高中英语语法详解 chapter 9 同位语从句和定语从句 讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

高中英语语法详解（讲义）chapter 9 同位语从句和定语从句 ■一、同位语从句 ■二、that引导的同位语从句和that引导的定语从句的区别 一、同位语从句 把从句放在一个名词之后，以进一步说明该名词的情况、内容实质，并与该名词处于同等的地位，这种从句叫同位语从句。从句所说明的词叫本位词，多是表示抽象概念或表示一个问题的名词；从句和本位词之间不用逗号分开。 1．在下列名词（多半表示抽象概念）之后常用从属连词that引导： that没有词汇意义，只起连接作用，在从句中也不作句子成分，有时还可以省略。常见的名词有thought, news, hope, theory, belief, fact, answer, decision, law, conclusion, discovery等。例如： We are firm in the belief that all objective things can be known.我们坚信，一切客观事物是可知的。 Most people are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.大部分的人都知道这个概念，即一切物质都是由原子组成的。 The people in the bank had the impression that I was an invalid millionaire.（Stephen Leacock）银行里的人都把我看作一个法律上无效的百万富翁。 The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.（Hugo）人生最大的幸福，莫过于确信自己被人所爱。 that引导的同位语从句所说明的本位词一般都带有定冠词或不定冠词。有时也可用其他限定词或不用冠词。例如： Any proposals that John should be dismissed must be resisted.约翰应该解雇的任何建议必须反对。 I'd just received word that another friend had been killed in Europe.（George H.Brooks）【本位词word前不用冠词】 我刚刚听说又有一个朋友在欧洲阵亡了。 主句的主语如果是suggestion, proposal, request, advice, wish, idea, plan等表示“建议”、“要求”、“愿望”等概念等名词时，同位语从句的谓语要用虚拟语气。例如： It is my wish that he do what he pleases.他做他愿意做的事，这是我的愿望。 We made the request that the problem (should) be discussed at the meeting.我们要求这个问题应在会上讨论。 2．在表示“一个问题”的概念的少数名词如question, problem, idea, doubt等的后面，用whether或其他疑问词如what, when, why, where, how等引导。这时，whether及各疑问词本身有词义，在从句中担任句子成分。例如： He has given them a hint what they should do.他已经暗示他们应该做什么。 She had no idea what he meant.她不懂他说的是什么意思。 The question whether he will come is a moot point.他是否会来这个问题是个争执点。 The question when we shall make this experiment has not been settled yet.我们什么时候做这个实验的这个问题还没有决定。 Have you any idea how fast sound travels?你知道声音传播有多快吗？ My original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered.我原来的问题，也就是他究竟为什么做了这件事，还没有得到回答。 引导同位语从句的疑问词前，有时可加介词of或as to等。例如： We are not investigating the question (of) whether he is trustworthy.我们并不是在调查他是否值得信任的问题。 No agreement was reached as to how much we should pay.关于我们应该付多少钱的问题没有达成协议。 3．在名词doubt之后的同位语从句，有两种情况： （1）doubt之后用whether引导。例如： There is great doubt whether he can succeed.他是否能成功很值得怀疑。 I have my doubts whether the boy can pass the entrance examination.这男孩是否能通过入学考试，我深表怀疑。 （2）no doubt之后用that引导。例如： I have no doubt that you will succeed.我不怀疑你会成功。 There can be no doubt that cancer can be cured by mankind in the near future.毫无疑问，在不久的将来人类能够治愈癌症。 连词but that也可引导同位语从句，通常用在“否定词＋doubt/deny, question等名词”结构之后。这时，but仅起强调作用，无否定含义，常可省略；有时可省略that，而保留but。例如： There is no doubt but (that) we will succeed in designing the project.毫无疑问，我们能够设计这项工程。 There is no question (but) that the four modernizations will be realized in China in the near future.毫无疑问，在不久的将来，中国将实现四个现代化。 同位语从句一般都紧接在与其同位的名词之后，但如果主句谓语较短（通常是不及物动词或被动语态）或该名词（词组）带有修饰语时，则同位语从句可与其同位的名词（词组）隔开，置于谓语之后。例如： The assumption was made that the earth is a great magnet.地球是个巨大的磁体的假说被提了出来。 The thought suddenly came to me that perhaps they had already got ahead of us.我突然想到他们也许已经走在我们的前面。 The possibility is slight that after a dismissal, the factory directors are in danger of retaliation.工厂厂长解雇工人之后受到报复 的可能性是很小的。 The boy bore up well when news came that his father had been killed.消息传来，说他父亲被杀时，这男孩表现得很坚强。 The story goes that William Tell did kill the tyrant with that arrow.传说威廉·泰尔真的用那支箭射死了暴君。 The theory is of great importance that the hotter a body is, the more energy it radiates.物体温度越高放射的能量越多，这一理论非常重要。 有时，同位语从句可以另起一句，用相应的标点符号分开，第一个字母要大写。例如： I should like to say to you one important thing, You should go slow in this matter.我想对你说一件重要的事：在这件事上你应当缓慢进行。 有时，同位语从句前面还可加namely, that is /i.e.，such as, for example, for instance, especially, chiefly, mostly, for short, (or) rather等。例如： He told us the news, namely, that the new shop would be open on and after next Sunday.他告诉了我们这个消息，也就是说这家新开张的商店将从下星期日起开始营业。 Many questions—such as how the guests should be seated—remained unanswered.许多问题，比如客人的座位怎样安排，依然没有得到解决。 二、that引导的同位语从句和that引导的定语从句的区别 1．同位语从句中的that是从属连词，在从句中不作成分；而在定语从句中的that是关系代词，它要代替先行词，还要在从句中作成分。例如： The news that our director will go to America is true.【同位语从句，that是从属连词，在从句中不作成分】 我们的主任即将赴美的消息是真的。 The news that I have just heard is true.【定语从句，that是关系代词，在从句中作宾语】 我们听到的这个消息是真的。 2．引导同位语从句的wh-词有的具有疑问意义；而引导定语从句的wh-词（what, how和whether除外）为关系代词，没有疑问意义。例如： I have no idea when he will be back.【同位语从句，when表示疑问意思】 我不知道他什么时候回来。 I will never forget the days when I worked with them.【定语从句，when不表示疑问意思】 我永远不会忘记同他们一起工作的日子。 3．同位语从句与其本位词在逻辑上是“主语+be+表语”结构的关系，可用此结构检验。例如： I can't answer the question why seawater is salty.（The question is why seawater is salty.）【同位语从句】 我不能回答海为什么是咸的这个问题。 That is the reason why he didn't come to the meeting.（不能写成：The reason is why he didn't come to the meeting.）【定语从句】 那就是他没来参加会议的原因。 2、 定语从句 ■一、定语从句中关联词的作用 ■二、定语从句的种类 ■三、多重定语从句 ■四、as, than, but引导的定语从句 在复合句中，修饰名词或代词，或者修饰主句的某一部分甚至整个主句的从句，叫定语从句。它的作用等于形容词。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般都要放在先行词之后。例如： Never trust a friend who deserts you at a pinch.（Aesop）在紧急时刻舍弃你的朋友不可信赖。 在上句中，who deserts you at a pinch是定语从句，修饰先行词a friend，置于先行词之后。带定语从句的复合句由两个简单句合并而成。合并的条件是两个简单句都有共同的名词部分。合并后，共同的名词部分的概念在从句中用关系代词（that, which, who, whose）或关系副词（when, where, why）表示。上述例句是由下面两句合并而成的： Never trust a friend.永远不要信赖一个朋友。 A friend deserts you at a pinch.朋友在紧急时刻抛弃你。 又如： The student is from America.这个大学生是从美国来的。 The student is sitting next to me.这个大学生正坐在我的隔壁。 上述两句可合并成： The student who is sitting next to me is from America.正坐在我隔壁的这个大学生是从美国来的。 或者： The student who is from America is sitting next to me.从美国来的这个大学生正坐在我的隔壁。 一、定语从句中关联词的作用 （一）引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中的作用 可作主语、宾语和定语。有： who（指人，在从句中作主语、表语）； whom（指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略）； which（指事物，在从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可省略）； that（指人或事物，在从句中作主语或宾语；作宾语时可省略）； whose（指人或事物，在从句中作定语）。 关系代词放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，作从句的一个成分。例如： The bough that bears most, hangs lowest. (Thomas Fuller)【关系代词在从句作主语】 果实累累的枝头垂得最低。 He that has done nothing has known nothing.（Thomas Carlyle）无所事事的人一无所知。 The one who sells goods to foreigner may be called an exporter.销售商品给外国人的人可称为出口商。 The man who doesn't recognize a fool when he sees one is one himself.（B.Grucian）看见傻瓜而认不出来的人，他自己也是傻瓜。 Compounds are substances which consist of various elements.化合物是由各种元素构成的物质。 Semi-conductor is a new kind of material which has found a wide use in electronic industry.半导体是一种在电子工业上得到广泛应用的新材料。 All whom I met at the Fair were diligent at their work.【关系代词在从句中作宾语】 我在交易会遇到的一切人工作很勤奋。 Most of the light (which) we get is from the sun.我们获得的大部分光线来自太阳。 His youth did return, for all this was only a dream which he had on New Year's night.（John Ruskin）青春真的回来了，因为所发生的一切只不过是他在除夕所做的一场梦。 We have done too many other things that our fathers never did. （D. L. Steward）我们已经做了很多父辈从未做到的事情。 Her brother is a scientist whose name is well known all over the country.【关系代词在从句中作定语】 她的兄弟是个全国知名的科学家。 He is a man whose word is as good as his bond.他是个说话算数的人。 I know the man whose left leg was amputated.我认识这个左腿被截断了的人。 This is the department whose responsibility is to make shipping arrangements.这是负责装运安排的部门。 whom, which和that在定语从句中用作宾语时，特别是在口语中往往可省略。例如： The man (whom) she wants to see has gone.她想看到的人走了。 The machine tools (which/that) your plant makes are of wide use.你们工厂生产的机床用途广泛。 Buses and planes go because of the fuels (which/that) they burn.汽车和飞机能够开动是由于燃烧燃料。 （二）that和which的选用 1．在下列情况下必须用that，不能用which。 （1）先行词为不定代词all, everything, nothing, anything, something（此词后面也可用which），none, much, little, few或疑问代词what, which等时。例如： Is there anything (that) I can do for you?是否有什么事我能为你效劳的吗？ Anything that is hot radiates heat.任何热的东西都辐射热量。 Everything (that) we saw was of great interest.我们看到的一切都是很有趣的。 Everything that has anything to do with the cult of personality has always been painful to me.（A.Einstein）任何与个人崇拜有关的事，总是使我难以忍受。 Something that is heated expands.有的东西加热会膨胀。 He forgot nothing that I had told him to do.他一点也没有忘记我告诉他要做的事。 Say all that you know and say it without reserve.知无不言，言无不尽。 All that he does, he does it well.他做一切事情都做得很出色。 She was too badly hurt.There was little that the doctor could do for her.她伤势太重，医生对她几乎无能为力。 This concept embraces much that is currently acceptable.这个概念包括当前许多可以接受的看法。 There are few that deal with this subject.讨论这个课题的很少。 （2）先行词被序数词，last等修饰时。例如： The first thing (that) I did when I arrived in Singapore was to send him a telegram.我到达新加坡所做的第一件事就是给他拍一份电报。 Copper is the first metal (that) man learned to use.铜是人类学会使用的第一种金属。 This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.这是我最后一次给你们上课。 The last place that the foreign guests visited in China was Guangzhou.外宾在中国访问的最后一个地方是广州。 （3）先行词被形容词的最高级、不定限定词（some, any, no, every, few, little等）或the only, the very, the same等词修饰时。例如： This is the best film (that) we have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的影片。 This is the most complicated case that I have met.这是我遇到的最复杂的案件。 These are the very points that puzzle me.就是这几点把我难住了。 You can take any seat (that) you like.你可以随便坐。 The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bacteria.显微镜下能够看得见的最小的生物是细菌。 There is no difficulty (that) we can't overcome.没有我们克服不了的困难。 This is the only example (that) I know.这是我知道的唯一的例子。 Then she remembered that was the only thing he had of hers, his only evidence she existed…然后她想起这是他唯一拥有的她的东西，是证明她存在的唯一见证…… I christened her by the same name we had given to the first (child).我用我们给第一个孩子的名字替她取了名。 （4）主句中有两个先行词，一个指人，一个指事物（包括动物）时。例如： The native inhabitants and their customs that we saw with our own eyes are very queer.【先行词是inhabitants和customs】 我们亲眼看到的这个土著民族及其风俗是非常奇异的。 Men and horses that were killed at the battle were innumerable.【先行词是men和horses】 这次会战中，战死的人和马不计其数。 如果从句的主语较长，也多用that，少用which。例如： It was a suggestion that all the representatives present at the meeting considered as quite valuable.这是一项全体到会的代表都认为很有价值的建议。 （5）当关系代词在定语从句中当表语时。例如： He still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.他谈话还像十年前一样。 （6）当主句是“This is/was…”，“That is/was…”或“It is/was…”句型时，修饰表语的定语从句，通常用that引导，但可省略。例如： This is the book (that) I mentioned the other day.这就是我前几天提到的那本书。 It is not every young lad (that) gets a chance like that.（P.Christophersen & Sandved）并不是每个青年都能得到那样的机会。 （7）当定语从句是“there be”句型时，作从句中主语的关系代词用that。that常可省略。例如： You may keep the money (that) there is left after buying your hat.（G.O.Curme）你可以拿着买帽子剩下的钱。 （8）当先行词是疑问代词时用that。例如： What had we two in common that could make either of us happy together?我们俩有什么共同之处能使我们在一起时幸福呢？ What did he say that could make you so angry?他说了什么使你这么生气？ 2．在下列情况下，用which，不用that。 （1）当引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。例如： We visited the school, which was located in the suburbs of Cairo.我们参观了这所学校，它位于开罗郊区。 （2）当关系代词用在介词之后作宾语时，引导定语从句只能用which。例如： The hotel at which we stayed was both cheap and comfortable.我们住的那个宾馆既便宜又舒适。 （3）当先行词为that时，只能用which。例如： I use the word not in the present depreciatory sense, but in that which was held in the nineteenth century.我使用这个单词不是用它现在的贬义，而是取其十九世纪时的意义。 （4）当先行词和定语从句被其他成分隔开时，多用which。例如： Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book.【先行词the story和定语从句被of the young airman分隔开】 拉里把我在这本书开头叙述过的那位年轻飞行员的故事讲给她听。 （三）关系代词that和who的选用 先行词指人时，关系代词既可用who，也可用that。 1．在下列情况下，用that。 （1）当先行词被形容词最高级形式或the same, any, only, first, last等词修饰时，通常用that。例如： This is the same man that came the day before yesterday.这就是前天来过的那个人。 （2）先行词不止一个，有指人和指事物，不管哪个先行词在后，用that。例如： She likes the children and their kindergarten that she has just visited.她喜欢她刚刚访问过的孩子们和他们的幼儿园。 （3）当定语从句是there be句型时，作从句主语的关系代词用that；但that常省略。例如： Kent is supposed to be a gifted footballer that there has ever been.肯特被认为是一位天才的足球运动员。 （4）关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that；that常可省略。例如： I'm not the fool you thought me.我不是你想象的那么傻。 （5）当泛指人时，用that。例如： He is a man that is never at a loss.他是一个从未一筹莫展的人。 2．在下列情况下，用who。 （1）在非限制性定语从句中，必须用who，不能用that。例如： My father, who had been on a visit to America, arrived at London yesterday.我父亲曾经访问过美国，昨天到达伦敦。 （2）先行词为代词如he, they, any, all, one, those等和名词person, people等时，通常用who。例如： Those who'll play with cats must to be scratched.（Cervantes）想和猫玩的人必须想到自己可能被猫抓伤。 He who lives by hope will die by hunger.（Joseph R.Drake）靠希望为生的人将会饿死。 （3）在强调结构中，多用who。例如： It was I who saw her in the street this morning.今天早晨在街上看见她的人是我。 （4）先行词和定语从句之间被其他成分隔开时，通常用who。例如： You are the only girl I know who can really play chess. (L.G.Alexander)【girl和定语从句被I know分隔开】 你是我认识的唯一的真正会下棋的女孩子。 （四）关系代词that, who的省略 在"It is/was…", "That is/was…"或"There be…"结构中，引导定语从句的关系代词that, who尽管在从句中作主语，但在口语中可省略。例如： There is something (that) keeps worrying me.有一件事老使我感到担心。 There is a man outside (who) wants to see you.外面有一个人想见你。 There are lots of people (who) live there.有许多人住在那里。 It isn't everybody (who) can learn a foreign language so easily.并不是每一个人都能这么容易学会一门外语的。 同时，关系代词that用作定语从句的主语，用在“there be…” 前面时，有时也可省略。例如： Milk is a good food (that) there is for the babies.牛奶是婴儿的一种好食品。 This is one of the finest paintings (that) there are in the exhibition hall.这是展览厅里其中最好的一幅油画。 （五）引导定语从句的关系副词在从句中的作用 可作状语，放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，作从句中的一个成分：when（表示时间）；where（表示地点）；why（表示原因）。在口语中，关系副词常可省略。例如： The time when we can use laser in many fields has come.我们能够在许多领域使用激光的时代已经到来了。 He came at the day when we needed him most.他在我们最需要他的那一天来了。 I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次见面的那天。 He was shown into the front room where he could see into the pretty garden.他被带进前厅，从那里可以看到那座美丽的花园。 Finally, I take a boat over to the island where he lived.最后，我找了一只船驶到他住的岛上去。 Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.在你有疑问或问题的地方作个记号。 Do you know the reason why he was late?你知道他迟到的原因吗？ The reason why he changed his mind is not clear.他改变主意的原因不清楚。 The only reason why we desire goods or service is to satisfy our wants.我们需求商品或劳务的唯一理由是为了满足我们的需要。 when, where也可引导非限制性定语从句。例如： Come again tomorrow, when I shall have more time.明天来吧，那时我时间更充裕。 I was 72 then, living in Los Angeles, where I had more friends than anywhere else.（Strong）那时我72岁，住在洛杉矶，我在那里的朋友比在其他任何地方的都多。 但是why不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。例如，不能说： The reason, why he spoke, is not clear. （六）带介词的定语从句 介词＋关系代词（which, whom）引导的定语从句。例如： At the meeting, he heard many things of which he had hitherto been unaware.（of which=of many things）他在会上听到了许多前所未闻的事情。 Life is a flower, of which love is the honey.（Hugo）人生是一朵花，而爱是花之蜜。 Behavior is a mirror in which every one shows his image. (Goethe)（in which=in a mirror）行为是一面镜子，每个人都把自己的形象映在镜里。 Reinhard paid no further attention to the geography lessons, and instead he composed a long poem, in which he compared himself to a young eagle.莱因哈特不再听地理课了，而是写了一首长诗，在诗中把自己比作一只小鹰。 She marveled at the sense Robert Kincaid had of his ways coming to a close and the ease with which he accepted it.罗伯特·金凯意识到自己的生活方式正在逝去，还能泰然处之，这让她感到不可思议。 He carried his gear into a room containing two table lamps, one of which had a burned-out bulb.他把行李装备带进一个房间，里面有两 个台灯，其中一个灯泡烧坏了。 And immediately he began to feel the old clumsiness he always suffered around women to whom he was even faintly attracted.他立刻又开始有在女人面前总会有的那种手足无措的窘态，即使那女人对他只是有些微吸引力。 She has two sisters, both of whom are doctors.她有两个姐妹都是医生。 The planet on which we live is called Earth.（on which=on the planet）我们居住的星球叫地球。 Is this the book about which you have talked so much?（about which=about the book）这就是你们谈论这么多的那本书吗？ We learned a great deal from the scientist with whom we had worked for two weeks.（with whom=with the scientist）我们从与我们一同工作了两星期的那个科学家那里学到了许多东西。 The man to whom you spoke is Jordan's cousin.（to whom=to the man）和你讲话的那个人是乔丹的表兄弟。 关系代词在从句中用作介词宾语时，介词放在关系代词之前（这时关系代词不能省略，而且要用宾格）；但是，也可以位于从句中的原来位置上，即位于从句中谓语动词之后，这时关系代词往往省略。例如，上述最后四例可以改写成： The planet we live on is called Earth. Is this the book you have talked so much about? We learned a great deal from the scientist we had worked for two weeks with. The man you spoke to is Jordan's cousin. 又如： The world we live in is like a big round ball.我们居住的地球像一个大的圆球。 You are not the first I have said no to.你不是我所拒绝的第一人。 在下面三种情况下，不得把介词提到关系代词的前面： 1．关系代词that作介词宾语时，介词不能放在that之前，只能放在原来位置上。例如： The picture that I am looking at is drawn by a student.我正在看的这幅画是一个大学生画的。 The man that I glanced at just now has a familiar face.刚才我看了一眼的那个人面孔很熟悉。 This is the college that my sister works at.这是我的姐妹工作的学院。 2．“动词＋介词”的固定词组不能拆开，如look for, depend upon, look after等。例如： He is a good friend whom you can depend upon.他是你可以信赖的一位好朋友。 This is the very pen I have been looking for.【省略that】 这就是我一直在寻找的那支钢笔。 The teacher we are now speaking of will give us a lesson in grammar.【省略whom】 我们现在说到的老师将会给我们上一堂语法课。 3．如果先行词由两个限制性定语从句所修饰，（两个）从句中的谓语动词的搭配用法不同，不能用同一介词，则介词应放在原来的位置上，同时省略关系代词。例如： Basketball is a game I am interested in.篮球是感兴趣的一种游戏。 有时，可以见到由“介词＋关系副词where”引导的定语从句。例如： He went up on the roof, from where he could see the whole village.他上了屋顶，从那儿可以看到整个村庄。 二、定语从句的种类 定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 （一）限制性定语从句 是主句中的先行词不可少的定语。如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确；这种定语从句跟主句的关系十分密切。翻译时往往把从句译在先行词之前，译成一句。从句和主句之间不用逗号分开。引导从句的关系代词，如果在从句中作宾语可以省略。例如： This is the best film that I have ever seen.【如果去掉从句，就没有了比较范围。】 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the laboratory (which/that) we built last year.【我们去年建的实验室可能不止一个，这是其中的一个。】 这是我们去年建的实验室。 Containers which are not clean shouldn't be used.【如果去掉从句，主句的意思就不能成立。】 不清洁的容器不能用。 Anyone who said this must be a fool.说这话的人一定是个傻瓜。 Metals with which people make machines were discovered long ago.人们用来制造机器的金属是很早以前发现的。 （二）非限制性定语从句 只起对主句中的先行词作附加说明的作用，即使去掉，主句仍能表达明确、完整的概念。它和主句之间通常用逗号分开。译成汉语时，往往把从句分开另译。 这种从句不能用关系代词that引导，关系代词在从句中作宾语时也不能省略。 由于这种从句是对先行词的附加说明或解释，因此在意义上一般相当于主句的一个并列分句或状语从句。例如： Day light comes from the sun, which is a mass of hot, glowing gas.【相当于并列句】 阳光来自太阳，而太阳是一团炽热发光的气体。 His remorse, which was like a sharp arrow, struck deeply into his heart.（J.Ruskin）悔恨如同一支利箭，深深地刺进他的心。 True love is like ghosts, which everybody talks about and few have seen.（Rochefoucauld）真正的爱情犹如鬼魂，这种东西人人都在谈论，但很少有人看见过。 Professor Smith, who is a computer expert from America, is now teaching in our university.史密斯教授是个美国计算机专家，他现在在我们大学教书。 I do experiments with a computer, which helps to do many things.【相当于原因状语从句】 我用计算机做实验，因为它能够帮助做许多工作。 Darryl, who uses drugs as well as sells them, has several brushes with the law.达里尔由于既吸毒又贩毒，已经好几次触犯了法律。 The girl, who is only sixteen years of age, is determined to be a mathematician.【相当于让步状语从句】 这个女孩子虽然只有16岁，已经下决心要当个数学家。 The problem, which is complicated, has been solved.这个问题虽然很复杂，但是已经解决了。 The factory, which is small, produces a large quantity of machines every day.这间工厂虽小，但每天能生产大量机器。 The design of this mobile robot was a complex one, which took us a lot of time to do.【相当于结果状语从句】 这台机器人的设计很复杂，结果花了我们很多时间。 I met your brother, who was visiting our school.【相当于时间状语从句】 你的兄弟正在参观我们学校时，我遇见了他。 非限制性定语从句，有时关系代词which的先行词是主句中的 一部分（即修饰主句的一部分）。例如： John was told to send for a doctor, which advice he followed.有人劝约翰去请医生，他接受了这个忠告。 Mary stayed in Zurich for three months, during which time her mother wrote her a letter.玛丽在苏黎世停留了三个月，这段期间她母亲给她写了一封信。 He charged me fifty dollars, which seemed pretty cheap to me.他收费要了我50美元，我觉得很便宜。 They say he play truant, which he doesn't.他们说他逃学，而他并没逃学。 非限制性的定语从句，有时关系代词which的先行词是主句所表达的整个概念（即修饰整个句子），是用来对主句所述的事实或现象加以总结概括、补充说明或承上启下。翻译时，通常把which译成“这……”。which在从句中可作主语、宾语或介词宾语、表语或定语；which在从句中作主语时，谓语动词用单数第三人称。例如： Mr.Green was elected by a large majority, which (=and this) is what most people had expected.【which在从句中作主语】 格林先生以大多数票当选，这是大家都已预料到的。 The sun heats the earth, which (=and this) makes it possible for plants to grow.太阳给地球热量，这使植物有可能生长。 Alloy steel is very useful in industry, which is known to everybody.合金钢在工业上很有用，这是人所共知的。 I said nothing, which made him angry.我什么也没说，这使他很生气。 The clerk didn't know any more than she did, which was nothing.售货员并不比她多懂多少，这没关系。 The factory has introduced some advanced machinery and equipment from abroad, which will help increase its production.这家工厂从国外引进了一些先进的机械设备，这将有助于提高它的产量。 They have started for Canada, which I did not expect.【which在从句作宾语】 他们已经出发去了加拿大，这是我预料不到的。 三、多重定语从句 两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰同一个先行词，叫做多重定语从句。 （一）并列修饰同一个先行词 两个从句之间用and, or或but连接；当第一个从句的关系代词用作宾语可省略时，第二个从句的关系代词不可省略。例如： He would mock stoically at everything (that) she said or which life offered.他会漠视地嘲笑她所说的一切，嘲笑生活中所提供的一切。 They live in a house whose windows are green and whose walls are white.他们住在一间白墙绿窗的屋子里。 （二）重叠修饰一个先行词 两个定语从句不是并列关系，因此从句之间不用任何连词，也不用逗号。并且第一个关系代词作宾语时常省略，而第二个即使充当宾语也要保留，作为从句的标志。例如： He is the only person (whom) we know who can help us solve this problem.他是我们所知道的唯一能帮助我们解决这个问题的人。 The plants that we went to that had been newly established were turning out transistor radios and TV sets.我们去参观过的、新建的工厂正在生产半导体收音机和电视机。 Is there anything else (that) you like that you don't see on the shelves?架子上有你没看到的、你所喜欢的别的东西吗？ This was the only thing (that) he said that I thought a bit silly.他所说的只有这一点我认为有点莫明其妙。 四、as, than, but引导的定语从句 （一）as引导的定语从句 1．用the same…as或such…as引导。 the same或such放在主句中，修饰先行词（具体名词）；as是关系代词，引导限制性定语从句。as在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语，意为“像……一样”。例如： John suffered from the same disease as his brother did.【as在从句中作did的宾语】 约翰得了跟他兄弟患的同样的病。 Patterns are to have the same shape as the finished object (has).模型必须具有与成品相同的形状。 We drove out of the town by the same road as we had entered by.【as在从句中作介词宾语】 我们沿着我们进城的同一条路开车出城。 I hope to get such a tool as he repaired his instrument with.我希望能够得到一件像他用来修理这台仪器的工具。 I should like to use the same instrument as is used in your workshop.【as在从句中作主语】 我想使用你们车间里所用的同样的仪器。 He will give such advice as will help you.他会给你一些对你有用的忠告。 He is such a famous scientist as his father (is).【as在从句中作表语】 他像他父亲一样是个著名科学家。 She is not such a careless student as you think she is.她不是你认为的那样粗心的学生。 2．用the same as, such as引导。 as跟the same或such连在一起，中间没有名词，这时the same或such为代词，作其后as的先行词；as为关系代词，引导限制性定语从句。例如： He tried to do the same as his friend did.【as在从句中作宾语】 他尝试做他的朋友所做过的同样的事。 This word signifies the same as that.这个单词跟那个单词的意义一样。 The machine is not such as I saw on the exhibition.这种机器并不是我在展览馆看到过的那种机器。 The fate of the world will be such as the world deserves.（A.Einstein）人类的命运将由人类自己来决定。 I will explain this case to such as would like to know it.【as在从句中作主语】 我将对那些愿意了解这个案件的人做出解释。 My home town is not longer the same as it was.【 as在从句中作表语】 我的家乡不再是从前的那个样子了。 3．as单独引导非限制性定语从句。 as作为关系代词，可指整个主句或主句的一部分。as从句前后用逗号跟主句分开。as在从句中多作主语和宾语，也可作表语。意思是“如……”、“正像……”、“像……那样”。从句谓语一律用单数。例如： He is late, as is often the case.【as在从句中作主语】 他迟到了，这是经常的事。 He is a foreigner, as is evident from his accent.他是个外国人，这从他的口音可判断出来。 Many nasty things were said about him, as have been said about other people.据说他有许多丑闻，其他一些人也有。 He came very early this morning, as (was) usual.他像往常一样， 今天早晨来得很早。 However, as usual, Joan accepted it soon enough as a fact of life.但是，琼像往常一样，很快就把这件事看作是命应当如此而接受下来了。 Transistors are small and versatile device, as is known to us.晶体管是小型多功能的器件，这是我们所知道的。 As seen from the earth, these planets appear to move in circles round the sun.正如从地球所看到的那样，这些行星看来是围绕太阳作圆周运动。 As I said, I hope you understand and don't think ill of me.【as在从句中作宾语】 如我所说，我希望你们能理解，别把我往坏里想。 As you've already discovered, his name was Robert Kincaid.正如你们已经发现的，他的名字叫罗伯特·金凯。 As we know, the molecules of gas move freely in all directions.大家都知道，气体分子向四面八方自由运动。 【注】 这类as从句，类似插入语，有些已成固定格式。例如： as has been said before如前所述 as mentioned above如上所述 as is well known（to all）众所周知 as is pointed如……所示 as often happens正如经常发生的那样 as is given如……所列 as is often said正如经常所说的 as the name indicates顾名思义 as we have seen正如我们所看到的那样 as was the custom in those days此乃当时之风气 as may be hoped如同所希望的那样 （二）than引导的定语从句 than可用作关系代词。例如： You spent more money than was intended to be spent.【than在从句中作主语，先行词为money】 你花的钱超过了预定的数额。 （三）but引导的定语从句 but作关系代词具有否定意义，相当于who…not, that…not, which…not（没有……不），其先行词多为否定词或带否定意义的定语，因此全句表示“双重否定”的肯定意义。例如： There is not one of us but wishes to help you.（=There is not one of us who does not wish to help you.）我们中间没有一个人不愿意帮助你。 There was not a man there but was (=who was not) angry with his nonsense.那里没有一个人不对他的无理感到愤怒。 There are few of us but (=who doesn't) admire his courage.我们几乎没人不赞扬他的勇敢。 Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was (=who was not) deeply impressed by the originality of his works.参观展览会的人几乎没有一个不因他的作品的新颖风格而留下深刻的印象。 【说明】 这种用法近来用得很少，通常用“who…not”“that…not”“which…not”代替。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $