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高中英语语法详解(讲义)chapter 15 否定
■一、否定词的种类
■二、否定句的类型
句子的否定结构是语言中一个很重要、应用很广泛的范畴,几乎一切肯定结构的句子都可以改为否定结构。英语同其他语言一样,有自己一套独特的表达形式和方法。有些句子形式同汉语相似,有些则完全不同。英语表达否定概念的方法比较复杂,而且否定概念和否定句有时又不一致。因此,掌握英语的否定结构的用法,也是学好英语的关键之一。
一、否定词的种类
否定词是构造英语否定句必不可少的词语,由于其功能不完全相同,因此有不同种类的否定词:
一般否定词:not
完全否定词:no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never, none, neither, noway (s), neither…nor, no more, no longer
半否定词:hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, few, little, seldom
附加否定词:neither, nor, no more
二、否定句的类型
按照其不同的形式和意义,英语否定句主要的可分为下列十一类:
(一)一般否定
通常用一般否定词not去否定句中谓语动词,全句的意义便受到否定。几乎所有的肯定句都可加上not构成对应的否定句。这种否定句用得很广泛,其构成方法是:①在含有助动词、情态动词、be、have的句中,在这些词后面加not;②在行为动词和除be外的其他系动词的前面加do/does, did not。例如:
Indeed, I shall not fight someone like you.说实在的,我才不会跟你这样的人打架呢。
I did not believe him capable of love.我不相信他会爱上一个人。
I tell you I've got to paint.I can't help myself.我告诉你我必须画画,我已身不由己了。
(二)特指否定
当否定词用来否定谓语动词以外的其他成分如主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补语等时,这种否定形式称为特指否定或局部否定。通常用not或no放在所否定的成分之前,或用表示否定意义的前缀或后缀放在被否定的单词的词首或词尾。例如:
Not a book can be found.【否定主语】 一本书也找不到。
No two persons have identical fingerprints.没有两个人的指纹完全相同。
No success in life merely happens.(K.Gerould)生活中没有一个成就纯属偶然。
No road of flowers leads to glory.(Jean de la Fontaine)没有一条通往光荣的道路是铺满鲜花的。
You must always remember not to be satisfied with what you have achieved.【否定宾语】 你们切记不要满足于已取得的成就。
Time and tide wait for no man.(Alexander Pope)岁月不饶人。
He seems not certain of his way.【否定表语】 他似乎不确信自己的路线。
That man is no scholar.那个人不学无术。
She goes to school not by bus, but by bike.【否定状语】 她不是乘公共汽车上学,而是骑自行车上学。
It is impossible for you to finish the work in a month.【表示否定意义的前缀】 你不可能在一个月内完成这项工作。
We realized it was useless to pursue the subject.【表示否定意义的后缀】 我们意识到继续从事这一课题的研究是没用的。
(三)全部否定
构成方法有:
1.用“完全否定词如no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, nohow, never, neither等加上肯定式谓语动词”构成,完全否定词在句中多作主语、宾语或状语。例如:
None of my friends smoke.我的朋友都不抽烟。
Neither of them said anything about the night before.他们俩对昨晚的事情,谁也没说什么。
Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。
Nobody knew the composition of this substance before now.在此之前,没人知道这种物质的成分。
Nothing in this world moves faster than light.世界上没有什么东西的速度比光线快。
The book was nowhere to be found.这本书哪儿都找不到。
Not much was known of the electronic computer thirty years ago.三十年前,人们对电子计算机知道的不多。
Never have we been daunted by difficulties.我们任何时候都没有被困难吓倒过。
There may be living things on Venus, but have no evidence of their actual existence.金星上可能有生物,但是没有它们真正存在的证据。
Such methods will get you nowhere.这些方法将不会产生效果。
2.用“否定式谓语+非肯定词”构成,这种形式的意义等于第1种形式,两者可以互换。例如:
He hasn't received any letters today.(=He has received no letters today.)今天他没有收到信。
I don't like either of the books.(=I like neither of the books.)这 两本书我都不喜欢。
3.用“概括全体意义的肯定词+一个带有否定词缀的词或含有否定意义的词”构成。这种形式的句子在语义上等于“否定代词或否定副词+肯定式谓语”的否定句。例如:
All this is unnecessary.(=Nothing is necessary.)所有这一切都没有必要。
He was always dissatisfied.(=He was never satisfied.)他从来没有满足过。
All germs are invisible to the naked eye.一切细菌都是肉眼看不见的。
(四)部分否定
“部分否定”有下述五种表达方式:
1.不定代词all, both和every以及every的派生词everything, everybody, everywhere与否定式谓语动词连用时,not所表示的否定,转移到all, both, every和它的派生词之前,表示“部分否定”,译作“不全是”,“不都是”。例如:
All that glisters is not gold.(Shakespeare)闪光的未必都是黄金。
All is not gold that glitters.(Stevenson)闪烁的东西不一定是金子。
Everything is not good in that country, but equally everything is not bad.在那个国家里,并非一切都好,同样也并非一切都坏。
2.always, often, quite, entirely, wholly, altogether等副词和否定式谓语连用也表示“部分否定”。例如:
The rich are not always happy.有钱人未必总是幸福的。
He isn't wholly to blame.不能全怪他。
I don't altogether agree to your plan.我不完全同意你的计划。
The old house is not quite what it should be.这幢旧房子并不十分理想。
These machines are not entirely new.这些机器并非全是新的。
3.and连接两个并列词语与否定词连用(即“not…and…”句型)时,有时表示“部分否定”,否定and后面的部分。例如:
She doesn't know English and Russian.她懂英语,但不懂俄语。(比较:She doesn't know English or Russian.她不懂英语,也不懂俄语。)
This novel is not interesting and instructive.这部小说很有趣,但没有教育意义。(比较:This novel is not interesting or instructive.这部小说既没有趣味,也没有教育意义。)
4.as well as连接两个并列词语与否定词连用时,否定词只否定as well as的前面部分。例如:
I have not heard from Mr.Brown as well as Mr.Smith.我收到史密斯先生的信,没收到布朗先生的信。
We shall not study English as well as you.你们将学习英语,但我们不学。
5.not for nothing(并非没有效果/收获,并没有白费)也是表示“部分否定”。例如:
“His English is very good.”“Yes, it was not for nothing that he spent so many years in the States.”“他的英语很好。”“不错,他在美国待了这么多年并没白费。”
(五)转移否定
在英语否定句中,有时否定词not从原来所处的位置转移到句中的谓语动词前或其他成分上。这种语法现象叫作转移否定。
1.“do not+谓语动词+宾语从句”的结构。当主句的谓语是think, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, imagine, guess, reckon, anticipate, feel等表示“看法”、“相信”、“臆测”之类心理活动的动词的否定式后带有that引导的宾语从句时,否定往往转移到从句中。这类句子形式上否定的是主句部分,但实际意义上否定的 是从句部分。
I don't suppose (that) she will come.我想她不会来。
We don't believe (that) he will agree with you.我们认为他不会同意你的。
I don't feel I can stand it much longer.我觉得我再也不能忍受了。
I don't think it's possible for a woman to possess the peculiar kind of power Robert Kincaid had.我认为一个女人不可能拥有像罗伯特·金凯这种特殊的力量。
Frankly, she didn't think she could stop herself if she saw him.坦率地说,她如果见到他就很难管住自己了。
【注】 但是,主句的谓语动词是fear, be afraid, hope, assume, presume, surmise时,其后的宾语从句的否定词not通常不进行“否定转移”。试比较下列句子:
I do not hope that he will come tomorrow.我不希望他明天来。
I hope that he will not come tomorrow.我希望他明天不来。
I am not afraid that he will threaten me with death.我不怕他以死来威胁我。
I am afraid that he won't threaten me with death.恐怕他不会以死来威胁我。
2.“not…because”的结构。在否定的原因状语从句中,否定词not常转移到主句的谓语动词之前。例如:
He was not unhappy because he was unable to go there.他并不是因为不能去那里而不高兴。
Plastics for industrial purposes are not valuable because they are colourful.工业用的塑料并不因为有五颜六色而有价值。
The flowers are not fragrant because they are numerous.花香不在多。
【注】 这种“not…because”的句子有时可能会有两种释义。
例如:
I didn't buy the watch because it was cheap.这个句子的释义可能是:①我不是因为这只表便宜才买它的。②我不买这只表,因为它太便宜了。
辨别的方法可根据:(1)逻辑推理;(2)句中的内容或上下文;(3)语感。因此,如果是第①种意义,即“否定转移”,其主句的谓语动词要读升调,主、从句之间读时不要中断。这句便是:
I didn't buy the watch because it was cheap.
如果是第②种意义,表示直接否定,其主句的谓语动词要读降调,主、从句之间读时要停顿一下。书写时,because前要加一个逗号。即:
I didn't buy the watch, because it was cheap.
再如下面两句,根据“逻辑推理”,只能是“否定转移”;否则便不合乎逻辑:
He did not come to my home because he wanted to see me.他到我家里,并不是因为要看我。
We do not eat because we want to eat.我们吃是为了生存。
3.动词appear, seem, sound等后的否定式从句中的not,有时也可转移到主句的谓语动词之前。例如:
She didn't seem that she liked him.她似乎并不喜欢他。
It doesn't sound as if they know what to do.听起来好像他们不知道做什么。
4.“do not+seem/appear等动词+不定式”的结构。动词happen, appear, seem, pretend, prove, let等后接不定式的否定式时,not常转移到谓语动词之前。例如:
She doesn't seem to like him.她似乎不喜欢他。
She didn't happen to be at home.她碰巧不在家。
They don't appear to be well prepared.看来他们没有准备好。
Don't let us waste time.让我们不要浪费时间。
(六)半否定式
英语中有些单词或词组在表示否定意义上语气较弱,留有余地,不像never, not, no, none那么强烈、绝对。这些词或词组称为半否定词,常见的有hardly(几乎,几乎没有),scarcely(几乎不,几乎没有),barely(几乎没有),seldom(很少),little(没有多少,几乎没有),few(很少,没有几个),rarely(很少,不常),too…to(太……以致不能),rather than(不是……而是,宁愿……而不,与其……而不),no more…than(同……一样不)等。
1.含有半否定词(组)的句子,形式上是肯定式,意义上却是否定式。这种否定形式叫“半否定”或“不完全否定”。例如:
There is hardly any coal left.几乎没有煤剩下了。
I would hardly accept this price if he did not make a concession.如果他不做出让步,我很难接受这一价格。
I can scarcely ignore his views.我几乎不能忽视他的意见。
It scarcely matters.没有什么关系。
Madame Curie had so little money that she had to live in a cheap and uncomfortable room and often had barely enough to eat.居里夫人的钱太少了,不得不住在一间便宜的、不舒适的房间里,并且经常吃不饱肚子。
When they were in Beijing, they rarely went to the park.他们在北京时,很少去公园。
I should be doing the work rather than you.该做这工作的是我,而不是你。
The President sought a diplomatic rather than a military victory.总统追求的不是军事上的胜利,而是外交上的胜利。
Rather than get money in such a dishonest way, he would beg in the street.他宁愿沿街求乞,也不愿意用这种欺诈手段骗钱。
He is no more a teacher than we are.他和我们一样都不是教师。
He knows no more of the accident than we do.他跟我们一样都不知道这个事故。
The matter is too unimportant to discuss.这件事无关紧要,用不着讨论。
I love you too much to blame you for going away…我太爱你了,虽然你离开了我,我也不怨你……
【注1】 hardly, scarcely, seldom, little等词如果移到句首,句子要用倒装语序。例如:
Very seldom does she eat any meat.她几乎不吃肉。
Rarely have I seen such a beautiful scene.我难得看到这么美丽的景色。
Scarcely had he open the door before a gust of wind blew the candle out.他一打开门,一阵风就把蜡烛吹灭了。
Barely had she sat down when she was asked to leave.她刚刚坐下来就有人叫她离开。
但是,如果这类词用作主语或修饰主语,则句子不用倒装。例如:
Little remains to be said.简直没有什么可说的了。
She invited many friends but few were able to come.她邀请了很多朋友,但很少人能来。
Hardly any people came.几乎没人来。
Few of them can speak English well.他们没几个人英语说得好。
【注2 】在too…to结构中,too前如果有only, not, never, all, but(but作only解)时,或too后接ready, apt, easy, willing, inclined, happy, anxious, eager时,则后面的不定式含义就不受否定。例如:
We are only too pleased to work together with you.我们很高兴和 你一起工作。
As he often remarked, one is never too old to learn.正如他经常说的,一个人要活到老,学到老。
He is too ready to talk.他爱说话。
Old men are too apt to forget.老年人往往健忘。
Such a speed will never be too easy to be kept constant.这样一个速度将不太容易保持不变。
The girl was too anxious to sell her flowers.这个女孩子急于卖掉她的鲜花。
They were so tired that they would be too happy to quit without being paid.他们太累了,以致很想不要报酬就离开。
2.little, few, seldom等半否定词,常跟完全否定词如no, nothing, never等连用。
(1)句型:“半否定词+or+完全否定词”表示否定意义的递进,意即“很少以至于无”。例如:
There is little or no water in the glass.杯子里几乎或完全没有水了。
I saw little or nothing of him after you were gone.你走后,我几乎完全没有见过他。
She seldom or never goes to the theatre.她很少或者从来没去看过戏。
People seldom or never bought silk garments a few years ago.几年前,人们很少或完全不买丝绸服装。
(2)句型:“半否定词+if+否定词”表示否定意义的让步概念,意即“即使有也是很少的”。例如:
He seldom, if ever, falls ill.他很少生病,即使有也是很少的。
It occurs seldom, if ever.这样的事即使有,也是不多的。
I am little if any older than she.我的年纪即使比她大,也大不了 多少。
Few, however, if any, besides the King himself, believed that Hermione was guilty.(Ch.Lamb)但是,除了国王外,相信赫米奥有罪的人,即使有,也是极少的。
He did little, if anything, during his winter vacation.他在寒假期间简直什么事也没干。
(七)双重否定
两个否定词否定同一个单词;或是一个否定词否定另一个否定词。两者相互抵消,取得肯定的意义。这种否定用法叫做“双重否定”。汉语译作“无……不”、“没有……不”;有时也可译作肯定式。
“双重否定”的构成方法有:
1.“一般否定词或完全否定词+带否定词缀的词”。例如:
What's done cannot be undone.已经做了的事后悔也没用。
They are not incapable of doing the work.他们有做这项工作的能力。
Such things have happened not infrequently.这样的事情已经不是罕见的了。
Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.有志的人没有做不到的事。
You shouldn't be careless of consequences.你不该不顾及后果。
Nothing is changeless.一成不变的东西是没有的。
2.“一般否定词或完全否定词+含有否定意义的词或短语”。例如:
They do not deny that their work leave much to be desired.他们并不否认他们的工作是有许多缺点的。
We shall not fail to help you when necessary.必要时我们会帮助你的。
He never failed to greet the sun every morning.他总是每晚都工作到天亮。
We should not turn a deaf ear to what he said.我们不应对他说的话充耳不闻。
He could not help showing his pleasure.他不禁喜形于色。
I can not refrain from laughing.我禁不住笑了起来。
We cannot keep from worrying to hear that there is no steamer this week.我们听到这个星期没有船的消息,禁不住担忧起来。
In making experiments you cannot be too careful.做实验越小心越好。
There is no man but errs.没有人不犯错误的。
We can not but read books to increase our knowledge.我们不得不读书以增加知识。
There is no pleasure without pain.没有不付代价的快乐。
Nobody is without his faults.没有人是没有缺点的(人无完人)。
No rose without a thorn.(Anonymous)没有不带刺的玫瑰。
I cannot read the book without shedding tears.我每读这本书总要掉眼泪。
He is too wicked not to meet a bad end some day.他坏极了,总有一天得到恶报。
3.“否定词+否定词或否定句”。例如:
She showed no little interest in music.她对音乐表示极大的兴趣。
The road is not seldom flooded in summer.这条路在夏天常被洪水淹没。
You can't make something out of nothing.巧妇难为无米之炊。
No one has nothing to offer to society.人人都可以为社会奉献些什么。
You are rich.And you can't not be rich.你很富有,你不会没有钱。
There is nothing which has not been bitter before being ripe.(Publilius Syrus)所有果实在没成熟时都是苦的。
The value of health is not esteemed until it is lost.人失去了健康,才知道健康的可贵。
But that I saw it I could not have believed it.要不是我亲眼看见,我是不会相信的。
Bassanio, in his grief, replied that there was nothing he would not sacrifice.(Ch.Lamb)巴莎尼奥非常悲痛地回答说,他没有什么不可以牺牲的。
(八)延续否定
前面已经有了否定词,后面又追加一个或数个否定词或否定句,使否定意义更加明确,或进一步补充说明,表示尚有别的需要否定的内容:这种追加的内容的表现形式叫“延续否定”,或称“连续否定”。
“延续否定”的表达方式有:
1.单纯重复的“延续否定”。在否定句中或后面,再一次或两次以上重复该否定词或意义相近的否定词,以加强已经否定了的内容。例如:
I'll not do such a thing, not I.我不会干这种事,决不会的。
"Am I troubling you?" "No, not in the least!"“我打搅了你吗?”“不,一点也不!”
2.补充说明的“延续否定”。第一分句为一般否定式,第二分句为延续否定式。后句把前句已经否定了的内容再加以否定,补充说明,表达否定内容的层层递进。
(1)“否定句+nor/not, neither…nor, neither等”。例如:
He doesn't know, nor can I guess.他不知道,我也猜不着。
She can't speak French, neither can I.她不能说法语,我也不能。
He doesn't care much for silk.No more do I.他不喜欢丝绸,我也不喜欢。
You won't buy this style.Nor will I.你不愿买这种款式,我也不买。
The patient cannot sleep, not even after taking an opiate.这个病人睡不着,甚至服下安眠药后也睡不着。
(2)“否定句+let alone+名词或从句/to say nothing of, not to speak of, not mention+名词”。let alone, to say nothing of等四个词组是固定词组,意为“更不用说,更别提”。可用于肯定句或否定句之后,其意思随前一句的意思而定。例如:
He is incapable of leading a team, let alone a company.他没有能力领导一组人,更不用说(领导)一家公司了。
I never thought of it, let alone/much less/still less did I do it.我想都没有想到它,更谈不上去做了。
He doesn't even drink beer, to say nothing of vodka.他连啤酒都不喝,更不要说是伏特加酒了。
(3)“否定句+much less/still less+名词(词组)或从句”much less, still less意为“更没有”、“更加不”、“更不用说”,只能用于否定句之后。例如:
I don't appreciate Bartok, much less Schonberg.我不欣赏巴托克的音乐,更不用说舒恩柏格的音乐了。
He doesn't even have a bicycle, much less a motorbike.他连自行车也没有,更不用说摩托车了。
I do not know English, still less/much less English literature.我不懂英语,更不用说英国文学了。
She never thought of it, still less did she do it.她从来没想到这一点,更不用说去做了。
(九)排除否定
英语中有些介词或连词如but, but for, except, except for, excepting, beyond, without, other than, save, exclusive of, with the exception of, unless等,可用来表示“除……之外”的意思。通过这些介词或连词来排除其所引导或连接的成分,这类句子结构叫做“排除否定”。这类句子有两个组成部分:一部分被肯定,另一部分被否定。
“排除否定”的构成有两种:
1.“肯定的陈述部分+表示‘排除’的介词或连词+被否定的部分”。例如:
They looked in every place but the right one.他们每个地方都看了,可就是该看的地方倒反而没看。
He is anything but a scholar.他绝不是个学者。
He has lost everything except his good name.除了没有失去好名声外,他什么都失去了。
The library is open save on Sundays.该图书馆除星期日外都开放。
We have made many experiments other than this one.除了这个实验外,我们还做了许多别的实验。
They attended the business talk with the exception of two.他们当中除两人以外都参加了业务洽谈。
2.“否定的陈述部分+表示‘排除’的介词或连词+被肯定的部分”。例如:
It is nothing but a rumour.这完全是谣言。
And if I am defeated, the shame of it will be no one's but mine.(Ch. Lamb)要是我失败,蒙受其辱的除我之外,没有别人。
I never dine out except with my wife.除了同妻子一起外出用餐外,我从不在外面吃饭。
There's not much we can do for him beyond giving him our sympathy.我们除了向他表示同情外,帮不了他多大忙。
He never takes a nap in the afternoon unless it is awfully hot.除非 天气非常炎热,他从来不午睡。
(十)含蓄否定
英语中有一种句子没有明显的否定标志,从形式上看是肯定的,但实际上是否定的,其否定意义是通过某些否定性词语或通过句法手段表现出来:这类句子称为含蓄否定句。
含蓄否定有下述两种形式:
1.通过词汇手段表示否定。
(1)用动词表达否定概念。常见的动词或短语动词有absent, defy, deny, escape, exclude, fail, ignore, lack, miss, neglect, overlook, refuse以及lose sight of, prevent…from, refrain from等。例如:
Tom often absents himself from the meeting.汤姆经常不来开会。
The car refused to start.这辆车启动不着。
She failed to arrive on time.她未能准时到达。
The pin escaped my eyes.我没有看到那根针。
He completely lacked conscience.他一点儿良心也没有。
We shortly lost sight of land.我们很快就看不见陆地了。
For better health you must refrain from eating too much.为了健康,你必须控制不要吃得太多。
Lack of time prevented me from writing to you.因没有时间,未能写信给你。
(2)用名词(词组)表达否定概念。常见的名词(词组)有absence, denial, failure, ignorance, lack loss, negation, neglect, refusal, reluctance, want(缺少),a fool to(不能与……相比,与……不能同日而语)等。例如:
Please take care of my house during my absence.我不在家期间请照管我的房子。
He made a denial of wrongdoing.他不承认做过坏事。
I am in complete ignorance of his plans.我对他的计划毫无所知。
The amazing thing was the lack of panic.令人惊奇的是没有惊慌失措。
(3)用形容词(短语)表达否定概念。常见的形容词(短语)有absent, different, few, hard, ignorant, last, little, reluctant和far from, free from, safe from, short of等。例如:
Snow is absent in some countries.有些国家不下雪。
John was reluctant to read anything about the war.约翰不愿意读有关战争的作品。
She is afraid to go there alone.她不敢一个人去那里。
He was ignorant of the fact.他不知道这个事实。
It was so different from what the church taught.这跟教堂传说的很不相同。
It is hard to swim against the current.逆水游泳是不容易的。
The origins of this complication are still far from clear.这种并发症的发病原因尚不清楚。
The specimen was completely devoid of residual tumour.标本中已完全没有残存的肿瘤了。
That is the last place I want to go.那是我最不愿意去的地方。
Mr.Brown was blind to his son's faults.布朗先生看不出自己儿子的过错。
She is in very poor health.她的健康很不好。
He is too respectable for my taste.他太高雅了,我不喜欢。
(4)用介词或短语介词、副词表达否定概念。常见的介词或短语介词、副词有above, against, before, behind, beneath, beyond, past, without, at a loss, at fault等。例如:
It is beyond dispute that he is correct in his conclusion.他的结论的 正确性是用不着争论的。
He is above corruption.他不会去做贪污受贿的事。
She is past work.她已经不能再工作了。
Luck is against him.他运气不好。
It is out of the question for any one to build a castle in the air.任何人想建立空中楼阁是不可能的。
They think she will succeed, but I think otherwise.他们认为她会成功,但我不这么认为。
I'm feeling rather off today.今天我觉得不舒服。
His wife tried in vain to persuade him to give up smoking.他妻子劝他戒烟,结果无效。
He searched vainly for the treasure.他没有找到财宝。
2.通过连词或复合连词和其他句法手段表示否定。常见的连词或复合连词有before, lest, more…than, rather than, sooner/rather、other…than, till等。例如:
I'll see you dead before that happens.我绝不同意你的办法。
They would fight to death before they surrender.他们宁愿战斗到死,决不投降。
Hold on tightly lest you fall off.牢牢地抓住,不然你会跌倒。
It is more than I engage for, I assure you.老实对你说吧,这不是我分内的事。
I have more books than I can read.我的书多得看不完。
Until he returns, nothing can be done.他不回来,什么也不能做。
I wonder if I can help you.我恐怕不能帮助你。
(十一)形式否定
英语中有些句子含有一般否定词或半否定词。这类句子类似有两个否定成分的“双重否定”,形式上是否定的,但意义上却是肯 定句,甚至是强调式的肯定句。“形式否定”的结构是“否定词+一个表示‘过分、足够、夸张’等意义的词”。这些表示“过分、足够、夸张”的词可以理解为否定词语。因此,这种“形式否定”属于肯定句。汉语中也有类似的句子,比如说,“看见你,我好不高兴!”“好”是修饰性的夸张的词,再加上“不”字,所以“好不高兴”,实际上是“非常高兴”,即“看见你,我非常高兴!”
“形式否定”的结构是:“一般否定词或否定词+too/enough/比较级或over-构成的复合词”。例如:
A man cannot be too careful in the choice of his enemies.(Oscar Wilde)对敌人的选择应该格外审慎。
You cannot praise the play too highly.这出戏你无论怎么称赞也不会过分。
You can't be too careful with them.你对他们越小心越好。
I can't agree with you more.我非常同意你的意见。
I can not read enough of his novels.我非常爱看他写的小说。(他写的小说我怎么看也嫌不够。)
I could do no otherwise than love her.我不能不爱她。
It isn't half windy today.今天风很大。
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