高中英语语法详解chapter 5 被动语态讲义-2026届高三英语一轮复习

高中英语语法详解（讲义）chapter 5 被动语态 ■一、概说 ■二、被动语态的构成 ■三、被动语态的否定形式和一般疑问形式 ■四、被动语态的时态 ■五、被动语态的用法 ■六、主动语态变为被动语态的类型 ■七、被动结构和系表结构的区别 ■八、“get+过去分词”和“be+过去分词”的用法区别 ■九、表示被动意义的主动句 一、概说 语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间的关系。语态分两种： （一）主动语态 表示主语是动作的发出者或执行者。例如： At school Miss Lockhart organized a good-bye party.（C.Thompson）洛克哈特小姐在学校组织了一次欢送会。 We watched the car disappear round the curve of the private road.我们目送汽车在车道的转弯处消失。 The police have picked up all the homeless children.警察把所有无家可归的儿童都收留了。 （二）被动语态 表示主语是动作的承受者。例如： At school a good-bye party was organized by Miss Lockhart.在学校由洛克哈特小姐组织了一次欢送会。 A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.说谎的人说真话时也无人相信。 I want to be buried in these clothes I wear, Lotte!我要求下葬时就穿着现在这身衣服，绿蒂！ Clare walked Tess back to the carriage.The driver was paid and told where to take her.克莱陪着苔丝回到马车那儿。他给车夫付了车钱，告诉车夫把她送到她要去的地方。 Each payment to be made hereunder shall be made in U.S.dollars.本协议中的各项支付应用美元。 Any book which is at all important should be re-read immediately. （A.Schopenhauer）任何重要的书都应该立刻重读一遍。 A good joke should not be repeated too often.（A.Einstein）一个好的笑话不应该重复太多遍。 二、被动语态的构成 英语的被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词（短语）的过去分词”构成，be有时态、人称和数的变化，应和主语保持一致。 被动语态的各种形式列表归纳如下（以give为例）： 不定式的被动语态（以give为例）： 一般式：to be given 完成式：to have been given -ing式的被动语态： 一般式：being given 完成式：having been given 带情态动词的被动语态： 一般式：情态动词+be+过去分词 完成式：情态动词+have been+过去分词 三、被动语态的否定形式和一般疑问形式 被动语态的否定形式是：在助动词后加not。被动语态的一般疑问形式是：把第一个助动词移到主语之前。例如： They shall be asked to attend the opening ceremony.（肯定式）他们将被邀请参加开幕式。 They shall not be asked to attend the opening ceremony.（否定式）他们不会被邀请参加开幕式。 Shall they be asked to attend the opening ceremony?（疑问式）要邀请他们参加开幕式吗？ 四、被动语态的时态 被动语态是由“be+过去分词”构成，其时态是通过be表现出来，如上述所列的表共有十种，但常用的只有七种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时和过去完成时。例如： Where wisdom is called for, force is of little use.（Herodotos）（一般现在时）在需要智慧的地方，蛮力毫无用处。 He took the coal from her hand, carried it to the top, and put it down at the door where it was wanted.（一般过去时）他从她手中接过煤，扛到顶层，放在需要煤的房间门口。 Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, on March 14, 1879.阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在1879年3月14日生于德国乌尔姆小城。 He will be punished.（一般将来时）他将受到惩罚。 Old love will not be forgotten.（Anonymous）旧情难忘。 Yesterday will not be called again.（John Skelton）昨天不能再唤回。 These plans are being worked out successfully.（现在进行时）这些计划正在顺利地制订中。 The library is being built.图书馆正在建造中。 The cars were being repaired when we came to the workshop.（过去进行时）我们来到车间时，汽车正在修理中。 This book has been translated into many languages.（现在完成时）这本书已经译成多种语言。 The article ought to have been written this morning.这篇文章今天早晨本应该写好。 By the end of last year the railway had been completed.（过去完成时）到去年年底这条铁路已经建成。 Before your return my work will have been finished.（将来完成时）在你回来之前，我的工作将会做完。 We knew that such a thing would never be permitted.（过去将来时）我们已经知道了这种事绝不允许再发生。 They said that the library would have been completed before April.（过去将来完成时）他们说过这个图书馆在四月前建成。 五、被动语态的用法 英语的句子多用主动语态，但在书面语，尤其是科技书籍，使用被动语态仍很广泛，并且英语的被动句要比汉语的被动句使用得普遍。在下面的几种情况中常使用被动语态。 1．强调动作的承受者，以承受者为谈话的中心，即以承受者作句中主语。例如： Everyone was charmed with her fine singing.每个人都为她的优美歌声而陶醉。 Necessary steps must be taken now.现在必须采取必要的措施。 The equipment of this refinery is made in China.这个炼油厂的设 备是国产的。 2．说话人不知道行为者是谁，或者为了表示委婉、礼貌而不愿说出动作的执行者。例如： One of her suitcases was stolen when she was touring the city.她在这个城市旅行时，她其中的一个手提箱被偷了。 Your presence is requested.请光临。 Any consideration given to him will be greatly appreciated.如蒙相助，不胜感激。 3．动作的执行者就是说话人本身，但为了某种原因，说话人不愿意提及自己。例如： He signed to us with his hand:"The lesson is over.You are dismissed."（A.daudet）他向我们挥了挥手说：“课上完了。你们可以走了。” You have been told many times not to touch the exhibits.已经多次告诉你们别触摸这些展品。 This book is intended for beginners of English.And I hope it will prove useful to teachers of English, too.此书是为英语初学者写的。但我希望它对英语教师也有用处。 Enough has been said about the difficulties.困难已经说得够多的了。 4．强调动作本身，或动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物。例如： The tree in front of our house was struck by lightning.我们屋前的那棵树为雷电所击。 We were all shocked by the news of his sudden death.他突然去世的消息使我们为之震惊。 5．为了使句子更紧凑、流畅，避免更换主语，达到修辞目的。例如： He rose to speak, and was listened to with enthusiasm by the great crowd present.（Jespersen）【第二分句用被动语态，可避免更换主语而使整个句子紧凑。】 他站起来发言，在场的广大群众热情地听着。 Here are crucial issues which have not been fully understood.【从句和主句主语一致】 这些重大问题还没有完全为人们所理解。 Helen was sent to the school by her parents when she was nine.海伦9岁时被父母送到这所学校。 6．行为者不止一个，而是好几个并列，或者行为者带有较长的修饰语时，使用被动语态可使文句流畅，或使句子保持平衡，避免头重脚轻。例如： His room was empty, the bed had not been slept in; the window was open, and the bird had flown.他的屋子空荡荡，床没人睡过；窗子开着，鸟儿已经飞走了。 As soon as we arrived, we were cheered and surrounded by the inhabitants of the town who had come out to welcome us.我们一到达，城里出来欢迎我们的居民包围着我们，向我们欢呼。 His proposal was warmly supported by the students who were present at the meeting.他的建议得到了到会的学生们的热情支持。 7．在科技文章、新闻报道中，强调的往往是事物、事件和过程，而不是动作的执行者，故常用被动语态。例如： Most of alloy steels can be welded, provided special electrodes are used.如果使用专门焊条，大多数合金钢是可焊的。 The report was confirmed yesterday.该报道昨天得到了证实。 六、主动语态变为被动语态的类型 （一）含有单宾语的主动结构的转换 主动结构“主语＋谓语＋宾语”转换为被动结构“主语＋谓语 （用被动语态）＋状语”。 1．将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语； 2．把主动结构的谓语动词改为被动语态（如有情态动词，该词保留不变）； 3．把主动结构的主语改为由by引导的介词短语，即状语，（by引导的介词短语有时可以省略）； 4．由主动结构转换为被动结构，时态不能改变。 例如： Everybody praises Mary.（主动语态）大家都赞扬玛丽。 Mary is praised by everybody.（被动语态）玛丽受到大家赞扬。 They are repairing the machines in the factory.（主动语态）他们正在工厂里修理机器。 The machines are being repaired (by them) in the factory.（被动语态）在工厂里，机器正在（被他们）修理。 （二）含有双宾语的主动结构的转换 1．主动结构“主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语”转换时，将间接宾语（指人）改为被动结构的主语，另一直接宾语（指物）保留不变，叫保留宾语。主动结构的谓语动词改为被动语态，时态不变。如将主动结构的直接宾语改为被动结构中的主语，则间接宾语（指人）之前应加介词to（可省略）。能用于这种句型的动词常见的有：give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, pass, post, promise, read, return, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write等。例如： She told the children a long story.（主动语态）她给孩子们讲了一个长故事。 The children were told (by her) a long story.（被动语态）给孩子们讲了一个长故事。 A long story was told to the children.（被动语态）有人给孩子们讲了一个长故事。 They awarded the scientist the Nobel Prize.（主动语态）他们授予这个科学家诺贝尔奖金。 The scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize.（被动语态）这个科学家被授予了诺贝尔奖金。 The Nobel Prize was awarded to the scientist.（被动语态）诺贝尔奖金授给了这个科学家。 在这类句子中，如果谓语动词是book, buy, call, choose, cook, do, fetch, find, get, keep, paint, play, order, save, sing等动词，则在间接宾语（指人）之前加介词for（for不可省略）。例如： Her mother bought her a new coat.（主动语态）她母亲给她买了一件新上衣。 She was bought a new coat by her mother.（被动语态） A new coat was bought for her.（被动语态）有人给她买了件新上衣。 2．主动结构“主语＋谓语＋直接宾语（指人）＋直接宾语”转换时，将表示人的直接宾语改为被动结构的主语便行。能用于带双直接宾语的动词，常见的有ask, answer, charge, envy, excuse, pardon, save等。例如： The teacher set the boys a problem.（主动语态）老师给男孩们出了一道题。 The boys were set a problem by the teacher.（被动语态） A problem was set to the boys by the teacher.（被动语态） It saved us a lot of trouble.（主动语态）这省去了我们不少麻烦。 We were saved a lot of trouble.（被动语态）我们省去了不少麻烦。 （三）含有复合宾语的主动结构的转换 主动结构“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语”转换时，将宾语改 为被动结构的主语，原来的宾语补语便变为主语补语。作主语补语的可以是名词（短语）、形容词（短语）、分词（短语）和不定式（短语）。能用于带复合宾语的动词常见的有：advise, appoint, ask, call, declare, elect, keep, leave, make, name, paint, see, vote, want等。例如： They consider the matter settled.（主动语态）他们认为这个问题解决了。 The matter is considered settled.（被动语态）这个问题被认为解决了。 She always kept the room clean and tidy.（主动语态）她总是把房间保持得清洁和整齐。 The room was always kept clean and tidy.（被动语态）房间总是保持得清洁和整齐。 如果主动结构中的谓语动词是观感动词或使役动词如hear, notice, observe, watch, perceive, make, listen to, look at等时，作宾语补语的不定式不带to；但在改为被动结构时，这个已经变为主语补语的不定式的to要恢复。（参看第一章）。例如： They saw the foreigner come up.（主动语态）他们看见了这个外国人走过来。 The foreigner was seen to come up.（被动语态）有人看见了这个外国人走过来。 在let后面的作主语补语的不定式可带to或不带to。例如： The boy was let (to) go to bed early.这男孩被允许早睡。 （四）含有短语动词的主动结构的转换 带宾语的短语动词相当于及物动词，是一个不可分割的词组，在由主动结构改为被动结构时，这个短语动词不可拆开。例如： They put off the meeting till next month.（主动语态）他们把会议 延迟到下个月。 The meeting was put off till next month.（被动语态）会议被延迟到下个月。 The doctor went very carefully into the problem.医生认真地钻研这个问题。 The problem was very carefully gone into by the doctor.这个问题被医生认真地钻研。 At first they looked down upon him.（主动语态）起初他们瞧不起他。 At first he was looked down upon.（被动语态）起初人们瞧不起他。 如果这类短语动词是由“动词＋名词＋介词”构成，其主动结构在改为被动结构时，有两种方式： 1．把短语动词看成整体，将介词后面的宾语变为被动语态的主语。例如： We must put a stop to this.（主动语态）我们必须制止此事。 This must be put a stop to.（被动语态）此事必须制止。 2．将这类短语动词看成松散结构，把名词部分抽出来，变成被动结构的主语，有时名词前面有形容词修饰。这类短语动词常见的有：catch hold of, find fault with, keep pace with, lay stress on, lose sight of, lose touch with, make mention of, pay attention to, put a stop to, set fire to, take care of, take notice of, take advantage of等。例如： We are paying close attention to present movements in the international money market.（主动语态）我们正在密切注意国际金融市场的最新动态。 Close attention is being paid to present movements in the international money market.（被动语态）人们正在密切注意国际金融市场的最新动态。 （五）含有宾语从句的主动结构的转换 1．含有由that或whether, if引导的宾语从句的主动结构改为被动结构时，用it作为被动结构的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变，时态不能改变。例如： They believed that she would succeed.（主动语态）他们相信她会成功的。 It was believed that she would succeed.（被动语态）人们相信她会成功的。 We request that you kindly take immediate action in the matter.（主动语态）我们要求你从速处理此事。 It is requested that you kindly take immediate action in the matter.（被动语态）对于此事，请从速予以处理。 She asked if/whether he was coming.（主动语态）她问他是否要来。 It was asked if/whether he was coming.（被动语态）有人问他是否要来。 【注】 含有由that引导的宾语从句的主动结构改为被动结构时，还可将宾语从句的主语改为被动结构的主语，从句的谓语改为不定式短语；不定式短语的时态要和原来的宾语从句保持一致。例如： Mother expected that I should become a teacher.（主动语态）母亲希望我成为一个教师。 I was expected (by Mother) to become a teacher.（被动语态） 2．含有由what, whatever, whoever引导的宾语从句的主动结构改为被动结构时，要直接用从句作为被动结构的主语。例如： Whatever was said here must be kept secret.这里所说的话必须保密。 （六）由不定式构成复合谓语的主动结构的转换 这种主动结构改为被动结构时，可将不定式后面的宾语改为被 动结构的主语，不定式由主动语态改为被动语态，转换后的谓语动词的人称、数要和被动结构中的主语一致。例如： They are to discuss the plan this way.（主动语态）他们打算这样来讨论这个计划。 The plan is to be discussed this way.（被动语态）这个计划打算这样来讨论。 They had to swallow the bitter fruits of war.（主动语态）他们不得不自食战争的恶果。 The bitter fruits of war had to be swallowed by them.（被动语态）战争的恶果不得不被他们自己吞咽下去。 Shakespeare seemed to have written the manuscript.（主动语态）莎士比亚好像写了这部手稿。 The manuscript seemed to have been written by Shakespeare.（被动语态）这手稿好像是莎士比亚写的。 七、被动结构和系表结构的区别 “be+过去分词”可能是被动结构，也可能是“be+表语”的系表结构，其主要区别在于： 1．被动结构表示动作，主语是动作的对象，其中过去分词可用much修饰；系表结构表示主语的特征或所处的状态，其中的过去分词相当于形容词，可用very修饰。例如： The article was written with great care.（被动语态）这篇文章写得很认真。 The article is well written.（系表结构，表示状态）这篇文章写得很好。 She was much agitated by the news.（被动语态）她听到这消息很激动。 She was very agitated.（系表结构，表示状态）她很激动。 Things are usually cheaper if they are bought in bulk.（被动语态） 货物如果成批购买，价格总要便宜一些。 His new suit is bought, not ordered.（系表结构）他的新西服是现成买的，不是定做的。 2．被动结构多半有by引出的短语表示动作的执行者；而系表结构一般不用by引导的短语。例如： The glass was broken by the girl.（被动语态）玻璃杯被这女孩打破了。 The glass is broken.（系表结构，表示状态）这个玻璃杯破了。 I was annoyed by mosquitoes all night.（被动语态）我整夜被蚊子咬得不得安宁。 I was annoyed with him.（系表结构）我生他的气。 【注】 有时，句中有by引出短语，但如果是表示主语所处的状态或特征，则仍是系表结构。例如： The village is surrounded by mountains.（系表结构）这个村庄位于群山之中。 3．被动结构表示动作，可用于多种时态，句中有时间状语表示动作的反复性，或者有地点、方式、目的状语。而系表结构表示主语的特征或所处的状态，因此常用于一般时态或完成时态；并且“be+过去分词”结构中的这个“过去分词”，如果是不及物动词，那么它就是系表结构。例如： Our house is painted every year.（被动语态，时间状语表示反复性）我们的屋子年年上漆。 Our house is newly painted.（系表结构，表示状态）我们的屋子是新漆的。 My bike was being repaired yesterday.（被动语态，可用于多种时态）昨天我的自行车正在修理。 My bike is well repaired.（系表结构，常用于一般时态或完成时态）我的自行车修理得很好。 The picture was drawn with great care last night.（被动语态，句中有方式状语with great care和时间状语last night）这幅画是昨晚认真地画出来的。 The picture was well drawn.（系表结构）这幅画画得很好。 The winter is gone.（系表结构，go是不及物动词）冬天已过去了。 八、“get+过去分词”和“be+过去分词”的用法区别 构成被动语态是由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，但有时可用“get+过去分词”。后者主要用于口语和非正式文体中，不如前者用得广泛。“be+过去分词”既可表示动作，也可表示状态，可带by短语；“get+过去分词”虽然也可以表示状态，但多侧重于表示动作的结果和过程，一般不带by短语，并且疑问句和否定句要借助do的适当形式。因此，凡用“get+过去分词”的句子一般都能转换为“be+过去分词”的形式，但“be+过去分词”的句子多半不能转换为“get+过去分词”的形式。 “get+过去分词”结构中只能跟为数不多的过去分词搭配构成被动语态，常见的有broken, burnt, confused, drowned, engaged, excited, hurt, killed, married, paid, painted, stuck, tired, used等。 1．“get+过去分词”结构着重表示动作的结果，因此动作的执行者一般不表示出来。例如： His masterpiece eventually get translated into many languages.他的代表作最终译成多种语言。 He got married last year.他去年结婚了。 We got caught in the rain yesterday.我们昨天遇上了雨。 I don't want to get mixed up with the police again.（R.Quirk）我再不想同警察厮混了。 2．“get+过去分词”结构表示“渐变的过程”，而“be+过去分词”结构无此含义。例如： The more I hear, the more I get confused.我越听越糊涂。 More and more people are getting attacked in the underground these days.这些天越来越多的人在地铁里遭到袭击。 He was getting more and more puzzled.他越来越感到迷惑。 3．“get+过去分词”结构表示突然或意外发生的不幸或不愉快的事。例如： I tried to find my way round the city without a map and got lost.我试图不带地图在这个城市寻路，结果迷路了。 The boy got hurt on his way home from work.（R.Quirk）这男孩在下班回家路上受了伤。 4．“get+过去分词”结构一般可转换成“get+名词或代词＋过去分词”结构，但意义略有不同。前者表示主语是动作的对象，后者表示主语自己（或让他人）做某事，或者表示经历。这两种结构中的get可用have代替。例如： Our house gets painted every year.我们的房子年年刷油漆。 We get our house painted every year.我们年年请人给房子刷油漆。 His car got bogged down in the mud.他的车子陷入了泥潭。 He got his car bogged down in the mud.他把自己的车子陷入了泥潭。 5．下面四种句型改为被动句，通常用“be+过去分词”结构，不能用“get+过去分词”结构：（1）含有双宾语的结构；（2）"动词＋名词＋介词短语”的结构；（3）含有that引导的宾语从句的句子；（4）句子的谓语是感官动词如hear, see, watch, observe, listen to, look at等。例如： His mother gave him a new book.（双宾语）他母亲给了他一本新书。 A new book was given to him by his mother.（被动语态） You must pay special attention to your pronunciation.（“动词＋ 名词＋介词短语”结构）你必须特别注意你的发音。 Special attention must be paid to your pronunciation.（被动语态） They expected that I should be back before Monday.（含有that引导的宾语从句）他们期望我星期一前回来。 It was expected that I should be back before Monday.（被动语态）大家期望我星期一前回来。 I heard him knocking at the door.（谓语动词是感官动词hear）我听见他在敲门。 He was heard knocking at the door.（被动语态）有人听见了他敲门。 九、表示被动意义的主动句 英语中有些不及物动词在句中作谓语，其形式是主动，但表示被动意义，说明主语的特征、特性或某种状态，或说明谓语动词给主语带来的某种结果。这类句子的特点是：句中主语通常是无生命的名词，谓语动词后常带有well, easily, hard等副词状语。这类主动句有下列四种类型： 1．谓语动词是系动词如appear, feel, look, prove, smell, sound, taste, turn out等，常与表语连用；表语表示谓语动词得出的结果。例如： Honey tastes sweet.蜂蜜味甜。 The surface of the table feels rough.桌面摸上去很粗糙。 In prose the word would sound affected.这个词用在散文中会显得矫揉造作。 The flowers smell sweet.这些花闻起来很香。 The story proved quite false.这故事证实完全是虚构的。 2．谓语动词用一般现在时，常和well, easily, hard等副词连用，说明主语的特征、特点或某种结果。这类动词常见的有act, burn, clean, cut, digest, draw, last, lock, photograph, pull, read, sell, strike, translate, wash, wear, write等。例如： The cloth washes well.这种布料好洗。 This metal cuts easily.这种金属容易切削。 The car handles well.这汽车好驾驶。 Fish takes best after rain.雨后最容易捕鱼。 I want a little piece of cloth that doesn't tear.我要一小块撕不破的小布片。 3．某些可用“主语＋谓语＋主语补语”句型的不及物动词如blow, eat, wear等。例如： The door blew open.门给吹开了。 The biscuit eats short and crisp.这饼干吃起来松脆。 The material has worn thin.这布料已经穿薄了。 The curtain had worn threadbare.这窗帘已经破旧得露出了织线。 Food can keep fresh in a fridge.食物在冰箱里能保鲜。 His academic papers read like a translation.他的学术论文读起来像一篇译文。 4．一些不及物动词的进行时态可表示被动意义，主要用于表达日常生活或某些专门行业如烹调、装订、销售等。这类动词常见的有bake, bind, brew, build, cook, do, owe, prepare, print等。例如： The meat is cooking.肉正在炖。 Dinner is preparing.饭正在准备着。 The tea is brewing.茶正泡着。 The eggs are frying.蛋正在煎着。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $