高中英语语法详解chapter 19 句子分析讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

高中英语语法详解（讲义）chapter 19 句子分析 ■一、概说 ■二、复杂句子的分析方法 一、概说 汉语的特点跟英语的不同：汉语的句子宜短，英语却偏长。虽然现代英语的趋势多用短句，但为了表达复杂的思想，一气呵成，长句的使用仍然屡见不鲜。尤其是科技英语，对客观事物的描述要求准确、完整、逻辑严密，因而各种从句、并列结构以及修饰性的短句用得较多，句子的结构就变得相当复杂。 遇到复杂的句子，要正确理解其真正的意思，就必须有综合的分析能力；否则就会发生误解。 分析的方法是：如果句子中只有一个主谓结构，就是简单句；只有两个或两个以上的并列主谓结构而无从句，就是并列句；并列句中又有从句，就是并列复合句；找到了从句，尽管是多个的各种从句，剩下的就是主句。如果只有一个主句，那么这整个句子就是复合句。除此之外，还要弄清楚各种从句的关系；看看是否有倒装、省略、分隔等现象；注意句型结构或词的搭配以及前后呼应的连词或关联词；注意不定式、-ing和过去分词在句中作次要成分时又引出从句等情况；等等。 二、复杂句子的分析方法 （一）简单句 句子中只有一个主谓结构，这是简单句。 要找出句中主语和谓语；如果谓语是及物动词，还要找出宾语。并且注意其他次要成分。例如： We are striving to expand economic cooperation and exchange of technology with foreign countries, and will utilize common and reasonable international practices in a flexible way. 【主语是We，并列谓语是are striving和will utilize。不定式短 语to expand…countries是目的状语，说明are striving; utilize是及物动词，其宾语是common…practices；介词短语in a flexible way是方式状语，说明谓语will utilize。】 我们将努力与各国扩大经济合作和技术交流，灵活地运用通常而合理的国际惯例。 We are pleased by your prompt reply to our inquiry of Dec.20th, 2014 about the captioned commodity and now wish to order from you as per our purchase Order enclosed. 【主语是We，并列谓语是are pleased和wish。介词短语by…inquiry是状语，说明第一个谓语are pleased，介词短语of Dec.20th 2014和about…commodity都是定语，修饰inquiry；不定式短语to order from you是第二个谓语wish的宾语，as per our…Order是状语，过去分词enclosed是后置定语，修饰Order。】 很高兴贵方能迅速答复我方2014年12月20日有关标题项下所列商品的询价，现想按照随函附上的购货订单向贵方订货。 （二）复合句 1．找出有几个关联词，即从属连词、关系代词、关系副词、疑问代词或疑问副词等（包括一些宾语从句或定语从句中的常可省略的that, which, whom等）。有多少个关联词，就是有多少个从句。剩下的便是主句；如果只有一个主句，那么，这整个句子就是复合句。例如： If you persist in this tomfoolery, I will give you the name of a lawyer in Atlanta who is almost respectable, even though he has done two divorces that I've heard of. 【主句是I will give…in Atlanta。有四个关联词定语从句if, who, even though和that引导四个从句，即一个条件状语从句，两个定语从句和一个让步状语从句。】 如果你坚持要做这种蠢事，我会把亚特兰大一位律师的名字告诉你，尽管我听说他受理过两桩离婚案，但此人还是很正派的。 He said he would never be happy again until he had repaid me in some way that I would remember to the end of my days. 【主句是He said，有三个关联词（that），until和that，即一个省略了that的宾语从句，一个until引导的时间状语从句和一个that引导的定语从句。】 他说，要是他不能用某种使我永世难以忘怀的方式报答我，他就再也不会感到幸福了。 When she rented out the land, after Richard died, she stipulated the pasture must be kept intact, left untouched, even though it was empty now and had turned to meadow grass. 【主句是she stipulated。有四个关联词when, after, (that）和even though引导四个从句，即when和after引导的时间状语从句各一个，一个省略了that的宾语从句和一个even though引导的让步状语从句。】 理查德死后她把地租出去时，曾明文规定牧场必须保留原封不动，尽管现在已是蒿草茂盛的空闲之地。 When he went back to the truck for the cameras, she took her beer and went upstairs, noted that he had cleaned the tub, and then ran a high, warm bath for herself, settling in with her glass on the floor beside her while she shaved and soaped. 【有三个连词when, that和while, 因此有三个从句。除了三个从句外，剩下的均是主句；主句中settling …soaped.是现在分词短语作状语，表示伴随情况，其中又含有while引导的时间状语从句。】 他回到卡车拿相机时，她拿着啤酒上楼，注意到他已经把澡盆洗干净，于是她放了一大盆热水泡进去，把啤酒杯放在澡盆旁边的地上，开始擦肥皂，剃汗毛。 2．注意从句套从句的现象（从句中所套的从句用单长线符号在该从句的上方标出）。例如： There will one day spring from the brain of Science a machine or force so fearful in its potentialities, so absolutely terrifying, that even man, the fighter who will dare torture and death in order to inflict torture and death, will be appalled, and so will abandon war forever.（Thomas A.Edison) 【主句是There…terrifying。that引导的even man…will be…forever是结果状语从句，其中the fighter是man的同位语，who引导的是定语从句，修饰the fighter。】 将来有一天，科学的头脑会创造出一种机器或力量，它具有非常可怕的潜力，令人惊骇，甚至人类——即不顾死活地强给予别人痛苦和死亡的斗士，也将为之丧胆，永远放弃战争。 Though neither of us was aware of the other before we met, there was a kind of mindless certainty humming blithely along beneath our ignorance that ensured we would come together. 【主句是there was…ignorance。有四个关联词though, before, that和一个省略了的that，因此有四个从句；其中though引导的让步状语从句带有before引导的时间状语从句，定语从句that ensured…又含有一个省略that的宾语从句we would come together。】 虽然在我们相会之前谁也不知道对方的存在，但是在我们浑然不觉之中有一种无意识的注定的缘分在轻快地吟唱，保证我们一定会走到一起。 Let then the dreams of the dead rebuke the blind who think that what is, will be forever and teach them that what is worth living for must live again, and that which merited death must stay dead. 【整个句子是个祈使句。主句是Let then the dreams of dead rebuke the blind and teach them; dreams后有两个并列宾语补语（省 去to的rebuke和teach）。全句有七个关联词，因此有七个从句。修饰the blind的定语从句who think含一个宾语从句that will be forever，而这个宾语从句内又含主语从句what is。第二个宾语补语teach后有两个由连词that引导的宾语从句；这两个宾语从句本身是个并列句：第一个分句中有个主语从句what is worth living for，第二分句的主语是代词that，其后的定语从句which merited death修饰该代词that。】 那么就让死者的梦想斥责那些认为现存的社会永存的盲人，教训他们：值得活着的就必须复活；应该死去的，就让它们永远死去。 Those who still linger on the entrance of life, hesitating to choose the bright road, remember that when years are passed and your feet stumble on the dark mountains, you will cry bitterly, but in vain:" O youth, return! Oh give me back my early days!" (John Rushin) 【整个句子是个祈使句，主句是Those remember，有六个从句。定语从句who…road修饰Those，其中hesitating to choose the bright road是现在分词短语，作伴随状语。that you will…in vain是谓语remember的宾语从句，而在这个宾语从句中又含两个并列的时间状语从句和两个并列的宾语从句“O youth…early days”。这两个并列的宾语从句移到but in vain后面，造成分隔。】 你们千万要记住：当你青春已逝，双足在黑暗的群山中举步维艰、跌跌撞撞之时，你才痛心疾首地呼唤：“啊，回来吧，青春！啊，把我的美好年华还给我！”这只会是徒劳无益的。 3．注意并列成分。例如： The venerable cathedral towers, and the old jackdaws and rooks whose airy voices made them more retired than perfect silence would have done; the battered gateways, once stuck full with statues, long thrown down, and crumbled away, like the reverential pilgrims who had gazed upon them; the still nooks, where the ivied growth of centuries crept over gabled ends and ruined walls; the ancient houses, the pastoral land-scape (of field, orchard, and garden: everywhere—on everything — I felt the) same serene air, the same calm, thoughtful, softening spirit. 【有四个关联词whose, than, who, where, 因此有四个从句；剩下的部分均是主句，不用双长线符号标出。第一个定语从句含一个比较状语从句than…done；三个过去分词短语once stuck full with statues, long thrown down and crumbled away作后置定语，修饰gateways。主句中I是主语，felt是谓语，冒号前有六个同位语，说明everywhere或everything。】 那些庄严的教堂高塔；那些衰老的寒鸦和乌鸦——它们那清脆的鸣叫使死寂般的寂静更显得静幽幽；过去嵌满倒塌已久的雕像、损坏了的门口，就像曾经凭吊过它们的那些虔诚的朝圣者一样逐渐消失；残破的墙壁上爬满几世纪的常春藤的僻静角落；古老的房子；田野、果园、田园、家园的牧歌景色：在所有的这些地方，在每一样的东西上，我都感到了同样肃穆的气氛、同样的宁静，使人沉思、使人心平气和。 （三）并列句 没有任何（包括省略了的）关联词，只有两个或两个以上的主谓结构：这便是并列句。例如： She stood up, /and/I woke, shaken, from my trance, but remained seated, still holding her hand. 【连词and前后分为两个并列分句；在第二个分句中，I是主语，并列谓语是woke和remained seated; still holding her hand是现在分词短语，作伴随情况状语。】 她站起身，我也从神情恍惚中清醒过来，但依然很激动，坐在那里继续握着她的手。 Everything is so quiet around me, /and/my soul is so calm. 【连词and前后为两个并列分句。】 周围万籁俱寂，我亦心静如水。 In the intimacy of the home it is easy to displace disappointment or frustration or anger onto the nearest person, /and/that person is often a husband or wife.（N.V.Peale） 【连词and前后为两个并列分句】 在家庭这个亲昵的环境中，人们很容易把失意、沮丧或气愤向最亲近的人发泄，这人往往不是丈夫就是妻子。 Kaz's father had been born to a family of some wealth and social position in Hiroshima, and had migrated to America in the early 1920s in the spirit of adventure, not of need or flight；/he never intended to stay. (Peter Goldman) 【分号前后为两个并列分句，在第一个分句中有并列谓语had been born和had migrated。】 和子的父亲出生于广岛一个殷实的、有一定社会地位的家庭。他在20年代初移居美国，当时不是因为生活过不下去，也不是为了逃命，而是受到冒险精神的激励，但他并未打算在美国长期留下来。 It is late morning and both Randy and Carole are asleep, /but/ Randy soon comes awake, reaches for a cigarette, lights it and rubs his forehead worriedly.（William Inge） 【连词but前后为两个并列分句。第一分句本身也是并列句，由连词and连接；在第二分句中，主语是Randy，有四个并列谓语comes awake, reaches for, lights和rubs。】 天已亮了很久，兰蒂和卡洛尔仍在睡着；但是兰蒂很快就醒了，拿了支烟点着，焦急地用手擦着前额。 （四）并列复合句 找出了有多少个关联词，就有多少个从句，剩下的部分如果是并列分句者（或者说并列句中有从句者），便是并列复合句。 He was still young though his faults were real; /he had not yet entered the deep, dark cave, and he was still free to walk on the road which leads to the peaceful and sunny land. (John Ruskin) 【全句有两个关联词。分号前有一个though引导的让步状语从句，分号后有一个which引导的定语从句，修饰the road；并且除了这个定语从句，分号后剩下的部分本身就是并列句。全句有三个并列分句：第一个分句有个让步状语从句，第三个分句有个定语从句。】 他虽然的的确确犯有错误，但是仍然年轻，仍未堕入黑暗的深渊，仍然可以自由地走上通往宁静而光明的道路。 Had you been uniformly faithful to me throughout these two years you might now have some ground for accusing me of heartlessness；/but/ if you calmly consider What I bore during the period of your desertion, and how I passively put up with your courtship of another without once interfering, you will, I think, own that I have a right to consult my own feelings when you come back to me again. 【有六个关联词，因此有六个从句。第一分句之前的条件状语从句had you…years中省去if，把had移到从句主语you之前造成倒装。第二分句之前也有一个条件状语从句if you calmly consider，其后又含有两个并列的宾语从句。I think是插入句，插入第二分句中，前后用逗号分开；分句后又有一个带时间状语从句的宾语分句。】 要是这两年你对我始终忠实如一，那你现在也许有理由责备我毫无心肝。但是从前你曾经抛弃我，我只能忍受，你曾经向别人求婚，我并没有干涉过你。你要是平心静气地想想这些，你就会承认：你再回到我这儿来的时候，我就有权考虑考虑我自己的感情了。 I don't want any money that has passed through your wicked hands, /but/I want a full confession signed by you, and a proof of the date on which a lady who is now my wife left Blackwater and travelled to London. 【有三个关联词that, which, who，因此有三个从句。在第二个分句中，过去分词短语signed by you作定语用，修饰confession。在定语从句on which…London中又含一个定语从句who is now my wife，修饰a lady。】 经过你那双邪恶之手的钱，我一点也不想要；但是我要你的一份彻底的坦白书，并且还要你签上名，还要一张关于一位女士离开黑水来到伦敦的日期证明，她现在是我的妻子。 Michael was away at college, /and/when Richard and Carolyn had gone to bed, she got out a powerful magnifying glass Michael had used for his stamp collection when he was young and brought it close to the photo. 【有三个关联词，因此全句有三个从句；除了从句外，剩下的部分是两个并列分句，用and连接。第二个分句中有一个时间状语从句when Richard…bed和一个省略了that或which的定语从句Michael had…collection，修饰glass；而这个定语从句后又含一个时间状语从句when he was young。】 迈可离家上大学去了，当理查德和卡洛琳去睡觉之后，她把迈可少年时集邮用的高度放大镜拿出来放到照片上。 I know children have a tendency to think of their parents as rather asexual, /so/I hope what I'm going to say won't shock you, and I certainly hope it won't destroy your memory of me. 【连词so前后连接两个并列分句，而第二分句本身又是个并列复合句，因此全句有三个并列分句。第一并列分句后有一个省略了连词that的宾语从句，其中不定式短语to think…asexual是tendency 的同位语。第二并列分句后的宾语从句won't shock you的主语是what I'm going to say。】 我知道孩子们往往倾向于把自己的父母看成无性别的，所以我希望以下的叙述不至于对你们打击太大，我当然希望不会破坏你们对我的记忆。 （五）注意句中的倒装、分隔和省略的现象 In vain do I stretch my arms out for her in the morning, when I try to arouse myself from troubled dreams；/in vain do I seek her at night in my bed, deluded by some happy and innocent dream in which I am sitting beside her in the meadow, holding her hand and covering it with a thousand kisses . 【两个并列分句用分号隔开，两个分句中都把in vain和加强语气的do移到主语I之前，造成倒装。第一分句后有一个when引导的时间状语从句。第二分句中有一个过去分词短语deluded by…dream作伴随情况状语，其中又含有一个定语从句in which…kisses修饰dream；在此从句中，两个现在分词短语holding her hand和covering…kisses作伴随情况状语。】 清晨，我的的确确是从纷扰的梦中醒来，伸出双臂去拥抱她，结果抱了一个空。夜晚，我做着幸福无邪的梦，梦见芳草地上，我和她并肩而坐，握住她的手，成千次地吻那只手；但是我在床上找她时，什么也找不到：是梦捉弄了我。 All she knew was that he had pulled in a tether of some kind and wound it around both of them so tightly she would have suffocated had it not been for the vaulting freedom from herself she felt. 【主句是All was两个单词，All后有一个省略了关联词that的定语从句。系动词was后紧跟的表语从句后又含一个结果状语从句和条件状语从句，而条件状语从句后又含一个定语从句she felt ， 修饰freedom。条件状语从句had it…herself=If it had not been for …herself，这里省去If，把had移到it之前，造成倒装。】 她只知道他拉来一条不知什么绳索，把他们两个紧紧绑在一起，绑得这么紧，如果不是由于她从自己身上挣脱出来的那种冲天的自由感，她会窒息的。 In love this paradox occurs that two beings become one and yet remain two.（G.Correy & M.S.Correy） 【In love…occurs是主句，that引导的同位语从句说明主句中的本位词paradox，应紧跟它，为了使句子保持平衡，被移至谓语occurs之后，造成分隔。】 爱中会出现矛盾：合二为一，却又一分为二。 It was an old superstition among the Japanese that a person would spend the entire year as he or she spent New Years Day.（Peter Goldman） 【that引导的同位语从句说明本位词superstition，本应紧跟它。但是此同位语从句本身又含一个方式状语从句as…Day，因此，只能移至状语among the Japanese之后，以避免句子头重脚轻。】 日本人之间流传着一个古老的迷信，即一个人元旦是怎么过的，这一年就会怎么过。 Even when you have doubts about some people, act as if they are worthy of your best manners.You may also be astonished to find out that they really are (worthy of your best manners). (N.Peale) 【第一句是祈使句，主句中主语you省略，只有谓语动词act。在第二句中，宾语从句后的worthy of your best manners，由于第一句中已经出现过，为了句子简练，避免重复，故已省略。】 即使对有些人你怀疑他们是否值得礼遇，你也要以礼相待，就像他们值得你这样对待他们一样。你很可能会惊奇地发现，他们确实值得你以礼相待的。 （六）弄清楚句型以及前后相呼应的连词或关联词 It was only at the end of the century, with the perfecting of the electric light bulb, the telephone, the phonograph, and the like, that the ordinary man began to feel that science could actually benefit him.（W.Lippmann） 【除了宾语从句，剩下的是主句；主句是“It be…that”强调句型，强调时间状语only at the end…the like。】 只是在这个世纪末，随着电灯泡、电话、留声机以及诸如此类的新产品的完善，普通老百姓才开始感到科学确实能给他们带来好处。 It is because I know how sweet and happy and pure the home of honest poverty is, how free it is from perplexing care, from social envy and emulations, how loving and united its members may be in the common interest of supporting the family, that I sympathize with the rich man's boy ；and congratulate the poor man's boy；/and it is for these reasons that from the ranks of the poor so many strong, eminent, self-reliant men have always sprung and always must spring. (Andrew Carnegie) 【两个并列分句都是“It is…that”强调句型，用分号隔开。在第一个分句中强调原因状语从句because I know，后面又含三个并列宾语从句；第二个分句是个简单句，强调原因状语for these reasons。】 我亲身体验过正直贫困家庭里的那种温馨、美满和纯真，这样的家庭无暇为无聊的事而操心，不受别人的嫉妒，不跟别人争斗，为了养家糊口这一共同目标，家里人相互爱护，团结一致；正是由于这个原因，我对富人家庭的孩子们深表同情，而对穷人家庭的孩子们表示祝贺。正是由于这些原因，穷人的队伍中已经不断涌现出、 而且一定还会不断涌现出众多坚强的、出众的、依赖自己能力的杰出人才。 Prehistoric man kept to the dry uplands, not because they were the richest but because they were the best he could occupy with the tools at his disposal, /and/it is not until the advent of the great iron axe that the richer but more heavily timbered lowlands were conquered. 【第一分句有两个并列原因状语从句，用前后相呼应的连词not…but连接；而第二个原因状语从句后又含一个省略关联词that的定语从句，修饰the best。第二分句是个“It is not until…that”的固定的强调句型，强调not until…iron axe。】 史前的人类之所以一直住在干燥的高地上，并不是因为那里最肥沃，而是因为那里是他使用他的工具所能占据的最好地方；并且直到大铁斧出现，比较肥沃和长满丛林的低地才被征服。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $