内容正文:
高中英语语法详解(讲义)chapter 2 动名词
■一、动名词和动名词短语
■二、动名词(短语)的用法
■三、带逻辑主语的动名词
■四、名词化的动名词
■五、动名词的时态和语态
■六、动名词和不定式用法比较
一、动名词和动名词短语
动名词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。动名词保留着动词的特征,可以带状语,及物动词的动名词可以有自己的宾语,系动词的动名词可以带表语。动名词连同它的附属成分一起构成动名词短语。例如:
Knowing English well is necessary to our work.【knowing English well是动名词短语;在此短语中,English是knowing的宾语,well是状语。整个动名词短语在句中作主语。】 学好英语对我们的工作是必要的。
Excuse my troubling you at this time.【my troubling you at this time是带逻辑主语的动名词短语;在此短语中,you是troubling的宾语,at this time是状语。整个动名词短语在句中作谓语动词excuse的宾语。】 请原谅这个时候我来打扰你。
It isn't much fun being a lighthouse keeper.【being a lighthouse keeper是动名词短语;在此短语中,a lighthouse keeper是being的表语。整个动名词短语在句中作主语。】 当一名灯塔看守员没有多大的乐趣。
二、动名词(短语)的用法
动名词在句中的句法功能是起着名词的作用,可用作主语、表语或宾语。
(一)用作主语
Learning English needs a lot of practice.学习英语需要大量实践。
Holding exhibition is also a means of selling products.举办展览会也是推销产品的一种方法。
Mastering science means understanding laws of nature.掌握科学就 是了解大自然的规律。
Thinking is the talking of the soul with itself.(Plato)思想是灵魂在同自己交谈。
Before everything else, getting ready is the secret of success.(H.Ford)做好准备是成功的首要诀窍。
当句中用作表语的是某些形容词或名词如better, bore, dangerous, enjoyable, foolish, fun, interesting, nice, no good, no use, tiring, useless等时,常用it作形式主语,而把真正主语动名词置于句末。例如:
It is of no use only learning theory without practice.只学习理论而不实践是没用的。
It's quite unexpected his coming here.真想不到他来了这里。
It is (not) worth while doing the experiment all over again.这个实验从头再做是(不)值得的。
It's fun having guests for the weekend.与客人一起度周末是一件乐事。
【注】 在It's no use…,It's not worth…(……没有价值),It's worthwhile…(……有价值)等和There's no…(……无法),There's no point…(……无意义),There's nothing worse than…(没有比……更糟),What's the use/point…(……有什么用/意义)等结构中,只能用动名词作真正主语,不能用不定式作真正主语。例如:
It's no use trying to keep up the flat; I can't do it.租着这套房间没有用,我负担不起。
There is no joking about such matters.这样的事可开不得玩笑。
(二)用作表语
Her job is checking letter of credit and terms of contract.她的工作是核对信用证和合同条款。
That is not playing the game.这样做就不公平了。
This was really carrying matters a little too far.这事做得真有点太过分了。
【注1】 不要把作表语用的动名词和现在进行时态混淆。动名词说明主语的情况或性质,其内容在逻辑上等于主语的内容;现在分词说明动作是由主语完成的(即表示主语正在进行的动作)。例如:
His job is cleaning the classroom.(动名词短语作表语)他的工作就是打扫课室。
He is cleaning the classroom.(谓语,现在进行时)他正在打扫课室。
【注2 】动名词(短语)和不定式(短语)都能用作主语或表语,两者的区别是:表示比较抽象、一般的行为,不跟特定的动作执行者联系在一起时,多用动名词(短语);表示具体某次行为、特别是将来的行为,往往跟特定的动作执行者联系在一起时,多用不定式。但在多数情况下,两者差别不太大,可以互用。试比较:
Our job is building houses.【经常性的一般行为】 我们的工作是盖房子。
Our main task now is to build this house.【特定的具体某次行为】 我们现在的主要任务是盖这间房子。
(三)用作宾语
1.作动词或短语动词宾语。
(1)作某些及物动词的宾语——某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语,而不能用不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有:abandon, admit, advise, advocate, appreciate, avoid, confess, consider等。例如:
You enjoy eating apples, don't you?你喜欢吃苹果,是吗?
The student admitted being careless in doing homework.这个学生承认做家庭作业粗心。
【注】 有些动词不能用动名词,而只能用不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有agree, ask, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, pretend, promote, want, wish等。例如:
He wanted to try again.他想再尝试一下。
She promised to lend me the bike.她答应了把自行车借给我。
(2)某些短语动词后只能用动名词,而不能用不定式作宾语,常见的短语动词有aim at, approve of, be afraid of, be ashamed of等。例如:
They insisted on visiting that plant the next week.他们坚持下个星期参观那间工厂。
I didn't succeed in making myself understood by him.我没能让他理解我。
He is awfully fond of jesting.他非常喜欢开玩笑。
I feel like telling him what I think of him.我想把我对他的看法告诉他。
He aims at being a doctor.他立志要当个医生。
I have been looking forward to seeing you.我一直盼望见到你。
(3)在某些动词如attempt, begin, cease, continue, dislike, dread, endure等后,可用动名词或不定式作宾语,在意思上无差异或差异不大。例如:
In winter the boys love playing/to play football.冬天男孩们喜欢踢足球。
An hour later she was able to continue reading/to read.一小时后她才能继续读下去。
Like I said, the traveling is good, and I like fooling/to fool with cameras and being/to be out of doors.像我刚才说的,旅行本身就很好, 我喜欢摆弄相机,喜欢在户外。
(4)某些动词后可接动名词或不定式,但两者的意义或用法有差别。这些动词常见的有remember, forget, regret, stop, quit, mean, try等。
(a)remember, forget, regret后接动名词,表示过去已经发生的事,即动名词的动作先于谓语动词的动作;后接不定式,表示未做或尚未发生的事,即不定式的动作后于谓语动词的动作。例如:
I remember buying this book.【buying的动作先于remember】 我记得买过这本书。
I remember to buy this book.【to buy的动作后于remember】 我想起了要去买这本书。
I forgot posting the letter.【posting的动作先发生,信寄了,但我忘记了这件事】 我忘记了寄过这封信。
I forgot to post the letter.【to post的动作尚未做】 我忘记了要去寄信。
I've always regretted making friends with him.我一直后悔和他交了朋友。
I regret to say that I can't attend your party.很抱歉,我不能参加你们的晚会。
(b)stop, quit后接动名词作宾语,表示停止经常或正在做的事;后接不定式作目的状语,表示停下正在做的事而去做另一件事。例如:
Let's stop reading aloud.【reading是stop的宾语】 让我们停止大声朗读。
Let's stop to read aloud.【stop是不及物动词,to read aloud是目的状语】 让我们停下来(原来的工作),大声朗读。
They quit smoking last year.他们去年戒烟了。
At noon they quit to eat.中午他们停下来(原来的工作),开始吃饭。
I have never stopped thinking of him, not for a moment.我从来没有停止过想他,一刻也没有。
(c)go on, leave off后接动名词作宾语,后接不定式作目的状语。例如:
He went on pointing out mistakes in the paper.【宾语】 他继续指出论文中的错误。
He went on to point out mistakes in the paper.【目的状语】 他(放下原来做的事)接着指出论文中的错误。
(d)在try, mean, can't help, chance, be used to后用动名词或不定式有不同的意义。例如:
I tried sending her flowers but it didn't have any effect.我尝试送花给她,但是没有什么效果。
We must try to get everything done in time.我们必须设法及时把一切做好。
To raise wages means increasing purchasing power.【mean后接动名词,表示“意味着……”,句中主语往往指事物。】 增加工资意味着提高购买力。
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling.【mean后接不定式,表示“打算”,句中主语往往指人。】 我没曾想要伤害你的感情。
Love means never having to say you're sorry.(Segal)爱意味着永远别说遗憾。
I mean to give the book to you.我打算送这本书给你。
When I heard the sad story, I could not help shedding tears.我听到这个悲惨故事时不禁掉了泪。
I can't help to do it.我不能帮助做这工作。
They can chance leaving without permission.他们可以不经许可冒险离开。
I chance to meet him in the street.我偶然在街上遇见他。
I am not used to being spoken to in that flippant way.【“be used to+动名词”表示“习惯于(做)……”】 我不习惯别人那样轻率无礼地对我说话。
A bar was used to force the door open.【“be used to do”表示“用来做……”】 棒是用来撬开门的。
(e)在begin, cease后,如果表示一种有意识进行的动作,用动名词;否则多用不定式。例如:
She began reading the novel yesterday.她昨天开始读这本小说。
It has begun to snow.开始下雪了。
She never ceased regretting her decision.她一直懊悔她所作的决定。
The old German Empire ceased to exist in 1918.旧德意志帝国已于1918年不复存在。
【注】 begin, start之后如果接的是状态动词如believe, know, realize, see, understand, wonder等,通常用不定式。例如:
You couldn't begin to understand what I have suffered.你无法理解我所遭受的痛苦。
He started to wonder what the child was doing.他开始感到奇怪,这个小孩正在干什么。
(f)在表示“需要”、“值得”的动词如need, require, want, deserve, bear等之后,可用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语,两者的意义无差异;但用动名词较普通。例如:
The building wants rewiring (to be rewired).这座楼房需要重新安装电线。
She can't bear being laughed at (to be laughed at).她不能忍受别人的嘲笑。
2.作介词的宾语。
“介词+动名词”构成介词短语,多数用作状语,也可用作定语、表语等。
(1)用作状语。例如:
After reading the 1982 Seattle attorney's letter and my notebooks, you'll understand why I made that request.读了一九八二年西雅图的律师来信和我的笔记本之后,你们会理解我为什么提出这一要求。
But, I have no one else to leave them to, and I apologize for putting you at risk by sending them to you.可是我没有别人可以留交(包裹),只好寄给你,让你冒风险,很抱歉。
They broke into loud cheers on hearing the news.他们听到这个消息都高声欢呼。
In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her.他虽然很忙,仍然尽他所能帮助她。
Far from praising me, mother scolder me.母亲没有赞扬我,反而责备我。
(2)用作定语。例如:
I am glad to have this opportunity of coming to visit your country.有这个机会访问贵国,我感到很高兴。
An experiment is a method of finding the answer to a problem.实验是给问题找出答案的一种方法。
The best way of answering a bad argument is to let it go on.(Sydney Smith)回答糟糕论辩的最好办法是让其说下去。
(3)用作表语。例如:
Everybody is against spending too much money on such things.大家都反对在这些事情上花太多的钱。
Life without an aim is like sailing without the compass.(Kant)没有目标的生活,犹如航行没有指南针。
To read without reflecting is like eating without digesting.(E.Burke)学而不思,犹如吃而不消化。
(四)用作定语
动名词作定语时,不以短语的形式出现,它跟形容词作定语时的形式一样,总是位于被修饰的名词之前,表示该名词的目的、用途或场合。例如:
They set up an operating table in a small temple.他们把手术台设在一座小庙里。
These articles may be used as reading materials.这些文章可用作阅读材料。
(五)用作补语
用作补语的动名词相当于名词,用作补语的现在分词相当于形容词。试比较:
We call this process testing.(动名词,宾语补语)我们把这个过程叫作试验。
He watched the bird flying away.(现在分词,宾语补语)他看着这只鸟飞走了。
This process is called testing.(动名词,主语补语)这个过程称为试验。
The bird was watched flying away.(现在分词,主语补语)有人看见这只鸟飞走了。
(六)用作同位语
通常放在与它同位的词之后,用逗号分开;但有时也可放在与它同位的词之前。例如:
His interest, playing football, has brought him many friends.他踢足球的爱好,使他交了许多朋友。
That was her favorite diversion, playing badminton with classmates before supper.饭前跟同学们打羽毛球,这就是她喜爱的娱乐。
Her habit, reading newspapers at night, remains unchanged.她晚上读书的习惯仍然没有改变。
三、带逻辑主语的动名词
动名词前面可以加上一个物主代词或名词所有格作它的逻辑主语,构成带逻辑主语的动名词结构,又称动名词复合结构。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语,也可作表语。
(一)用作主语
当动名词是句中主语时,它的逻辑主语一般用物主代词或者名词所有格。例如:
Mary's grumbling annoyed him.玛丽老是抱怨,使他厌烦。
John's coming home tomorrow will make all the difference.约翰明天回家将使一切都变样。
Her saying she was sorry altered the case.她表示了歉意,情况就改变了。
Just my leaving, taking away my physical presence, would be hard enough for Richard.单单是我的出走,我的身体离开这里就会使理查德受不了。
It's dangerous your venturing out here.你冒险到这里太危险。
It wouldn't be any good my talking to him.我跟他谈话不会有任何好处。
It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.你装作不知道这些规则是没用的。
【注】 动名词复合结构用作主语时,其逻辑主语在口语中也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。例如:
It's strange him leaving like that.他像那样走了,真奇怪。
(二)用作宾语
当动名词是句中的宾语时,它的逻辑主语一般用物主代词或名词所有格。也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格。例如:
He hates his wife's /wife grumbling at home.他不喜欢妻子在家里唠唠叨叨。
They are looking forward to the scientist's/scientist coming.他们正在盼望这个科学家到来。
We would appreciate your/you pushing the sale on your market.我们会感谢贵方在你们市场上推销所作的努力。
Your being right doesn't necessarily mean my/me being wrong.你正确并不一定意味着我错误。
【注1】 在当代英语中,当动名词是句中宾语时,其逻辑主语如果是名词,多用普通格。例如:
I don't understand the old man going there so early.我不明白那老人为什么这么早就去那里。
It ended in the doctor being sent for.最后是去请医生来。
【注2 】如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的事物或抽象概念的名词时,不能用所有格。这一结构科技书刊应用得较普通。例如:
The meteor gives so strongly the impression of a star falling from the sky.流星给人以强烈的印象,好像是星星从天上掉下来似的。
Tides are caused by the moon and sun pulling water toward them.海潮是由于月亮和太阳吸引海水而引起的。
There is a possibility of our team winning championship.我们的队有可能获得冠军。
There is no hope of good coming from it.没有希望从中得好处。
(三)用作表语
It's all their doing.(J.Galsworthy)这都是他们干的。
The main trouble is our not having enough data.主要的困难是我们没有足够的资料。
What we felt uneasy about was John's having too much confidence in himself.我们感到不安的是约翰太过自信。
四、名词化的动名词
动名词可以进一步名词化,获得更多的名词特征:它可以带冠词或其他限定词,可以被形容词修饰,有时有单、复数形式。同时,它也丧失一些动词的特征:不能直接带宾语或状语,如果有逻辑上的宾语,要用of引出的介词短语表示;没有时态和语态的变化。例如:
The sudden heating of the air by lightning flashes causes thunder.空气由于闪电的突然发热,会引起打雷。
The proof of the pudding is in the eating.布丁味道好否,吃过才知晓。
五、动名词的时态和语态
动名词是非限定动词,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。动名词的时态是由它与谓语动词之间的时间关系决定的,有一般式和完成式;动名词的语态是由它与它
的逻辑主语之间的关系决定的,有主动语态和被动语态。
(一)动名词的时态和语态的构成(以save为例)
(二)动名词的时态用法
1.一般式通常表示与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或表示一般性的动作(即不明确表示动作发生的时间)。例如:
The machine has stopped running.【一般性动作】 机器已停止转动。
She doesn't like criticizing people behind their backs.她不喜欢背后批评别人。
He took a great delight in helping others.他以助人为乐。
The fuel began burning and the temperature began going up.【同时发生】 燃料开始燃烧,温度便开始上升。
在一些多半是表示“希望”、“意愿”等内心活动的动词(短语)如intend, insist on, count on, rely on等之后,动名词的一般式所表示的动作可能发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。例如:
We all insisted on taking no rest until we completed the work.我们大家都坚持完成工作后再休息。
I intend doing the experiment.我打算做这个实验。
We count on your coming this afternoon.我们指望你今天下午来。
在有些明确表示时间先后的动词(短语)如remember, forget, stop, cease, apologize, excuse for, thank for等和介词on, upon, after之后,用一般式动名词代替完成式动名词,表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:
I don't recall ever saying/having said such a thing.我没有想起曾经说过这样一件事。
Jack gave the porter a shilling for carrying/having carried his luggage.杰克因搬运工帮背行李而给了他一先令。
I shall never forget meeting you for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次遇见你的情景。
Excuse me for coming late.对不起,我来晚了。
On hearing the news, the old bailiff rode up to the house at full speed; he kissed his dying friend and wept bitter tears.听到这个消息后,老法官就骑上马全速赶到住处;他亲吻这垂死的朋友,悲痛难忍,老泪纵横。
After finishing the experiment he left the laboratory.他做完实验后就离开了实验室。
2.完成式表示在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经发生,且多半用来强调完成的时间。例如:
Instead, I am grateful for having at least found you.相反,我有感激之情,因为我至少找到你了。
We did not speak of having read this book.我们没有说过读完了这本书。
I had no idea of his having ever done such a thing.我不知道他曾经做过这样一件事。
The doctor was praised for having saved the life of a child.这个医生因抢救了一个小孩的生命而受到表扬。
如上所述,在介词on, upon, after后可用一般式动名词代替完成式动名词;如果用完成式,则强调完成的时间。又如:
After having consulted with parents, she felt a heavy burden taken off her mind.跟父母商量后,她思想上如释重负。
(三)动名词的语态用法
1.主动语态——当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的执行者时,该动名词要用主动语态。例如:
Talking mends no holes.空谈无济于事。
He doesn't allow smoking in his house.他不允许在他屋里吸烟。
The prospect of losing Alicia terrified him.(Michael Bowker)一 想到可能失去艾丽西亚,他心里充满恐惧。
2.被动语态——当动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的对象或承受者时,这个动名词要用被动语态。动名词的被动语态也有一般式和完成式两种形式。
(1)一般式。例如:
She doesn't like being praised by others.她不喜欢受人赞扬。
These machines must not be used without being repaired.这些机器不修理不能使用。
(2)完成式。例如:
I know nothing about his having been sent to Shanghai.我一点都不知道他被派到上海去了。
I remember having been shown all the new books.我记得已经给我看过了这些全部新书。
【注1】 动名词的被动语态也能带有自己的逻辑主语。例如:
His being observed made him feel uneasy.(一般式)他被看得不好意思。
She didn't tell me about her having been criticized.(完成式)她没有告诉我她受了批评。
The workers were proud of their products being praised highly by the buying public.工人们以自己的产品受到顾客高度赞扬而感到骄傲。
【注2 】在当代英语,为了句子简洁,往往用动名词的一般式代替完成式。
在现代英语中,在动词deserve, need, require, want, won't bear等之后的动名词,用主动语态表示被动意义,动名词与句子的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系;而在形容词worth,介词past, beyond之后的动名词,也可用主动语态表示被动意思,这时句子的主语与动名词在逻辑上是主谓关系。例如:
The garden wants weeding (=being weeded).花园需要除草。
All the trucks in the yard need repairing (=being repaired).院子里的全部卡车需要修理。
He deserved criticizing (=being criticized) for his wrong doing.他做错了事,应该受到批评。
This book is worth reading.这本书值得读。
This method is worth trying.这种方法值得尝试。
如果动名词是由不及物动词变来,则需要有相应的介词。例如:
The child wants looking after.这个小孩需要照料。
The bad style requires getting rid of.要去掉这种坏作风。
六、动名词和不定式用法比较
1.动名词所表示的动作,在意义上比较一般和抽象,是习惯性的、经常性的,时间性不强,不单指某一次动作,不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;不定式则常表示某个具体的、一次的特殊的动作,往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。例如:
I like reading.我喜爱阅读。
I like to read this new book on electrical engineering.我喜欢读这本电机工程的新书。
Their task is constructing railways.他们的工作是修建铁路。
Their task now is to construct a railway in the Northwest.他们目前的任务是在西北修建一条铁路。
2.动名词的逻辑主语范围较大,可能泛指人们;而不定式的逻辑主语常常是句子中的主语。例如:
He hates drinking.【drinking的逻辑主语可能是泛指“人们”,也可能是他】 他讨厌喝酒。
He hates to get up so early.【to get up的逻辑主语是he】 他不愿意这么早起床。
3.动名词作主语表示已经实现的行为,而不定式作主语表示将要实现的行为。例如:
Being invited to the party made Mr.Bruno excited.【已经实现了的动作】 被邀请了参加晚会使布鲁诺先生很激动。
Mr.Brown thought that it would make his wife happy to be invited to the palace ball.【将要实现的动作】 布朗先生想,被邀请去参加皇宫舞会会使他妻子高兴的。
4.动名词作表语表示不受时间限制的事;而不定式作表语往往表示将来的行为。例如:
What he always wishes is angling for compliments.他总是希望得到夸奖。
My idea is to go there in the evening.我的想法是晚上去那里。
5.有些动词,只能用动名词作宾语(前面已述)。
有些动词,只能用不定式作宾语,常见的有agree, afford, aim, ask, choose, claim, decline, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, threaten, wish等。例如:
They choose to pay a visit to America.他们决定到美国访问。
He pretended not to see me.他装作没看见我。
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