专题02 选词填空（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高二英语上学期

专题02 选词填空 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海中学·期中) Directions: Fill in the blank with a proper word chosen from the box: Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．dating        B．critically      C． covers      D．practically      E. consists     AB．sinking     AC． physically   AD．deliver       AE. stick     BC． adapt          BD．approach Learning is not unique to humans. Scientists have observed many different animals teaching their young skills like how to find food and keep themselves safe. Among humans, educational practices can be traced back 1 as far as human life goes. Evidence of teaching and learning has been found from remnants of human life 2 back thousands of years BCE — and that’s just where we’ve found written evidence. Oral and practical education (for example, early humans 3 teaching their children to hunt for food) likely go back even further. Learning has continued all over the world throughout the history of human life, in more ways than we have time to write about here. However, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which refers to the rapid rise of new technologies, will have a massive impact on how we as a global society will 4 education in the future. Life in this new technological landscape demands that we change our 5 to education in a number of ways. To face a future of constant technological change, we’ll need to 6 to continuous learning as a new norm. In his book Future Shock, US writer and businessperson Alvin Toffler wrote that “the illiterate of the 21st Century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn and relearn.” The future of education 7 in integrating continuous learning into our everyday personal and professional lives even more than we already do. This might be why the Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra has proposed that compulsory, publicly funded education 8 not just elementary school — as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights puts forward — but continuous learning, too. Sitra cites US American biologist E. O. Wilson, who said “We are 9 in information, but we long for wisdom. Therefore, the world will be led by those who are able to collect the correct information at precisely the right moment while thinking 10 and making important decisions wisely.” Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海嘉定区封浜高级中学·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．exposed     B．containing      C． conditions    D．based    E. style   F. data G. enhancing       H. resist     I. definitely     J. frequently    K. complete In an experiment that 1 healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, researchers found that people with a generally sunny temper were less likely to fall ill. The findings were built on evidence that a “positive emotional style” can help to 2 the common cold and other illness. Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness 3 immune function and subjective as in happy people being less disturbed by a sore throat or running nose. “People with a positive emotional style may have active immune responses to the virus,” explained lead study author Dr. Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their ilness as being less severe.” Actually, 4 on the previous study results, Cohen and his colleagues have been 5 certain that pleasant people are, for most cases, less likely to catch a cold, but some questions remained as to whether a person’s character itself brings about the effect. For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults 6 standard measures of personality tendency, self-conscious health and emotional “style”. Those who tend to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional 7 while those who were often unhappy, tense and opposed had a negative style. The researchers gave them nasal (鼻子的) drops 8 either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six years, the researchers collected 9 like daily mucus (唾液) protection. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective analysis of nose 10 , happy people were less likely to develop a cold. Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海浦东新区·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．typically  B．time-consuming  C． approach  D．regularly  E. advantage  F. costly G. choice  H. records  I. caters  J. start  K. appealing Young Chinese Turn to Community Canteens Community cafeterias are originally built to provide affordable and nutritious meals to elderly people. In Shanghai, they are now becoming a popular dining 1 for young people. At noon, people of different ages can be seen queuing up at the Tongxin Cafeteria near the Jing’an Temple downtown. The menu, with over 60 dishes. 2 to different tastes. The dishes range from scallion oil chicken to crispy pork belly to bitter melon stir-fried with pork slices. “It is 3 to have a meal at this canteen after work. The dishes are nutritious and healthy,” said Chen Luo. She is a white-collar worker from a nearby office building. Chen used to depend on takeaway food ordered online, which is 4 poor in terms of nutrition and high in sugar, salt and fats. Preparing her own meals, though, is too 5 , she said. She always spent about two hours cooking, but only ten minutes eating. The nearby community canteen is a perfect site to enjoy ready-made meals. In addition to diverse choices and convenience, the lower price is also a main 6 of community canteens. For a basic meal with one meat dish and two vegetable dishes, diners usually pay less than 20 yuan each meal, avoiding a 7 one in downtown restaurants. Li Jiajun, manager of a community canteen, said the lower price is a result of government subsidies (补贴). His canteen serves elderly diners from 10:30 to 11:30 a.m. and 4:30 to 5:30 p.m. Apart from those hours, people of all ages are welcome. Cafeteria managers are required to keep detailed 8 , including 48-hour food samples, and upload related data to information-sharing platforms, Li said. This 9 helps to ensure food safety. Some community canteens have drawn considerable attention after many young people shared their dining experiences on social media platforms. At the community canteen in the Youyi Road Subdistrict in Baoshan, the cost of meals is based on weight with the aim of reducing waste. The Community AI Canteen in the Hongqiao Subdistrict is the first to 10 the staff-free community canteen in Shanghai. It serves about 300 customers per day. Robots are used to cook and serve meals, while an AI system offers diet advice to customers. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海吴淞中学·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．aiming  B．applications  C． edge  D．assessing  E. established  F. exceptionally  G. extensive  H. favor  I. emerged  J. highlight  K. significantly Creating colorful objects on a screen at high speed wasn’t the original purpose of computer central processing units (CPUs). To address this, arcade machine (街头游戏机) manufacturers introduced the graphics-processing unit(GPU), specifically designed for handling video game visuals alongside the CPU’s tasks. Over time, GPUs found 1 beyond gaming, including video editing, cryptocurrency (加密货币) mining, and more recently, artificial intelligence (AI) training. AI is now making waves in the very industry it 2 from, with generative AI disrupting entertainment, especially the gaming sector. According to a venture-capital firm, the interactive nature of games, which requires 3 content design, stands to benefit the most from AI. This technology can 4 reduce both time and budget restrictions in game development. Recent developments showcased at the Game Developers Conference 5 how AI is being integrated into the gaming world. Ubisoft unveiled Ghostwriter, a tool for generating a platform that uses text commands for game material creation. Even personalized AI-driven commentary for games, like Straight4 Studios’ “GTR Revival,” is becoming a reality. Major game developers such as King and Electronic Arts are embracing AI for tasks like 6 difficulty levels and game testing. Unity, a game development engine, plans to create a marketplace for Al tools, 7 to level the playing field for developers of all resource levels. Despite the rise of AI, big studios remain relevant. While AI may enable smaller firms to explore new game quickly, larger studios can maintain their 8 with more high-quality releases. The increasing choices in the gaming industry, similar to the music and video sectors, might 9 those with significant marketing budgets. Additionally, 10 studios may have better solutions for the copyright challenges surrounding AI-generated content. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海崇明中学·期中) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．ignore       B．created    C． donating    D．opportunity    E. pick    F. purchase G. promoting    H. recycle    I. rewarding    J. serving       K. started Amazing Kids of the Month — Hannah and Alexander Laman Hannah and Alexander Laman, 11-year-old twins from Ohio, love reading. They both love reading so much that it is almost impossible to 1 a favourite book. “I have many favourite books. If I had to select one, it would be Believe It or Not,” Hannah said. So when these two young bookworms heard that some children didn’t have access to books, they believed that was a problem they just couldn’t 2 . In 2011, they 3 Adopt A Book, an organisation that donates books to schools and programmes in need. “We wanted to make a difference because we love reading lots of books,” Alexander said. They 4 by sharing their own books, and then the organisation grew by taking book donations from others. So far, the twins’ organisation has donated over 45,000 books to schools, and programmes 5 children in need from Cincinnati to as far away as Zimbabwe. With a successful book- 6 organisation that just keeps expanding, what’s ahead for these two? Well, they’ve already started it! Hannah and Alexander are 7 literacy for children through their Little Free Library. “The library is free and you can take a book and leave a book.” the twins’ mum, Angela, explained. This has encouraged many kids and adults to 8 their reading materials and also encourage others to read. The twins have received many rewards through improving literacy. “Other kids have the 9 to read and own books of their own. That’s the most 10 part of sharing books with others.” said Hannah. Maybe you want to start small. Collect gently-used books from your home that you don’t need anymore, and donate them to Adopt A Book. Any little bit that you can do truly makes a difference! Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海青浦高级中学·期中) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．adoringly   B．charging   C．exhausting   D．criticized   E．packaged F．physically   G．praised   H．transfer   I．stress   J．celebrate K．brainwashed Wedding Bills Girls are supposed to dream about it since childhood. When their big day arrives, walk like a princess with all their friends and family dressed to the nines, watching 1 in the audience. Growing up, little girls are 2 into believing that their wedding is the most important day of their lives. But real life isn’t directed by Disney and in reality. Weddings are anything but fairy tale. In China, weddings are 3 and more often than not, it’s a money-making event not just for the wedding planner, but also for the bride and groom. It’s all a transaction 4 in a white veil. So how’s a typical wedding in China different? First of all, in China, the groom’s family is expected to pay for the wedding. Weddings in China tend to be massive events, and the culture and local belief that the more people come to 5 , the more luck the couple will have plays a huge part in that . In the US, it’s common for the couple to have a gift registry. But in China, you bring cash in red envelopes. In recent years some bridesmaids have even been seen wearing QR codes around their necks for wedding guests to scan to 6 their wedding gift money. Online, some have 7 this trend as providing safety and convenience for the couple. Others call it tacky(俗气的), comparing it to 8 an admission fee to watch a spectacle. It’s also an unspoken custom in China that even if you can’t 9 attend someone’s wedding, your money is expected to make an appearance. Moving on to the wedding photos. In China when you arrive at the venue(场地), you’ll most likely see a giant poster of the couple in their wedding clothes. Here, there’s no such thing as bad luck for the groom to see the bride in her wedding dress before the big day, so most couples would take their wedding photos in a studio in advance. To be frank, I find this the most reasonable way to do it. There is already enough 10 on the wedding day, so why add to it by throwing a photo shoot in there too? 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海新川中学·期中) Directions: Complete the passage with the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．applied     B．impurity     C． embraced         D．commercial     E. Mixed    F. promises G. imposed    H. demonstration    I. employs    J. giant    K. version     How to get all of the toothpaste out of the tube haunts many a bathroom. Bus not, perhaps, for much longer. Colgate-Palmolive, an American consumer-goods 1 , has taken up an invention in super-slippery surfaces to produce a toothpaste tube that 2 to deliver every last scrap of their contents. In 2012, two inventors set up a company called LiquiGlide to commercialise their work on making liquids flow easily through pipes and out of containers. What caught many people’s imaginations at the time was a(n) 3 of how this could be used to empty a ketchup bottle without shaking it vigorously. So far, ketchup-makers have not 4 the idea. But the health and beauty industry, where products tend to be pricier than ketchup, is interested. A Swiss company 5 the technology to lessen the amount of material left stuck to the insides of pipes and vesseis in its factories when it is time for a clean-up. LiquiGlidc’s deal with Colgate is, though, the firm’s first big break into a consumer business. The new toothnastc called Elixu, comes in three varicties: a formula tor whitening teeth, one for gum and enamel care and a “detox” 6 which, it is claimed, removes any 7 from the mouth. All are packaged in plastic tubes that can be emptied with ease. To produce the slippery pipes and containers, a pattern is first 8 an them and then a suitably formulated liquid is 9 . This fills the gaps in the texture, treating a surface across which gooey substances slide easily. Besides pleasing customers who like to get their money’s worth, the new, slippery toothpaste tubes should help with recycling. Existing tubes are rarely recycled, not only because they have residue left inside them but also because they are usually made from a laminate of plastic and aluminum foil. 10 materials of this sort are hard to recycle, and therefore end up being dumped in landfills. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海七宝中学·期中) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．expose   B．fastened   C． aggression   D．commanding   E. cautiously   F. stimulation   G. vulnerable H. obediently  I. imprison   J. dedicated   K modeling Birdman of Los Angeles As he throws his outstretched arms toward the sky, Chan Quach’s six royal blue and fire- engine red macaws (金刚鹦鹉) pump their wings. Even more impressive is when upon command, one by one, his majestic hyacinth macaws — the world’s largest parrots by length — return 1 to land on his arms. Quach is a professional bird behaviorist focused on treating and preventing problematic behaviors by pet birds. He spent 15 years training birds, 2 proper behavior to his birds when they are young.“Parrots are like eternal toddlers — they are smart, curious. and bore easily, so you have to keep a close eye on them and provide them with regular 3 His core belief of training birds is the importance of building unbreakable bonds with them— similar to owners’ trust in their dogs. Quach’s birds are allowed to sleep cage less on perches (栖木) in his bedroom.“ They very 4 creep onto my body just after sunrise, and soon I’m covered in six birds,” says Quach. Proper bird behavior training are vital because “an unhappy bird can experience psychosis, which can lead to 5 , feather plucking, even eating themselves, which is very scary.” Free flying, a kind of training practice, is growing in popularity — the TikTok hashtag # free flight birds has more than 540 million views. The practice has its critics, who argue that free flights 6 pet birds to dangers including predators, power lines and bad weather. However, Quach free flies his macaws without using a GPS or telemetry tracker 7 to their tail feathers or wrapped around an ankle. Other owners have told Quach it’s irresponsible to fly expensive and endangered birds without using technology for the bird’s safety. But Quach’s technique of free flying his birds together as a flock provides safety in numbers, he says, and the birds also help call each other back when it’s time to return. His hyacinth macaws are listed as 8 on a renowned risk- assessment tool for species extinction, which has led to even more criticism of his free- flying practices. However, he says, “I don’t acquire or collect birds to 9 them. I want them to live their best lives, flying safely. If I can build a true friendship, that’s greater than anything technology can offer me.” “He’s very 10 to his birds,” says Lisa Woodworth of Eclectus Ark, a nonprofit bird resource and conservation institute. “While he does not fly them with transmitters, macaws are different from some other species of birds in that they have a very strong pair bond; they see him as the being they’ re linked with, so they return to him.” 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海同济大学二附中·期中) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．assuming B．collection C． detailing D．digested E. exhibits F. expands G. lends  H. pointed I. promise J. ready K. wander Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and 1 . This line has been taken from the famous essay “Of Studies”, written by Francis Bacon. In his classic essay, Bacon explains how and why study — knowledge — is important. Along with Michel de Montaigne, who published his first essays less than twenty years before Francis Bacon published his first 2 in 1597. Bacon is considered the father of the English essay, with Montaigne the father of the French essay. Bacon’s essays differ from Montaigne’s in being more concise and formal. Where Montaigne conceived of the essays as an opportunity to explore a subject through mental association and a casual 3 of the mind, Bacon viewed the essay as an opportunity to offer advice. In “Of Studies”, Bacon lays out the value of knowledge in practical terms. Bacon considers to what use studies might be put. He is less interested in their theoretical 4 than in their practical utility—a natural tendency more English, perhaps, than French. Bacon’s writing in “Of Studies” is direct and 5 . It avoids the winding find-your-way free form of Montaigne’s essays. From his opening sentence Bacon gets directly to the point: “Studies serve for delight, for ornament (装饰), and for ability.” He then 6 on how studies are useful in these three ways. And he wastes no words in 7 the use of “studies” for a Renaissance gentleman. One of the attractions of Bacon’s essay is his skillful use of parallel sentence structure, as exemplified in the sentences like: “Reading maketh full man; conference a(n) 8 man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer (商议) little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning (狡黠的), to seem to know that he doth not.” This stylistic technique 9 clarity and order to the writing, as in “crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them,” which straightforwardly 10 confidence and elegance in addition to clarity and emphasis. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海交大附中嘉定分校·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．acknowledging B．act C． avoiding D．blossom E. drained F. embrace G. engage H. instinct I. potentials J. present K. unfolding We often close ourselves off when distressing events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to avoid the hurt and pain by pretending they are not 1 , but no matter how much we may try, in the end, we can't hide them from ourselves. We need to learn to open our hearts to the 2 of life and let the world soften us. Whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to 3 it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. When the sorrows strike, take a deep breath and lean into it. When we run away from sorrows that’re gradually 4 in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. We take an emotion that's fleeting and make it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us. By using our breath we soften our experiences. If we block them, our lives will stop moving forward, but when we keep them flowing, we allow more newness and greater experiences to 5 . We all know what that pain of anxiety feels like. We know how fear feels in our bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. We can practice leaning into these feelings of discomfort and ask ourselves if we can 6 a new part of ourselves that doesn’t usually show in fair weather. The initial impulse is to run away — to try and suppress these feelings by not 7 them. When we do this, we close ourselves off to the parts of our lives that we need to experience most. The next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do yourself a favour and lean into the feeling. 8 in spite of the fear. We're often confused at the next step to take, making pros and cons lists until our eyes bleed and our brains are 9 . Instead of always taking this approach, what if we take a step back and see things from a new angle. Odds are that we may gain new insights into dilemmas. I know we've all felt decisions or actions that we had to take simply due to our "gut" impulses: when asked, we can't explain the reasons behind doing so — just a deep knowing that it had to get done. This 10 is the part of ourselves we're approaching for answers. Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海建平中学·期中) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．ease  B．fitting  C． force  D．modest  E. precisely  F. primarily G. robbed  H. awesome  I. encounter  J. starving  K. warned The Problem of Totally Epic Language Inflation Stan Carey recently wrote a short blog about language inflation, which ultimately creates devaluation in meaning. Today, popular expressions like epic and brilliant are used to express a more 1 meaning than their traditional uses. Brilliant actually means clever, and epic actually means surprising. Such is our desire to elevate words with power and importance, that we use hyperbole (夸张) to draw attention. The same tendency can be seen in numbers as well. Once giving 110% became cliché, people started insisting that they give 210%, 310%, and on and on. To create even more 2 behind the phrase, people will also throw in a literally. I literally gave 210%. This is no new trend. My generation destroyed words like awesome and totally. My parents and grandparents 3 of meaning words like incredible, wonderful, and fantastic. Irish novelist C． S. Lewis expressed concern over language inflation: “Don’t say infinitely when you mean very; otherwise, you’ll have no word left when you want to talk about something really infinite.” And this is 4 where we find ourselves right now. We have no words 5 when we want to say that something truly is awe-inspiring. This can also make it all the more difficult for modern readers to connect with older books. Particularly, it can cheapen our understanding of the Scriptures (圣经). As a child of the 80s, I was never at 6 calling God awesome, because as far as I knew, it meant something much less great. If my sunglasses are totally awesome, I need some other word for God! Our souls are 7 in the current culture. We neglect the spiritual aspects of our own existence more and more. It makes sense that the language would reflect that as well. Caring 8 for our physical needs, we run across fewer moments that inspire us with true awe. Those emotions would require a(n) 9 with the significant and the time to contemplate (沉思) it. But who’s got the time or the desire for that? We’ll settle for (将就) pretty good experiences and call them totally 10 . 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海七宝中学·期中) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．reassessing   B．implementation   C． resembled  D．crucially   E. eliminating   F. quantity G. boasted   H. trialing   I. distinctly   J. outnumbered   K. due War on plastic packaging divides consumer opinion First it was the yogurt pot lids, colored milk bottle top s and best-before labels removed in the name of the war on plastic. But when one supermarket sucked the air out of packets of meat, for some shoppers it was a bridge too far. Sainsbury’s had 1 a “supermarket first” but its vacuum-packed meat made some uncomfortable. Minus the air, meat becomes a dense red slice, with one customer complaining it 2 a body part, even if the packing method did cut 450 tomes of plastic a year. Supermarkets and manufacturers are rapidly 3 the packaging of every product in light of government collection and packaging reforms designed to slash waste. A deposit return scheme is 4 to start in Scotland this summer and in the rest of the U.K. in 2025. The measure also includes the introduction of a consistent household recycling scheme in England that will mandate (授权) local authorities to collect the same items and materials. The 5 date has yet to be confirmed. Another is the extended producer responsibility (EPR) scheme, which requires manufacturers to pay the full cost of packaging waste. It kicked in this year with companies now required to collect data on the 6 of packaging they put on the market, with the first fees due to be collected in 2024. The major supermarkets are all signatories (签署方) to the U.K. Plastics Pact, led by the sustainability charity Wrap. It has set targets to hit by 2025 including 7 problem plastic and ensuring that 100% of plastic packaging can be reusable, recyclable or compostable (可用作堆肥的). In its annual report, Catherine David, director of the U.K. Plastics Pact, listed the wins, which included the removal of 620m plastic items from supermarket shelves since 2018; that rigid plastic packaging was now 92% recyclable and that nearly half of its members were 8 reuse and refill systems. The Guardian asked readers for their views on the packaging changes they were seeing and, 9 , whether they thought they were an improvement. While some steps, like the removal of plastic packaging from Easter egg boxes, were universally welcomed, readers said others might be wrong-headed. They questioned the removal of hard plastic lids from spill-prone yogurt and dip pots, and the decision to switch ice-cream out of plastic containers and into cardboard. A small number said they would be taking their meat business to Marks & Spencer or local butchers rather than buying vacuum-packed portions. But they were 10 by those who backed the change that Sainsbury’s said would stop 765,000 hard trays a year being thrown away. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海交大附中·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．cheats B．best C． distances D．disqualified E. discipline F. dismissed G. effect H. enduring I. ignored J. initial K. substantially Would legal doping change the Olympics? Trying to rid elite sport of drug cheats is an expensive and often thankless task. Competition organizers can never be sure that an event is clean: retests of samples from the Beijing and London games led to more than 100 medallists being 1 . A small minority—including Aron D’Souza, an Australian businessman—believe it is time to lift the ban and make drug-taking a legitimate means to boost performance. Mr. D’Souza plans to hold a doped competition, dubbed the Enhanced Games, in 2025. Most athletes have 2 his plan as absurd and dangerous. But he believes that doped competitors would beat plenty of official world records. Is that true? It could be, at least at first. Taking banned substances, such as anabolic steroids for strength events and hormones for high-intensity competitions, can improve performance, sometimes 3 . In athletics, the women’s world records for the 400m, shot put and discus are 39, 37 and 36 years old respectively. The records they replaced had stood for just two, three and four years. All three current records were set by athletes from countries where near-mandatory drug-taking was not uncommon. Their athletes also set long-standing records in men’s events and in other sports. Even significant improvements in training, nutrition and biomechanics over the past few decades have not allowed clean competitors to 4 them—but with drugs, they might. But legal doping would be unlikely to revolutionize sport in the way that proponents claim. If a new world record were set by a drug-taker, it would not mean that ever greater feats would follow—after the 5 boost, athletes’ chemically induced (导致) improvement would level off. Better drugs might be developed over time. But over the past few decades, new enhancing substances have not guaranteed victory for 6 over clean athletes, nor over old-school dopers, as the 7 records from the long-ago Olympics show. Athletes would probably continue to chip away at records, relying, as they do now, on a mix of factors to set them apart: technique, nutrition, coaching and innate physical gifts, such as the optimal mix of muscle fibres for their 8 , or a higher red-blood-cell count. If doping were legalized, it would in 9 become compulsory: few athletes with serious designs on winning titles would cede what could be a decisive advantage to their rivals. That might make times and 10 a little more impressive—but it would not revolutionize the Olympics. Many would argue that even if performances improved, the games would not. Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海第三女子中学·期中) Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words or phrases in the boxes. Each word or phrase can only be used once. Note that there is one word or phrase more than you need in each of the passage. A．addressed    B．proper    C． course    D．translated    E. custom    F. pattern G. instruction    H. sufficient    I. complicated    J. available    K. reliable Moral Considerations of Artificial Intelligence As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly 1 , there is a growing concern that robots could become a threat to human beings in the near future. However, this danger can be 2 , according to computer science professor Stuart Russell, by figuring out how to turn human values into programmable codes that robots can understand. In other words, if human morals can be successfully 3 into AI language, the AI machines will then perform in a trustworthy way. Normally, robots learn human values by drawing a common 4 from large sets of data on human behaviors. So, the robot designers and programmers must be extremely careful while they are “teaching” the machines. It is of great necessity to set out human values as clear rules during the 5 of creating more advanced AI machines. Recently, some robots have already been programmed with basic human values. For example, mobile robots in hotels are programmed to keep a(n) 6 distance from humans. Obviously, there are cultural differences in social distancing, but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you would feel uncomfortable and wouldn’t think that’s the kind of thing a well-educated person would do. Another concern about AI development is that manufacturers may fail to do 7 testing before production to help robots cope with unexpected situations. For instance, if we humans are not quite sure about the correctness of a decision, we would go and ask somebody else. Nevertheless, this kind of human intelligence has not been 8 to AI machines. It remains unknown whether the robot will choose to conduct or stop an unethical 9 , such as throwing away a lovely pet. In order to solve the problem, one simple check is to write a code that the robots will make some noises like beeps if any unusual circumstances appear. In conclusion, the most challenging step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we human beings believe in moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots and AI technologies could become further 10 soon. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (23-24高二上·上海复旦附中·期中) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．dated B．unlikely C． set D．fossils E. estimate F. delicate G. takes H. finds I. exactly J. advocated K. tracked Haul of Fossil Fish Pushes Back the Origin of Teeth and Jaws Our teeth and jaws are incredibly ancient. They’re older than dinosaurs, older than arms and legs, older than trees adaptations that paleontologists (古生物学家) have 1 to our distant, fishy relatives that thrived in the seas around 425 million years ago. But a collection of carefully-preserved vertebrates (脊椎动物) found in China has 2 a new date for the earliest record of jaws and teeth. The early vertebrates include some of the earliest fish, one of the earliest relatives of sharks, and, at about 436 million years old, the most ancient 3 yet found of fish with teeth and jaws. Researchers have disagreed about 4 when the earliest bites evolved. Molecular (分子的) studies based upon estimations of genetic changes have 5 that the first jaws and teeth evolved about 450 million years ago. Until now, the oldest fossil of jawed vertebrates — or gnathostomes — 6 to about 425 million years ago, a significant gap. As Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology researcher Min Zhu and his colleagues describe in a series of Nature papers published today, the new 7 from South China sit in the middle of this gap and offer a startling look at a critical moment in evolutionary history. Zhu and coauthors note in their research, the fish they uncovered were small and had 8 bones. That means these fish were generally 9 to become fossils except in truly outstanding circumstances where they could be buried quickly and shielded from scavengers (食腐动物) that would otherwise eat them. That an exceptional stroke of luck was required to preserve such fish likely explains the difference between the molecular 10 and fossil record. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海黄浦区·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．natural    B．substituting    C． stable    D．disappear    E. piece    F. transforming G. returned    H. regrowth    I. habitats    J. flat    K. pulled Fire That Was Started 92,000 Years Ago Human are actively changing landscapes across the globe, but shaping ecosystems is not just a modern activity. An analysis of the northern shores of East Africa's Lake Malawi reveals ancient inhabitants used fire 92,000 years ago to prevent forest 1 . These Stone Age humans burned forest to make room for a growing population. The Yale-led study discovered settlements in the area, along with charcoal deposits in the core of the lake, allowing researchers to 2 the story together. Jessica Thompson, the paper's lead author, said: "This is the earliest evidence I have seen of humans 3 their ecosystem with fire. It suggests that by the Late Pleistocene（晚更新世）, humans were learning to use fire in truly new ways. The work began in 2018. Researchers from Pennsylvania State University examined fossils, pollen（花粉）and minerals 4 from the bottom of the lake. The analysis showed environment changes that could not be explained with 5 factors. Normally forest along the lake shore 6 during dry periods and recover when the lake reaches normal levels. But here researchers discovered that when wetter periods 7 and water levels became normal, forests along the shore did not recover, and the species richness went 8 . Sarah Ivory from Pennsylvania State University said: "The pollen that we see in this most recent period of 9 climate is very different than before. Specifically, trees are no longer common and are replaced by pollen from plants that deal well with frequent fire." It's not clear why people were burning the landscape. It's possible that they were experimenting with controlled burns to produce 10 . It could be that their fires burned out of control, or that there were simple a lot of people burning fuel in their environment that provided for warmth, cooking, or socialization. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 选词填空 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海中学·期中) Directions: Fill in the blank with a proper word chosen from the box: Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．dating        B．critically      C． covers      D．practically      E. consists     AB．sinking     AC． physically   AD．deliver       AE. stick     BC． adapt          BD．approach Learning is not unique to humans. Scientists have observed many different animals teaching their young skills like how to find food and keep themselves safe. Among humans, educational practices can be traced back 1 as far as human life goes. Evidence of teaching and learning has been found from remnants of human life 2 back thousands of years BCE — and that’s just where we’ve found written evidence. Oral and practical education (for example, early humans 3 teaching their children to hunt for food) likely go back even further. Learning has continued all over the world throughout the history of human life, in more ways than we have time to write about here. However, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which refers to the rapid rise of new technologies, will have a massive impact on how we as a global society will 4 education in the future. Life in this new technological landscape demands that we change our 5 to education in a number of ways. To face a future of constant technological change, we’ll need to 6 to continuous learning as a new norm. In his book Future Shock, US writer and businessperson Alvin Toffler wrote that “the illiterate of the 21st Century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn and relearn.” The future of education 7 in integrating continuous learning into our everyday personal and professional lives even more than we already do. This might be why the Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra has proposed that compulsory, publicly funded education 8 not just elementary school — as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights puts forward — but continuous learning, too. Sitra cites US American biologist E. O. Wilson, who said “We are 9 in information, but we long for wisdom. Therefore, the world will be led by those who are able to collect the correct information at precisely the right moment while thinking 10 and making important decisions wisely.” 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．AC 4．AD 5．BD 6．BC 7．E 8．C 9．AB 10．B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述学习并非人类所独有，新的技术环境要求我们以多种方式改变我们的教育方式。 1．考查副词。句意：在人类中，教育实践几乎可以追溯到有人类的生活开始。空处用副词作状语修饰be traced，根据句意，表示“几乎”应该用practically，故选D。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：从可追溯到公元前数千年的人类生活遗迹中发现了教与学的证据，而这正是我们发现书面证据的地方。这里指人类生活遗迹的时间可以追溯到公元前数千年，需要非谓语动词dating，意为“追溯到”，作后置定语，修饰remnants of human life。故选A。 3．考查副词。句意：口头和实践教育（例如，早期人类亲自教他们的孩子寻找食物）可能可以追溯到更早的时候。分析句意，这里指早期人类手把手教授他们的孩子寻找食物的教育，修饰teaching用副词physically“亲自”作状语。故选AC。 4．考查动词。句意：然而，第四次工业革命指的是新技术的迅速崛起，它将对未来我们作为一个全球社会如何提供教育产生巨大的影响。分析句意，这里指全球社会未来如何传递教育，所以需要动词deliver，意为“传递”，will后用动词原形。故选AD。 5．考查名词。句意：在这种新的技术环境中，生活要求我们以多种方式改变我们的教育方式。这里指我们要用多种方式改变我们的教育方式，所以用“方法”对应的名词approach，作宾语。故选BD。 6．考查动词。句意：面对一个技术不断变化的未来，我们需要将适应持续学习作为一种新常态。分析句意，要面对不断技术变革的未来，我们需要适应持续学习，adapt to“适应”。故选BC。 7．考查动词。句意：教育的未来在于将持续的学习融入到我们的日常个人生活和职业生活中，甚至比我们现在做的更多。分析句意，教育的未来应该是在于将持续学习融入我们的日常个人和职业生活，所以这里需要动词consist，构成短语consist in，意为“在于”，作谓语。主语为第三人称单数。故选E。 8．考查动词。句意：这可能就是为什么芬兰创新基金Sitra提议，公立义务教育不仅包括小学——正如《世界人权宣言》所提出的那样——还包括持续学习。分析句意，公立义务教育不仅包括小学，还包括持续学习。所以这里需要及物动词cover，意为“包括，覆盖”，作谓语。主语为第三人称单数。故选C。 9．考查动词。句意：我们沉浸在信息中，却渴望智慧。根据but we long for wisdom可知，我们沉浸在信息中，sink in意思为：沉浸于，be动词后用现在分词构成现在进行时。故选AB。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，世界将由那些能够在正确的时刻收集正确信息，同时进行批判性思考和明智地做出重要决定的人领导。要做出重要的决定就需要进行批判性思考，所以这里需要“批判性地”对应的副词critically，作状语。故选B。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海嘉定区封浜高级中学·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．exposed     B．containing      C． conditions    D．based    E. style   F. data G. enhancing       H. resist     I. definitely     J. frequently    K. complete In an experiment that 1 healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, researchers found that people with a generally sunny temper were less likely to fall ill. The findings were built on evidence that a “positive emotional style” can help to 2 the common cold and other illness. Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness 3 immune function and subjective as in happy people being less disturbed by a sore throat or running nose. “People with a positive emotional style may have active immune responses to the virus,” explained lead study author Dr. Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their ilness as being less severe.” Actually, 4 on the previous study results, Cohen and his colleagues have been 5 certain that pleasant people are, for most cases, less likely to catch a cold, but some questions remained as to whether a person’s character itself brings about the effect. For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults 6 standard measures of personality tendency, self-conscious health and emotional “style”. Those who tend to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional 7 while those who were often unhappy, tense and opposed had a negative style. The researchers gave them nasal (鼻子的) drops 8 either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six years, the researchers collected 9 like daily mucus (唾液) protection. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective analysis of nose 10 , happy people were less likely to develop a cold. 【答案】 1．A 2．H 3．G 4．D 5．I 6．K 7．E 8．B 9．F 10．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究人员通过一系列实验发现，拥有积极情绪风格（即通常情绪较为阳光、乐观）的人更不容易患上感冒或其他疾病。 1．考查时态。句意：在一项让健康志愿者接触感冒或流感病毒的实验中，研究人员发现，脾气开朗的人不太可能生病。由“healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus”可知，句子表示“在一项让健康志愿者接触感冒或流感病毒的实验中，研究人员发现，脾气开朗的人不太可能生病”，空格处意为“使接触”，是expose，句子描述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，空格处用过去式，故选A。 2．考查不定式。句意：这些发现是建立在“积极的情绪风格”有助于抵抗普通感冒和其他疾病的证据基础上的。由“people with a generally sunny temper were less likely to fall ill”可知，句子表示“这些发现是建立在“积极的情绪风格”有助于抵抗普通感冒和其他疾病的证据基础上的”，空格处意为“抵抗”，是resist，help to do是固定短语，意为“帮助做某事”，因此空格处用动词原形，故选H。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：研究人员认为，原因可能既有客观的，比如快乐能增强免疫功能，也有主观的，比如快乐的人不那么容易受到喉咙痛或流鼻涕的困扰。由上文““positive emotional style” can help to resist the common cold and other illness”可知，句子表示“快乐能增强免疫功能”，空格处意为“增强”，是enhance，may be是谓语，空格处用非谓语动词，happiness和enhance之间是主谓关系，因此空格处用现在分词作后置定语，故选G。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：事实上，根据之前的研究结果，科恩和他的同事们已经确定，在大多数情况下，随和的人不太容易感冒，但仍然存在一些问题，即一个人的性格本身是否会产生这种影响。由下文“on the previous study results”可知，句子表示“根据之前的研究结果”，空格处意为“以……为基础”，是base，“have been ____”是谓语，空格处用非谓语动词，Cohen and his colleagues和base之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此空格处用过去分词作状语，故选D。 5．考查副词。句意：事实上，根据之前的研究结果，科恩和他的同事们已经确定，在大多数情况下，随和的人不太容易感冒，但仍然存在一些问题，即一个人的性格本身是否会产生这种影响。由上文“based on the previous study results”和下文“certain that pleasant people are, for most cases, less likely to catch a cold”可知，句子表示“根据之前的研究结果，科恩和他的同事们已经确定，在大多数情况下，随和的人不太容易感冒”，空格处意为“明确地”，用副词修饰形容词certain，是definitely，故选I。 6．考查不带to的不定式。句意：在这项新研究中，研究人员让193名健康的成年人完成了人格倾向、自我意识健康和情感“风格”的标准测试。由“standard measures of personality tendency, self-conscious health and emotional “style””可知，句子表示“研究人员让193名健康的成年人完成了人格倾向、自我意识健康和情感“风格”的标准测试”，空格处意为“完成”，是complete，have sb. do sth.是固定短语，意为“让某人做某事”，因此空格处用动词原形，故选K。 7．考查名词。句意：那些快乐、精力充沛、随和的人被认为具有积极的情感风格，而那些经常不快乐、紧张和对立的人则被认为具有消极的情感风格。由前面的“emotional “style””可知，句子表示“那些快乐、精力充沛、随和的人被认为具有积极的情感风格”，空格处意为“风格”，是style，空前有a，空格处用单数名词，故选E。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：研究人员给他们使用了含有感冒病毒或某种特定流感病毒的鼻滴剂。由第一段“exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus”和下文“either a cold virus or a particular flu virus”可知，句子表示“研究人员给他们使用了含有感冒病毒或某种特定流感病毒的鼻滴剂”，空格处意为“含有”，是contain，句中谓语是gave，空格处用非谓语动词，drops和contain之间是主谓关系，因此空格处用现在分词作后置定语，故选B。 9．考查名词。句意：在接下来的六年里，研究人员收集了日常粘液保护等数据。由上文“the researchers collected”可知，句子表示“在接下来的六年里，研究人员收集了日常粘液保护等数据”，空格处意为“数据”，是data，是不可数名词，故选F。 10．考查名词。句意：Cohen和他的同事们发现，基于对鼻子状况的客观分析，快乐的人不太可能患感冒。由上文“gave them nasal (鼻子的) drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six years, the researchers collected data like daily mucus (唾液) protection”可知，句子表示“Cohen和他的同事们发现，基于对鼻子状况的客观分析，快乐的人不太可能患感冒”，空格处意为“状况”，是condition，不止一个，因此空格处用复数。故选C。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海浦东新区·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．typically  B．time-consuming  C． approach  D．regularly  E. advantage  F. costly G. choice  H. records  I. caters  J. start  K. appealing Young Chinese Turn to Community Canteens Community cafeterias are originally built to provide affordable and nutritious meals to elderly people. In Shanghai, they are now becoming a popular dining 1 for young people. At noon, people of different ages can be seen queuing up at the Tongxin Cafeteria near the Jing’an Temple downtown. The menu, with over 60 dishes. 2 to different tastes. The dishes range from scallion oil chicken to crispy pork belly to bitter melon stir-fried with pork slices. “It is 3 to have a meal at this canteen after work. The dishes are nutritious and healthy,” said Chen Luo. She is a white-collar worker from a nearby office building. Chen used to depend on takeaway food ordered online, which is 4 poor in terms of nutrition and high in sugar, salt and fats. Preparing her own meals, though, is too 5 , she said. She always spent about two hours cooking, but only ten minutes eating. The nearby community canteen is a perfect site to enjoy ready-made meals. In addition to diverse choices and convenience, the lower price is also a main 6 of community canteens. For a basic meal with one meat dish and two vegetable dishes, diners usually pay less than 20 yuan each meal, avoiding a 7 one in downtown restaurants. Li Jiajun, manager of a community canteen, said the lower price is a result of government subsidies (补贴). His canteen serves elderly diners from 10:30 to 11:30 a.m. and 4:30 to 5:30 p.m. Apart from those hours, people of all ages are welcome. Cafeteria managers are required to keep detailed 8 , including 48-hour food samples, and upload related data to information-sharing platforms, Li said. This 9 helps to ensure food safety. Some community canteens have drawn considerable attention after many young people shared their dining experiences on social media platforms. At the community canteen in the Youyi Road Subdistrict in Baoshan, the cost of meals is based on weight with the aim of reducing waste. The Community AI Canteen in the Hongqiao Subdistrict is the first to 10 the staff-free community canteen in Shanghai. It serves about 300 customers per day. Robots are used to cook and serve meals, while an AI system offers diet advice to customers. 【答案】 1．G 2．I 3．K 4．A 5．B 6．E 7．F 8．H 9．C 10．J 【来源】上海市浦东新区2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了上海虹桥街道社区人工智能食堂。 1．考查名词。句意：在上海，它们现已成为年轻人的热门餐饮选择。此处应用名词作宾语，根据句意可知，表示“选择”，应用名词choice，故选G。 2．考查动词。句意：菜单有60多种菜肴，可满足不同口味。此处作句子的谓语，根据句意可知，表示“满足……的需求”为固定搭配cater to，主语是单数，谓语动词应用三单形式，故选I。 3．考查形容词。句意：下班后去这家食堂吃顿饭很吸引人。此处应用形容词作表语，根据下文“The dishes are nutritious and healthy,”可知，这里的菜很健康营养，所以在这里吃饭很吸引人，应用形容词appealing，故选K。 4．考查副词。句意：陈先生以前主要靠网购外卖，但外卖营养普遍较差，糖、盐、脂肪含量较高。此处应用副词作状语，修饰形容词poor，根据句意可知，此处表示“通常”，应用副词typically，故选A。 5．考查形容词。句意：但她说，自己做饭太费时间了。此处应用形容词作表语，根据句意可知，表示“费时间的”，应用形容词time-consuming，故选B。 6．考查名词。句意：除了选择多样、方便之外，价格较低也是社区食堂的一大优势。此处应用名词作表语，由a可知，应用单数，根据句意可知，此处表示“优势”，应用名词advantage，故选E。 7．考查形容词。句意：一荤两素的基本餐，每顿饭的花费不到20元，避免了在市中心餐馆吃昂贵的饭菜。此处应用形容词作定语，修饰代词one，根据句意可知，此处表示“昂贵的”，应用形容词costly，故选F。 8．考查名词。句意：李说，食堂管理人员必须保留详细记录，包括48小时食物样本，并将相关数据上传到信息共享平台。此处应用名词作宾语，表示“记录”为名词records，故选H。 9．考查名词。句意：这种方法有助于确保食品安全。此处应用名词作主语根据句意可知，此处表示“方法”，应用名词approach，由this可知，应用单数，故选C。 10．考查动词。句意：虹桥街道社区人工智能食堂是上海首个无人值守的社区食堂。由不定式to可知，此处应用动词原形，根据句意可知，此处表示“开办”，为动词start，故选J。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海吴淞中学·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．aiming  B．applications  C． edge  D．assessing  E. established  F. exceptionally  G. extensive  H. favor  I. emerged  J. highlight  K. significantly Creating colorful objects on a screen at high speed wasn’t the original purpose of computer central processing units (CPUs). To address this, arcade machine (街头游戏机) manufacturers introduced the graphics-processing unit(GPU), specifically designed for handling video game visuals alongside the CPU’s tasks. Over time, GPUs found 1 beyond gaming, including video editing, cryptocurrency (加密货币) mining, and more recently, artificial intelligence (AI) training. AI is now making waves in the very industry it 2 from, with generative AI disrupting entertainment, especially the gaming sector. According to a venture-capital firm, the interactive nature of games, which requires 3 content design, stands to benefit the most from AI. This technology can 4 reduce both time and budget restrictions in game development. Recent developments showcased at the Game Developers Conference 5 how AI is being integrated into the gaming world. Ubisoft unveiled Ghostwriter, a tool for generating a platform that uses text commands for game material creation. Even personalized AI-driven commentary for games, like Straight4 Studios’ “GTR Revival,” is becoming a reality. Major game developers such as King and Electronic Arts are embracing AI for tasks like 6 difficulty levels and game testing. Unity, a game development engine, plans to create a marketplace for Al tools, 7 to level the playing field for developers of all resource levels. Despite the rise of AI, big studios remain relevant. While AI may enable smaller firms to explore new game quickly, larger studios can maintain their 8 with more high-quality releases. The increasing choices in the gaming industry, similar to the music and video sectors, might 9 those with significant marketing budgets. Additionally, 10 studios may have better solutions for the copyright challenges surrounding AI-generated content. 【答案】 1．B 2．I 3．G 4．K 5．J 6．D 7．A 8．C 9．H 10．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了计算机图形处理器（GPU）的原始用途及其在游戏、视频编辑、加密货币挖掘和人工智能等领域的广泛应用。特别强调了人工智能（AI）在游戏行业的兴起，包括其在游戏设计、难度评估、游戏测试等方面的应用，以及AI对游戏行业带来的变革和潜在影响。 1．考查名词。句意：随着时间的推移，GPU发现了游戏以外的应用，包括视频编辑、加密货币挖掘，以及最近的人工智能（AI）训练。设空处使用名词作宾语，根据后文的including video editing, cryptocurrency mining, and more recently, artificial intelligence (AI) training可知，此处强调GPU发现了游戏以外的应用。表示“应用”用application，此处表示复数意义。故选B。 2．考查动词时态。句意：如今，人工智能正在它原本所在的行业掀起波澜，生成式人工智能颠覆了娱乐业，尤其是游戏行业。设空处使用动词作谓语，句子表述过去事实，故使用一般过去时。此处表示“出现”用emerge。故选I。 3．考查形容词。句意：根据一家风险投资公司的说法，游戏的互动性需要广泛的内容设计，这将从人工智能中获益最多。设空处使用形容词作定语，此处表示“广泛的，大量的”用形容词extensive。故选G。 4．考查副词。句意：这种技术可以显著减少游戏开发中的时间和预算限制。设空处使用该副词作状语，修饰动词reduce。significantly符合语境，表示“显著地”。故选K。 5．考查动词时态。句意：最近在游戏开发者大会上展示的发展突出了AI是如何融入游戏世界的。设空处使用动词作谓语，句子表述客观事实，故使用一般现在时。表示“突显，突出”用highlight。故选J。 6．考查非谓语动词。句意：像 King 和 Electronic Arts 这样的大型游戏开发商正在利用人工智能来评估游戏难度等级和进行游戏测试等工作。设空处使用动名词作like的宾语。表示“评估”用动词assess。故选D。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：游戏开发引擎Unity计划为人工智能工具创建一个市场，旨在为所有资源水平的开发者提供公平的竞争环境。句中plans为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，表示“旨在”用aim，Unity与aim之间是主动关系，故使用现在分词作状语。故选A。 8．考查名词。句意：虽然AI可以让小公司更快地探索新游戏，但大工作室可以通过发行更多高质量的游戏来保持优势。设空处使用名词作宾语，表示“优势”用edge。故选C。 9．考查动词。句意：与音乐和视频行业一样，游戏行业中越来越多的选择可能更青睐那些拥有大量营销预算的公司。设空处置于情态动词might之后，故使用动词原形。此处表示“喜欢，支持，青睐”用favor。故选H。 10．考查形容词。句意：此外，成熟的工作室可能有更好的解决方案来应对围绕AI生成内容的版权挑战。设空处使用形容词作定语，修饰名词studios，此处表示“老牌的，成熟的”用形容词established。故选E。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海崇明中学·期中) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．ignore       B．created    C． donating    D．opportunity    E. pick    F. purchase G. promoting    H. recycle    I. rewarding    J. serving       K. started Amazing Kids of the Month — Hannah and Alexander Laman Hannah and Alexander Laman, 11-year-old twins from Ohio, love reading. They both love reading so much that it is almost impossible to 1 a favourite book. “I have many favourite books. If I had to select one, it would be Believe It or Not,” Hannah said. So when these two young bookworms heard that some children didn’t have access to books, they believed that was a problem they just couldn’t 2 . In 2011, they 3 Adopt A Book, an organisation that donates books to schools and programmes in need. “We wanted to make a difference because we love reading lots of books,” Alexander said. They 4 by sharing their own books, and then the organisation grew by taking book donations from others. So far, the twins’ organisation has donated over 45,000 books to schools, and programmes 5 children in need from Cincinnati to as far away as Zimbabwe. With a successful book- 6 organisation that just keeps expanding, what’s ahead for these two? Well, they’ve already started it! Hannah and Alexander are 7 literacy for children through their Little Free Library. “The library is free and you can take a book and leave a book.” the twins’ mum, Angela, explained. This has encouraged many kids and adults to 8 their reading materials and also encourage others to read. The twins have received many rewards through improving literacy. “Other kids have the 9 to read and own books of their own. That’s the most 10 part of sharing books with others.” said Hannah. Maybe you want to start small. Collect gently-used books from your home that you don’t need anymore, and donate them to Adopt A Book. Any little bit that you can do truly makes a difference! 【答案】 1．E 2．A 3．B 4．K 5．J 6．C 7．G 8．H 9．D 10．I 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了两个月度杰出孩子——汉娜和亚历山大·拉曼。 1．考查动词。句意：他们都非常喜欢读书，几乎不可能找到他们最喜欢的书。空前的to是不定式的标志，所以空处应填动词原形，根据句意，应是pick意为“挑选”符合语境。故选E。 2．考查动词。句意：因此，当这两个年轻的书虫听说有些孩子没有机会读书时，他们认为这是一个他们不能忽视的问题。空前是情态动词，所以空处应填动词原形，根据句意，应是ignore意为“忽视”符合语境。故选A。 3．考查动词。句意：2011年，他们创立了Adopt A Book，一个向有需要的学校和项目捐赠书籍的组织。本句缺少谓语，所以空处应填动词，根据时间状语In 2011可知，用一般过去时，根据句意，应是created意为“创立”符合语境。故选B。 4．考查动词。句意：他们从分享自己的书开始，然后这个组织通过接受别人的书籍捐赠而发展壮大。本句缺少谓语，所以空处应填动词，根据句意，应是start意为“开始”符合语境，描述已发生的事，用一般过去时。故选K。 5．考查动词。句意：到目前为止，这对双胞胎的组织已经向学校捐赠了超过45000本书，并为从辛辛那提到遥远的津巴布韦的需要帮助的孩子们提供了服务。根据语境可知，此处应是serve意为“为……服务”符合语境，本句已有谓语动词，所以serve用非谓语形式，位于谓语后，用动名词形式。故选J。 6．考查动词。句意：随着一家成功的图书捐赠组织不断扩张，这两个孩子的未来会是怎样的呢？根据句意，此处应是donate意为“捐赠”符合语境，空前是连词符号，用非谓语形式，和book是主动关系，用现在分词形式。故选C。 7．考查动词。句意：汉娜和亚历山大正在通过他们的小免费图书馆促进儿童识字。根据句意，此处应是promote意为“促进”符合语境，此处描述正在发生的事，用现在进行时，空前已有be动词，用现在分词形式。故选G。 8．考查动词。句意：这鼓励了许多孩子和成年人回收他们的阅读材料，也鼓励其他人阅读。空前的to是不定时的标志，所以空处应填动词原形，根据句意，应是recycle意为“回收”符合语境。故选H。 9．考查名词。句意：其他孩子有机会阅读和拥有自己的书。空前是定冠词，所以空处应填名词作宾语，根据句意，应是opportunity意为“机会”符合语境。故选D。 10．考查形容词。句意：“其他孩子有机会阅读和拥有自己的书。这是与他人分享书籍最有价值的部分，”汉娜说。空后是名词，所以空处应填形容词作定语，根据句意，应是rewarding意为“值得的，有意义的”符合题意。故选I。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海青浦高级中学·期中) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．adoringly   B．charging   C．exhausting   D．criticized   E．packaged F．physically   G．praised   H．transfer   I．stress   J．celebrate K．brainwashed Wedding Bills Girls are supposed to dream about it since childhood. When their big day arrives, walk like a princess with all their friends and family dressed to the nines, watching 1 in the audience. Growing up, little girls are 2 into believing that their wedding is the most important day of their lives. But real life isn’t directed by Disney and in reality. Weddings are anything but fairy tale. In China, weddings are 3 and more often than not, it’s a money-making event not just for the wedding planner, but also for the bride and groom. It’s all a transaction 4 in a white veil. So how’s a typical wedding in China different? First of all, in China, the groom’s family is expected to pay for the wedding. Weddings in China tend to be massive events, and the culture and local belief that the more people come to 5 , the more luck the couple will have plays a huge part in that . In the US, it’s common for the couple to have a gift registry. But in China, you bring cash in red envelopes. In recent years some bridesmaids have even been seen wearing QR codes around their necks for wedding guests to scan to 6 their wedding gift money. Online, some have 7 this trend as providing safety and convenience for the couple. Others call it tacky(俗气的), comparing it to 8 an admission fee to watch a spectacle. It’s also an unspoken custom in China that even if you can’t 9 attend someone’s wedding, your money is expected to make an appearance. Moving on to the wedding photos. In China when you arrive at the venue(场地), you’ll most likely see a giant poster of the couple in their wedding clothes. Here, there’s no such thing as bad luck for the groom to see the bride in her wedding dress before the big day, so most couples would take their wedding photos in a studio in advance. To be frank, I find this the most reasonable way to do it. There is already enough 10 on the wedding day, so why add to it by throwing a photo shoot in there too? 【答案】 1．A 2．K 3．C 4．E 5．J 6．H 7．G 8．B 9．F 10．I 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了现在中国婚礼的陋习——把婚礼当作赚钱的活动，大肆收礼金。 1． 考查副词。句意：当他们的大日子到来时，像公主一样和他们所有的朋友和家人一起打扮得漂漂亮亮，大家在观众中深情地观看。修饰动词watching应用副词，作状语；结合常识和“When their big day arrives, walk like a princess”可知，此处是指家人和朋友都崇拜的看着新娘，副词adoringly“崇拜地”符合题意。故选A。 2．考查动词。句意：在成长过程中，小女孩们被洗脑，相信她们的婚礼是她们一生中最重要的一天。此空应填动词过去分词与前面tare构成被动语态，再由后文“But real life isn’t directed by Disney and in reality”可知，这里指小女孩们被洗脑，认为婚姻是最重要的一天。动词过去分词brainwashed“被洗脑”符合题意。故选K项。 3． 考查形容词。句意：在中国，婚礼很累人，而且很多时候，这不仅是婚礼策划人的赚钱活动，也是新娘和新郎的赚钱活动。空处作表语，描述中国婚礼的特征，应用形容词；根据“it’s a money-making event not just for the wedding planner, but also for the bride and groom.”可知，此处谈论中国婚礼不好的方面，因此形容词exhausting“令人疲惫的”符合题意。故选C。 4． 考查动词。句意：这一切都是包裹在婚纱里的交易。上文提到中国婚礼是一场赚钱的活动，已经失去了原本的意义，由此可知，它是一场包裹着婚纱的交易，动词package“包裹”符合句意，和名词transaction是被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。故选E。 5．考查动词。句意：在中国，婚礼往往是大型活动，来庆祝的人越多，这对夫妇的运气就越好，这种文化和当地人的认为在其中起着重要作用。分析句子可知，此空应填动词原形与前面to构成不定式，再由“the more luck the couple will have”可知，这里指来庆祝的人越多，这对夫妇的运气就越好，动词celebrate“庆祝”符合题意。故选J。 6． 考查动词。句意：近年来，一些伴娘甚至被看到脖子上戴着二维码，供婚礼宾客扫描转账礼金。空处应填动词原形，根据“wearing QR codes”和“their wedding gift money”可知，此处是指通过扫描二维码转账礼金，因此动词transfer“转移”符合题意。故选H。 7．考查动词。句意：在网上，一些人称赞这一趋势为这对夫妇提供了安全和便利。此空应填动词过去分词，与前面have构成现在完成时，再由“providing safety and convenience for the couple”可知，这里是在赞扬这种趋势，动词过去分词praised“表扬”符合题意。故选G。 8．考查动词。句意：其他人则称之为俗气，将其比作观看奇观的入场费。结合上文提到婚礼送红包，甚至通过二维码收取礼金推知，一些认为这种做法俗气的人把这种行为看作是收取入场费观看奇观，动词charge“收费”符合句意，介词to后用其动名词形式。故选B。 9． 考查副词。句意：在中国，即使你不能亲自参加某人的婚礼，你的钱也会出现在婚礼上，这也是一个不言而喻的习俗。空处应填副词修饰动词attend，根据“your money is expected to make an appearance”可知，此处是指如果不能亲自参加婚礼，礼金也要送到，副词physically“身体上”符合题意。故选F。 10．考查名词。句意：婚礼当天已经有足够的压力了，为什么还要在婚礼上再拍一张照片呢?空处应填名词作主语，结合上文提到婚礼当天新人忙着收礼金可知，作者认为这已经很有“压力”了（一种讽刺的说法），没有“精力”再拍照，故名词stress“压力”符合题意，为不可数名词。故选I。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海新川中学·期中) Directions: Complete the passage with the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．applied     B．impurity     C． embraced         D．commercial     E. Mixed    F. promises G. imposed    H. demonstration    I. employs    J. giant    K. version     How to get all of the toothpaste out of the tube haunts many a bathroom. Bus not, perhaps, for much longer. Colgate-Palmolive, an American consumer-goods 1 , has taken up an invention in super-slippery surfaces to produce a toothpaste tube that 2 to deliver every last scrap of their contents. In 2012, two inventors set up a company called LiquiGlide to commercialise their work on making liquids flow easily through pipes and out of containers. What caught many people’s imaginations at the time was a(n) 3 of how this could be used to empty a ketchup bottle without shaking it vigorously. So far, ketchup-makers have not 4 the idea. But the health and beauty industry, where products tend to be pricier than ketchup, is interested. A Swiss company 5 the technology to lessen the amount of material left stuck to the insides of pipes and vesseis in its factories when it is time for a clean-up. LiquiGlidc’s deal with Colgate is, though, the firm’s first big break into a consumer business. The new toothnastc called Elixu, comes in three varicties: a formula tor whitening teeth, one for gum and enamel care and a “detox” 6 which, it is claimed, removes any 7 from the mouth. All are packaged in plastic tubes that can be emptied with ease. To produce the slippery pipes and containers, a pattern is first 8 an them and then a suitably formulated liquid is 9 . This fills the gaps in the texture, treating a surface across which gooey substances slide easily. Besides pleasing customers who like to get their money’s worth, the new, slippery toothpaste tubes should help with recycling. Existing tubes are rarely recycled, not only because they have residue left inside them but also because they are usually made from a laminate of plastic and aluminum foil. 10 materials of this sort are hard to recycle, and therefore end up being dumped in landfills. 【答案】 1．J 2．F 3．H 4．C 5．I 6．K 7．B 8．G 9．A 10．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新技术在牙膏管生产中的应用。这种技术使用了超滑表面，使得牙膏管能够更容易地被清空，从而减少浪费，并有助于回收利用。 1．考查名词。句意：美国消费品巨头高露洁棕榄公司采用了一种超滑表面的发明，生产出一种牙膏管，承诺将每一小块内容物都输送出来。根据下文“has taken up an invention in super-slippery surfaces to produce a toothpaste tube(采用了一种超滑表面的发明，生产出一种牙膏管)”并根据常识可知，高露洁棕榄公司是一家大型的消费品公司，giant“巨头”为名词，符合句意，故选J项。 2．考查动词。句意：同上。根据后文“deliver every last scrap of their contents(承诺将每一小块内容物都输送出来)”可知，这种牙膏管能将每一小块内容物都输送出来，promise“承诺”为动词，符合句意，故选F项。 3．考查名词。句意：当时，许多人的想象力被一个演示所吸引，这个演示展示了如何不用猛烈摇晃就能把番茄酱瓶倒空。根据后文“how this could be used to empty a ketchup bottle without shaking it vigorously(如何不用猛烈摇晃就能把番茄酱瓶倒空)”可知，此处指的是一个展示如何使用这种技术来倒空番茄酱瓶的演示，demonstration含义为“演示”，名词，符合句意，故选H项。 4．考查动词。句意：到目前为止，番茄酱制造商还没有采用这个想法。根据前文“So far, ketchup-makers have not(到目前为止，番茄酱制造商还没有……)”以及下文“But the health and beauty industry, where products tend to be pricier than ketchup, is interested(但健康和美容行业对这一想法很感兴趣，因为这个行业的产品往往比番茄酱要贵)”可知，此处指的是番茄酱制造商还没有采用这个想法，embrace“采用”为动词，符合句意，空前有助动词have，应用过去分词。故选C项。 5．考查动词。句意：一家瑞士公司采用了这项技术，以减少在清理时粘附在管道和容器内壁上的材料数量。根据后文“the technology to lessen the amount of material left stuck to the insides of pipes and vesseis in its factories when it is time for a clean-up(……这项技术，以减少在清理时粘附在管道和容器内壁上的材料数量)”可知，这家瑞士公司采用了这项技术来减少材料的数量，employ“采用”为动词，符合句意，故选I项。 6．考查名词。句意：新牙膏Elixir有三种类型：美白牙齿的配方，一种用于牙龈护理，还有一种“解毒”版本，据称可以清除口腔中的任何杂质。根据前文“a formula for whitening teeth, one for gum care and a ‘detox’(美白牙齿的配方，一种用于牙龈护理，还有一种“解毒”)”可知，此处指的是三种类型的牙膏中的一种，version“版本”为名词，符合句意，故选K项。 7．考查名词。句意：同上。根据后文“from the mouth(从嘴里)”可知，此处指的是清除口腔中的任何杂质，impurity“杂质”为名词，符合句意，故选B项。 8．考查动词。句意：为了生产出光滑的管道和容器，首先在它们上施加一个图案，然后涂上适当配制的液体。根据前文“To produce the slippery pipes and containers, a pattern is first(为了生产出光滑的管道和容器，首先在它们上……一个图案)”可知，此处指的是在管道和容器上施加一个图案，impose“施加”为动词，符合句意，故选G项。 9．考查动词。句意：同上。根据前文“a suitably formulated liquid is(……适当配制的液体)”以及后文“This fills the gaps in the texture, treating a surface across which gooey substances slide easily.( 这填充了质地中的空隙，处理了一个表面，使得粘稠物质可以轻易地滑过)”可知，此处指的是涂上适当配制的液体，apply“涂抹”为动词，符合句意，故选A项。 10．考查形容词。句意：这种混合材料很难回收，因此最终会被倾倒在垃圾填埋场中。根据前文“Existing tubes are rarely recycled, not only because they have residue left inside them but also because they are usually made from a laminate of plastic and aluminum foil(现有的牙膏管很少被回收，不仅因为它们内部有残留物，还因为它们通常是由塑料和铝箔的层压制品制成的)”以及后文“materials of this sort are hard to recycle, and therefore end up being dumped in landfills.( 这类……材料很难回收，因此最终会被倾倒在垃圾填埋场中)”可知，此处指的是这类材料通常是由塑料和铝箔的层压制品制成的，是混合物，很难回收，mixed“混合的”为形容词，符合句意，故选E项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海七宝中学·期中) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．expose   B．fastened   C． aggression   D．commanding   E. cautiously   F. stimulation   G. vulnerable H. obediently  I. imprison   J. dedicated   K modeling Birdman of Los Angeles As he throws his outstretched arms toward the sky, Chan Quach’s six royal blue and fire- engine red macaws (金刚鹦鹉) pump their wings. Even more impressive is when upon command, one by one, his majestic hyacinth macaws — the world’s largest parrots by length — return 1 to land on his arms. Quach is a professional bird behaviorist focused on treating and preventing problematic behaviors by pet birds. He spent 15 years training birds, 2 proper behavior to his birds when they are young.“Parrots are like eternal toddlers — they are smart, curious. and bore easily, so you have to keep a close eye on them and provide them with regular 3 His core belief of training birds is the importance of building unbreakable bonds with them— similar to owners’ trust in their dogs. Quach’s birds are allowed to sleep cage less on perches (栖木) in his bedroom.“ They very 4 creep onto my body just after sunrise, and soon I’m covered in six birds,” says Quach. Proper bird behavior training are vital because “an unhappy bird can experience psychosis, which can lead to 5 , feather plucking, even eating themselves, which is very scary.” Free flying, a kind of training practice, is growing in popularity — the TikTok hashtag # free flight birds has more than 540 million views. The practice has its critics, who argue that free flights 6 pet birds to dangers including predators, power lines and bad weather. However, Quach free flies his macaws without using a GPS or telemetry tracker 7 to their tail feathers or wrapped around an ankle. Other owners have told Quach it’s irresponsible to fly expensive and endangered birds without using technology for the bird’s safety. But Quach’s technique of free flying his birds together as a flock provides safety in numbers, he says, and the birds also help call each other back when it’s time to return. His hyacinth macaws are listed as 8 on a renowned risk- assessment tool for species extinction, which has led to even more criticism of his free- flying practices. However, he says, “I don’t acquire or collect birds to 9 them. I want them to live their best lives, flying safely. If I can build a true friendship, that’s greater than anything technology can offer me.” “He’s very 10 to his birds,” says Lisa Woodworth of Eclectus Ark, a nonprofit bird resource and conservation institute. “While he does not fly them with transmitters, macaws are different from some other species of birds in that they have a very strong pair bond; they see him as the being they’ re linked with, so they return to him.” 【答案】 1．H 2．K 3．F 4．E 5．C 6．A 7．B 8．G 9．I 10．J 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要描述了一位专业的鸟类行为学家Chan Quach，他被称为“洛杉矶鸟人”，并详细叙述了他与金刚鹦鹉之间的亲密关系、他的训练方法、对自由飞行的看法以及他这一行为所引发的争议和外界的评价。 1．考查副词。句意：更令人印象深刻的是，在他的指令下，一只又一只威风凛凛的紫蓝金刚鹦鹉——这是世界上体型最长的鹦鹉——会乖乖地飞回来，落在他的手臂上。分析句子成分可知，空处为副词形式修饰动词；再根据全文内容可知，这些鹦鹉会乖乖飞回来。选项H“obediently”，副词，意为“乖乖地”，符合句意。故选H。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：他花了15年时间训练鸟类，在它们年幼时就为它们树立正确的行为模式。分析句子成分可知，空处考查非谓语动词担当状语；根据上文“He spent 15 years training birds”可知，空处和“训练”鸟类有关。选项K“modeling”，意为“塑造”，符合句意。故选K。 3．考查名词。句意：鹦鹉就像永远长不大的小孩——它们聪明、好奇，而且很容易厌倦，所以你必须时刻关注它们，为它们提供持续的刺激。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式担当宾语。根据上文“Parrots are like eternal toddlers — they are smart, curious. and bore easily”可知，本段内容和训练鹦鹉有关，且鹦鹉就像小孩子一样。因此训练鹦鹉的时候需要提供刺激。选项F“stimulation”，名词，意为“刺激”，符合句意。故选F。 4．考查副词。句意：“太阳刚升起时，它们就小心翼翼地爬到我身上，很快我就被六只鸟儿盖住了，”Chan Quach说道。分析句子成分可知，空处为副词形式修饰动词；选项E“cautiously”，意为“谨慎地、小心翼翼地”，符合本句句意。故选E。 5．考查名词。句意：正确的鸟类行为训练至关重要，因为“一只不快乐的鸟儿可能会患上精神病，这会导致它们具有攻击性、啄羽，甚至自残，这非常可怕。” 分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式担当宾语。根据下文“feather plucking, even eating themselves”可知，这些都是暴力行为。选项C“aggression”，名词，意为“攻击性行为”，符合句意。故选C。 6．考查谓语动词。句意：然而，这种做法也招致了一些批评者的反对，他们认为自由飞行会使宠物鸟面临包括捕食者、电线和恶劣天气在内的危险。分析句子成分可知，空处为从句的谓语动词，根据下文“pet birds to dangers”可推测，空处考查短语：expose…to…，意为“使……面临……”。选项A“expose”，符合句意。故选A。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：不过，Chan Quach放飞金刚鹦鹉时，不会在它们的尾羽上固定或使用脚踝缠绕。根据空前“a GPS or telemetry tracker”以及空后“to their tail feathers”可推测，GPS或遥测追踪器是系在尾羽上。选项B“fastened”，意为“系在”，符合句意。故选B。 8．考查形容词。句意：他的紫蓝金刚鹦鹉已被列入一个著名的物种灭绝风险评估工具的脆弱名单，这导致他的自由飞行做法受到了更多批评。分析句子成分可知，空处为形容词形式；根据空后的“on a renowned risk- assessment tool for species extinction”可推测，这种鹦鹉在濒危动物名单上。选项G“vulnerable”，意为“脆弱的”，符合句意。故选G。 9．考查动词。句意：然而，他表示：“我饲养或收集鸟儿不是为了囚禁它们。我希望它们过上最好的生活，安全地飞翔。如果我能与它们建立真正的友谊，那就比任何技术所能提供给我的都要伟大。”根据下文“I want them to live their best lives, flying safely.”可知，他饲养或收集鸟儿不是为了囚禁它们。选项I“imprison”，意为“囚禁”，符合句意。故选I。 10．考查形容词。句意：“他非常热爱他的鸟儿，”非营利性鸟类资源和保护机构Eclectus Ark的Lisa Woodworth说道。根据上文以及句意可知，他非常热爱自己的鸟。选项J“dedicated”可构成短语：be dedicated to，意为“热爱……、投入……”，符合句意。故选J。 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海同济大学二附中·期中) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．assuming B．collection C． detailing D．digested E. exhibits F. expands G. lends  H. pointed I. promise J. ready K. wander Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and 1 . This line has been taken from the famous essay “Of Studies”, written by Francis Bacon. In his classic essay, Bacon explains how and why study — knowledge — is important. Along with Michel de Montaigne, who published his first essays less than twenty years before Francis Bacon published his first 2 in 1597. Bacon is considered the father of the English essay, with Montaigne the father of the French essay. Bacon’s essays differ from Montaigne’s in being more concise and formal. Where Montaigne conceived of the essays as an opportunity to explore a subject through mental association and a casual 3 of the mind, Bacon viewed the essay as an opportunity to offer advice. In “Of Studies”, Bacon lays out the value of knowledge in practical terms. Bacon considers to what use studies might be put. He is less interested in their theoretical 4 than in their practical utility—a natural tendency more English, perhaps, than French. Bacon’s writing in “Of Studies” is direct and 5 . It avoids the winding find-your-way free form of Montaigne’s essays. From his opening sentence Bacon gets directly to the point: “Studies serve for delight, for ornament (装饰), and for ability.” He then 6 on how studies are useful in these three ways. And he wastes no words in 7 the use of “studies” for a Renaissance gentleman. One of the attractions of Bacon’s essay is his skillful use of parallel sentence structure, as exemplified in the sentences like: “Reading maketh full man; conference a(n) 8 man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer (商议) little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning (狡黠的), to seem to know that he doth not.” This stylistic technique 9 clarity and order to the writing, as in “crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them,” which straightforwardly 10 confidence and elegance in addition to clarity and emphasis. 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．K 4．I 5．H 6．F 7．C 8．J 9．G 10．E 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了弗朗西斯·培根的著名散文《论研究》。 1．考查动词。句意：有些书可浅尝，有些书可囫囵吞枣，少数书则需细细咀嚼消化。根据“be chewed”可知，空处为动词不定式的被动语态形式digested“消化”。故填D。 2．考查名词。句意：还有米歇尔·德·蒙田，他在1597年弗朗西斯·培根出版他的第一部文集前不到20年发表了他的第一部随笔。名词作宾语，collection“文集”符合句意。故填B。 3．考查名词。句意：蒙田认为随笔是通过精神联想和不经意的思维漫游来探索一个主题的机会，而培根则认为随笔是提供建议的机会。名词作宾语，wander“漫游”符合句意。故填K。 4．考查名词。句意：蒙田认为随笔是通过精神联想和不经意的思维漫游来探索一个主题的机会，而培根则认为随笔是提供建议的机会。名词作宾语，promise“承诺”符合句意。故填I。 5．考查形容词。句意：培根在《论研究》中的写作是直接而尖锐的。形容词作定语，appointed“尖锐的”符合句意。故填H。 6．考查动词。句意：然后，他进一步阐述了研究在这三方面的用处。空处缺少谓语，expand on“阐述”符合句意。故填F。 7．考查动词。句意：他毫不费力地详细说明了文艺复兴时期绅士对“研究”一词的使用。动名词作宾语，detail“详细说明”符合句意。故填C。 8．考查形容词。句意：读书使人充实,讨论使人机敏,写作使人严谨。形容词作定语，ready“机敏的”符合句意。故填J。 9．考查动词。句意：这种文体技巧使写作清晰有序，就像“狡黠的人谴责学问，淳朴的人赞赏学问，聪明的人利用学问”，在清晰和强调之外，直率地表现出自信和优雅。空处缺少谓语，lends“提供”符合句意和语法结构。故填G。 10．考查动词。句意：这种文体技巧使写作清晰有序，就像“狡黠的人谴责学问，淳朴的人赞赏学问，聪明的人利用学问”，在清晰和强调之外，直率地表现出自信和优雅。空处缺少谓语，exhibits“展示，表现”符合句意和语法结构。故填E。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海交大附中嘉定分校·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．acknowledging B．act C． avoiding D．blossom E. drained F. embrace G. engage H. instinct I. potentials J. present K. unfolding We often close ourselves off when distressing events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to avoid the hurt and pain by pretending they are not 1 , but no matter how much we may try, in the end, we can't hide them from ourselves. We need to learn to open our hearts to the 2 of life and let the world soften us. Whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to 3 it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. When the sorrows strike, take a deep breath and lean into it. When we run away from sorrows that’re gradually 4 in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. We take an emotion that's fleeting and make it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us. By using our breath we soften our experiences. If we block them, our lives will stop moving forward, but when we keep them flowing, we allow more newness and greater experiences to 5 . We all know what that pain of anxiety feels like. We know how fear feels in our bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. We can practice leaning into these feelings of discomfort and ask ourselves if we can 6 a new part of ourselves that doesn’t usually show in fair weather. The initial impulse is to run away — to try and suppress these feelings by not 7 them. When we do this, we close ourselves off to the parts of our lives that we need to experience most. The next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do yourself a favour and lean into the feeling. 8 in spite of the fear. We're often confused at the next step to take, making pros and cons lists until our eyes bleed and our brains are 9 . Instead of always taking this approach, what if we take a step back and see things from a new angle. Odds are that we may gain new insights into dilemmas. I know we've all felt decisions or actions that we had to take simply due to our "gut" impulses: when asked, we can't explain the reasons behind doing so — just a deep knowing that it had to get done. This 10 is the part of ourselves we're approaching for answers. 【答案】 1．J 2．I 3．F 4．K 5．D 6．G 7．A 8．B 9．E 10．H 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了如何面对生活中的痛苦事件，强调要敞开心扉，接受痛苦，利用呼吸来缓解情绪，并在恐惧中行动。 1．考查形容词，句意：我们试图通过假装它们不存在来避免伤害和痛苦，但无论我们多么努力，最终，我们无法向自己隐藏它们。后文提到“we can't hide them from ourselves(我们无法向自己隐藏它们)”由此判断，痛苦是一直存在的，无法否认。空处可使用形容词present(存在的)在句中作表语。故选J。 2．考查名词。句意：我们需要学会敞开心扉，迎接生活的潜力，让世界软化我们。前文提到“we can't hide them from ourselves(我们无法向自己隐藏它们)”由此判断，此处表示要接受生活中的“潜在的东西”，空处可使用名词potentials（潜力)在句中作介词。故选I。 3．考查动词。句意：当生活中出现痛苦的情况时，试着去拥抱它，而不是逃避或试图掩盖伤害。后文提到“instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt.(不是逃避或试图掩盖伤害)”由此判断，此处表示要接受痛苦，可使用动词embrace(拥抱；接受)。故选F。 4．考查动词。句意：当我们逃避生活中逐渐出现的悲伤时，悲伤会变得更强烈、更真实。后文提到“it gets stronger and more real(悲伤会变得更强烈、更真实)”由此判断，如果逃避生活中出现的悲伤，可能会让人更加强烈地感受到悲伤。空处可使用动词unfolding(展开；披露)，此处是be doing结构，表示“逐渐展开”。故选K。 5．考查动词。句意：如果我们阻挡了它们，我们的生活就会停止前进，但是当我们保持它们的流动时，我们就允许更多的新鲜事物和更伟大的经历开花结果。前文提到“but when we keep them flowing(但当我们保持它们的流动时)”由此判断，要让自己的经历鲜活起来，这样就会有更好的结果。空处可使用动词blossom(开花；成长；繁盛)在句中作宾补。故选D。 6．考查动词。句意：我们可以练习适应这些不舒服的感觉，问问自己，我们是否可以利用自己在好天气里通常表现不出来的新部分。分析句子可知，空处需要一个动词来表示与自己新的部分互动。动词engage(与……有密切关系)，符合文意。故选G。 7．考查动词。句意：最初的冲动是逃跑——试图通过不承认这些感觉来抑制它们。前文提到“The initial impulse is to run away(最初的冲动是逃跑)”，由此判断，逃跑是一种不承认痛苦的方式。空处可使用动词acknowledge(承认)的动名词形式，作介词宾语。故选A。 8．考查动词。句意：尽管有恐惧也要行动。前文提到“The next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do yourself a favour and lean into the feeling.(下次当你真的有这种不舒服的感觉时，帮自己一个忙，融入这种感觉)”由此判断，自己融入痛苦的感觉也是一种行动，因此即便是恐惧也要有所行动，该句是祈使句，动词act(行动)可使用原形。故选B。 9．考查形容词。句意：我们常常对下一步该做什么感到困惑，不停地列出利弊清单，直到眼睛流血，大脑枯竭。前文提到“our eyes bleed(眼睛流血)”由此判断，有时候在做下一步计划的时候会耗费人的很多精力，导致大脑也“枯竭”，空处可使用形容词drained(枯竭的；筋疲力尽的)在句中作表语。故选E。 10．考查名词。句意：这种本能是我们自己寻求答案的一部分。前文提到“I know we've all felt decisions or actions that we had to take simply due to our “gut” impulses: when asked, we can't explain the reasons behind doing so — just a deep knowing that it had to get done.(我知道我们都有过这样的感受：我们不得不做出的决定或行动仅仅是由于我们的“本能”冲动：当被问及这样做背后的原因时，我们无法解释——只是深刻地知道它必须要完成)”由此判断，有时候的决定是出于本能。空处可使用名词instinct(本能)在句中作主语。故选H。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海建平中学·期中) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．ease  B．fitting  C． force  D．modest  E. precisely  F. primarily G. robbed  H. awesome  I. encounter  J. starving  K. warned The Problem of Totally Epic Language Inflation Stan Carey recently wrote a short blog about language inflation, which ultimately creates devaluation in meaning. Today, popular expressions like epic and brilliant are used to express a more 1 meaning than their traditional uses. Brilliant actually means clever, and epic actually means surprising. Such is our desire to elevate words with power and importance, that we use hyperbole (夸张) to draw attention. The same tendency can be seen in numbers as well. Once giving 110% became cliché, people started insisting that they give 210%, 310%, and on and on. To create even more 2 behind the phrase, people will also throw in a literally. I literally gave 210%. This is no new trend. My generation destroyed words like awesome and totally. My parents and grandparents 3 of meaning words like incredible, wonderful, and fantastic. Irish novelist C． S. Lewis expressed concern over language inflation: “Don’t say infinitely when you mean very; otherwise, you’ll have no word left when you want to talk about something really infinite.” And this is 4 where we find ourselves right now. We have no words 5 when we want to say that something truly is awe-inspiring. This can also make it all the more difficult for modern readers to connect with older books. Particularly, it can cheapen our understanding of the Scriptures (圣经). As a child of the 80s, I was never at 6 calling God awesome, because as far as I knew, it meant something much less great. If my sunglasses are totally awesome, I need some other word for God! Our souls are 7 in the current culture. We neglect the spiritual aspects of our own existence more and more. It makes sense that the language would reflect that as well. Caring 8 for our physical needs, we run across fewer moments that inspire us with true awe. Those emotions would require a(n) 9 with the significant and the time to contemplate (沉思) it. But who’s got the time or the desire for that? We’ll settle for (将就) pretty good experiences and call them totally 10 . 【答案】 1．D 2．C 3．G 4．E 5．B 6．A 7．J 8．F 9．I 10．H 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章论述了当今的语言膨胀问题。 1．考查形容词。句意：今天，像史诗和辉煌这样的流行表达被用来表达比它们传统用法更谦虚的意思。根据句意和空格后的名词meaning可知，空格处应该填入一个形容词作定语，修饰空格后的名词，且意义为“适度的；谦虚的”，所以，形容词modest填入空格处，符合语境。故选D项。 2．考查名词。句意：为了在这个短语背后制造更大的力量，人们还会加上一个字面上的。根据句意和空格前的动词create可知，空格处应该填入一个名词作宾语，且意义为“力量”，所以名词force填入空格处，符合语境。故选C项。 3．考查动词。句意：我的父母和祖父母剥夺了像不可思议、美妙和奇妙这样的词的含义。空格处应该填入一个动词作谓语，且意义为“剥夺”，所以，动词robbed填入空格处，符合语境。故选G项。 4．考查副词。句意：而这正是我们现在的处境。根据句意和空格前的is可知，空格处应该填入一个副词作状语，且意义为“正是；恰好地”，所以，副词precisely填入空格处，符合语境。故选E项。 5．考查形容词。句意：当我们想说一些真正令人敬畏的东西时，我们没有合适的词语。根据句意和空格前的名词words可知，空格处应该填入一个形容词作后置定语，修饰前面的名词words，且意义为“适合的；恰当的”，所以形容词fitting填入空格处，符合语境。故选B项。 6．考查名词。句意：作为一个80年代的孩子，我从来不会轻易地称上帝为“awesome”，因为据我所知，它的意思远没有那么伟大。根据句意和空格前的at可知，此处考查固定短语at ease“放松，轻松”。故选A项。 7．考查动词。句意：在当前的文化中，我们的灵魂正在挨饿。根据句意和空格前的are可知，空格处应该填入一个动词的现在分词形式，构成现在进行时，且意义为“挨饿”，starving填入空格处，符合语境。故选J项。 8．考查副词。句意：我们主要关心我们的身体需求，很少遇到让我们真正敬畏的时刻。根据句意和空格前的动词caring可知，空格处应该填入一个副词作状语，修饰动词caring，且意义为“主要地，首要地，根本地”，副词primarily填入空格处，符合语境。故选F项。 9．考查名词。句意：这些情感需要与有意义的事物相遇，需要花时间去思考。根据句意和空格前的require a(n)可知，空格处应该填入一个单数名词作宾语，且意义为“相遇”，名词encounter填入空格处，符合语境。故选I项。 10．考查形容词。句意：我们会满足于非常好的体验，称它们非常棒。根据句意和空格前的call them可知，空格处应该填入一个形容词作宾语补足语，且意义为“令人敬畏的；非常棒的”，形容词awesome填入空格处，符合语境。故选H项。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海七宝中学·期中) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．reassessing   B．implementation   C． resembled  D．crucially   E. eliminating   F. quantity G. boasted   H. trialing   I. distinctly   J. outnumbered   K. due War on plastic packaging divides consumer opinion First it was the yogurt pot lids, colored milk bottle top s and best-before labels removed in the name of the war on plastic. But when one supermarket sucked the air out of packets of meat, for some shoppers it was a bridge too far. Sainsbury’s had 1 a “supermarket first” but its vacuum-packed meat made some uncomfortable. Minus the air, meat becomes a dense red slice, with one customer complaining it 2 a body part, even if the packing method did cut 450 tomes of plastic a year. Supermarkets and manufacturers are rapidly 3 the packaging of every product in light of government collection and packaging reforms designed to slash waste. A deposit return scheme is 4 to start in Scotland this summer and in the rest of the U.K. in 2025. The measure also includes the introduction of a consistent household recycling scheme in England that will mandate (授权) local authorities to collect the same items and materials. The 5 date has yet to be confirmed. Another is the extended producer responsibility (EPR) scheme, which requires manufacturers to pay the full cost of packaging waste. It kicked in this year with companies now required to collect data on the 6 of packaging they put on the market, with the first fees due to be collected in 2024. The major supermarkets are all signatories (签署方) to the U.K. Plastics Pact, led by the sustainability charity Wrap. It has set targets to hit by 2025 including 7 problem plastic and ensuring that 100% of plastic packaging can be reusable, recyclable or compostable (可用作堆肥的). In its annual report, Catherine David, director of the U.K. Plastics Pact, listed the wins, which included the removal of 620m plastic items from supermarket shelves since 2018; that rigid plastic packaging was now 92% recyclable and that nearly half of its members were 8 reuse and refill systems. The Guardian asked readers for their views on the packaging changes they were seeing and, 9 , whether they thought they were an improvement. While some steps, like the removal of plastic packaging from Easter egg boxes, were universally welcomed, readers said others might be wrong-headed. They questioned the removal of hard plastic lids from spill-prone yogurt and dip pots, and the decision to switch ice-cream out of plastic containers and into cardboard. A small number said they would be taking their meat business to Marks & Spencer or local butchers rather than buying vacuum-packed portions. But they were 10 by those who backed the change that Sainsbury’s said would stop 765,000 hard trays a year being thrown away. 【答案】 1．G 2．C 3．A 4．K 5．B 6．F 7．E 8．H 9．D 10．J 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论超市和生产商为减少塑料包装对环境的影响而采取的各种措施及其对消费者的影响。 1．考查动词。句意：塞恩斯伯里曾吹嘘“首个超市”，但其真空包装的肉类让一些人感到不舒服。句中缺少谓语，空处可使用动词，根据后文中带引号的“supermarket first(首个超市)”以及后文中“but its vacuum- packed meat made some uncomfortable(但其真空包装的肉类让一些人感到不舒服)”可知，此处有表示夸大的含义，空处可使用动词boasted(吹嘘；夸耀)在句中作谓语。故选G。 2．考查动词。句意：没有了空气，肉就变成了浓密的红色切片，一位顾客抱怨说，它就像身体的一部分，尽管这种包装方法每年确实能减少450吨塑料。前文提到顾客对这种包装形式有所抱怨，因此“a dense red slice(浓密的红色切片)”应该是“像”身体的一部分，空处可使用动词resembled(与……相似)在句中作谓语。故选C。 3．考查动词。句意：超市和制造商正在根据政府旨在减少浪费的收集和包装改革，迅速重新评估每种产品的包装。前文提到，尽管对塑料包装有所改变，但也不是人人都能接受，且后文提到“in light of government collection and packaging reforms designed to slash waste(正在根据政府旨在减少浪费的收集和包装改革)”因为政府提出包装改革，所以要对产品进行“重新评估”，动词reassessing(重新评估)符合文意。故选A。 4．考查固定短语。句意：存款返还计划将于今年夏天在苏格兰启动，并于2025年在英国其他地区启动。句中提到“this summer”及“2025”说明此处表示与预期的计划，此处可使用固定短语be due to do sth.，意为“预计做某事”。故选K。 5．考查名词。句意：实施日期尚未确定。后文提到“has yet to be confirmed(还未确定)”说明前文提到的存款返还计划的实施日期还未确定。空处可使用名词implementation(实施，执行)。故选B。 6．考查名词。句意：该法案于今年启动，各公司现在被要求收集它们投放市场的包装数量的数据，首批费用将于2024年收取。后文提到“with the first fees due to be collected in 2024(首批费用于2024年收取)”，说明各公司要收集投放到市场中的包装“数量”，才能收取一定的费用，空处可使用名词quantity(数量)作宾语。故选F。 7．考查动词。句意：它设定了到2025年实现的目标，包括消除问题塑料，并确保100%的塑料包装可以重复使用、可回收或可堆肥。根据后文“ensuring that 100% of plastic packaging can be reusable, recyclable or     compostable(并确保100%的塑料包装可以重复使用、可回收或可堆肥)”可知，此处表示2025年的要实现的目标应该包括“消除”问题塑料。空处可使用eliminating(排除)作宾语。故选E。 8．考查动词。句意：现在，92%的硬质塑料包装是可回收的，近一半的成员正在尝试再利用和再填充系统。前文提到“that rigid plastic packaging was now 92% recyclable(92%的硬质塑料包装是可回收的)”，硬质塑料包装是可以回收的，因此可以尝试将其再次利用。空处与were构成过去进行时，因此空处可使用动词trialing(试验)作谓语。故选H。 9．考查副词。句意：《卫报》向读者询问了他们对包装变化的看法，最重要的是，他们是否认为这是一种进步。此处表示的是对包装变化更进一步的看法，空处可使用副词crucially(最重要的是)作状语。故选D。 10．考查动词。句意：但支持这一改变的人太多了。塞恩斯伯里表示，这一改变每年将阻止76.5万个硬托盘被丢弃。前文提到一小部分人会去玛莎百货或者当地肉店卖肉，转折连词but(但是)表示情况有所不一样，说明支持这一改变的人变多了，空处与were构成一般过去时的被动语态，空处可使用动词outnumbered(超过，比……多)作谓语。故选J。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海交大附中·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．cheats B．best C． distances D．disqualified E. discipline F. dismissed G. effect H. enduring I. ignored J. initial K. substantially Would legal doping change the Olympics? Trying to rid elite sport of drug cheats is an expensive and often thankless task. Competition organizers can never be sure that an event is clean: retests of samples from the Beijing and London games led to more than 100 medallists being 1 . A small minority—including Aron D’Souza, an Australian businessman—believe it is time to lift the ban and make drug-taking a legitimate means to boost performance. Mr. D’Souza plans to hold a doped competition, dubbed the Enhanced Games, in 2025. Most athletes have 2 his plan as absurd and dangerous. But he believes that doped competitors would beat plenty of official world records. Is that true? It could be, at least at first. Taking banned substances, such as anabolic steroids for strength events and hormones for high-intensity competitions, can improve performance, sometimes 3 . In athletics, the women’s world records for the 400m, shot put and discus are 39, 37 and 36 years old respectively. The records they replaced had stood for just two, three and four years. All three current records were set by athletes from countries where near-mandatory drug-taking was not uncommon. Their athletes also set long-standing records in men’s events and in other sports. Even significant improvements in training, nutrition and biomechanics over the past few decades have not allowed clean competitors to 4 them—but with drugs, they might. But legal doping would be unlikely to revolutionize sport in the way that proponents claim. If a new world record were set by a drug-taker, it would not mean that ever greater feats would follow—after the 5 boost, athletes’ chemically induced (导致) improvement would level off. Better drugs might be developed over time. But over the past few decades, new enhancing substances have not guaranteed victory for 6 over clean athletes, nor over old-school dopers, as the 7 records from the long-ago Olympics show. Athletes would probably continue to chip away at records, relying, as they do now, on a mix of factors to set them apart: technique, nutrition, coaching and innate physical gifts, such as the optimal mix of muscle fibres for their 8 , or a higher red-blood-cell count. If doping were legalized, it would in 9 become compulsory: few athletes with serious designs on winning titles would cede what could be a decisive advantage to their rivals. That might make times and 10 a little more impressive—but it would not revolutionize the Olympics. Many would argue that even if performances improved, the games would not. 【答案】 1．D 2．F 3．K 4．B 5．J 6．A 7．H 8．E 9．G 10．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论如果了合法使用兴奋剂是否会给奥运会带来变革。 1．考查动词。句意：比赛组织者永远无法保证一项赛事是干净的：北京和伦敦奥运会的样本重新检测导致100多名奖牌获得者被取消资格。根据上文“Competition organizers can never be sure that an event is clean”可知设空处是disqualify，意为“取消资格”，和being构成动名词的被动语态，应用过去分词disqualified，故选D。 2．考查动词。句意：大多数运动员都认为他的计划既荒谬又危险。根据上文“Mr. D’Souza plans to hold a doped competition, dubbed the Enhanced Games, in 2025.”和常识可知设空处dismiss，意为“摒弃；不予考虑”，短语dismiss…as…，意为“认为……怎么样”和have构成现在完成时，应用过去分词dismissed，故选F。 3．考查副词。句意：服用违禁药物，如力量项目的合成代谢类固醇和高强度比赛的激素，可以提高成绩，有时效果显著。根据上文“such as anabolic steroids for strength events and hormones for high-intensity competitions, can improve performance”和常识可知兴奋剂有时可以显著提高成绩，故设空处为substantially，意为“非常地；巨大地”作状语，故选K。 4．考查动词。句意：在过去的几十年里，即使在训练、营养和生物力学方面取得了巨大的进步，也没有让干净的运动员超越他们——但有了药物，他们可能会。根据下文“- but with drugs, they might”可知上下文为转折关系，所应是没有让干净的运动员超越他们，空处为best，意为“打败，胜过”，故选B。 5．考查形容词。句意：如果一个服用药物的人创造了新的世界纪录，这并不意味着会有更伟大的成就随之而来——在最初的刺激之后，运动员的化学反应导致的进步会趋于平稳。根据句意和后面的名词可知应用形容词initial，意为“最初的”作定语，故选J。 6．考查名词。句意：但在过去的几十年里，新的兴奋剂并不能保证作弊者能战胜干净的运动员，也不能保证战胜老派的兴奋剂服用者，就像很久以前奥运会的持久记录所显示的那样。根据下文“over clean athletes”和句意可知空处为cheat，意为“作弊者”，这里泛指，应用复数形式作宾语，故选A。 7．考查形容词。句意：同上。根据下文名词“records”和句意可知空处为形容词enduring，意为“持久的”作定语，故选H。 8．考查名词。句意：运动员很可能会像现在一样，依靠各种因素使自己与众不同：技术、营养、教练和天生的身体天赋，比如适合自己训练的最佳肌肉纤维组合，或者更高的红细胞计数。根据上文“the optimal mix of muscle fibres”和句意可知最佳肌肉纤维组合，或者更高的红细胞计数是要适合运动员的训练，空处为discipline，意为“训练”作宾语。故选E。 9．考查名词。句意：如果兴奋剂被合法化，它实际上将成为强制性的：很少有真正想要赢得冠军的运动员会把可能是决定性优势的东西让给竞争对手。根据句意可知考查固定短语in effect，意为“实际上”，故空处为effect，故选G。 10．考查名词。句意：这可能会让时间和距离更令人印象深刻，但它不会给奥运会带来革命性的变化。根据上文的“times”可知是distance，意为“距离”，这里和times并列，应用复数形式，作宾语。故选C。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海第三女子中学·期中) Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words or phrases in the boxes. Each word or phrase can only be used once. Note that there is one word or phrase more than you need in each of the passage. A．addressed    B．proper    C． course    D．translated    E. custom    F. pattern G. instruction    H. sufficient    I. complicated    J. available    K. reliable Moral Considerations of Artificial Intelligence As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly 1 , there is a growing concern that robots could become a threat to human beings in the near future. However, this danger can be 2 , according to computer science professor Stuart Russell, by figuring out how to turn human values into programmable codes that robots can understand. In other words, if human morals can be successfully 3 into AI language, the AI machines will then perform in a trustworthy way. Normally, robots learn human values by drawing a common 4 from large sets of data on human behaviors. So, the robot designers and programmers must be extremely careful while they are “teaching” the machines. It is of great necessity to set out human values as clear rules during the 5 of creating more advanced AI machines. Recently, some robots have already been programmed with basic human values. For example, mobile robots in hotels are programmed to keep a(n) 6 distance from humans. Obviously, there are cultural differences in social distancing, but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you would feel uncomfortable and wouldn’t think that’s the kind of thing a well-educated person would do. Another concern about AI development is that manufacturers may fail to do 7 testing before production to help robots cope with unexpected situations. For instance, if we humans are not quite sure about the correctness of a decision, we would go and ask somebody else. Nevertheless, this kind of human intelligence has not been 8 to AI machines. It remains unknown whether the robot will choose to conduct or stop an unethical 9 , such as throwing away a lovely pet. In order to solve the problem, one simple check is to write a code that the robots will make some noises like beeps if any unusual circumstances appear. In conclusion, the most challenging step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we human beings believe in moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots and AI technologies could become further 10 soon. 【答案】 1．I 2．A 3．D 4．F 5．C 6．B 7．H 8．J 9．G 10．K 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能的道德考量，包括人工智能可能对人类构成的威胁、如何将人类价值观转化为AI可理解的可编程代码、人工智能学习人类价值观的方式、人工智能发展中存在的问题以及解决这些问题的方法等。 1．考查形容词。句意：随着人工智能变得越来越复杂，人们越来越担心机器人可能在不久的将来成为人类的威胁。空处用于becomes之后，应用形容词作表语，描述人工智能的特点，complicated“复杂的”，为形容词，符合语境。故选I项。 2．考查动词。句意：然而，据计算机科学教授斯图尔特·罗素说，这种危险是可以通过找出如何将人类价值观转化为机器人能理解的可编程代码来解决的。空处用于can be之后，应用动词过去分词形式，构成情态动词的被动语态。addressed“处理；解决”为过去分词形式，符合语境。故选A项。 3．考查动词。句意：换句话说，如果人类道德能够成功地被翻译成人工智能语言，那么人工智能机器就会以值得信赖的方式运行。空处用于can be之后，应用动词过去分词形式，构成情态动词的被动语态。translated“翻译”为过去分词，符合语境。故选D项。 4．考查名词。句意：通常，机器人通过从大量关于人类行为的数据中总结出一个共同的模式来学习人类价值观。根据空前的a common可知，空处应用可数名词单数形式。pattern“模式”为名词，符合语境。故选F项。 5．考查名词。句意：在创造更先进的人工智能机器的过程中，明确地将人类价值观设定为清晰的规则是非常必要的。根据空前的during the可知，空处应填入名词，course意为“过程”，为名词，符合语境。故选C项。 6．考查形容词。句意：例如，酒店里的移动机器人被编程为与人类保持适当的距离。根据空前的a(n)以及空后的distance可知，空处应为形容词作定语。proper“适当的”，为形容词，符合语境。故选B项。 7．考查形容词。句意：另一个关于人工智能发展的担忧是，制造商可能在生产前没有进行足够的测试，以帮助机器人应对意外情况。空处修饰名词testing，应用形容词形式作定语，sufficient“足够的”为形容词，符合语境。故选H项。 8．考查形容词。句意：然而，这种人类智能还没有被应用到人工智能机器上。根据空前的has not been可知，空处应用形容词作表语，描述主语this kind of human intelligence，available“可用的”为形容词，符合语境。故选J项。 9．考查名词。句意：尚不清楚机器人是否会选择执行或停止不道德的指令，比如扔掉一只可爱的宠物。根据空前的an unethical可知，空处应用单数名词，nstruction“指令”为名词，符合语境。故选G项。 10．考查形容词。句意：但是，如果我们找到了答案，机器人和人工智能技术很快就会变得更加可靠。根据空前的become可知，空处应用形容词作表语，描述主语robots and AI technologies，reliable“可靠的”为形容词，符合语境。故选K项。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (23-24高二上·上海复旦附中·期中) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．dated B．unlikely C． set D．fossils E. estimate F. delicate G. takes H. finds I. exactly J. advocated K. tracked Haul of Fossil Fish Pushes Back the Origin of Teeth and Jaws Our teeth and jaws are incredibly ancient. They’re older than dinosaurs, older than arms and legs, older than trees adaptations that paleontologists (古生物学家) have 1 to our distant, fishy relatives that thrived in the seas around 425 million years ago. But a collection of carefully-preserved vertebrates (脊椎动物) found in China has 2 a new date for the earliest record of jaws and teeth. The early vertebrates include some of the earliest fish, one of the earliest relatives of sharks, and, at about 436 million years old, the most ancient 3 yet found of fish with teeth and jaws. Researchers have disagreed about 4 when the earliest bites evolved. Molecular (分子的) studies based upon estimations of genetic changes have 5 that the first jaws and teeth evolved about 450 million years ago. Until now, the oldest fossil of jawed vertebrates — or gnathostomes — 6 to about 425 million years ago, a significant gap. As Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology researcher Min Zhu and his colleagues describe in a series of Nature papers published today, the new 7 from South China sit in the middle of this gap and offer a startling look at a critical moment in evolutionary history. Zhu and coauthors note in their research, the fish they uncovered were small and had 8 bones. That means these fish were generally 9 to become fossils except in truly outstanding circumstances where they could be buried quickly and shielded from scavengers (食腐动物) that would otherwise eat them. That an exceptional stroke of luck was required to preserve such fish likely explains the difference between the molecular 10 and fossil record. 【答案】 1．K 2．C 3．D 4．I 5．J 6．A 7．H 8．F 9．B 10．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项关于化石鱼的重大发现，这一发现推迟了牙齿和颚骨的起源时间。通过发现在中国的精心保存的脊椎动物化石，研究人员设定了最早颚骨和牙齿的记录的新日期。 1．考查动词。句意：它们比恐龙更古老，比手臂和腿更古老，比树木的进化更古老，古生物学家追溯到大约4.25亿年前在海洋中繁盛的我们的远古鱼类亲属，它们适应了这些特征。根据句意，空处表示“追踪到”，track to为固定短语，表示“追踪到”，结合空前have可知为现在完成时，应填过去分词tracked，故选K项。 2．考查动词。句意：但是在中国发现的一组精心保存的脊椎动物化石为颚骨和牙齿的最早记录设定了一个新的日期。根据句意，空处表示“设定”，set a new date意为“设定了一个新的日期”，应填set，结合空前has可知为现在完成时，应填过去分词set，故选C项。 3．考查名词。句意：这些早期的脊椎动物包括一些最早的鱼类，最早的鲨鱼近亲，以及约4.36亿年前发现的这组最古老的有牙齿和颚骨的鱼类化石。根据空前the most ancient可知空处应为名词，结合句意，此处表示“化石”，结合空后“found of fish with teeth and jaws”可知应为名词复数表示泛指，应填fossils，故选D项。 4．考查副词。句意：研究人员对最早咬合的确切时间存在分歧。根据句意可知空处表示“确切地”，应用副词exactly作状语，修饰后面的句子，故选I项。 5．考查动词。句意：基于基因变化估计的分子研究认为，最早的颌骨和牙齿是在大约4.5亿年前进化而来的。根据句意可知空处表示“主张，认为”，应为advocate，结合空前have可知为现在完成时，应填过去分词advocated，故选J项。 6．考查动词。句意：到目前为止，最古老的有颌脊椎动物化石——或者说颌口动物——可以追溯到大约4.25亿年前，这是一个很大的差距。根据句意，空处表示“追溯到”，date to后加时间表示“可追溯到……年”，一般过去时，故选A项。 7．考查名词。句意：正如古脊椎动物研究所和古人类学研究员朱敏和他的同事在今天发表的一系列《自然》论文中所描述的那样，来自华南的新发现位于这一空白的中间，为进化史上的关键时刻提供了惊人的视角。根据空前the new可知空处应为名词，新发现不止一个，为名词复数形式，应填finds，故选H项。 8．考查形容词。句意：朱教授和合著者在他们的研究中指出，他们发现的鱼很小，骨头很小。根据空后bones可知，空处为形容词作定语，结合句意，空处表示“细微的”，应为delicate，故选F项。 9．考查形容词。句意：这意味着这些鱼一般不太可能成为化石，除非在非常特殊的情况下，它们可以迅速被埋起来，不被食腐动物吃掉。be unlikely to do sth.为固定短语，表示“不太可能做某事”，空处应填unlikely，故选B项。 10．考查名词。句意：要保持这样的鱼类需要一次特殊的幸运机遇，这很可能解释了分子估计和化石记录之间的差异。根据上文“Molecular (分子的) studies based upon estimations of genetic changes(基于遗传变化估计的分子研究)”可知，空处应为名词estimate (估计)，表示“分子估计”，故选E项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海黄浦区·期中) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．natural    B．substituting    C． stable    D．disappear    E. piece    F. transforming G. returned    H. regrowth    I. habitats    J. flat    K. pulled Fire That Was Started 92,000 Years Ago Human are actively changing landscapes across the globe, but shaping ecosystems is not just a modern activity. An analysis of the northern shores of East Africa's Lake Malawi reveals ancient inhabitants used fire 92,000 years ago to prevent forest 1 . These Stone Age humans burned forest to make room for a growing population. The Yale-led study discovered settlements in the area, along with charcoal deposits in the core of the lake, allowing researchers to 2 the story together. Jessica Thompson, the paper's lead author, said: "This is the earliest evidence I have seen of humans 3 their ecosystem with fire. It suggests that by the Late Pleistocene（晚更新世）, humans were learning to use fire in truly new ways. The work began in 2018. Researchers from Pennsylvania State University examined fossils, pollen（花粉）and minerals 4 from the bottom of the lake. The analysis showed environment changes that could not be explained with 5 factors. Normally forest along the lake shore 6 during dry periods and recover when the lake reaches normal levels. But here researchers discovered that when wetter periods 7 and water levels became normal, forests along the shore did not recover, and the species richness went 8 . Sarah Ivory from Pennsylvania State University said: "The pollen that we see in this most recent period of 9 climate is very different than before. Specifically, trees are no longer common and are replaced by pollen from plants that deal well with frequent fire." It's not clear why people were burning the landscape. It's possible that they were experimenting with controlled burns to produce 10 . It could be that their fires burned out of control, or that there were simple a lot of people burning fuel in their environment that provided for warmth, cooking, or socialization. 【答案】 1．H 2．E 3．F 4．K 5．A 6．D 7．G 8．J 9．C 10．I 【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了考古发现早期人类是生态系统工程师。他们用火的方式阻止了该地区森林的再生，形成了今天存在的一片广阔的低矮灌木林。 1．考查名词。句意：一项对东非马拉维湖北部海岸的分析显示，古代居民在92000年前使用火灾来防止森林的再生。分析句子可知，需填名词作宾语，根据下文的“These Stone Age humans burned forest to make room for a growing population.(这些石器时代的人类烧毁森林，为不断增长的人口腾出空间)”可推断，古代居民用大火阻止森林再生，regrowth“再生”不可数名词，符合题意，故选H。 2．考查动词。句意：耶鲁大学领导的研究发现了该地区的定居点，和湖中心的木炭沉积物，让研究人员可以把这个故事拼凑起来。to是不定式符号，故填动词，由句意可知，一个分析让研究人员拼凑出这个故事，piece“拼凑”符合句意，故选E。 3．考查动词。句意：该论文的主要作者埃西卡·汤普森说：“这是我所看到的最早的关于人类用火改变生态系统的证据”。根据句意可知，此处说明人们用火改变生态系统，transform“改变；转变”符合语境，分析句子可知，介词of后接动名词作宾语，human是动名词的逻辑主语，故选F。 4．考查动词。句意：这项工作始于2018年。来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员检查了从湖底拖出来的化石、花粉和矿物质。根据句意可知，这些化石，花粉和矿物质来自湖底，pull“拖；拉”符合题意，作后置定语，pull与fossils, pollen（花粉）and minerals之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式作定语，故选K。 5．考查形容词。句意：分析显示，环境变化无法用自然因素来解释。此处用形容词作定语，修饰名词，根据下一段内容可知，此处说的是自然因素无法介绍环境变化。natural“自然的”形容词作定语，故选A。 6．考查动词。句意：通常沿湖岸的森林在干燥时期消失，当湖泊达到正常水平时恢复。分析句子可知，缺少谓语动词用动词形式，根据下文“recover when the lake reaches normal levels”可推断，干燥时期森林消失，描述客观事实用一般现在时，主语forest是单数，disappear“消失”动词作谓语。故选D。 7．考查动词。句意：但研究人员发现，当较湿润时期回归和水位恢复正常时，沿岸森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。分析句子可知，空格处填动词作谓语，根据上文“recover when the lake reaches normal levels”可知，较湿润时期回归，森林恢复正常，return“返回；回归”符合语境，且描述过去的事情，用一般过去时。故选G。 8．考查形容词。句意：但研究人员发现，当较湿润时期回归和水位恢复正常时，沿岸森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。go是系动词，接形容词作表语，根据上文“forests along the shore did not recover”可知，森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。flat“停滞的；平淡的”符合语境，故选J。 9．考查形容词。句意：我们在最近一段稳定气候时期看到的花粉与以前大不相同。分析句子可知，用形容词作定语，根据下文“replaced by pollen from plants that deal well with frequent fire.”可知，此处表示稳定时期看到的花粉不同于以前火灾时期看到的。stable“稳定的”符合语境，故选C。 10．考查名词。句意：有可能是他们在试验控制烧伤来产生有利于狩猎和采集的栖息地。分析句子可知，填名词作宾语，由上文“they were experimenting with controlled burns”以及句意可推断，此处说明古代居民通过有控制的燃烧创造栖息地，habitat“栖息地”符合语境，是可数名词，用复数，故选I。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $