专题02 简单句及五种基本句型-2026年高考英语阅读理解长难句突破

专题02 简单句及五种基本句型 高考英语阅读理解 长难句突破 CONTENTS 句子的分类 01 简单句 02 五种基本句型 03 基本句型的扩展 04 句子的分类 ① 分类 说明 例句 简 单 句 由一个主语或并列主 语和一个谓语或并列 谓语构成的句子。即 一套主谓关系。 1. Tom and I found her there. 2. We all breathe, eat and work. 并 列 句 由并列连词 （and,so,but, or等） 把两个或两个以上的 简单句连在一起而构 成的句子。 1. He likes eggs, but he doesn’t like chickens. 2. Work hard or you will fall behind. 复 合 句 由一个主句和一个或 一个以上的从句构成 的句子 1. I believe you are right. 2. If you study harder, you will pass the exam. 句子的分类 ① 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句： 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room. 4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 简单句 复合句 简单句 简单句 句子的分类 ① 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important. 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 并列句 复合句 并列句 复合句 简单句 简单句 简单句 ② 简单句（Simple Sentences） 就是只包含一个主谓结构的句子 ----它的结构就是这么简单,所以才叫简单句的啊! 英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由简单句的五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的,只要把基本句型弄清楚,你就会游刃有余了! Practice makes perfect! ----熟能生巧 简单句 ② 简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。 作一种陈述(陈述句） 提出一个问题（疑问句） 发出一种命令或请求（祈使句） 表示一种感叹（感叹句） The boy hit the dog. / The dog didn’t bite the boy. Does the shop close at 7 tonight?/What did you say? Are you from America or Canada? Looking good is very important to woman, isn’t it? 简单句 ② 句子成分： 主语：Mary ate an apple. 谓语：Mary ate an apple. 宾语：Mary ate an apple. 定语：Mary ate a big apple. 状语：Mary ate an apple at home yesterday. 表语：She is Mary./ This is an apple. 简单句 ② 英语八种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一: Ｓ +Ｖ （主＋谓） 基本句型二: Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 基本句型三: Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 基本句型四: Ｓ +Ｖ +O1 +Ｏ2（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 基本句型五: Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ +Ｃ(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补) 基本句型六：S + V + A 基本句型七：S + V + O + A 基本句型八：There be.... 五种基本句型 ③ You come. I love you. I you you my heart. You make me happy. You are my everything. 主谓 主谓宾 主谓间宾直宾 主谓宾+宾补 主系表 总结：英语句子有以下严格要求：1.必须有__________；2.必须有有__________；3.要能表达_____________，若意思不完整则需要在主语和谓语动词后添加其他补充成分，如表语/宾语/宾补。 主语 谓语 一个完整的意思 五种基本句型 ③ 1. 主语 + 谓语（不及物动词） 代词 名词 非谓语 句子 I, we, you, he, she, it, they, … 不定式 动名词 英语动词以后面是否能跟名词 或代词作宾语分为及物动词与 不及物动词。大部分动词既是 及物动词又是不及物动词，只 有少部分的动词只是及物动词 或者只是不及物动词。 五种基本句型 ③ 1. 主语 + 谓语（不及物动词） 代词 名词 非谓语 句子 work go come look belong depend appear exist happen listen … I, we, you, he, she, it, they, … 不定式 动名词 介词短语 副词 非谓语 形容词 工作 去 来 看 属于 依靠 出现 存在 发生 听 … 五种基本句型 ③ 主语 + 谓语（不及物动词） I see. 我明白了。 It (all) depends. 要视情况而定。 It doesn’t matter. Every effort counts. 没关系 / 这不重要。 每一次努力都有用。 Nothing has happened. 没发生什么事。 My mouth is watering. 我在流口水。 The door won’t shut / open. 这门关不上 / 打不开。 Nothing lasts (forever). 世上没有什么是永恒的。 The doctor listened carefully. The worker ran fast. The girl dances well. The duck is swimming. 主谓结构（SV） =主语+谓语动词 不及物动词 五种基本句型 ③ Tom works very hard. Tom will work hard. Tom has worked here for years. Yesterday Tom worked 10 hours. 主语 + 谓语（不及物动词）+ 状语 汤姆工作很努力。 汤姆会努力工作的。 汤姆在这工作好几年了。 昨天，汤姆工作了十小时。 Tom is working for a big firm. 汤姆在一家大公司工作。 work 作谓语时 的 时态变化（肯定句式） Tom will be working late tonight. 汤姆今晚要工作到很晚。 Tom said he would work hard. 汤姆说他会努力工作的。 Tom said he had worked here for years. 汤姆说他在这工作好几年了。 Tom has been working here for years. 汤姆在这工作好几年了。 Tom was working when I saw him. 我见到汤姆时，他在工作。 五种基本句型 ③ Tom works very hard. Tom will not work hard. Tom has not worked here for years. Tom worked 10 hours... 主语 + 谓语（不及物动词）+ 状语 Tom is not working for a big firm. work 作谓语时 的 时态变化（否定句式） Tom will not be working late tonight. Tom said he would not work hard. Tom said he had not worked here for years. Tom has not been working here for years. Tom was not working when I saw him. Tom does not work very hard. Tom did not work 10 hours... 五种基本句型 ③ Tom works very hard. Tom will work hard. Tom has worked here for years. Tom worked 10 hours yesterday . 主语 + 谓语（不及物动词）+ 状语 Tom is working for a big firm. work 作谓语时 的 时态变化（疑问句式） Tom will be working late tonight. Tom would work hard… Tom had worked here for years... Tom has been working here for years. Tom was working when I saw him. Does Tom work…? Will Tom work…? Has Tom worked…? Did Tom work…? Is Tom working…? Will Tom be working…? Would Tom work…? Had Tom worked…? Has Tom been working…? Was Tom working…? 五种基本句型 ③ 2. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 此句型中的谓语动词应为及物动词(vt.)，其后可接宾语的成分通常是：名词、代词、动词不定式(to do)、动名词(v-ing)或从句。常见的动词如：have, respect, like, provide, own, think, believe, appreciate等 。 He just wanted to stay at home. 主 谓 宾 All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 主 谓 宾（从句） He likes basketball game. He plays computer games every day. He played soccer yesterday. He is playing the guitar now. 及物动词 主谓宾结（SVO） =主语+谓语+宾语 五种基本句型 ③ 3. 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 此句型中谓语动词需用系动词，表语用来说明主语的特征、状态、类属、身份等，充当表语的可以是：名词，形容词，介词短语，从句, 非谓语动词等。 He is busy. 主 系 表 The cloth feels smooth. 主 系 表 She seemed very tired after work. 主 系 表 The sound grew louder. 主 系 表 五种基本句型 ③ •be 动词：am/is/are/was/were/have been/will be... （是…）+各种表语 •感官系动词：look/sound/taste/smell/feel（…起来）+adj. •变化系动词：become (old/a doctor) /get(angry) /grow/go(bad) /turn(yellow) /come(true)(变得...) •保持系动词：keep/stay/remain（保持...）+adj. •表象系动词：seem/appear/look(看起来...)+adj. •结果系动词：prove/turn out+(to be)+adj./n. 常见的系动词 连系动词 主系表结构（SVP） =主语+连系动词+表语 Mr. Li is a good teacher. The movie is interesting/wonderful. He feels hungry. The flower looks beautiful. 五种基本句型 ③ 4. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 此句型中的谓语动词为授予动词，后接双宾语才能表达完整的意思，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，但如果直接宾语在前，间接宾语在后，中间需要加上一个介词to 或for。 常见授予动词有 give, send, tell, teach, pay, show, offer, buy, cook等 Mr Smith gave me some advice.= Mr Smith gave some advice to me. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 I showed him my picture. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 He bought his son a bicycle.= He bought a bicycle for his son. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 He gave me a present. She teaches us. She teaches English. She teaches us English. She told me a story. 及物动词 主谓双宾结构（SViOdO） =主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 五种基本句型 ③ 5. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语的补足语 此句型中谓语动词为不完全及物动词，主谓宾结构还不能表达完整的意思，必须加一个宾语补足语来说明宾语的情况才能使句子完整。宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、非谓语动词、副词或介词短语等充当。 We call him a living dictionary. 主 谓 宾 宾补 You will find my suggestions very useful. 主 谓 宾 宾补 Our English teacher always encourages us to work hard. 主 谓 宾 宾补 We saw them getting on the bus. 主 谓 宾 宾补 五种基本句型 ③ 常用的带复合宾语的动词 let / make sb. do sth.　　 ask / tell / want / allow / wish / get / sb. to do sth. expect / encourage / invite / teach find / see / hear / watch / notice / feel sb. do sth. sb. doing sth. help sb. (to) do sth. 主谓宾宾补结构（SVOC） =主语+谓语+宾语+宾语的补足语 He told me to clean my room. I saw her dancing. Our teacher asks us to read English every day. 及物动词 基本句型的扩展 ④ 1 简单的定语：用来修饰名词的单词。由代词、数词、形容词或相当于形容词的词或短语充当。 如： What’s your name, please? We have seven lessons a day. The black pen is hers. 基本句型的扩展 ④ 定语除了是用来修饰名词的单词外，还可以是用来修饰名词的短语或定语从句。 Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby． People there like sports. She likes oranges imported from the USA. Have you seen the book on the desk? The boy playing over there is my brother. John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations． 基本句型的扩展 ④ 2 简单的状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式或程度，常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语表示。 如： They worked hard. It’s very nice. We had lunch at school today. My father worked in this school ten years ago. 基本句型的扩展 ④ 状语除了是用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的单词或介词短语外，还可以是动词不定式、分词短语或状语从句。 John often came to chat with me． She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry． As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday. 基本句型的扩展 ④ e.g. ◆We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。 We found the hall full ◆我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师 We found the great hall full of students and teachers ◆我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。 We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report ◆我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一 位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告 made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe. 。 great of students and teachers. listening to an important report. 基本句型的扩展 ④ [亮点仿写] The boy is playing. 1．加宾语：电脑游戏 . 2．加状语：高兴地；兴奋地 . The boy is playing computer games The boy is playing computer games happily and excitedly 基本句型的扩展 ④ 3．给主语加定语从句：没有去上课的孩子 . 4．给宾语加定语从句：对他很有吸引力 . The boy, who is absent from class, is playing computer games happily and excitedly The boy, who is absent from class, is happily playing computer games, which are very attractive to him 基本句型的扩展 ④ 二、让句子“瘦”下来→高级简单句 1．用单词简化句子 [精彩呈现] As he was tired and hungry, the boy was unwilling to move on. →Tired and hungry, the boy was unwilling to move on. 基本句型的扩展 ④ [亮点仿写] 又渴又冷，我们决定不再等了。 . 2．用介词短语简化句子 [精彩呈现] We will not finish the task if you do not help us. →Without your help, we will not finish the task. Thirsty and cold, we decided not to wait any longer 基本句型的扩展 ④ [亮点仿写] 要不是你的建议，我们就会失败。 . 3．用动名词简化句子 [精彩呈现] Mary came late, which made her teacher angry. →Mary's coming late made her teacher angry. But for/Without your advice, we would have failed 基本句型的扩展 ④ [亮点仿写] 那个明星的到来使得大家很激动。 . 4．用分词、不定式简化句子 [精彩呈现] Because he did not know what to do, he had to ask the teacher for help. →Not knowing what to do, he had to ask the teacher for help. The star's coming made everyone excited 划分句子的主干并判断属于哪种基本句型。 1. I had a lot of experience and a Master’s degree. 2. At first I got angry. 3. The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. 4. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. 5. The accident made everyone sad and disappointed. 主 谓 宾 主 系 表 主 谓 间宾 直宾 主 谓 宾 宾补 主 谓 宾 宾补 39 Read the sentences and analyse the structures. 1. I often read English in the morning. 2. Mary is a clever student. 3. My teacher gave me a letter. 4. My mother often asks me to study hard. 5. We call our teacher Mr. Wang. 6. He is doing his homework in the room. 主 + 谓 + 宾 主 + 系 + 表 主 + 谓 + 双宾 主+ 谓 + 宾 +宾补 主+ 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 主 + 谓 + 宾 7. We had chemistry in the newly built lab. 主 + 谓 + 宾 +状 8. The 100 - year-old school lies in the centre of the city. 9. There is an English corner at our school. 主 + 谓 +状 There be .... 谢谢观看！ $