专题03 简单句的基本成分-2026年高考英语阅读理解长难句突破

该高中英语高考复习课件聚焦“简单句基本成分与长难句突破”，依据高考评价体系梳理了主谓宾表补、定状同位语等八大句子成分核心考点，通过分析近五年真题明确其在阅读理解（占60%）、语法填空（占30%）中的高频考查权重，归纳出成分划分、长难句简化等常考题型，构建系统备考框架。 课件亮点在于“真题融入+技巧建模”，如整合2024年全国甲卷、新高考I卷真题例句，通过“找谓语定主干，去枝叶”方法解析长难句，培养学生语言能力与逻辑思维品质。特设“成分标注+错题归因”模块，帮助学生掌握快速划分句子结构的答题技巧，教师可据此精准定位学生薄弱点，提升复习效率，助力高考冲刺。

专题03 简单句的基本成分 高考英语阅读理解 长难句突破 CONTENTS 八大句子成分 01 主谓宾表补 02 定状同位语 03 长难句揭秘 04 八大句子成分 ① 定义 ： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分 和次要成分； 主要成分：主语和谓语 次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语 八大句子成分 ① 一句话搞懂英语八大句子成分 I saw my friend Jack dancing in the room and he was happy. 主语 谓语 定语 宾语 同位语 宾补 状语 主 系 动 词） 表语 句子是一家，八人来帮它；主谓宾表补，定状同位语。 口诀助记: 八大句子成分 ① S V O P A OC (subject) 主语: 动作发出者 (verb) 谓语动词:说明主语的动作、状态和特征； (object) 宾语: 动作的对象或承受者； DO (direct object) (sth.) IO (indirect object) (sb.) (object complement) 宾语补足语：补充说明宾语，使句子的意义完整。 (adverbial) 状语：使句子壮大，指地点、时间、原因、目的、 结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等； (predicative)表语：连系动词后面的成分； 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分 八大句子成分 ① 主语 —指点江山，挥斥方遒 谓语 —言听计从，执行命令 宾语 — 忍气吞声，备受压迫 补语 —寄人篱下，缝缝补补 表语 —察言观色知进退 定语 —跑前跑后，甘为犬马 状语 —位置随心所欲，但钟情于动词 同位语 —特殊场合他来凑 主谓宾表补 ② 主语是句子的主体部分，是说明的对象，是动作的执行者或发出者。用来说明句子讲的是谁或什么情况。 1. 名词 The park is very beautiful . 2. 代词(主语用主格) I bought a book yesterday. 3. 数词 The first is the best. 4. 动词不定式短语 To learn English well is very easy. 5. 动名词短语 Seeing is believing. 6. 名词化的形容词和分词 The old are very kind and the young are lovely. 7. 名词性的词组或短语 Neither he nor I will go there. 8. 主语从句 What he said is not right. 主语 名词 代词 数词 动词ing 动词不定式 通常放在句首 Phone is popular. 主语从句 The+adj “一类人” She is popular. Eight is a lucky number. Playing basketball is a intereting. To play basketball is a intereting. What we need is patience. The rich should help the poor. 主谓宾表补 ② 练一练 1. Drinking does harm to your health. 找出下列句子的主语，并说明是由什么充当的主语。 2. The meeting starts with a speech by the President. 3. To have good health is extremely important. 4. What caused the fire remains unknown. 5. Five are killed in the accident. 动名词 名词 不定式 从句 数词 主谓宾表补 ② 谓语用来说明主语的状态或行为动作。谓语主要由动词或动词短语充当。谓语有时态、语态、主谓一致的变化。谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分 16种时态 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般动作 do/does did shall/will do should/would do 进行动作 be+doing was/were doing shall/will be doing should/would be doing 完成动作 has/have done had done shall/will have done should/would have done 完成进行动作 has/have been doing had been doing shall/will have been doing should/would have been doing 主谓宾表补 ② 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下： 常用被动语态： 时间/形态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 现在 am/is/aredone am/is/are beingdone has/ have beendone have/has beenbeingdone 过去 was/weredone was/were beingdone had beendone 将来 shall/will bedone shall/will have beendone 过去将来 should/would bedone 有情态动词 情态动词+be / have beendone 谓语 简单谓语 句子的灵魂 由动词充当 复合谓语 2.由系动词+表语构成 由一个动词或动词短语构成 1.由情态动词或助动词加动词构成 He reads newspaper. We practice running. He can play basketball. We are having class. Li Jinye is a good boy. 其实就是各种动词时态来充当谓语 主谓宾表补 ② (1)简单谓语：由一个实义动词或动词短语构成。 He runs every morning.他每天早上跑步。 (2)复合谓语： ①由情态动词/be动词/其他助动词+动词原形或其他形式构成。 You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可借两周。 The students are playing basketball.学生们在打篮球。 ②由系动词加表语构成。 We are students.我们是学生。 主谓宾表补 ② 复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 例1.You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】 例2. Do I have to buy another ticket?【2024年新高考I卷听力】 （2）由系动词加表语构成。 例1.In cold weather, the structure stays ____ (close) to protect the plants. 【2024年新高考I卷语法填空】 例2.Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】 主谓宾表补 ② 1) The soup tastes good.  2) The boy is interested in playing PC games. 3) The boss made the workers work long hours.  4) He practises playing the piano every day.  5) They had finished the job when the boss came. 6) Record every word you hear.  7) He didn’t turn to me for help. 划出下列句子的谓语动词。 练一练 主谓宾表补 ② 宾语：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语。位于及物动词或介词之后。 种类：直接宾语、间接宾语。 （1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）; 间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般是人sb.） （2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构” I am interested in computer studies. 主谓宾表补 ② 宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语或从句来充当，一般位于及物动词(短语)和介词之后。 1)名词 He lost his parents when he was young. 2)代词(宾语用宾格) I missed him very much. 3)数词 Four people applied for this job, but we only need one. 4)动词不定式短语 I like to read novels when I am free. 5)动名词短语 I haven't finished reading the book yet. 6)名词化的形容词和分词 The government's plan will hurt the poor and the unemployed. 7)名词性的词组或短语 I don't know the girl with a red hat. 8)宾语从句 I knew what you said. 宾语 由名词性的词充当 代词 不定式/动词ing 宾语从句 表示动作的对象或承受者，位于及物动词或者介词后面。 动词宾语 介词宾语 We have breakfast. You look at me. 主谓宾表补 ② 双宾语 有些及物动词后要求有两个宾语，直接宾语通常指物，表示动作的承受者； 间接宾语通常指人，表示动作是对谁做的或是为谁做的； Mother told me a story yesterday. Please show me your passport(护照). 主谓宾表补 ② 1.I want to visit the museum. 2.I enjoy listening to popular music. 3.I think that he is fit for the job. 4.I find it hard to learn English. 5.We should help the poor. 6.I don’t know where to go. 找出句中的宾语并写出类型 名词 现在分词 宾语从句 不定式 the +adj 宾语从句 主谓宾表补 ② 表语：一般在系动词后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态 I’m a freshman at senior high school. The food tastes good. The machine is under repair. My dream is to be an English teacher. My hobby is playing football. The news is exciting. I feel excited. The problem is that we don’t have enough money. 名词 形容词 介词短语 to do 不定式 动名词doing 现在分词doing/过去分词done 表语从句 主谓宾表补 ② 概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。 位置：位于系动词之后。 充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。 （1）名词：The wedding was that Sunday. But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.【2024年新高考I卷】 （2）代词：Seventy-four?—You don’t look it. （3）数词：We are seven. （4）形容词：Are you busy? 主谓宾表补 ② （5）副词：I am here. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning...【2022年新高考I卷】 （6）不定式：All I could do was to wait. （7）动名词：Seeing is believing. His hobby（爱好）is playing football. （8）过去分词：I’m very pleased with what he has done. He was inspired by another veterinarian.【2024年新高考I卷】 Needless to say, they were deeply moved.【2020年新课标I】 主谓宾表补 ② （9）介词短语：She is in good health. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance.【2022年全国乙卷】 （10）从句：That is why I was angry. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if...【2024年全国甲卷】 That's what mattered-landing tricks, being a good skater.【2021年全国甲卷】 落地技巧对于成为一名优秀的滑板玩家来说是十分重要的。 表语 说明主语是什么/怎么样，放在系动词后面 名词 形容词 数词 介词短语 动词ing 不定式 My job is a teacher. Virus is terrible. She is ten. You are at home. His hobby is playing basketball. My job is to teach English. 主谓宾表补 ② 补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。 主语补足语: 补充说明主语意义的句子成分。 宾语补足语: 补充说明宾语意义的句子成分。 可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。 例1.You must keep the room clean and tidy. 例2.John asked me to help him with his Chinese. 例3.I will have my hair cut tomorrow. 例4. We saw the boy playing basketball on the ground. 宾语补足语 由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句充当 有些动词是及物动词，但只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整意思，宾语后面必须加上一个补充成分才使句意完整。 Miss Yang asks us to study hard. I make Li Jinye happy. I see Li Jinye playing the game. 主谓宾表补 ② 补语：包括宾语补足语和主语补足语。最常见的是宾语补足语，对宾语进行补充说明 His father named him Goudan. The news makes him sad. We found everything in good order. It allows people to get close to nature ./ It makes us cry. We saw her entering the room. I found my money stolen. 名词 形容词 介词短语 to do不定式 现在分词 过去分词 定状同位语 ③ 定语：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语。 位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。 构成：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。 （1）形容词：She is a natural musician. （2）名词：A baby girl is crying. 定状同位语 ③ Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax. 【2022年全国乙卷】 （3）代词：Your hair needs cutting.（物主代词） Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.（不定代词所有格） （4）数词：Do it now, you may not get a second chance. （序数词） （5）副词：The room above is my sister’s. （副词作定语后置） （6）不定式：Her promise to write was forgotten. 定状同位语 ③ （7）动名词：Learning methods vary from person to person. （8）分词： Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.【2024年新高考I卷】 The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun.(现在分词） （9）介词短语：This is a map of China.（介词短语作定语后置） Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15. 【2024年新高考I卷】 （10）从句(定语从句): The car that is parked outside is mine. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. 【2022年新高考全国卷II】 定状同位语 ③ 定语起修饰、限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前(前置定语)，而短语或从句作定语时，往往放在被修饰词之后(后置定语)。 名词或名词所有格 They are talking about the world problems. This is Tom's book. 代词 (形容词性物主代词) We should try our best to study hard to go to university. 数词 There are over 1000 people in the hall. 形容词 He is a strange man. 分词(短语) Do you know the number of the guest coming to the party? The story told by my mother is very interesting. 定状同位语 ③ 不定式 Can you tell me the way to solve the problem? 介词短语 Did you find the key to the door? 副词 Did you see the man upstairs/downstairs? 定语从句 This is the school that l graduated from three years ago. v v 定语 用来修饰名词或代词；短语作定语要后置；...的 名词 形容词 代词 介词短语 动词ing 不定式 过去分词 从句 They make paper flowers. It is an interesting story. Your name is xxx. The boy under the tree is LiJinye. The girl singing over there is Lily. I have some homework to do. The house built last year is good. 定状同位语 ③ 练一练 1. She likes pink coats best. 2. There are hundreds of teenagers. 3. The dog running after the cat belongs to Miss Li. 4. This is the school that I want to go. 5. The boy crying over there is my sister. 6. The man who visited our class yesterday is warm-hearted. 找出句中的定语。 定状同位语 ③ 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。 位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。 构成：通常由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和从句等充当。 例1.I will do anything to help an animal. (不定式表目的)【2024年新高考I卷】 定状同位语 ③ 类别： 1)副词/副词短语 The boy needs a pen [very much].(程度状语) 2)介词短语 [In the classroom], the boy needs a pen.(地点状语) 3)分词/分词短语 He sits there, [asking for a pen].(表示伴随状态) 4)不定式 The boy needs a pen [to do his homework].(目的状语) 5)名词 Come [this way]!/走这条路!(方向状语) 6)形容词(短语) At last he got home, tired and hungry.(方式状语) 7)从句(时间/地点/原因/结果/目的/比较/让步/条件状语从句) [If it rains tomorrow], we'll stay at home.(条件状语从句) He did not go to school yesterday, [because he was ill].(原因状语从句) 状语 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、整个句子 副词 介词短语 不定式 动词ing 过去分词 从句 He writes carefully. We study at home. 状语分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、让步等。 I must study hard to catch up with others. 定状同位语 ③ 1.I will be back in a minute. 2.They are playing on the playground. 3.He was late because he got up late. 4.I got up so late that I missed the train. 5.He often went to school by bike. 6. Please call me if it is necessary. 7.He went to school in spite of bad weather. 8.To make his dream come true, Tom works harder. 找出句中的状语，并说明其充当的是什么状语。 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 结果状语 方式状语 条件状语 让步状语 目的状语 定状同位语 ③ 同位语：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。 构成：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。 （1）名词：We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 　我们，中国人民，决心把中国建设成一个强大而繁荣的国家。 Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. 定状同位语 ③ （2）代词：They all wanted to see him. He himself doesn’t know why. （3）数词：Are you two ready? （4）同位语从句：The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 我们明天要去度假的消息并不是真的。 同位语 在名词或代词后的并列名词或代词，对前者进行解释说明 The young man, my brother, works in the office. We students should study hard. 定状同位语 ③ 插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法关系。 例1.　To be frank, I don’t agree with you. 例2.　Strictly speaking, you are wrong. 例3.　This, in my opinion, is only a simple question. 例4.　Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment. 例5.　You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so. 长难句揭秘 ④ 英语句子成分歌（RAP） 英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在； 补语跟着宾语跑， 定语同位语专把名词踹。 状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。 浑身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后乱窜它还会加塞。 长难句揭秘 ④ 揭秘：找谓语，定主语，定主干，去枝叶；找连词，定逻辑。 依托前面所讲的句子成分和句子种类，按照上述方法，即可抽丝剥茧，简化复杂的句式为简单句，然后依据词义和词性进行理解即可。 My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语 说出下列句子中单词的词性并分析划线部分的句子成分。 1. Recently I have carried out a survey among the students in our class. 2. One day some of my students were talking about what they would like to be in the future. 3. Music can make our mind peaceful after a whole day of tiring work. 4. The meeting held yesterday was important. 5. Every day he was forced to work from morning till night. 6. Word came that the mayor(市长) would pay a visit to our school next week. 长难句揭秘 ④ 状 主 谓 宾 状 状 主 谓 宾(从) 主 谓 宾 宾补 状 主 定语 系动词 表 状 主 谓 主补 主 谓 同位语(从句) 状 谢谢观看！ $