news. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校等四校联考·期中)When we perceive other people, we seldom describe a person in cold and objective words. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly - perhaps with a two-second glance. We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Social scientist Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed person’s behavior with the known others’ behavior; observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for; deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person’s responses to specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her; and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person: questions, self-disclosures (自我表露), and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him. If we accept the idea that we won’t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosure and truthful statements). 1．The word “pinpoint” (in the 1st Para.) is closest in means to ______. A．appreciate B．activate C．identify D．influence 2．What do we learn from the first paragraph? A．People like to be described in cold, objective words. B．It is impossible to get inside of a person. C．It is difficult to describe a person in words. D．Getting to know a person is usually no easy job. 3．It can be inferred from Berger’s suggestions that ______. A．people do not reveal their true self on every occasion B．the best way to know a person is by making comparisons C．in most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directly D．face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover information about a person 4．The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to ______. A．discuss the various aspects of getting to know people B．provide ways of how to obtain information about people C．warn readers of the negative side of people’s characters D．give advice on appropriate behaviors for social occasions 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海世外附中·期中)As the coronavirus pandemic has unfolded, conspiracy (阴谋) theories about the virus have become an increasingly visible element of the timeline. Some conspiracy theorists combine their ideas with elements of pseudoscience (伪科学) which can result in unfounded beliefs—for example, that 5G technology, vaccines and genetically modified foods are part of a secret plan to spread the virus for purposes of controlling the public. Others point the finger at wealthy charitarians—Bill Gates, for example –accusing such individuals of having released the virus or of using the pandemic to test vaccines on poorer populations. These theories have significant consequences for individuals and societies, especially when they are supported by political and business leaders, or other trusted members of the community. They can decrease people’s willingness to follow social distancing directives and negatively impact people’s views on scientific findings. A pandemic is an especially dangerous time for conspiracy theories. So why, exactly, do these strange ideas spread, especially among our relatives, friends and neighbors who otherwise seem like reasonable citizens who take notice of scientific evidence and make sensible decisions about the health and safety of their families? Belief in conspiracy theories has roots in a number of factors. For example, those who have suffered misfortune are more likely to support conspiracy theories as a means of explaining their undesirable lot in life. But when it comes to a global pandemic—and the deaths and collapsing economy that it has brought about—three factors are key: uncertainty, anxiety and powerlessness. The less people feel in control of their world, the more likely they are to seek out ways to restore control—to fight their sense of powerlessness. When events are out of our control, the psychological burden can be relieved by turning to alternative explanations for these events. In this case, we might choose to believe that the novel coronavirus, which causes COVID-19, was created in a lab and intentionally spread to cause harm. Such conspiracy theories explain what has happened and why, and offer us psychological relief. The story is similar for anxiety and uncertainty. The pandemic has increased people’s worries about their physical, mental and economic health both in the short term and in the distant future. Conspiracy theories cannot remedy these circumstances. However, they can provide peace of mind that these unpleasant consequences are no fault of one’s own. Choosing to believe that COVID-19 is a hoax can reduce anxiety by playing down the severity of the circumstances. It’s a purely psychological effect, to be sure—but, then again, we primarily live in our own heads. To some extent, the object of the conspiracy theories –the virus –is itself the source of the undesirable psychological states that promote belief in such theories. But this is not to say that our minds, and the conspiracy theories they adhere to, are completely at the mercy of an unmanageable virus. Political and social leaders can ease pandemic-caused anxiety and uncertainty by visibly taking the threat seriously, including steps to promote public health and to reduce the negative economic impact on people. And avoiding engaging in conspiracy theories themselves could limit the likelihood of the public turning further toward conspiracy theories for relief. 1．It can be inferred from the first paragraph that __________. A．conspiracy theories about coronavirus are not rare with the spread of COVID-19. B．people are likely to be misguided by conspiracy theories based on pseudoscience. C．charitarian as Bill Gates is, he purposely released the virus in order to test new vaccines. D．the general public aren’t convinced that genetically modified foods help spread the coronavirus. 2．What may the spread of conspiracy theories directly cause? A．Serious economic consequences. B．Decreased faith in influential figures. C．Increased support for public health orders. D．Public suspicion over scientific findings. 3．According to the author, conspiracy theories spread because they have __________. A．reduced the severity of the COVID-19 crisis B．scientifically explained the origins of the coronavirus C．offered psychological relief in the current circumstances D．predicted the long-term economic impact of the COVID-19 crisis 4．In order to stop the spread of conspiracy theories, trusted members of the community can __________. (1) avoid talking about conspiracy theories (2) deal with the COVID-19 crisis seriously (3) explain how ridiculous these theories are (4) stress that everything will return to normal A．(1)(2) B．(3)(4) C．(1)(3) D．(2)(4) Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海建平中学·期中)Berard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside: migrating to the New World was simply a “natural spillover”. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the Englis — they would rather have stayed home by the eighteenth century, people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn’s third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants (签约的佣人), another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland (腹地) of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery (边缘), as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England (But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books?) Bailyn might respond that New England was exception. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just before the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time, they gave up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic (反贵族). 1．The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to ________. A．put emphasis on the cultural and political interdependence of the colonics and England. B．relate migrants’ experience to the political values that shaped the character of the United States. C．analyze the specific ways that the colonists in the North America acquired land., D．describe how migrants of different backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States. 2．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s evaluation of Bailyn’ s fourth proposition? A．It is totally unreasonable. B．It is controversial though persuasive. C．It is highly admirable. D．It is partially acceptable. 3．According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England? A．The colonists imitated the high culture of England, failing to develop their unique culture. B．The cultural achievements of colonial New England are unrecognized by historians. C．High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England. D．The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England. 4．Which of the following statement can be inferred from the text? A．Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture. B．The thought that there was a New World community was confirmed in Bailyn's research. C．It is incorrect and misleading to regard colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire, D．Many indentured servants moved west to flee from their employers and try their luck. Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海大同中学·期中)Pride and Prejudice for the Modern Woman Let us imagine how Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen’s most famous work, might be updated, 200 years on. Austen’s popularity is rooted in her intelligence. But today she would certainly have had a very different life, as would her characters. Here’s my own suggestion. It is a truth finally and universally acknowledged that a single woman with brains deserves to have equal opportunities to men, however disadvantaged she may feel by sexism. “My dear husband,” said his hopeful wife one day, “have you heard that the local store, standing empty for so long, is taken over by a bright young businesswoman?” Her dull and indifferent (漠不关心的) husband replied that he had not. “But it is, it is,” she replied excitedly. Mr Dull-Husband made no reply. “Don’t you want to know her plans?” she cried with some impatience. “Well, clearly you think it matters to your silly little head... so I’d better listen.” “Well, my dear, the rumour (传言) is that she has already set up a string of successful businesses in northern England, though how a woman can know anything about that is beyond me. She will move in herself next month.” “What is her name?” “Bingley.” “Is she married or single?” “What a question! And none of your business. But her coming will be a fine thing for our five boys.” “How so? How can it possibly affect them?” “My dear love; those lazy boys need something to wake them up. There are bound to be jobs going.” “Is that her point in settling here? Surely as a woman she has simply taken a fancy to the place.” “Nonsense, my love, how little you’ve noticed the world has changed. She’s got a first-rate degree and some sort of business qualification, I’m told. She surely needs one of our boys! Perhaps you might give her a call.” “Me? No. Perhaps you can take an interest. You still have your looks, after all. She may even offer you a job.” “Oh, that’s not likely. These new chances belong to the younger generation. But now you mention it, I think I’ll go along all the same.” And Mrs Bennet went along. That was 10 years ago. She is now managing director of a FTSE-listed company. ...It would remain the case, of course, that Mrs Bennet would be one of very few women on the company board, that her salary would be lower than her male colleagues, her bonus of a more “female” dimension and her lifespan (年限) among the city’s business leaders shorter than theirs. Still, she’d no doubt have enjoyed Davos — and might even have hobnobbed (攀谈) with influential figures. 1．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Austen was born 200 years ago. B．Austen rewrote Pride and Prejudice. C．Austen’s success lies in her wisdom. D．Austen’s updated work gains popularity. 2．The underlined part in the passage suggests that Mrs Bennet ____. A．had mixed feelings of admiration and surprise about Bingley B．felt kind of worried and doubtful about Bingley C．was extremely anxious to meet Bingley D．had a great curiosity about Bingley 3．In the eyes of Mrs Bennet, Bingley surely needed one of their boys to ____. A．get married to B．work for her C．help her move in D．take over her store 4．What does the writer intend to tell us? A．Women with brains can also be as successful as men. B．Women have to pay a high price for success. C．A judgment must be made free from prejudice. D．Sex discrimination still exists nowadays. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 阅读理解之议论文或夹叙夹议 主题01人与自我（基础） Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海徐汇南洋中学·期中) To be honest. I’ve been missing the online shopping experience in China since I moved to the US four years ago. So when I noticed Shein becoming mainstream in the US over the past few years, I though, Great! I finally have a Taohao replacement! So I went on my first Shein journey in August 2022. But somewhere along the way, I started questioning why I enjoy this particular kind of shopping, and also what it means for an e-commerce platform to offer endless deals. To be fair, there are Shein purchases that I’ve really enjoyed, like a $2 nylon watchband that feels better than my original Apple Watch band. I also think people should be able to choose quantity and price over quality, because the idea of demanding that people only buy premium products feels unrealistic. But as it turns out, I’ve finally started to see through the illusion (错觉) of Shein-like platforms. To get these occasional incredible deals, you are encouraged to shop much more than is necessary or even reasonable. This illusion has worked for a long time and for a lot of people, including me! But it’s become harder and harder to ignore the environmental consequences of my purchases, and the ways in which platforms trick people into buying more and more. And I don’t think I’m the only one experiencing that awakening. Broadly speaking, I think society is slowly but surely shifting toward recognizing the climate impact of mass-produced cheap goods. While these conversations have yet to happen as widely and furiously in China, companies like Taobao and Shein will inevitably have to answer the question of whether their business model is sustainable for everyone—or only for themselves. So where are they beading from here? There’s certainly a lot of soul-searching for the industry to do. And I’m doing some soul-searching of my own. 1．Why does the author mention a “$2 nylon watchband”? A．To compare it with her original band. B．To persuade readers to buy it. C．To show her satisfaction with Shein. D．To show its cheapness. 2．What does the underlined word “premium” mean in the third paragraph? A．High-quantity. B．Expensive. C．High-quality. D．Original. 3．What do the customers tend to do with the illusion of Shein-like platforms? A．They get incredible products on sale. B．They often buy much more than what they need. C．They ignore the environmental impacts. D．They are tricked into buying more and more reasonable products. 4．What is a consequence of endless deals in e-commerce platforms? A．Environmental harm. B．Price reduction. C．Energy shortage. D．Worldwide starvation. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。作者通过反思自己在电子商务平台购物的经历，明白了这样的购物方式会让人们无休止的购买廉价商品，而这种行为会给环境和气候带来影响。作者呼吁商家和消费者都审视自己的行为。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段的“To be fair, there are Shein purchases that I’ve really enjoyed, like a $2 nylon watchband that feels better than my original Apple Watch band. (说句公道话，我确实很喜欢Shein的一些产品，比如一条2美元的尼龙表带，感觉比我原来的Apple Watch表带要好)”并结合上文提到作者喜欢网购体验，在回国4年后终于可以在Shein进行网购推知，提到“2美元一条的尼龙表带”是为了表达作者对于在Shein网购的满足感。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段的“I also think people should be able to choose quantity and price over quality(我还认为人们应该能够选择数量和价格而不是质量)”可知，作者认为除了质量，人们还应该能在数量和价格上进行选择。由此推知，作者认为要求人们只购买高品质的商品是不现实的。因此premium意为“高品质的”。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段的“But as it turns out, I’ve finally started to see through the illusion (错觉) of Shein-like platforms. To get these occasional incredible deals, you are encouraged to shop much more than is necessary or even reasonable. (但事实证明，我终于开始看穿了shein式平台的假象。为了得到这些偶尔令人难以置信的交易，你被鼓励购买远远超过必要甚至合理的东西)”推知，当消费者在诸如Shein这样的平台购物时容易买多于自己实际需要的商品。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段的“But it’s become harder and harder to ignore the environmental consequences of my purchases, and the ways in which platforms trick people into buying more and more.(但我越来越难以忽视我的购物对环境造成的影响，以及平台诱使人们买得越来越多的方式)”和最后一段的“Broadly speaking, I think society is slowly but surely shifting toward recognizing the climate impact of mass-produced cheap goods. (总的来说，我认为社会正在缓慢但肯定地转向认识到大规模生产的廉价商品对气候的影响)”可知，电子商务平台无休止的交易会给环境和气候带来影响。故选A。 Passage 2 (23-24高二上·上海洋泾中学·期中)I used to think my little corner of urban England was somewhere I could get away from the stress and strain of modern-day life — until they moved in next door. There are two of them. They are white, woolly and probably have sharp teeth as well as loud bark. But every time their constant barking interrupts my sleep, I remind myself that, in many respects, I am lucky. The neighbors don’t hold all-night parties, nor do they shout or throw crockery at each other, and though their dogs may bark, they don’t bite. According to a recent consumer magazine report on “nightmare neighbors”, dogs are the fifth most common source of bad relations between neighbors. Noise of any description heads the list of complaints, followed by DIY enthusiasts, parking quarrelling, and arguments over house extensions. So what alternatives are there? One is to take legal action. But this can be time-consuming and expensive and does nothing to improve already difficult relationships. The other alternatives are to sell up and go, or to try to reach a solution with the help of someone neutral. Mediation UK— the United Nations equivalent of garden fence conflicts — was set in 1984 to help resolve community disagreements. In most cases, the lack of communication is found the main cause of conflict. David Nation of Plymouth Mediation points to poor public housing and widespread unemployment as additional factors. He also reports more cases of complaints from people who live in flats. Large houses built in the nineteenth century and designed as single-occupation family homes have, he says, been changed into flats with little or no attention to sound insulation. Dividing walls are paper thin and hardly block out sound at all. Buyers can also be put off by the external appearance of neighboring houses. Anything from wild, uncared for gardens to unusual external color schemes can put off buyers — even though the offending property is next door. But it could be worse. John Gladden, of Norbury in Surrey upset his neighbors in St Oswald’s Road by mounting a huge fish in fiberglass (玻璃纤维) and putting it on the roof of his house. The local council argued that he should have got planning permission; residents thought the fish did nothing to improve the appearance of the neighborhood, and war broke out. Sightseers poured in and homes near the suburban property can now be hard to sell. 1．Why doesn’t the writer like her next-door neighbor’s dogs? A．They wake her up. B．They sometimes bark. C．They are aggressive. D．They remind her of sheep. 2．What does “it” in the last paragraph refer to? A．the color scheme B．the garden C．the situation D．the house 3．The purpose of this passage is to _______. A．inform people what to do if they have problems with their neighbors B．describe the writer’s own problems with her neighbors. C．illustrate the types and causes of problems between neighbors D．explain the activities of the organization Mediation UK 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过自己的事例说明邻居之间问题的类型和原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“They are white, woolly and probably have sharp teeth as well as loud bark. But every time their constant barking interrupts my sleep, I remind myself that, in many respects, I am lucky. (它们是白色的，毛茸茸的，可能有锋利的牙齿和响亮的吠叫。但每次它们不停的吠叫打断我的睡眠时，我都会提醒自己，在很多方面，我是幸运的。)”可知，因为隔壁邻居的狗总是把她吵醒所以这位作家不喜欢。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。通读最后一段，根据划线词句前文“Buyers can also be put off by the external appearance of neighboring houses. (买家也可能因为邻近房屋的外观而望而却步。)”和后文“John Gladden, of Norbury in Surrey upset his neighbors in St Oswald’s Road by mounting a huge fish in fiberglass (玻璃纤维) and putting it on the roof of his house. (萨里郡诺伯里的John Gladden在圣奥斯瓦尔德路上用玻璃纤维装了一条大鱼，并把它放在了自己的屋顶上，这让邻居们很不高兴。)”以及“Sightseers poured in and homes near the suburban property can now be hard to sell. (观光客蜂拥而至，郊区房产附近的房子现在很难卖出去。)”可知，买家可能因为邻近房屋的外观而不买房，而更糟糕的情况是，买家也可能因为邻居家的动物而不买房。从而推知划线词句“But it could be worse. (但it可能更糟。)”其中it指的是“情况，形势”。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，根据第二段“According to a recent consumer magazine report on ‘nightmare neighbors’, dogs are the fifth most common source of bad relations between neighbors. Noise of any description heads the list of complaints, followed by DIY enthusiasts, parking quarrelling, and arguments over house extensions. (根据最近一份消费者杂志关于‘噩梦邻居’的报告，狗是邻居之间关系不好的第五大常见原因。各种各样的噪音都排在投诉名单的首位，其次是DIY爱好者、停车争吵和房屋扩建争论。)”可知，本文的目的是说明邻居之间问题的类型和原因。故选C项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海松江二中·期中)By now you’ve probably heard about the “you’re not special” speech, when English teacher David McCullough told graduating seniors at Wellesley High School: “Do not get the idea you’re anything special, because you’re not.” Mothers and fathers present at the ceremony — and a whole lot of other parents across the Internet — took issue with McCullough’s ego-puncturing words. But lost in the uproar was something we really should be taking to heart: our young people actually have no idea whether they’re particularly talented or accomplished or not. In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports. In fact, it’s not just privileged high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above average. Such inflated self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it’s often exactly when we’re least competent at a given task that we rate our performance most generously. In a 2006 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on an essay test were the most charitable in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more strictly. Poor students, the authors note, “lack insight” into their own inadequacy. Why should this be? Another study, led by Cornell University psychologist David Dunning, offers an enlightening explanation. People who are incompetent, he writes with coauthor Justin Kruger, suffer from a “dual burden”: they’re not good at what they do, and their very incapability prevents them from recognizing how bad they are. In Dunning and Kruger’s study, subjects scoring at the bottom of the heap on tests of logic, grammar and humor “extremely overestimated” their talents. What these individuals lacked (in addition to clear logic, proper grammar and a sense of humor) was “metacognitive skill”: the capacity to monitor how well they’re performing. In the absence of that capacity, the subjects arrived at an overly hopeful view of their own abilities. There’s a paradox here, the authors note: “The skills that lead to competence in a particular domain are often the very same skills necessary to evaluate competence in that domain.” In other words, to get better at judging how well we’re doing at an activity, we have to get better at the activity itself. There are a couple of ways out of this double bind. First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you yourself don’t possess it, and compare what you can do against what truly excellent individuals are able to accomplish. Second, seek out feedback that is frequent, accurate and specific. Find a critic who will tell you not only how poorly you’re doing, but just what it is that you’re doing wrong. As Dunning and Kruger note, success indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more ambiguous: any number of things could have gone wrong. Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up. If we adopt these strategies — and most importantly, teach them to our children — they won’t need parents, or a commencement (毕业典礼) speaker, to tell them that they’re special. They’ll already know that they are, or have a plan to get that way. 1．Which can be the best title of this passage? A．Special or Not? Teach Kids To Figure It Out B．Let’s Admit That We Are Not That Special C．Tips On Making Ourselves More Special D．Tell The Truth: Kids Overestimate their Talents 2．The author thinks the real problem is that ______. A．we don't know whether our young people are talented or not B．young people don't know how to assess their abilities realistically C．no requirement is set up for young people to get better D．we always tend to consider ourselves to be privileged 3．Which is NOT mentioned about poor students according to the passage? A．They usually give themselves high scores in self-evaluations. B．They tend to be unable to know exactly how bad they are. C．They are intelligently inadequate in tests and exams. D．They lack the capacity to monitor how well they are performing. 4．We can infer from the passage that those high-scoring students ______. A．know how to cultivate clear logic and proper grammar B．tend to underestimate their performance because they know their limits C．tend to regard themselves as competent due to their strict self-judgement D．tend to be very competent in judging their performance in their high-scoring fields. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章从你并不特别的演讲入手，指出了现在的年轻人不知道如何评估自己的能力，他们既需要有对自己的内在诚实又需要对他人的外在诚实。 1．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段中的“By now you’ve probably heard about the “you’re not special” speech”（可能你已经听说过“你并不特别”的演讲了）以及“ our young people actually have no idea whether they’re particularly talented or accomplished or not. In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities”（我们的年轻人实际上不知道他们是否特别有才华或有成就。我们急于提高他们的自尊心，却忘了教他们如何实事求是地评估自己的能力）并结合倒数第二段内容可知，文章从你并不特别”的演讲入手，指出了现在的年轻人不知道如何评估自己的能力，他们既需要有对自己的内在诚实有需要对他人的外在诚实，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities,”（我们急于提高他们的自尊心，却忘了教他们如何实事求是地评估自己的能力）可知，作者认为真正的问题是年轻人不知道如何现实地评估自己的能力。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In a 2006 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on an essay test were the most charitable in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more strictly. Poor students, the authors note, “lack insight” into their own inadequacy. ”（例如，在2006年发表在《医学教育》杂志上的一项研究表明，在论文测试中得分最低的医学生在自我评价中是最仁慈的，而高分学生对自己的评价要严格得多。作者指出，得分低的学生对自己的不足“缺乏洞察力”）和 “they’re not good at what they do, and their very ineptness prevents them from recognizing how bad they are”（他们并不擅长自己所做的事情，而正是他们能力的欠缺使他们无法认识到自己有多糟糕）以及第三段中“What these individuals lacked (in addition to clear logic, proper grammar and a sense of humor) was “metacognitive skill”: the capacity to monitor how well they’re performing.”（这些人所缺少的（除了清晰的逻辑、恰当的语法和幽默感之外）是“元认知技能”：即监控他们表现如何的能力。在缺乏这种能力的情况下，受试者对自己的能力产生了过于乐观的看法）可知，A（他们通常在自我评价中给自己高分）、B（他们往往不知道自己到底有多糟糕）、D（他们缺乏监控自己表现如何的能力）三点都提到了，而C“他们在测试和考试中不够聪明”在文中未提到。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Such inflated self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it’s often exactly when we’re least competent at a given task that we rate our performance most generously.”（这种夸大的自我判断在一个又一个的研究中被发现，而正是在我们最不胜任某项任务的时候，我们才会对自己的表现给予最慷慨的评价）可知，那些高分的学生往往在他们的高分领域非常有能力。故选D。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海浦东新区华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中)American culture nurtures many myths about the moral value of hard work. The phrase “by the bootstraps”, describing those who have found success through dogged work and stubborn will, rose from The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen: the aristocrat (贵族) pulls himself from a swamp - not by his bootstraps, but by his hair. And Horatio Alger’s stories, often remembered as the representative tale of American rags to American riches, romanticized not just the social and economic power of hard work, but also the power of old-fashioned good luck. The myths will live on: They confirm a deeply held value in American culture, allowing us residents to hold onto the idea: that we live in a meritocracy (精英体制). That our widely imitated and yet unusual take on democracy has been built, and continues to rest, on a system that ensures talent and hard work will be rewarded. Current events have helped to reveal the notion of meritocracy to be what it always was: yet another myth. During a discussion at the Aspen Ideas Festival, NPR’s Michele Norris talked with Darren Walker, the president of the Ford Foundation, and Jeff Raikes, the co-founder of the Raikes Foundation, emphasizing the tensions between how we talk about the American dream and how people live it. “As Americans, we want to believe you can get on that mobility escalator and ride it as far as you want,” Walker said, “but that no one rides it faster than anyone else.” We want to believe talent will triumph, and that hard work will be the tool of that success. Which is: We want to believe that opportunity is evenly distributed. However, this country, as Walker put it, “was constructed on a racialized hierarchy.” It’s a hierarchy that remains today, which is evident across American culture, across the American education system, across the American economy. And yet our myths tend to belie that reality. The logic of meritocracy - “a system where the talented are chosen and moved ahead, and their progress is based on ability and talent rather than on class privilege or wealth” - supports a world where economic success carries a moral value, and where, as a consequence, the lack of such success implies a kind of moral failing. “Meritocracy” takes as its core assumption, essentially, an equality that doesn’t exist in America. It is romantic rather than realistic. 1．Why is The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchhausen and Horatio Alger’s stories mentioned in Para.1? A．To reveal the impact of American culture on literature. B．To explore the social and economic power of hard work. C．To exemplify the cultural origin of American meritocracy. D．To uncover the meritocracy in the American myth. 2．What does the author mean by saying the notion of meritocracy is “yet another myth” (Para.3)? A．The notion of meritocracy is deep-rooted in American legends. B．The so-called legendary meritocracy doesn’t exist. C．Democracy has been built on the basis of meritocracy. D．Meritocracy reveals another mysterious American dream. 3．Which of the following statements may Mr. Walker agree with? A．Those who work hard will be rewarded with opportunities. B．Americans still live in a society stressing the social hierarchy. C．Economic success is more dependent on moral success. D．Talent will triumph by employing the tool of diligence properly. 4．Which of the following is similar to the meaning of “belie” in Para.6? A．mask B．convert C．expose D．identify 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。 文章探讨了美国文化中关于努力工作道德价值的诸多神话，指出精英体制实则是个神话，美国存在种族等级制度，现实与神话不符。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“American culture nurtures many myths about the moral value of hard work. The phrase “by the bootstraps”, describing those who have found success through dogged work and stubborn will, rose from The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen : the aristocrat (贵族) pulls himself from a swamp - not by his bootstraps, but by his hair. And Horatio Alger’s stories , often remembered as the representative tale of American rags to American riches, romanticized not just the social and economic power of hard work, but also the power of old-fashioned good luck. (美国文化孕育了许多关于努力工作的道德价值的神话。“靠脚带”一词，描述那些通过顽强的工作和顽强的意志取得成功的人，源自《蒙乔森男爵的惊人冒险》：贵族从沼泽中挣脱出来——不是靠脚带，而是靠头发。霍雷肖·阿尔杰的故事，经常被人们铭记为美国从贫穷到富裕的代表性故事，不仅将辛勤工作的社会和经济力量浪漫化，还将老式好运的力量浪漫化。)”可知，作者使用这些例子是为了说明美国关于通过个人努力和社会流动性实现成功的神话，作者强调的是这些故事在美国文化中对个人成功和勤劳价值观念的影响，而这种影响正是美国社会中关于精英体制神话的基础。因此，文章提及《孟乔森男爵历险记》和霍雷肖·阿尔杰的故事，是为了例证美国精英体制的文化起源。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Current events have helped to reveal the notion of meritocracy to be what it always was: yet another myth. (当前的事件有助于揭示精英管理的概念：又一个神话。)”可知，所谓的传奇式的精英体制不过是另一个神话，暗示它并非真实存在。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段中“However, this country, as Walker put it, “was constructed on a racialized hierarchy.” (然而，正如沃克所说，这个国家“是建立在种族化的等级制度之上的”。)”可知，沃克先生提到美国是建立在种族化的等级制度之上的，这种等级制度在当今美国文化、教育系统和经济中仍然显而易见。因此，他可能会同意美国人仍然生活在一个强调社会等级的社会中。故选B项。 4．词义猜测题。根据文章第五段中“It’s a hierarchy that remains today, which is evident across American culture, across the American education system, across the American economy. (这是一种至今仍然存在的等级制度，在美国文化、美国教育体系和美国经济中都很明显。)”和文章第六段中““Meritocracy” takes as its core assumption, essentially, an equality that doesn’t exist in America. It is romantic rather than realistic. (“精英政治”的核心假设，本质上是美国不存在的平等。这是浪漫的，而不是现实的。)”以及划线词所在的句子“And yet our myths tend to (然而，我们的神话往往)”可知，前文提到美国存在种族等级制度等现实情况，后文又指出了本质上美国不存在平等，所以，“belie”意为遮掩或掩饰某种真实情况，与mask (掩饰)意义相近。故选A项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海师范大学附属中学·期中)There is a famous story about British poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He was writing a poem when he was interrupted by a knock at the door. This was an age before the telephone. Someone was delivering a message. When Coleridge got back to his poem, he had lost his inspiration. His poetic mood had been broken by the knock on his door. His unfinished poem, which could otherwise have been a masterpiece, would now never be more than a fragment (片段). This story tells how unexpected communication can destroy an important thought. That brings us to the invention of the cellphone. The most common complaint about cellphones is that people talk on them to the annoyance of people around them. But more damaging may be the cellphone’s disruption (中断) of our thoughts. We have already entered a golden age of little white lies about our cellphones, and this is by and large a healthy, protective development. “I didn’t hear it ring” or “I didn’t realize my phone had shut off” are among the lies we tell to give ourselves space where we’re beyond reach. The notion of being unreachable is not a new concept — we have “Do Not Disturb” signs on the doors of hotel rooms. So why must we feel guilty when it comes to cellphones? Why must we apologize if we decide to shut off the cellphone for a while? The problem is that we come from a long-established tradition of difficulty with distance communication. Until the recent mass use of cellphones, it was easy to communicate with someone next to us or a few feet away, but difficult with someone across town, the country or the globe. We came to take it for granted. But cellphones make long-distance communication common, and endanger our time by ourselves. Now time alone, or a conversation with someone next to us which cannot be interrupted by a phone, is something to be cherished (珍惜). Even cellphone devotees, myself usually included, can’t help at times wanting to throw their phones away, or curse the day they were invented. But we don’t and won’t, and there really is no need. All that’s required to take back our private time is a general social recognition that we have the right to it. In other words, we have to develop a healthy contempt (轻视) for the rings of our own phones. Given the ease of making and receiving cellphone calls, if we don’t talk to the caller right now, we surely will shortly later. A cellphone call deserves no greater priority than a random word from the person next to us. Though the call on my cellphone may be the one-in-a-million from Steven Spielberg — who has finally read my novel and wants to make it his next movie. But most likely it is not, and I’m better off thinking about the idea I just had for a new story, or the slice of pizza I’ll eat for lunch. 1．What is the point of the story about the poet Coleridge? A．To direct readers’ attention to the main topic. B．To attract readers’ attention to read his poems. C．To show how important inspiration is to a poet. D．To emphasize the disadvantage of not having a cellphone. 2．Why does the writer mention the “Do Not Disturb” sign? A．To encourage us to use the cellphone as much as we can. B．To persuade us not to worry about the ring of the cellphone. C．To inform us that the cellphone is not to be disturbed in our life. D．To ask us to make an apology when we don’t answer the cellphone call. 3．What does the underlined word “it” (Paragraph 7) most probably refer to? A．answering a call from afar B．talking to friend next to us C．using the cellphone to chat with friends D．communicating to keep the long-established friendship 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Cellphones require more attention than any other invention. B．We sometimes throw the phone away when it is too disturbing. C．The writer would rather continue his own work than be interrupted by the ring. D．We should give priority to the cellphone as it has brought us so much convenience. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．C 【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了现代社会中我们的生活经常会受到电话的影响，告诉我们要养成很好的习惯，不要让电话影响我们的生活。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“This story tells how unexpected communication can destroy an important thought. That brings us to the invention of the cellphone.(这个故事告诉我们意想不到的交流是如何摧毁一个重要的想法的。这就引出了手机的发明。)”可推断，讲述关于诗人Coleridge的故事的目的把读者的注意力引到主题上。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“We have already entered a golden age of little white lies about our cellphones, and this is by and large a healthy, protective development. (我们已经进入了一个关于手机的善意谎言的黄金时代，总的来说，这是一种健康的、有保护作用的发展。)”和第六段“The notion of being unreachable is not a new concept(“无法到达”的概念并不是一个新概念)”和“So why must we feel guilty when it comes to cellphones? Why must we apologize if we decide to shut off the cellphone for a while?(那么，我们为什么必须在使用手机时感到内疚呢?如果我们决定关闭手机一段时间，为什么我们必须道歉?)”可推断，作者提到了“请勿打扰”的标志是为了说服我们不要担心手机铃声。故选B。 3．词义猜测题。根据文章第七段“The problem is that we come from a long-established tradition of difficulty with distance communication. Until the recent mass use of cellphones, it was easy to communicate with someone next to us or a few feet away, but difficult with someone across town, the country or the globe（问题是，我们来自一个长期以来难以进行远程通信的传统。在最近大量使用手机之前，与我们身边或几英尺外的人交流是很容易的，但与城镇、国家或全球各地的人交流却很困难)”和“We came to take it for granted.(我们开始认为这是理所当然的)”可知，随着手机迅速发展，长距离对话才变得更容易，特别是与周围朋友保持通话，就持别方便，但如果与同城，国内乃至国际的交流仍然不是那么随意，因而相对自己周围的朋友，更愿意和远方的朋友交流，并认为是理所当然。it代指“接听远方的电话”。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“A cellphone call deserves no greater priority than a random word from the person next to us. (一个手机电话不应该比我们旁边的人随便说一个字更重要。)”可推断，作者宁愿继续他自己的工作，也不愿被铃声打断。故选C。 主题01人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海南洋模范中学·期中)False medical news can lead to patients’ experiencing greater side effects through the “nocebo effect (反安慰剂效果)”. Sometimes patients benefit from an intervention simply because they believe they will- -that’s the placebo effect. The nocebo effect is the opposite: Patients can experience negative effects just because they expect them. This is very true of statins. In blinded trials, patients who get statins are no more likely to report feeling muscle aches than patients who get a placebo. Yet, in clinical practice, according to one study, almost a fifth of patients taking statins report side effects, leading many to discontinue the drugs. What else is on the fake news hit list? As always, vaccines. False concerns that the vaccine for the virus called human papilloma virus causes seizures (癫痫) and other side effects reduced coverage rates in Japan from 10 percent to less than 1 percent in recent years. Cancer is another big target for pushers of medical misinformation — many of whom are making money off alternative therapies. “Though most people think cancer tumors are bad, they’re actually the way your body attempts to contain the harmful cells,” one fake news story reads. It suggests that surgery increases the risk of spreading harmful cells. Silicon Valley needs to own this problem. When human health is at risk, perhaps search engines, social media platforms and websites should be held responsible for promoting or hosting fake information. The scientific community needs to do its part to educate the public about key concepts in research, such as the difference between observational studies and higher quality randomized trials. Finally, journalists can do a better job of spreading accurate information. News sites are more likely to cover catchy observational studies than randomized controlled trials, perhaps because the latter are less likely to produce surprising results. Such coverage can overstate benefits, claiming for example, that statins could cure cancer; it can unduly emphasize potential risks, such as suggesting a misleading connection with dementia, a serious mental disorder. 1．What does the writer imply about the side effects of statins? A．They are common in certain patients. B．They aren’t like those of placebos. C．They don’t really exist. D．They disappear very soon. 2．Which statement is the writer most likely to agree with? A．The public should put more trust in news coverage. B．Silicon Valley ought to take the blame for the fake medicine. C．The scientific community ought to involve the public in research. D．Journalists should be objective while reporting medical news. 3．The word “unduly” in the last paragraph most probably means . A．on a small scale B．overly C．as likely as not D．universally 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To warn readers against fake medical news on the Internet. B．To encourage journalists to report more positive news events. C．To tell readers what role the “nocebo effect” plays in treating disease. D．To teach readers how to distinguish truths from fake news. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述虚假的医疗新闻会通过“nocebo效应”导致患者经历更大的副作用，同时希望网络媒体和记者能够对此关注，要更好地传播准确的信息。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Yet, in clinical practice, according to one study, almost a fifth of patients taking statins report side effects, leading many to discontinue the drugs. (然而，根据一项研究，在临床实践中，近五分之一服用他汀类药物的患者报告了副作用，导致许多人停止服用该药物)”可推知，他汀类药物对特定患者的副作用是很常见的。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Finally, journalists can do a better job of spreading accurate information. (最后，记者可以更好地传播准确的信息)”可知，作者最可能同意“记者在报道医学新闻时应该客观”的说法。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“News sites are more likely to cover catchy observational studies than randomized controlled trials, perhaps because the latter are less likely to produce surprising results. Such coverage can overstate benefits, claiming for example, that statins could cure cancer; it can unduly emphasize potential risks, such as suggesting a misleading connection with dementia, a serious mental disorder. (新闻网站更有可能报道引人注目的观察性研究，而不是随机对照试验，也许是因为后者不太可能产生令人惊讶的结果。这样的报道夸大了益处，例如，声称他汀类药物可以治愈癌症；它可能会unduly强调潜在的风险，例如暗示与痴呆症（一种严重的精神障碍）有误导性的联系)”可知，这里强调新闻网站报道引人注目的观察性研究的时候，为了夸大了益处，可能会过度强调潜在的风险。由此可知，unduly的意思应该是“过分地”，和选项B意思一致。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“What else is on the fake news hit list? (假新闻热门名单上还有什么？)”和最后一段“Finally, journalists can do a better job of spreading accurate information. (最后，记者可以更好地传播准确的信息)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述虚假的医疗新闻会通过“nocebo效应”导致患者经历更大的副作用。由此推知，本文的主要目的是提醒读者警惕网上的虚假医学新闻。故选A。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校等四校联考·期中)When we perceive other people, we seldom describe a person in cold and objective words. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly - perhaps with a two-second glance. We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Social scientist Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed person’s behavior with the known others’ behavior; observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for; deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person’s responses to specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her; and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person: questions, self-disclosures (自我表露), and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him. If we accept the idea that we won’t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosure and truthful statements). 1．The word “pinpoint” (in the 1st Para.) is closest in means to ______. A．appreciate B．activate C．identify D．influence 2．What do we learn from the first paragraph? A．People like to be described in cold, objective words. B．It is impossible to get inside of a person. C．It is difficult to describe a person in words. D．Getting to know a person is usually no easy job. 3．It can be inferred from Berger’s suggestions that ______. A．people do not reveal their true self on every occasion B．the best way to know a person is by making comparisons C．in most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directly D．face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover information about a person 4．The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to ______. A．discuss the various aspects of getting to know people B．provide ways of how to obtain information about people C．warn readers of the negative side of people’s characters D．give advice on appropriate behaviors for social occasions 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要向我们讲述了我们了解一个人是一件不容易的事情，并提出了观察他人的方法，作者通过这篇文章告诉我们要了解人的各个方面。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“When we perceive other people, we seldom describe a person in cold and objective words. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. (当我们看待别人的时候，我们很少用冷漠客观的语言来描述一个人。“她身高5英尺8英寸，金发，穿着一条彩色的裙子。”更多的时候，我们试图进入对方的内心，pinpoint他或她的态度、情感、动机、能力、想法和性格。)”可知我们试图进入对方的内心是为了发现他或她的态度、情感、动机、能力、想法和性格。所pinpoint和“identify”同义，意为“发现，识别”，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第一段“More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly - perhaps with a two-second glance. (更多的时候，我们试图进入对方的内心，找出他或她的态度、情感、动机、能力、想法和性格。此外，我们有时表现得好像我们可以很快地完成这项困难的工作——也许只需要两秒钟的目光。)”可推断了解一个人通常不是一件容易的事。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Social scientist Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed person’s behavior with the known others’ behavior; (社会科学家Berger提出了几种减少对他人不确定性的方法：在不被注意的情况下观察一个人与他人的互动，尤其是与你认识的人的互动，这样你就可以将观察到的人的行为与你认识的人的行为进行比较；)” 可知社会科学家Berger提出的建议是我们应该避免直接与所观察到的人接触，故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其第一段“More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly - perhaps with a two-second glance. (更多的时候，我们试图进入对方的内心，找出他或她的态度、情感、动机、能力、想法和性格。此外，我们有时表现得好像我们可以很快地完成这项困难的工作——也许只需要两秒钟的目光。)”；第二段“We try to obtain information about others in many ways. (我们试图通过多种方式获取他人的信息。)”和第三段“Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. (了解一个人是一项永无止境的任务，很大程度上是因为人是不断变化的，我们用来获取信息的方法往往是不精确的。)”可知作者的目的是告诉我们要了解人的各个方面，故选A。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海世外附中·期中)As the coronavirus pandemic has unfolded, conspiracy (阴谋) theories about the virus have become an increasingly visible element of the timeline. Some conspiracy theorists combine their ideas with elements of pseudoscience (伪科学) which can result in unfounded beliefs—for example, that 5G technology, vaccines and genetically modified foods are part of a secret plan to spread the virus for purposes of controlling the public. Others point the finger at wealthy charitarians—Bill Gates, for example –accusing such individuals of having released the virus or of using the pandemic to test vaccines on poorer populations. These theories have significant consequences for individuals and societies, especially when they are supported by political and business leaders, or other trusted members of the community. They can decrease people’s willingness to follow social distancing directives and negatively impact people’s views on scientific findings. A pandemic is an especially dangerous time for conspiracy theories. So why, exactly, do these strange ideas spread, especially among our relatives, friends and neighbors who otherwise seem like reasonable citizens who take notice of scientific evidence and make sensible decisions about the health and safety of their families? Belief in conspiracy theories has roots in a number of factors. For example, those who have suffered misfortune are more likely to support conspiracy theories as a means of explaining their undesirable lot in life. But when it comes to a global pandemic—and the deaths and collapsing economy that it has brought about—three factors are key: uncertainty, anxiety and powerlessness. The less people feel in control of their world, the more likely they are to seek out ways to restore control—to fight their sense of powerlessness. When events are out of our control, the psychological burden can be relieved by turning to alternative explanations for these events. In this case, we might choose to believe that the novel coronavirus, which causes COVID-19, was created in a lab and intentionally spread to cause harm. Such conspiracy theories explain what has happened and why, and offer us psychological relief. The story is similar for anxiety and uncertainty. The pandemic has increased people’s worries about their physical, mental and economic health both in the short term and in the distant future. Conspiracy theories cannot remedy these circumstances. However, they can provide peace of mind that these unpleasant consequences are no fault of one’s own. Choosing to believe that COVID-19 is a hoax can reduce anxiety by playing down the severity of the circumstances. It’s a purely psychological effect, to be sure—but, then again, we primarily live in our own heads. To some extent, the object of the conspiracy theories –the virus –is itself the source of the undesirable psychological states that promote belief in such theories. But this is not to say that our minds, and the conspiracy theories they adhere to, are completely at the mercy of an unmanageable virus. Political and social leaders can ease pandemic-caused anxiety and uncertainty by visibly taking the threat seriously, including steps to promote public health and to reduce the negative economic impact on people. And avoiding engaging in conspiracy theories themselves could limit the likelihood of the public turning further toward conspiracy theories for relief. 1．It can be inferred from the first paragraph that __________. A．conspiracy theories about coronavirus are not rare with the spread of COVID-19. B．people are likely to be misguided by conspiracy theories based on pseudoscience. C．charitarian as Bill Gates is, he purposely released the virus in order to test new vaccines. D．the general public aren’t convinced that genetically modified foods help spread the coronavirus. 2．What may the spread of conspiracy theories directly cause? A．Serious economic consequences. B．Decreased faith in influential figures. C．Increased support for public health orders. D．Public suspicion over scientific findings. 3．According to the author, conspiracy theories spread because they have __________. A．reduced the severity of the COVID-19 crisis B．scientifically explained the origins of the coronavirus C．offered psychological relief in the current circumstances D．predicted the long-term economic impact of the COVID-19 crisis 4．In order to stop the spread of conspiracy theories, trusted members of the community can __________. (1) avoid talking about conspiracy theories (2) deal with the COVID-19 crisis seriously (3) explain how ridiculous these theories are (4) stress that everything will return to normal A．(1)(2) B．(3)(4) C．(1)(3) D．(2)(4) 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【分析】这是一篇议论文。作者分析了病毒阴谋论背后的目的，并给出了相信病毒阴谋论根源的三个关键因素：不确定性、焦虑和无力感。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Some conspiracy theorists combine their ideas with elements of pseudoscience (伪科学) which can result in unfounded beliefs”可知，一些阴谋论者将他们的想法与伪科学元素结合起来，这可能导致毫无根据的信念。也就是人们可能会被建立在伪科学基础上的阴谋论所误导。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“They can decrease people’s willingness to follow social distancing directives and negatively impact people’s views on scientific findings.”可知，它们（阴谋论）会降低人们遵循社交距离指示的意愿，并使人们对科学发现的看法产生负面影响。也就是阴谋论的传播可能直接导致公众对科学发现产生怀疑。故选D。 3． 细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的“Such conspiracy theories explain what has happened and why, and offer us psychological relief.”（这些阴谋论解释了所发生的事情和原因，并给我们提供了心理安慰）可知作者认为，阴谋论之所以传播开来，是因为它在当前环境下提供了心理安慰。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“Political and social leaders can ease pandemic-caused anxiety and uncertainty by visibly taking the threat seriously, including steps to promote public health and to reduce the negative economic impact on people.”（政治和社会领导人可以通过明显地认真对待这一威胁，包括采取措施促进公共卫生和减少对人民的负面经济影响，来缓解流行病造成的焦虑和不确定性）以及“And avoiding engaging in conspiracy theories themselves could limit the likelihood of the public turning further toward conspiracy theories for relief.”（避免参与阴谋论本身可以限制公众进一步转向阴谋论以寻求安慰的可能性）可知，为了阻止阴谋论的传播，社区中值得信任的成员可以避免谈论阴谋论和认真应对新冠肺炎危机。故选A。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海建平中学·期中)Berard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside: migrating to the New World was simply a “natural spillover”. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the Englis — they would rather have stayed home by the eighteenth century, people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn’s third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants (签约的佣人), another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland (腹地) of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery (边缘), as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England (But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books?) Bailyn might respond that New England was exception. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just before the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time, they gave up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic (反贵族). 1．The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to ________. A．put emphasis on the cultural and political interdependence of the colonics and England. B．relate migrants’ experience to the political values that shaped the character of the United States. C．analyze the specific ways that the colonists in the North America acquired land., D．describe how migrants of different backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States. 2．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s evaluation of Bailyn’ s fourth proposition? A．It is totally unreasonable. B．It is controversial though persuasive. C．It is highly admirable. D．It is partially acceptable. 3．According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England? A．The colonists imitated the high culture of England, failing to develop their unique culture. B．The cultural achievements of colonial New England are unrecognized by historians. C．High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England. D．The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England. 4．Which of the following statement can be inferred from the text? A．Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture. B．The thought that there was a New World community was confirmed in Bailyn's research. C．It is incorrect and misleading to regard colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire, D．Many indentured servants moved west to flee from their employers and try their luck. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了Berard Bailyn对美国早期历史的新解读，及其关于移民模式和殖民地文化的四个命题，并对其进行了评析。 1．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just before the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States.(尽管Bailyn接着将他的方法应用于那些在革命前夕移居的数千名契约仆人，但他未能将这些人的经历与美国的政治发展联系起来)”可知，Berard Bailyn没有将移民的经历与美国政治发展的关系联系起来。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland (腹地) of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery (边缘), as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture.(最后，贝利恩认为殖民地是欧洲文化体系中的半文明腹地。他坚持认为殖民地是英美帝国的一部分，无疑是正确的。但是，像贝利恩那样将帝国划分为英国核心和殖民地边缘，就低估了殖民地文化的成就)”可推知，Bailyn的第四个命题的评价是部分可接受的，他认为因为虽然Bailyn把殖民地描述为欧洲文化系统的半文明腹地是合理的，但作者认为这样划分贬低了殖民文化的成就。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段的“It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England (But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? )(的确，如贝利恩所言，殖民地的高雅文化从未达到英格兰的水平（但如果看十七世纪的新英格兰，那里的定居者制定了有效的法律，建立了一流的大学，并出版了书籍，又该如何解释呢？）)”可知，Bailyn和作者都同意殖民地的新英格兰文化从未与英格兰相匹敌。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Bailyn might respond that New England was exception. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.(Bailyn可能会回应说，新英格兰是个例外。然而，由新英格兰清教徒发展出来的思想和制度对北美文化产生了深远的影响)”可推知，Bailyn认为新英格兰文化从未达到英格兰的文化水平，但作者认为Bailyn低估了清教徒思想对北美文化的影响。故选A。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海大同中学·期中)Pride and Prejudice for the Modern Woman Let us imagine how Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen’s most famous work, might be updated, 200 years on. Austen’s popularity is rooted in her intelligence. But today she would certainly have had a very different life, as would her characters. Here’s my own suggestion. It is a truth finally and universally acknowledged that a single woman with brains deserves to have equal opportunities to men, however disadvantaged she may feel by sexism. “My dear husband,” said his hopeful wife one day, “have you heard that the local store, standing empty for so long, is taken over by a bright young businesswoman?” Her dull and indifferent (漠不关心的) husband replied that he had not. “But it is, it is,” she replied excitedly. Mr Dull-Husband made no reply. “Don’t you want to know her plans?” she cried with some impatience. “Well, clearly you think it matters to your silly little head... so I’d better listen.” “Well, my dear, the rumour (传言) is that she has already set up a string of successful businesses in northern England, though how a woman can know anything about that is beyond me. She will move in herself next month.” “What is her name?” “Bingley.” “Is she married or single?” “What a question! And none of your business. But her coming will be a fine thing for our five boys.” “How so? How can it possibly affect them?” “My dear love; those lazy boys need something to wake them up. There are bound to be jobs going.” “Is that her point in settling here? Surely as a woman she has simply taken a fancy to the place.” “Nonsense, my love, how little you’ve noticed the world has changed. She’s got a first-rate degree and some sort of business qualification, I’m told. She surely needs one of our boys! Perhaps you might give her a call.” “Me? No. Perhaps you can take an interest. You still have your looks, after all. She may even offer you a job.” “Oh, that’s not likely. These new chances belong to the younger generation. But now you mention it, I think I’ll go along all the same.” And Mrs Bennet went along. That was 10 years ago. She is now managing director of a FTSE-listed company. ...It would remain the case, of course, that Mrs Bennet would be one of very few women on the company board, that her salary would be lower than her male colleagues, her bonus of a more “female” dimension and her lifespan (年限) among the city’s business leaders shorter than theirs. Still, she’d no doubt have enjoyed Davos — and might even have hobnobbed (攀谈) with influential figures. 1．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Austen was born 200 years ago. B．Austen rewrote Pride and Prejudice. C．Austen’s success lies in her wisdom. D．Austen’s updated work gains popularity. 2．The underlined part in the passage suggests that Mrs Bennet ____. A．had mixed feelings of admiration and surprise about Bingley B．felt kind of worried and doubtful about Bingley C．was extremely anxious to meet Bingley D．had a great curiosity about Bingley 3．In the eyes of Mrs Bennet, Bingley surely needed one of their boys to ____. A．get married to B．work for her C．help her move in D．take over her store 4．What does the writer intend to tell us? A．Women with brains can also be as successful as men. B．Women have to pay a high price for success. C．A judgment must be made free from prejudice. D．Sex discrimination still exists nowadays. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章巧妙套用世界名著《傲慢与偏见》章节，独辟蹊径夹叙夹议，深刻评述性别歧视依然存在的这一社会现实。 1．细节理解题。根据文章的第二段的“Austen’s popularity is rooted in her intelligence(奥斯汀的受欢迎源于她的智慧。)”可知，奥斯丁的成功在于她的智慧。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。画线句的这句话的理解关键是对“beyond me”的理解，这个词组意思是“超出我的理解”，即我不能理解一个女性是怎么知道这些东西的，由此推知Mrs Bennet对Bingley的行为既敬佩又惊讶。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第十一段的“There are bound to be jobs going(肯定会有工作的)。”和倒数第四段的“She surely needs one of our boys!(她肯定需要我们家男孩子中的一个!)”可以推断出，Mrs Bennet认为Bingley会需要他们家的一个男孩为她工作。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文并结合文章最后一段中“It would remain the case, of course, Mrs Bennet would be one of very few women on the company board, that her salary would be lower than her male colleagues(当然，班纳特太太仍将是公司董事会中为数不多的女性之一，她的薪水将低于她的男同事)”可知，公司委员会的女性还是很少，Mrs Bennet的奖金还是比男性同事要少。可推知，作者想告诉我们性别歧视还是存在。选D项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $