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高中英语语法详解(讲义)chapter 18 分隔
■一、主语和谓语的分隔
■二、谓语和宾语的分隔
■三、系动词和表语的分隔
■四、宾语和宾语补语的分隔
■五、修饰语和被修饰的成分的分隔
■六、定语从句和它所修饰的先行词的分隔
■七、同位语或同位语从句和它的本位语的分隔
■八、连词和它引导的从句的分隔
■九、谓语内的分隔
■十、固定短语的分隔
英语中,两个关系密切的成分,由于修辞上的需要,被另外一些句子成分隔开。这种现象称为句子成分的分隔。起分隔作用的主要有:各种短语:介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语;各种从句;句中的附加成分:插入成分,同位语和独立成分。
一、主语和谓语的分隔
造成主、谓语分隔的主要原因是:主语有后置定语;谓语前有状语;主语后有同位语;主、谓语间有插入语。
Examination every six months is adequate in most case.【被作定语的名词短语分隔】 在多数情况下,每六个月检查一次是适宜的。
The sun, white, round and burning, seemed to hang in the black space.【被作后置定语的并列形容词分隔】 又白又圆、一团火似的太阳仿佛悬挂在漆黑的太空中。
He that lives upon hope will die fasting.(Benjamin Franklin)【被that引导的定语从句分隔】 靠希望生活的人会饿死。
The first metal which was produced by man was copper.【被which引导的定语从句分隔】 人们最早生产的一种金属是铜。
My philosophy of life is work.(Thomas A.Edison)【被作后置定语的介词短语分隔】 我的人生哲学就是工作。
But water, as is well known, can also exist as a gas or as a solid.【被具有插入句作用的定语从句分隔】 但是,正如大家所知道的,水也可以以气态或固态存在。
The ocean of air, however, helps make life on the earth possible.【被插入语however分隔】 然而,茫茫无边的大气,有助于使地球上的生命生存成为可能。
Vitamin D, the sunlight vitamin, was among the first to be discovered.【被同位语the sunlight vitamin分隔】 维生素D,即日光维生素,是最先发现的维生素之一。
The news that the delegation would come to visit our school inspired us all.【被that引导的同位语从句分隔】 这个代表团将要访问我们学校的消息鼓舞了我们大家。
Oil as it comes from the ground is not yet ready for use.【被as引导的状语从句分隔】 当石油刚从地下开采出来时,它还不能就用。
I sometimes have letters from him.【被状语sometimes分隔】 我不时接到他的来信。
二、谓语和宾语的分隔
及物动词后面总是紧跟着宾语,可是当宾语带有较长的修饰语或宾语是从句时,较短的状语常移前、放在及物动词和宾语的中间;有时也被宾语补语、插入语分隔。例如:
Here I wish to extend to you our warmest welcome.【被to you分隔】 这里我愿意向你表示我们最热烈的欢迎。
The body has in it certain materials which may kill the germs.【被作状语的介词短语in it分隔】 身体里有一些能杀死细菌的物质。
Oh, if I could only fall on your neck and describe with a thousand joyous tears all the emotions that are storming in my heart.【被作状语的介词短语with a thousand joyous tears分隔】 啊,但愿我能扑到你的怀里,喜泪纵横,向你倾诉我心中那暴风雨般的感情。
We saw repairing the machine two engineers who designed it .【被宾语补语repairing the machine分隔】 我们看到了两位设计这台机器的工程师正在修理这台机器。
We don't consider impossible what is really possible.【被宾语补语impossible分隔】 我们不要把本来可能的事情看作不可能。
This article was printed and had, I thought, great effect.【被插入句I thought分隔】 这篇文章印出来了,我想,它产生了巨大的影响。
I thought as I ran along that you would be sure to forgive me now.【被时间状语从句as I ran along分隔】 我一路跑来的时候,心里在想,现在你一定会宽恕我了。
有时,介词和它的宾语也可能被插入语分隔。例如:
You may finish the experiment in, say, three weeks.比如说,你们可以在三个星期内完成这个实验。
三、系动词和表语的分隔
表语一般紧跟在系动词之后,但有时可以被介词短语或插入语分隔。例如:
This is, so to speak, a victory in the first round.【被插入语so to speak分隔】 这可以说是第一回合中的胜利。
The story of life on the earth is, you have seen, a story of change.【被插入句you have seen分隔】 你已经明白,地球上生命的故事是变化的故事。
The island had been, and always would be, desert.【被并列系动词and always would be分隔】 这个岛一向荒无人烟,而且可能永远是个不毛之地。
Although materials within the earth are fairly hot and under high pressures, the earth is for the most part solid.【被介词短语for the most part分隔】 虽然地球内部的物质是相当热的,但在大压力下,地球大部分都是固体。
He was, as these words show, a very kind man, in every way fit for office.【被非限制性定语从句as these words show分隔】 这些话表明,他是个好心肠的、处处能尽职的人。
四、宾语和宾语补语的分隔
宾语补语一般紧跟在宾语之后,但有时被修饰宾语的定语或定语从句所分隔,或者有时把宾语放在句首,造成分隔。例如:
I don't think him in your office to do such a foolish thing.【被作状语的介词短语in your office分隔】 我认为他不会在你的办公室做这样愚蠢的事。
We call the metals used in engineering "engineering metals".【被作定语的过去分词短语used in engineering分隔】 我们称工程上使用的金属为“工程金属”。
He wanted everyone, he said, to have their due.【被插入句he said分隔】 他说他希望大家各得其所。
This substance they suppose to be an element.【强调宾语,置于句首,造成分隔】 他们推测这种物质是一种元素。
Lawyer he has become and lawyer we shall call him.【为了衔接前句,将宾语补语提前,造成分隔】 他已经当了律师,我们就得叫他律师。
Sunshine helps people who have been sick get well more quickly.【被定语从句who have been sick分隔】 阳光帮助患病的人好得更快些。
五、修饰语和被修饰的成分的分隔
修饰语一般紧跟在被修饰的词之后,有时由于修辞上的需要,比如为了避免句子头重脚轻,可以把这两部分隔开。例如:
What advice did he give on how to learn a foreign language?【介词短语on how…language修饰advice,为了句子保持平衡移到did he give之后,造成分隔】 关于如何学好外语,他给了什么忠告?
Rumours spread of major demonstrations in the city the next day.【介词短语of major…next day修饰rumours,被谓语spread分隔】 第二天城里要举行大示威的谣言传播开了。
After the fire, very little remained of his house.【介词短语of his house修饰little,被谓语remained分隔】 大火后,他的屋子没剩下 什么东西。
A list has been drawn up of words we learned so far.【介词短语of words修饰A list,而of words后还有一个定语从句we learned so far,因此为了使句子保持平衡,这两个修饰语均移后,被谓语has been drawn up分隔】 一张我们学到现在为止的单词表被列了出来。
Nothing more was said about it immediately, but a new idea had taken life in her mind. (Russell Baker)【介词短语about it修饰nothing more,被谓语was said分隔】 关于这事她当时没再说什么,不过她脑子里已经有了一个新主意。
The time had come for him to look for shelter.【不定式复合结构for him…shelter修饰the time,被谓语had come分隔】 该是他找个栖身之所的时候了。
There are many people on the platform waiting for the train.【现在分词短语修饰people,被状语on the platform分隔】 月台上有许多人在等火车。
Therefore when the opportunity arose to go on a most important and interesting voyage for scientific study, he took it.【不定式短语to go on…study修饰the opportunity,被谓语arose分隔】 因此,为了科学研究而进行一次最重要、最有趣的海上旅行的机会来临时,他就抓住了它。
六、定语从句和它所修饰的先行词的分隔
定语从句一般紧跟它的先行词后,有时因为定语从句较长,就把它移到距先行词较远的位置,以便保持句子平衡或者为了强调。
这种分隔现象有两种情况:主句的谓语为被动语态;主语为不及物动词。例如:
All is not gain that is got into the purse.(L.Sterne)【定语从句 that is got into the purse和先行词all被谓语is not gain分隔】 装进钱包里的并不一定都是收益。
All is not gold that glitters.发光的并非都是黄金。
Envoys were sent who should promote friendly relations with other countries.【定语从句和先行词envoys被谓语were sent分隔,were sent为被动语态】 派出使节以便同其他国家促进友好关系。
He conquers twice, who upon victory overcomes himself. (Francis Bacon)【被conquers twice分隔】 在获得胜利后而能克制自己的人,就获得了双重的胜利。
All is well that ends well.【被谓语is well分隔】 结果好,一切都好。
He alone is happy who commands his passions.(Horace)【被alone和谓语is happy分隔】 只有能控制感情的人才会幸福。
Nothing can be wholly beautiful that is not useful.【被谓语can be wholly beautiful分隔】 无用之物就不是完美之物。
He laughs best who laughs last.(W.Scott)【被laughs best分隔】 谁笑到最后,谁就笑得最好。
But she did say something one time that haunted him…【被状语one time分隔】 但是她有一次确实说了一些使他萦绕于怀的话……
This is the third time in my life that I have cried.【被状语in my life分隔】 这是我一生中第三次哭了。
You don't know, you never will know, what those words of anger cost me which you drew upon yourself.【被cost me分隔】 你现在不知道,将来也永远不会知道,我对你说了那些你自己惹出来的气愤话,我都付出了什么代价。
I suppose I am the only young woman you ever have in your power that you did good to.(B.Shaw)【被定语从句you ever…power分隔】 我想我是落入你手中的年轻妇女中唯一得到善遇的。
At all times you may see things happen which are hard to explain.【被宾语补语happen分隔】 任何时候你可以看到一些难以解释的事情发生。
No student came to class but brought his book.【被came to class分隔】 没有学生来上课不带课本的。
七、同位语或同位语从句和它的本位语的分隔
由that或whether引导的同位语从句有时会出现分隔现象,这多半由于主句的谓语较短,主句的主语所带的同位语从句为了保持句子平衡而移至谓语之后。另外,同位语从句和它的本位语还可被状语或定语分隔。例如:
He received orders this morning to pull out of the city at once.【同位语和本位语被状语this morning分隔】 他今天早晨接到立即撤到城外的命令。
Go upstairs quickly and find that letter from my nephew, the one with the photograph.【同位语和本位语被定语from my nephew分隔】 快上楼把我外甥的夹着照片的那封信找出来。
The question has been raised by the department whether your paper should be classified by the U.S.government.(J.A.Phillips and D.Michaelis)【同位语从句和本位语被谓语+状语分隔】 系里有人已经提出你的论文是否应由美国政府列为保密项目的问题。
八、连词和它引导的从句的分隔
连词和它所引导的从句一般是紧挨着的,但有时被一个或几个其他成分或从句分隔。例如:
I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen into my hands.【连词when和所引导的时间状语从句被状语a moment later分隔】 我走开了,可是一会儿,他又追上来,把 那支笔塞到我手中。
The sun appears very bright because like all visible stars it is extremely hot and therefore gives off much light.【连词because和它所引导的原因状语从句被状语like all visible stars分隔】 太阳因为像所有能被看见的星星一样,非常炎热,而且放出大量的光,因此显得极其明亮。
If, however, visibility is poor, the aviator probably will not know definitely where he is.【连词if和所引导的条件状语从句被插入语however分隔】 然而,如果能见度不好,飞机驾驶员也许就不能确切地知道自己是在什么地方。
We all know that where water is lacking, no plants can grow.【连词that和所引导的宾语从句被地点状语从句where water is lacking分隔】 我们大家都知道,缺水的地方,植物就不能生长。
Couldn't he understand that if we waited until night the few drops wouldn't be sweated out of us so fast?(Oscar Schisgall)【连词that和所引导的宾语从句被条件状语从句if we waited until night分隔】 难道他不明白要是我们等到天黑,我们喝下去的那几滴水就不会那么快变成汗流掉吗?
九、谓语内的分隔
造成分隔的主要原因是:
1.由于在不同时态或语态的动词形式之间加进状语。例如:
This problem has never been so completely solved.【谓语has been solved是现在完成时被动语态,中间插入状语never和so completely造成分隔】 这个问题从来没有这么完全解决过。
We have never been in our life so kindly treated.【谓语have been treated是现在完成时被动语态,中间插入状语never, in our life so kindly造成分隔】 我们一生从来没有受到过这么友好的款待。
Fever is often absent or too slight to be recognized.【谓语is absent中间插入状语often造成分隔】 常常不发热,或者热太轻未被发觉。
When he returned home at the end of the month, jaundice had practically faded.【谓语had faded是过去完成时,中间插入状语practically造成分隔】 当他月底回家时,黄疸实际上已经消失。
2.谓语之间插入其他成分。例如:
We must under no circumstances give up halfway.【谓语must give up被介词短语under no circumstances分隔】 我们决不能半途而废。
We would, fail though we did, never give up.【谓语would give up被让步状语从句fail though we did和状语never分隔】 虽然我们失败了,但是我们永远不会放弃。
3.“半助动词+不定式”构成的复合谓语的分隔。例如:
英语中的半助动词如be to, have to, be able to, be about to, be bound to, be certain to, be sure to, be apt to, be capable to, be likely to, happen to, appear to, tend to, used to等和后面的不定式一起构成复合谓语,可以被状语或一些其他成分分隔。例如:
The radar set is used to automatically track the target.【复合谓语is used to track被状语automatically分隔】 这台雷达装置用于自动跟踪目标。
When you talk, you have to at least make yourself understood.【复合谓语have to make被状语at least分隔】 你说话时至少要让人听懂。
十、固定短语的分隔
固定短语一般是不可分开的,但有时也会被某些词语分隔。例如:
Some countries showed notable improvement in their balance of trade, thanks in part to economics in oil imports.【thank to是固定短语,被修饰它的状语in part分隔】 一些国家在平衡贸易方面取得了显著 的进展,这部分地是由于减少了石油进口。
I had been thinking all the time, while I was asleep, of what I had just been reading.【think of是固定短语,被状语all the time和时间状语从句while I was asleep分隔】 我躺着的时候,一直在想我刚读过的书。
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