高中英语语法详解chapter 17 省略讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

高中英语语法详解（讲义）chapter 17 省略 ■一、并列句中的省略 ■二、复合句中的省略 ■三、其他句型中的省略 人们讲话或写文章，为了使句子简洁，避免重复，有时省略了某个词或某些成分，句子的原意不变，但话或文章反而更简练、自然：这种现象叫省略。省略了某个词或某些成分的句子，叫省略句。 在下列情况下，可以出现省略现象： （本章中的例句，圆括号内的词语原文是省略了的。为了便于理解，仍将这些已经省略了的成分恢复出来，放在圆括号内。） 一、并列句中的省略 在以and, but, or, therefore, so等词连接、或者没有连词的并列句子中，其第二分句（或第三、四分句）里常省略与第一分句相同的部分。例如： To err is human, to forgive (is) divine.谁能无过，贵在宽恕。 Some went by train, other (went) by bus.一些人坐火车去，其他人坐公共汽车去。 The earth attracts the moon and the sun (attracts) the earth.地球吸引月球，而太阳吸引地球。 Historians may lie, but history cannot (lie).（G.Saintsbury）历史学家可能说谎，但是历史不能。 The envious will die, but envy (will) never (die).（Moliere）嫉妒者将会死去，但是嫉妒永远不死。 Genius learns from nature, talent (learns) from books.（Josh Billings）天资从自然中来，才华从书籍中来。 You can't appreciate home till you've left it, (you can't appreciate) money till it's spent…（O.Henry）你不到离家之后，不知家之可贵；不到把金钱花完之后，不知金钱之可贵…… Now his health was poor, his mind (was) vacant.（John Ruskin）现在，他健康欠佳，精神空虚。 Harriman sat at Roosevelt's right, I (sat) at Roosevelt's left, and Hopkins (sat) next to me.（Charles Bohlen）哈里曼坐在罗斯福的右面，我坐在罗斯福的左面，霍普金斯坐在我的旁边。 Reading makes a full man; conference (makes) a ready man; and writing (make) an exact man.（Francis Bacon）读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。 Poverty is no shame, but being a shamed of it is (a shame).（Ben Jamin Franklin）贫穷并不是耻辱，耻于贫穷才是耻辱。 有时，在并列复合句中也可省略与前面相同的部分。例如： She didn't see who spoke to him, but (she saw) who took him away.她没有看见谁对他说话，但她看见了谁把他带走了。 If you're invited to a private residence, a gift isn't necessary, but extending an invitation to your house is (necessary).如果你被邀请到某个人家里作客，礼品是不必要的，但是你也要邀请对方到你家里作客。 有时，上文中已经出现的部分在下文中再出现时，也可省略。例如： He was personally proud of being a part of that great corporation. My mother said he had every right to be (of being a part of that great corporation).（Russell Baker）他为自己是该大公司的一员而感到自豪。我母亲说他完全有理由为此感到自豪。 有时省略相同的谓语。例如： The absence of smoke was surprising, also the lack of a very loud roar and the smallness of the flame (were surprising).没有烟是奇怪的，缺乏轰隆的声音，火焰又小，这也是令人感到奇怪的。 有时，在后一分句中主、谓语省略，只剩下表语。例如： This happened and (it was) a good thing too, for it helped us to realize our shortcomings.这种事毕竟发生了，但是也好，它帮助我们认识了我们的缺点。 后一分句可用so, nor, neither, no more或it, one代替与前一分句相同的成分（特别是表语）。例如： He is poor, and so am I.他是可怜的，我也可怜。 You don't understand the question, no more do I.你不懂这个问题，我也不懂。 Mary can't go and neither can Alice.玛丽不能去，爱丽丝也不能去。 She is very tired, and looks it (so).她很疲倦，看样子也疲倦了。 He is notorious miser, and looks one generally.他是个出名的吝啬鬼，一般说来也像那种人。 He decided that if he could not eat like an Englishman, he would dress like one and act like one in other ways.他认为如果他的饮食习惯和英国人不一样，穿着和其他举止方面就得像个英国人。 有时，也可省略前面分句中与后面分句中相同的部分，这时看完全句才能知道全句的意思。句型是： “第一分句（省略与后面分句相同的部分）+ and/but/or+第二分句”。例如： Mary washed (the shirts), Jane ironed (the shirts), and Alice folded, the shirts.玛丽洗（衬衣）、珍妮熨（衬衣）、爱丽丝叠衬衣。 Their ship sailed up (the river) and a raft floated down the river.他们的船向河的上游驶去，一只木筏向河的下游漂去。 Martin can (speak English), but (Martin) won't speak English.马丁能说英语，但他不肯说。 二、复合句中的省略 1．在用when, while, until, once, where, as if, as, (al) though, whether, if, unless等词引导的时间、地点、方式、让步、条件状语从句中，如果其谓语是be，主语又和主句中的主语相同时， 则从句的主语和be可以省略。有时从句中主语为it时也省略it或从句中的有关成分。例如： The goods, when (they were) shipped, were in perfect condition.货物在装运时完好无损。 When (it is) pure, water does not conduct electricity.当水纯净时，它不导电。 Electric current can be transmitted from power-station to where (it is) needed.电流能从发电站输送到所需的地方。 The customer looked as if (he were) able to place a large order.这个客户好像要大量订货似的。 How can a submarine float or submerge as (it is) desired?潜艇是怎样能够按照我们的要求而沉浮？ I can make no use, whatever (it may be), of this.不管这是什么，我拿它都没有用处。 Whether (you are) willing or not, you have to choose between the two.不管你愿意与否，你必须两者择一。 Her nasty remarks are all the more insulting since (they are) intentional.她那恶毒的话由于是有意的，就更有侮辱性了。 2．由than, as引导的比较状语从句，常省略与主句相同的部分，或以do的适当形式代之；而在“the more…the more…"的句型中，常省略系动词be或助动词+be。例如： I like him more than she (does).我比她更喜欢他。 This auditorium is much larger than yours (is large).这个礼堂比你们的大得多。 We have a better harvest this year than (we had) last year.我们今年的收成比去年的好些。 Of course she sings far more beautiful than I (do).当然，她唱得比我唱得甜美多了。 Our earth is not so big as many of the other planets (are big).我们的地球不如其他许多行星大。 Her singing voice was as sharp as (it was sharp) before.她的歌声和以前的一样清脆。 The higher the ground (is)，the cooler the air (will be).地势越高，空气越凉。 3．在定语从句中，关系代词that, which, whom作谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语时，如果介词放在句末，则关系代词可省略，或连同介词一起省去；关系副词在句中作状语也可省略。例如： The book (which) he wrote last year has been an enormous success.他去年写的那本书非常成功。 The girl (whom) we met on the way to the zoo last week is Peter's sister.昨天我们在去动物园的路上遇到的那个姑娘是彼得的姐姐。 What is it you are staring at?（it后面省略介词at的宾语that）你正盯视着什么？ Liquids take on the shape of the container (that) they are in.液体呈现它所在的容器的形状。 I am no longer willing to live in the way (in which) I lived before.我不愿意像从前那样生活。 A letter shows the man (whom) it is written to as well as the man (whom) it is written by.（Chesterfield）一封信表现出写信人和收信人的为人。 This is the place (where) he worked.这是他工作的地点。 关系代词that, who在定语从句中作表语或宾语补语时，通常也省略。例如： He is not the madman (that) you thought him.【that在从句中作宾语补语】 他并不是你认为的那个疯子。 关系代词as引导的定语从句常省略和主句相同的部分。例如： Bees like the same odors as we (do).蜜蜂喜欢的香味跟我们喜欢的相同。 He is as wise a man as ever breathed (there was).从来没有过比他更贤明的人。 Such men as he (is) are rare.像他这样的人很少见。 主句或从句是“There be”句型，定语从句中作主语的关系代词that或who可省略。例如： There is none (that) knows it.没有人知道这件事。 There is a student downstairs (who) wants to consult you.楼下有个学生向你求教。 We must make better use of the time (that) there is left for us.我们必须更好地利用剩下的时间。 Hydrogen is a gas, the lightest-weight gas (which) there is.氢是一种气体，是现有的重量最轻的气体。 在it be, this be或that be开头的句子中，定语从句中用作主语的关系代词也可以省略。例如： It isn't everybody (who) can learn a foreign language well.并非每个人都能学好外语。 This is the only bus (that) there is to the village.这是开往村庄的唯一的公共汽车。 That's a thing (that) might happen to any man.那是任何人都会遭遇到的事。 在定语从句中先行词是direction, way, distance, day, year, second, moment, time, times（倍数，次数），path（路径），degree（度，级），manner, sequence（次序）等时，作状语的that/which, in which或when可省略。例如： One light year is the distance (that) light travels in one year.一光年是光一年所走的距离。 The direction (in which) a force is acting can be changed.力所施加的方向是可以改变的。 Practice is the main way (in which) we learn a language.实践是学习一门语言的主要方法。 4．在一些常用的动词如know, say, think, consider, believe, suppose, find, hope, hear, decide, show等后接that引导的宾语从句，连词that常可省略；在形容词或分词之后接that引导的原因状语从句，that也常省略。例如： I understood (that) she was married, but I find (that) I was misinformed.（宾语从句）我原以为她已经结婚了，但是现在才知道那是讹传。 We know (that) sound can travel through air.我们知道声音能够通过空气传播。 I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon.我认为今天下午天气会晴朗。 He was afraid (that) he might fail.（原因状语从句）他担心他会失败。 I am afraid (that) it will rain tonight.恐怕今晚要下雨。 We are glad (that) you have succeeded.你成功了，我们很高兴。 【注】 在that引导的宾语从句中，在下列情况下，that不能省略： 在某些动词如agree, hold, learn, state, suggest, calculate, conceive（设想），assume（假定），assert（宣称，断言），aver（断言）等后面，that不能省略。例如： I agree with you that the contract should not be canceled.我同意你的意见，合同不该撤销。 Do you assert that he is wrong?你断言他错了吗？ that引导的宾语从句是复合句时，that一般不省略。例如： She also thought that if she spent money for a straw hat, Papa would not spend any money to buy a cowboy hat. (Fred Gipson)【that…到句末是thought的宾语从句，这个宾语从句本身是复合句】 她也想到，如果她花了钱买一顶草帽，爸爸便不会再花钱去买一顶牛仔帽了。 一些短语动词（Phrasal Verb）后接由that引导的宾语从句时，省略原来搭配的介词或介词短语。例如： We agreed that we should give up smoking.【省略on】 我们同意我们应该戒烟。（比较：The two sides agreed on a cease-fire.双方同意停火。） He insisted that he had done right.他坚决认为自己做对了。（比较：She insisted on our going by train.他坚持要我们乘火车去。） You may depend (on it) that she will help you.你可以相信她会帮助你的。（比较：You may depend on the authenticity of the report.你可以相信这报告是完全可靠的。） 在形容词后用that或疑问词引导的从句，即使是该形容词固定搭配的介词，也多半省略。例如： He was doubtful (about) that he could ever manage it.他没有把握能做好这件事。 I am afraid (of) that it will rain tonight.恐怕今晚要下雨。 He was certain (of) that he would succeed.他确信自己会成功。 Are you aware (of) how much this means to me?你知道这对我有多大意义吗？ None of the experts were sure (of) what the trouble was.没有专家能确定这是什么毛病。 5．在由“no matter+wh-词或wh-词+ever”引导的让步状语从句， 如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同，或从句主语为it，谓语为be，则从句的主语和be可省略。例如： No nation, however strong (it is), should be allowed to bully others.一个国家，不管如何强大，绝不允许欺侮别的国家。 Anyone no matter who (he is), may point out our shortcomings.任何人不管是谁，都可以指出我们的缺点。 All our cadres, whatever their rank (may be), are servants of the people.我们所有的干部，不管他们的职位是什么，都是人民的公仆。 6．虚拟语气中should或连词if的省略。例如： He ordered that everything (should) be ready before beginning the test.他命令开始试验前应把一切准备好。【主句谓语是表示“命令、要求”意义的动词，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即should＋动词原形，should常省略。】 It is important that the problem (should) be settled in some or other way.重要的是这问题该用某种方法解决。【主句是It is important等时，其后的主语从句要用“should+动词原形”的虚拟形式，should常省略。】 Take your umbrella with you, lest it (should) rain.带上雨伞，以防下雨。【lest引导的目的状语从句常用（should）+动词原形的虚拟形式】 条件或让步状语从句中有were, had, should等词时，可将这些词置于句首，省略if。例如： Were I (=If I were) to solve the problem, I should do it some other way.要是我解算这道题，我就会用另外的方法。 Could you be happier now had you (=if you had) married her?如果你当初和她结婚，你现在能幸福一些吗？ 三、其他句型中的省略 1．“It be/I am等＋名词或形容词（＋从句）”结构中，重点在后面的内容，因此前面主语和系动词常省略。例如： (I am) Sorry, but I must refuse.很抱歉，我只好拒绝了。 (It is a) Pity (that) you missed the film last night.很可惜，你昨晚错过了那场电影。 (It is) Odd he won't help us.真奇怪，他不帮助我们。 (It was) Lucky enough for me to have found the right way in the end.值得庆幸的是，后来我终于找到了路。 (You are) Very tired, aren't you?你很累，是不是？ I was nearly killed! What has gone wrong? And only a minute ago, (it was) a fine night.What a wind (it is)!（H.G.Wells）我真是该死！到底出了什么事？一分钟前晚上天气还好好的。怎么一下子就刮起这么大的风！ But how marvelous (it'll be) to go to the farm, Mother!（F.G.Patton）不过，妈咪，到农场去太好了！ 2．主语补语或宾语补语中的to be往往省略。例如： These instruments are thought (to be) very important.（主语补语）大家认为这些仪器非常重要。 He seemed (to be) a happy man.他好像是个幸福的人。 The rumour proved (to be) false.这个谣传原来是假的。 He appeared (to be) uneasy.他显得很不自在。 I found the answer (to be) correct.（宾语补语）我们发现这个答案是正确的。 I think it (to be) a good thing.我认为那是件好事。 We don't consider English (to be) a difficult language.我们并不认为英语是一门难学的语言。 3．在句中重复出现的表语可以省略。例如： You must also be a member of the club, since he is (a member of the club).既然他是俱乐部的成员，你一定也是。 She is not the cheerful woman she used to be (the cheerful woman).她不再是过去那个快乐的女人了。 He remains a lover of sports as he was (a lover of sports) in his youth.像青年时代一样，他现在仍然是个运动爱好者。 But his death could be of value, and he intended to make sure it was (of value).但是他的死可能会有价值，他决心要使自己死得有价值。 I'm happy if you are (happy).你快活，我就快活。 I wait until the young man checking the tickets is busy — he always is (busy) when a lot of people can come together.我一直等到检票的那个年轻人手忙脚乱的时候——在许多人一起涌来时，他总是很忙的。 如果第二分句的谓语不是be，则省略第一分句的表语，保留第二分句的表语。例如： Peter was (selfish), and his wife certainly seemed, selfish.彼得很自私，他的妻子看起来一定也很自私。 George has been (the chairman) and (George) obviously could again become, the chairman.乔治一直是主席，显然他还能再当主席。 省略第二分句表语时，有时连动词和表语一起省略。例如： Roses are fragrant and narcissuses (are fragrant) too.玫瑰花很香，水仙花也很香。 省略第二分句表语时，有时连主语一起省略。例如： It's cold in December in England, but (it's cold) in July in New Zealand.英格兰十二月很冷，但新西兰七月很冷。 4．不定式在下列情况用作表语时，可省略不定式符号to，也可 不省略： （1）主语带有定语从句，而从句的谓语内有do时。例如： All we could do was (to) try to prevent repetition.我们能做的全部工作就是防止重复。 All you have to do is (to) go back to work.你必须做的全部的事就是回去工作。 （2）主语带有不定式定语，而这不定式定语的原形是do时。例如： The best thing to do is (to) wait.要做的最好的事就是等待。 （3）主语是主语从句，而从句内带有do时。例如： What we really want to do is (省去to) seek the truth and love.我们真正想做的事就是寻找真理和爱情。 What I am going to do to him is (to) teach him a lesson.我打算做的事就是教训他一下。 5．表示形状、大小、重量、厚度、宽度、高度、颜色、年龄等的词加of作表语或补语时，of通常省略。例如： The two desks are (of) the same shape, but they are (of) different thickness.这两张书桌形状相同，但厚度不一样。 These high-rise apartments are (of) a light gray and the same height.这些高层公寓大厦都是浅色的，其高度也都一样。 When she was (of) your age, she began to study in the university.当她在你这个年龄时，她已上大学了。 6．某些常和动词、名词或形容词一起搭配的介词也常省略，而保留其后面的动词-ing形式。有介词时，动词-ing形式为动名词；介词省略后，动词-ing形式一般可看作现在分词。例如： Don't waste your time (in) crying for the moon.别做这种徒劳无益的事。 I spent the time (in) reading the Count's confession.我把时间花费在看伯爵写的坦白书上。 Lunchtimes were spent (in) reading over my lines and talking about what I would wear.（S.Chazin）我们利用午饭时间一起念台词，议论我们该穿什么样的演出服装。 They are very experienced (in) mending cars.他们修理汽车很有经验。 She's long (in) coming.她姗姗来迟。 He was not long (in) making up his mind.他很快就拿定了主意。 There is no sense (in) going there.去那里没什么意义。 You must stop her (from) telling them about it.你必须阻止她不要把这件事告诉他们。 Don't waste your efforts (on) helping him.别白费劲帮助他了。 以to代替前面出现的动词（包括谓语动词和非谓语动词）及其短语时，to后面的动词或连同其他成分可以省略。例如： I have said all I mean to (say).我打算说的话都说了。 I haven't spoken to him yet, but I'm going to (speak to him).我还没有对他说，但是我打算对他说。 You can do it this way if you care to (do it).要是你乐意的话，可以这样做。 He would do it, though I told him not to (do).他会做那件事，可是我告诉他别做。 I'm not much of a dancer, but if you'd like to (dance), I can probably handle it in a kitchen.我不大会跳舞，不过如果你喜欢跳，也许我在厨房里还可以对付一下。 He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come).我们曾经邀请他来，但他没来。 I'd like to come, but I have no time to (come).我很想来，但是 我抽不出时间来。 Nothing has never stopped him sleeping when he wants to (sleep).当他想睡时，什么都不能阻止他睡着。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $