专题07 阅读理解（议论文或夹叙夹议文）（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语上学期

专题07 阅读理解之议论文或夹叙夹议 主题01人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海青浦区·期中)I’m a huge fan of the Pacific Northwest and its bright green forests, rough coastline, and beaches decorated with wood, but visiting a top national park in summer often brings the opposite of what I come for — being alone — as huge crowds try hard to park and take photos. So, my last visit to Olympic National Park was in mid-September. I ended up bathing in the peace and quiet of forest among ancient trees and staying close enough to nearby communities to feel safe. I thought that taking the jump from my comfortable hotel room in the park into the great outdoors was unpleasant at first. However, once I began walking slowly and aimlessly along the Hoh River Trail there and slowing down to observe beautiful sunlight and tiny mushrooms that looked like colorful umbrellas, I felt my breath deepen and my nervous system begin to relax for the first time in a long time. What I want to say is that just because the world seems obviously set up for twosomes doesn’t mean you have to let such a standard keep you from living your dreams right now. Solo travel has made me stronger and braver than I ever thought possible. It has opened up my worldview by throwing me out of my comfort zone again and again. When it comes to living conditions, the national park not only offers 15 campgrounds across its huge area, it’s also home to five other choices for guests who would prefer not to sleep alone inside a tent — the small national park houses. Although I enjoy being alone, I have to admit that one of the coolest things about these small houses is that they are there to strengthen connection among strangers, and as such, there is usually a big fireplace next to excellent armchairs and sofas where guests can move around and make small talks at night. In one small house called Lake Quinault, I talked with grey-haired seniors about the best old-growth forest walks and asked hotel workers about the Roosevelt Dining Room (so named after Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the president during 1933-1945, came to visit), right next door. 1．What made the author avoid visiting Olympic National Park in summer? A．The wish to stay close to communities. B．The likelihood to meet crowds of people. C．The quiet environment in an ancient forest. D．The rough coastlines and the woody beaches. 2．According to paragraph 2, the author thinks that traveling alone can ______. A．keep opening up her worldview B．slow her down in living her dreams C．stop her leaving her comfortable zone D．give her a chance to stay in hotel rooms 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Seniors in Lake Quinault are the best forest walkers there. B．The park offers five completely different places to stay in. C．Big fireplaces in houses are meant to strengthen connection. D．The author stayed in a house next door to a famous president. 4．The passage is mainly about ______. A．the author’s love for the Pacific Northwest B．the author’s solo trip to Olympic National Park C．the greatest tourist attractions in Olympic National Park D．the brief comparison between group travel and solo ones 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍作者独自在奥林匹克公园里面的森林旅行的经历和看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“I’m a huge fan of the Pacific Northwest and its bright green forests, rough coastline, and beaches decorated with wood, but visiting a top national park in summer often brings the opposite of what I come for — being alone — as huge crowds try hard to park and take photos. So, my last visit to Olympic National Park was in mid-September. (我是太平洋西北部的超级粉丝，那里有明亮的绿色森林、崎岖的海岸线和用木头装饰的海滩，但夏天去顶级国家公园往往会带来与我相反的结果——独自一人——因为大群人都在努力停车和拍照。所以，我最后一次参观奥林匹克国家公园是在9月中旬。)”可知，夏天去顶级国家公园会遇到大量的人群，所以这让作者避免在夏天去奥林匹克国家公园。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Solo travel has made me stronger and braver than I ever thought possible. It has opened up my worldview by throwing me out of my comfort zone again and again. (独自旅行使我变得比我想象的更坚强、更勇敢。它一次又一次地把我从舒适区抛出去，打开了我的世界观。)”可知，作者认为，独自旅行可以不断地开放她的世界观。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Although I enjoy being alone, I have to admit that one of the coolest things about these small houses is that they are there to strengthen connection among strangers, and as such, there is usually a big fireplace next to excellent armchairs and sofas where guests can move around and make small talks at night. (虽然我喜欢独处，但我不得不承认，这些小房子最酷的一点是，它们可以加强陌生人之间的联系，因此，在出色的扶手椅和沙发旁边通常有一个大壁炉，客人可以在晚上四处走动并进行闲聊。)”可知，房子里的大壁炉可以加强人与人之间的联系。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“I’m a huge fan of the Pacific Northwest and its bright green forests, rough coastline, and beaches decorated with wood, but visiting a top national park in summer often brings the opposite of what I come for — being alone — as huge crowds try hard to park and take photos. So, my last visit to Olympic National Park was in mid-September. I ended up bathing in the peace and quiet of forest among ancient trees and staying close enough to nearby communities to feel safe. (我是太平洋西北部的超级粉丝，那里有明亮的绿色森林、崎岖的海岸线和用木头装饰的海滩，但夏天去顶级国家公园往往会带来与我相反的结果——独自一人——因为大群人都在努力停车和拍照。所以，我最后一次参观奥林匹克国家公园是在9月中旬。我最终沐浴在古树丛中的宁静森林中，并与附近的社区保持足够的距离，感到安全。)”可知，这篇文章主要介绍作者独自在奥林匹克公园里面的森林旅行的经历和看法。故选B。 Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海南汇中学·期中)Last semester in my creative writing class, I asked 18 high school students if one of them would share something they’d written. After several minutes’ deadly silence, from her seat in the corner, a quiet senior, who usually hid behind a curtain of lovely hair, raised her hand and said, “I’ll read mine.” As we sat in the sleepy, airless room, the girl’s essay woke us up. She described the colour of white light, then a dirty street, then a personal encounter. Every word mattered. Though her voice was soft, I could feel her words striking my insides like a hammer. From their facial expressions, I could tell the other students were as surprised as I was. When the girl finished, she looked up at us, her eyes worried. But no one could speak. Envy had made us speechless. One critic once called envy in his book, the hardest thing to acknowledge. Indeed, I don’t like talking about my own envy. I am ashamed of the ill will I occasionally bear towards women who enjoy what I don’t (shining fingernails, spring vacations...). However, Aristotle referred to envy as the close cousin of imitation. The good nature of imitation allows us to turn our distress into a pursuit of greatness. In practical terms, that means reading is an essential part of my writing process. To drag myself out of my predictable tendencies, I pick a volume of something so good that it stimulates me to become unstuck. With any project I undertake, I try to break up my time at the keyboard with time in a soft chair, consuming the words of others without allowing my envy of them to turn me to stone. That day in my creative writing class after the silence following the student’s reading, there were a few “wows”. Then someone said, “I hate you! How can it be so good?” Just as the girl made herself an easy target in sharing this intense, artful essay, the rest of my students also took risks in exposing their admiration. And everyone’s work grew from the experience. At the very heart of envy is desire—a force that ought to be at the heart of every human moment, ugly and beautiful, and that we attempt to set down in words. 1．In paragraph 2, why are the girl’s words described as “striking my insides like a hammer”? A．To highlight how brave the girl was. B．To stress how impressive the girl’s essay was. C．To develop a contrast against the silence of the class. D．To show the author’s disappointment with the girl’s story. 2．The critic mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 4 is most likely to agree that _________. A．women bear more ill will than men B．imitation drives people into distress C．people are reluctant to admit their envy D．envy keeps writers stuck in their own style 3．In paragraph 4, “time in a soft chair” refers to the time the author spends in _________. A．waiting B．writing C．reading D．resting 4．According to the author, envy is something _________. A．that can be inspiring B．that we should be ashamed of C．that we need to overcome D．that results from imitation 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，主要讲述了在一次创意写作课上，一位平时默默无闻的高中女生勇敢地分享了她的作品，其深刻的描述和真挚的情感打动了包括作者在内的所有人，引发了大家内心的羡慕和反思。文章通过这一事件，探讨了嫉妒这一情感的复杂性和其对创作过程的激励作用。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“From their facial expressions, I could tell the other students were as surprised as I was. When the girl finished, she looked up at us, her eyes worried. But no one could speak. Envy had made us speechless. (从他们的面部表情，我可以看出其他学生和我一样惊讶。当女孩讲完后，她抬头看着我们，眼里充满了忧虑。但是没有人能说话。嫉妒使我们哑口无言。)”可知，在第二段中，女孩的话被描述为“像锤子一样敲打我的内心”是为了强调这个女孩的文章有多令人印象深刻。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“One critic once called envy in his book, the hardest thing to acknowledge. (一位评论家曾在他的书中称嫉妒是最难承认的事情。)”可知，第4段开头提到的批评家最有可能同意的是人们不愿意承认自己的嫉妒。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据倒数第三段“To drag myself out of my predictable tendencies, I pick a volume of something so good that it stimulates me to become unstuck. With any project I undertake, I try to break up my time at the keyboard with time in a soft chair, consuming the words of others without allowing my envy of them to turn me to stone. (为了摆脱自己的惯性思维，我会挑选一本极其精彩的作品来激发自己，打破困境。在进行任何项目时，我都会尝试在键盘前工作的时间中穿插一些坐在软椅上的时光，去阅读他人的文字，同时不让对他们的羡慕之心将自己僵化。)”可知，“在软椅子上的时间”是指作者花在阅读上的时间。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“However, Aristotle referred to envy as the close cousin of imitation. The good nature of imitation allows us to turn our distress into a pursuit of greatness. (然而，Aristotle把嫉妒称为模仿的近亲。模仿的善良本性使我们能把痛苦转化为对伟大的追求。)”和最后一段“At the very heart of envy is desire - a force that ought to be at the heart of every human moment, ugly and beautiful, and that we attempt to set down in words. (嫉妒的核心是欲望——一种应该存在于人类每一个时刻的核心的力量，无论它是丑陋的还是美丽的，我们都试图用语言来表达。)”可知，嫉妒可以是一种激励人心的力量。故选A。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海松江区·期中)During the school year many parents take on the role of driver as they drive their children from one lesson to another .Understandably so. Many of us want our children to have a little taste of everything, from organized sports to music, dance and more. But we can overdo it, leaving our children feeling a little burnt out, and according to parent educator Diane Loisie ,it’s their school work which suffers the most. “After school, if they’re busy in a number of sporting events, besides they need to do their homework, then the time they’ll feel sleepy is in the classroom. Your child needs free time. So if you’re filling up that after school time, then it’s during the day that they’re going to be taking a break.” Professor Claire McDermott agrees that there’s a lot to be gained from sometimes putting those scheduled lessons and activities away. “Relaxing time is important for children. It’s time just to do the things they want to do. A child can go up to their room, or they can play around. It doesn’t look like productive time; parents certainly wouldn’t be saying ‘Wow, are they ever learning things now?’ But this relaxing time gives both the body and the brain just a wonderful chance to relax after a day. It helps a child prepare for sleep, but it also helps to understand the learning that’s gone on that day.” It’s hard to prevent signing our kids up for some activities and lessons. After all, many of us want our children to have a head start in life and the chance to join in great activities in the arts or sports is a part of that. However, Loisie feels that in the long run most children feel better with just a few key activities because it gives them an opportunity to master them. “When we get our children in too many activities because we want our children to experience everything, then what we’re doing is setting them up not to be good at one thing or gaining a skill.” So choose your children’s activities wisely. It may be one of the best things you’ve ever done for your kids… and for the family drivers! 1．What is the biggest disadvantage for children to attend too many lessons after school? A．They can get bored easily about everything. B．They might have no time to do the homework. C．They might not pay much attention to learning. D．They cannot easily focus on learning during the day. 2．What should we think of children’s playing around aimlessly? A．It is productive. B．It is helpful. C．It is a bad habit. D．It is a waste of time. 3．Why should parents limit the activities our children attend? A．Because children have no time. B．Because children cannot learn many things. C．Because children do not have enough sleep. D．Because children cannot focus on too many activities. 4．What is the main idea of this passage? A．Don’t be children’s drivers after school. B．Choose activities for your children wisely. C．Make your children learn as much as possible. D．Let children learn something from various subjects. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．B 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。为了孩子的成长，父母煞费苦心。可是，这么做对孩子有益吗？艺在精而不在多，明智地为孩子选择适合他们自身的活动才是对他们最好的呵护。 1．推理判断题。结合第一段后半部分中的“then the time they'll feel sleepy is in the classroom”以及“then it's during the day they're going to be taking a break”可推知，如果孩子们放学后上太多的课，白天他们就不容易集中精力学习,就会打盹，不专心上课。故选D。 2．细节理解题。 根据第二段的But this relaxing time gives both the body and the brain just a wonderful chance to relax after a day. It helps a child prepare for sleep, but it also helps to understand the learning that’s gone on that day.可知，但是这个放松的时间给了身体和大脑一个很好的放松机会。它帮助孩子做好睡眠准备，也有助于理解那天的学习。故选B。 3．推理判断题。从最后一段的However, Loisie feels that in the long run most children feel better with just a few key activities because it gives them an opportunity to master them. “When we get our children in too many activities because we want our children to experience everything, then what we’re doing is setting them up not to be good at one thing or gaining a skill.” 可知，长期来看，绝大多数只参加几种关键活动的孩子们会感到更好，因为他们能够掌握它们，太多的活动会让他们学得多反而不专，甚至连一项技能都学不会。因此推断，因为孩子们不能专注于太多的活动，父母应该限制孩子们参加的活动。故选D 4．主旨大意题。最后一段是对文章主题的归纳，结合本段后半部分的内容，尤其是倒数第二句可知本文意在倡导父母明智地为孩子选择活动。故选B。 Passage 2 (23-24高一上·上海第四中学·期中)Alex Elman runs a big business --- something hard to imagine after she lost her sight in her twenties. But Elman says that losing her sight helped her focus on finding success. Elman’s father planted a hillside vineyard Massachusetts in 1981. It’s where Elman fled during the darkest period of her life. When she was 27 years old, she went blind due to complications from Juvenile diabetes (青少年糖尿病) 17 years ago. She recalled, “I hid in my home. I hid in the place, to me, that was the safest place in the world.” Elman is now the founder of Alex Elman Wines, a growing collection of organic wines from all around the world: Chianti from Italy, Torrontes from Argentina. Elman doesn’t work alone. Her assistant, a guide dog named Hanley, is something of a wine taster, and quite a beggar. Hanley travels to all the wineries that Elman does, from South America to Europe. At first, Elman resisted the idea of a seeing-eye dog. Now it’s hard to imagine her life, or her business, without him. She said, “When someone tells me something is organic and I don’t really believe it because I taste something funny on it, I’ll put it in front of his face and if he likes the wine, he’ll actually go in and sniff it. If it’s not right, he’ll turn his head away … He gets in the dirt with me. He scratches around. He makes sure that we see earthworms and butterflies. That’s how we know that the soil is actually organic, that there are no chemicals.” Elman told CBS News she believes the loss of her vision was a gift. She said, “It allowed me to pay attention to what I thought was important and also to be able to teach people that the broken hang nail is not a big deal, you know what I mean? Don’t sweat the small stuff. Don’t sweat the big stuff either.” 1．From Para. 2, we know that Elman ________. A．got through her hard days in the vineyard B．liked playing hide-and-seek during her childhood C．suffered from Juvenile diabetes from 27 years old D．lost her sight while helping with farm work in 1981 2．Whenever Elman couldn’t judge the wine exactly, she would ________. A．make Hanley drink it B．turn to Hanley for advice C．order Hanley to head away D．have another taste herself 27．The underlined phrase “the broken hang nail (para. 5) probably refers to ________. A．a nail which is of no use B．a disadvantage you have in your life C．a person who is hard to deal with D．a take that is not easy to accomplish 1．This passage mainly tells us that ________. A．there is no royal road to success B．a single tree does not make a forest C．the eye is blind if the mind is absent D．when life gives you lemons, make lemonade 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章通过讲述失明的埃尔曼并没有因为失明而消沉，失明反而帮助她专注于寻找成功的故事告诉我们，当在生活中遇到困难时，要迎难而上，换个角度去解决问题，最后就会获得成功。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Elman’s father planted a hillside vineyard Massachusetts in 1981. It’s where Elman fled during the darkest period of her life. (埃尔曼的父亲1981年在马萨诸塞州种植了一个山坡葡萄园。这是埃尔曼一生中最黑暗的时期逃离的地方。)”可知，埃尔曼在葡萄园度过她一生中最黑暗的时期。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“When someone tells me something is organic and I don’t really believe it because I taste something funny on it, I’ll put it in front of his face and if he likes the wine, he’ll actually go in and sniff it. If it’s not right, he’ll turn his head away … He gets in the dirt with me. He scratches around. He makes sure that we see earthworms and butterflies. That’s how we know that the soil is actually organic, that there are no chemicals. (当有人告诉我某些东西是有机的，我不是真的相信，因为我在上面尝到了一些奇怪的味道，我会把它放在他的脸上，如果他喜欢葡萄酒，他会进去闻一闻。如果不对，他会把头转向别处……他会和我一起钻进泥土里。他会四处抓挠。他确保我们看到蚯蚓和蝴蝶。这就是为什么我们知道土壤实际上是有机的，没有化学物质。)”可知，每当埃尔曼不能准确判断葡萄酒时，她就会向她的狗Hanley寻求帮助。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Elman told CBS News she believes the loss of her vision was a gift. She said, “It allowed me to pay attention to what I thought was important and also to be able to teach people that the broken hang nail is not a big deal, you know what I mean? Don’t sweat the small stuff. Don’t sweat the big stuff either.”(埃尔曼告诉CBS新闻，她认为视力丧失是一种天赋。她说，“这让我注意到我认为重要的事情，也让我能够告诉人们，the broken hang nail没什么大不了的，你知道我的意思吗？不要为小事担心。也不要为大事担心。”)”可知，埃尔曼丧失了视力，这是她的不足之处，所以the broken hang nail是指生活中的劣势，和选项B意思一致。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Alex Elman runs a big business --- something hard to imagine after she lost her sight in her twenties. But Elman says that losing her sight helped her focus on finding success. (亚历克斯·埃尔曼经营着一家大公司——这是她在20多岁时失明后难以想象的事情。但埃尔曼说，失明帮助她专注于寻找成功。)”和最后一段“Elman told CBS News she believes the loss of her vision was a gift. She said, “It allowed me to pay attention to what I thought was important and also to be able to teach people that the broken hang nail is not a big deal, you know what I mean? Don’t sweat the small stuff. Don’t sweat the big stuff either.”(埃尔曼告诉CBS新闻，她认为视力丧失是一种天赋。她说，“这让我注意到我认为重要的事情，也让我能够告诉人们，断裂的挂钉没什么大不了的，你知道我的意思吗？不要为小事担心。也不要为大事担心。”)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述失明的埃尔曼并没有因为失明而消沉，失明反而帮助她专注于寻找成功的故事。结合选项A.there is no royal road to success通往成功没有平坦的道路；B.a single tree does not make a forest独木不成林；C.the eye is blind if the mind is absent心不专则眼不明；D.when life gives you lemons, make lemonade当生活给你柠檬时,你就做成柠檬汁，故D项符合题意，故选D。 Passage 3 (23-24高一上·上海嘉定区·期中)We recently went to a friend’s backyard to meet her new puppy. He was lovely beyond words. Our friend was wearing smiles as she told us about his first days at home. It was truly puppy love. Later that night, I walked behind my own dog to help her climb up the stairs, and heated up the homemade food that helps control her kidney (肾) disease. You can’t imagine these extra cares when you began raising a puppy. For me, I am lucky to know this more “mature” love. To love, and to be loved, by an old dog is truly an honor. For a long time, I denied the fact that our dog was getting old, or I really didn’t notice that Skyler was getting older. But these days, there is no denying the fact. Sometimes, she will fall while eating from her bowl and wait patiently for someone to help her up. I still remember the first days of Skyler. In the home, she always needed to be beside someone, with at least one part of her touching one part of you. At the park, it was different. If we started running toward the end of a field, she would cross the finish line before we had even made it halfway. Now, at 15, Skyler still needs to be right beside you on the couch. But it is hard. It is sad to see this once fast, strong dog struggle to walk up the front steps or to see her begging eyes whenever she needs help to get up on the couch. Over the past few years, we have had to forgo certain family trips because we wanted to take care of her at home. However, I know this experience has taught our children about sacrifice and unconditional love. It has taught me the same. Dogs give us unconditional love. The least we can do is give it back. There will likely be times of great sadness and hardship, but in the end, you will feel very lucky for the time you have together. 1．In paragraph 2, why does the author mention what he did late that night? A．To complain about the troubles of raising a dog. B．To show her regret of meeting her friend’s new puppy. C．To tell readers that she is taking care of an old sick dog. D．To illustrate the correct way of caring for dogs. 2．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．When the author first got Skyler, she was always running in the house. B．Skyler has always been eager to have people beside her. C．Skyler will beg for some food before she gets up. D．To take care of Skyler, the author often brings her during the journey. 3．What does the underlined word forgo in paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．cancel B．forget C．organize D．delay 4．According to the passage, what does the author think of keeping a dog? A．She is strongly against keeping a dog. B．She considers it a double-edged sword to keep a dog. C．She suggests we should think twice before keeping a dog. D．She thinks keeping a dog is worthwhile for the whole family. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己养狗的经历，告诉读者养一只狗对于整个家庭都是值得的，她会教会你和孩子奉献和爱。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Later that night, I walked behind my own dog to help her climb up the stairs, and heated up the homemade food that helps control her kidney (肾) disease. You can’t imagine these extra cares when you began raising a puppy. For me, I am lucky to know this more “mature” love. To love, and to be loved, by an old dog is truly an honor. (那天晚上晚些时候，我跟在自己的狗后面，帮她爬上楼梯，并把自制的食物加热，这有助于控制她的肾病。当你开始养一只小狗时，你无法想象这些额外的照顾。对我来说，我很幸运能知道这种更“成熟”的爱。爱一只老狗，也被它爱，都是一种荣耀。)”可推断，作者提到那天晚些时候她照顾自己的狗的事情，是为了告诉读者她在照顾一只生病的老狗。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段的“In the home, she always needed to be beside someone, with at least one part of her touching one part of you. (在家里，她总是需要有人在身边，至少她的一部分触摸到你的一部分。)”可知，Skyler总是渴望有人在她旁边。故选B。 3．词义猜测题。根据下文的“because we wanted to take care of her at home (因为我们想在家照顾她)”可推断，我们不得不取消某些家庭旅行，划线词与cancel“取消”意思一致。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, I know this experience has taught our children about sacrifice and unconditional love. It has taught me the same. Dogs give us unconditional love. The least we can do is give it back. There will likely be times of great sadness and hardship, but in the end, you will feel very lucky for the time you have together. (然而，我知道这段经历教会了我们的孩子奉献和无条件的爱。它教会了我同样的道理。狗给我们无条件的爱。至少我们可以把它还给他。可能会有非常悲伤和艰难的时刻，但最终，你会为你们在一起的时间感到非常幸运。)”可推断，作者认为养一只狗对于整个家庭都是值得的，她会给你爱，教会你的孩子和你学会奉献和无条件的爱。故选D。 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海七宝中学·期中)I passed one of my US colleagues and gave her a friendly greeting. Her reply was anything but friendly. “What?" “Er. You all right? ", I tried again. She looked at me blankly. Then suddenly the cloud seemed to lift from her mind. "Oh", she said, "You mean, how am I doing?" I thought you meant I had something on my face!” As a British person coming to Beijing, I knew there would be cultural and language barriers between Chinese people and myself. What I wasn't expecting were the cultural and language barriers between other English-speaking foreigners and myself. Before the 2012 London Olympic Games, the Daily Mail newspaper published a guide to British English for Americans. Some of their examples were: Those are 'chips that go with your burger, instead of fries. You'd like some potato chips? Those are crisps. And: The best way to travel around the city during the Olympics will be by the underground, the rail network commonly known as the tube. It is not the subway ---that is a pedestrian(行人的) underpass.” Any conversation I have with an American is proof of why a guide like this is necessary. British people usually know the American versions of words from TV or films (sorry-movies), but Americans never seem to have enough knowledge about British English. The trouble is, it's not just Americans. When I speak English to non-English speakers I never know whether they have learned British or American English. When they say “chips”, for example, do they mean “French fries” or “potato chips”? I can't help thinking back to the Daily Mail article: When you talk about pant in Britain， that means underwear. Trousers is the more appropriate term. However, even though British English may have come first, around the world, the American way of spelling is getting more popular Last month a survey released by US social media platform Steemit showed that English publications now largely use the American spelling, swapping words like “centre” for “center”. So it comes as no surprise that everyone I know just says “pants”. 1．The author mentioned her conversation with an American co-worker at the beginning to ________. A．show how she gets along with American colleagues in the office B．explain how to clear up misunderstandings between colleagues C．introduce the differences between British and American English D．describe what her life looked like after she came to Beijing 2．The underlined sentence "the cloud seemed to lift from her mind" means________. A．she became confident of herself B．she was not sure what to do next C．she felt excited for what she heard D．she came to understand the situation 3．Which of the following is most probably the author's idea? A．British people don't care much about American English B．Non-English speakers can't tell British English from American English C．Non-native speakers seem to prefer American English to British English D．A knowledge of differences between American and British English is very important in communication 4．The author is__________ language differences A．pleased at B．troubled by C．careless about D．fascinated with 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。作者以自己作为一个英国人去北京所遇到的语言差异的亲身经历为背景展开议论, 整篇文章体现出无处不在的文化差异。 1．细节理解题。根据第七段“What I wasn’t expecting were the cultural and language barriers between other English-speaking foreigners and myself.（我没想到的是其他说英语的外国人和我之间存在文化和语言障碍。）”可知，作者一开始提到她和一位美国同事的谈话，可以推测出作者是想介绍英国英语和美国英语的区别。故选 C。 2．词义猜测题。根据前文“She looked at me blankly.（ 她茫然地看着我）”，后文“I thought you meant l had something on my face.(我以为你是说我脸上有东西)”可知，可以看出同事开始有些不明白，想了下后才恍然大悟，并接下来向我求证，故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“around the world, the American way of spelling is getting more popular（在全世界范围内，美式拼写越来越受欢迎了）”，最后一段“English publications now largely use the American spelling（英文的出版物现在大多都是用的是美式拼写）可知，美式拼写大受欢迎，因此英语非母语的人更喜欢美式英语。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第五段“Any conversation I have with an American is proof of why a guide like this is necessary.（我和美国人的任何谈话都能证明为什么有这样的说明是有必要的）”，倒数第四段“The trouble is, it's not just Americans.（问题在于，不仅是与美国人之间）”，可知，无处不在的语言差异让作者深感烦扰，故选B。 Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海华二附中·期中)One morning late last autumn, I took off from London’s Heathrow Airport, and landed the next morning at Haneda Airport in Tokyo. By early afternoon, I was walking under the turning leaves of a Japanese garden, where I paused by a wooden sign at the edge of a stream. Despite having studied Japanese for years, the text on the sign - something about slippery stones ahead - included several characters I didn’t recognize, so I fired up an app I’d recently discovered. It scanned and translated all of them instantly. Such tools - and others that can translate speech - are astonishing. But with this magic at our fingertips, is the study of foreign languages now pointless? Not at all. There are still reasons for us to invest in foreign language studies. In fact, foreign languages are more rewarding than ever, in part because technology has made them easier than ever to learn. It’s true that many people don’t need language skills to travel these days, especially with smartphones that can translate a menu in real time. But few people would argue that the existence of calculators means we needn’t study math. Language learning is associated with enhanced memory, creativity, and concentration. It boosts overall academic performance and may also delay neurological decline as you age. For all of us, language learning is a gym for the brain. For me, the benefits of learning a language go beyond chatting with customers on my flights to Tokyo or more easily navigating the world’s largest metropolis after touchdown. Wherever I am in the world, Japanese is a reliable and seemingly endless source of fascination and fun. I love, for example, its onomatopoeia (拟声词). A Japanese speaker might describe snowflakes, for example, as falling hara hara (twirling down like petals) or shin shin (steadily on a cold night). Had I ever before considered the different ways snow might fall? Wonders like these are obscured by translation tools, which can’t easily convey the marvelous subtleties through which meaning is formed.   Every language is also a doorway to new worlds of stories, poems and songs. And, when you take a new language on the road, it reliably brightens your journey and deepens your experiences. As more of us focus on traveling with awareness and sensitivity, the offering of a few words, however mangled (蹩脚的), is an easy courtesy. Last month, for example, my wife and I traveled around Lithuania (立陶宛). While I won’t be dipping into a Lithuanian novel anytime Soon, I’ll never forget the word for thank you - ašiū, best remembered as “achoo” - which we deployed each time we stopped for kibinai, or traditionally savory pastries. After a vacation, such far-born words are often among my favorite Souvenirs. My love of languages has fostered enduring connections. My friendship with my college buddy Jamie, for example, was forged in our grueling first-year Japanese classes. Thirty-two years after we first struggled to master the complex Japanese grammar, I asked him what those early efforts mean to him now. In response, he likened learning a language to reading fiction. Both, Jamie said, expand our horizons by compelling us to consider the minds of others. In this way, he explained, learning a new language “is an exercise in empathy”. I couldn’t agree more. And there’s never been a better time to take the plunge. This semester, pick a language and dive in. 1．The underlined word obscured in the sixth paragraph probably means _________. A．reflected B．acquired C．ignored D．divided 2．Which of the following statements about the author’s learning of Japanese is NOT true? A．Learning Japanese helps the author keep him sharp-minded. B．Learning Japanese deepens the author’s understanding of the culture. C．The author primarily learns Japanese to facilitate communication with passengers. D．The author’s passion for languages has cultivated lifelong friendships with like-minded individuals. 3．What does the underlined sentence in the second to last paragraph imply about both activities? A．Both can serve as a means of entertainment. B．Both require time and effort to master. C．Both are beneficial for brain development. D．Both can help people put themselves in others’ shoes. 4．The author wrote this article to _________. A．explain his reasons for studying Japanese B．illustrate the limitations of translation tools C．highlight the important link between language and culture D．demonstrate the lasting value of learning a foreign language 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了学习外语的重要性及带来的多方面益处。 1．词句猜测题。根据第六段“I love, for example, its onomatopoeia. A Japanese speaker might describe snowflakes, for example, as falling hara hara (twirling down like petals) or shin shin (steadily on a cold night). Had I ever before considered the different ways snow might fall? Wonders like these are obscured by translation tools, which can’t easily convey the marvelous subtleties through which meaning is formed. (例如，我喜欢日语中的拟声词。比如说，日语使用者可能会把雪花形容为hara hara像花瓣一样旋转飘落或者shin shin在寒冷的夜晚稳定地下落。在此之前，我有没有想过雪会有如此多种下落的方式呢？像这样的奇妙之处会被翻译工具所obscured，因为它们很难传达出构成意义的绝妙细微之处。)”可知，日语使用者可能会把雪花形容为hara hara像花瓣一样旋转飘落或者shin shin在寒冷的夜晚稳定地下落，翻译工具很难传达出构成意义的绝妙细微之处，翻译工具很容易忽视这些象声词，所以obscured的意思是“被遮蔽，被忽视”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Language learning is associated with enhanced memory, creativity, and concentration. It boosts overall academic performance and may also delay neurological decline as you age. For all of us, language learning is a gym for the brain. (语言学习与增强记忆力、创造力和专注力相关。它能提升整体的学业表现，并且随着年龄的增长，还可能延缓神经功能的衰退。对我们所有人而言，语言学习就像是大脑的健身房。)”、第七段“Every language is also a doorway to new worlds of stories, poems and songs. And, when you take a new language on the road, it reliably brightens your journey and deepens your experiences. As more of us focus on traveling with awareness and sensitivity, the offering of a few words, however mangled, is an easy courtesy. (每种语言也是通往新世界的故事、诗歌和歌曲的大门。而且，当你带着一种新语言去旅行时，它确实能让旅程更加明亮，让体验更加深刻。随着我们越来越多人注重有意识和敏感地旅行，即使只是说出几句不太流利的话语，也是一种简单的礼貌。)”以及倒数第二段“My love of languages has fostered enduring connections. (我对语言的热爱培养了持久的联系。)”可知，学习日语给作者带来了多方面的益处，包括保持头脑敏锐、加深对文化的理解、培养了持久的友谊等，但并未明确指出作者学习日语主要是为了与乘客交流。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Both, Jamie said, expand our horizons by compelling us to consider the minds of others. In this way, he explained, learning a new language “is an exercise in empathy”. (杰米说，这两者都能通过迫使我们去思考别人的想法来拓宽我们的视野。他解释道，通过这种方式，学习一门新语言“是一种同理心的锻炼”。)”可知，两者的共同点在于都能帮助人们站在他人的角度思考问题。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“Wherever I am in the world, Japanese is a reliable and seemingly endless source of fascination and fun. (无论我在世界的哪个角落，日语都是一个可靠且似乎无穷无尽的好奇心和乐趣的来源。)”、第七段“Every language is also a doorway to new worlds of stories, poems and songs. And, when you take a new language on the road, it reliably brightens your journey and deepens your experiences. (每种语言也是通向新世界的故事、诗歌和歌曲的大门。而且，当你带着一种新语言踏上旅途时，它确实能够让旅程更加丰富多彩，并深化你的体验。)以及倒数第二段“My love of languages has fostered enduring connections. (我对语言的热爱培养了持久的联系)”、“Both, Jamie said, expand our horizons by compelling us to consider the minds of others. In this way, he explained, learning a new language “is an exercise in empathy”. (杰米说，这两者都能通过迫使我们去思考别人的想法来拓宽我们的视野。他解释道，通过这种方式，学习一门新语言“是一种同理心的锻炼”。)”可知，作者不仅分享了自己学习日语的经历，还强调了学习外语对于个人发展、文化交流以及增进同理心等方面的重要价值。因此，作者写作本文的目的在于展示学习外语的持久价值。故选D。 Passage 3 (24-25高一上·上海高桥中学·期中)Many people who want to lose weight often choose to go on a diet. But is this really the best way? With celebrities speaking about new diets that have helped them become slim in advertisements, more and more people are turning to dieting. Some shops begin to sell diet products such as diet milkshakes, snack bars and even diet pills. However, such popular products and diets are often found to be extremely unhealthy. Most of these popular diets work by cutting down on a certain nutrient from your food intake. For example, some diets work by cutting down on carbohydrates (碳水化合物). This means the body must use its fat reserves for energy. This might help you lose weight. However, by cutting a particular food group out of your diet, you are starving your body of a nutrient that it needs, which could leave you feeling weak, tired or even bad-tempered. Besides, these diets are often unsuccessful in the long run. Generally, one of the most effective ways of losing weight is to cut down on calories. The recommended calorie intake for an adult male is 2,500. If a man consumes more than 2,500 calories each day, then he is likely to gain weight. However, if he consumes less, then he is likely to lose weight. In fact, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals all play an important role in staying healthy, which is why they all should be included in your meals. Of course, some foods can be eaten in moderation as an occasional snack. For example, a bar of chocolate every once in a while won’t cause you any problems. So, instead of spending money on popular diet pills or special weight loss foods, try to eat healthy balanced meals containing foods from all food groups. So, next time your friends tell you that they are going on a diet, tell them that eating a healthy balanced diet is a much better choice. 1．What is the author’s opinion about the popular diets mentioned in the passage? A．They are useful for losing weight. B．They are welcomed by celebrities. C．They are not as healthy as people think. D．They are replacing people’s everyday meals. 2．The underline phrase is closest in meaning to . A．regularly B．reasonably C．immediately D．frequently 3．How can we lose weight effectively according to the author? A．By having diet pills. B．By following a strict diet. C．By taking regular exercise. D．By reducing calorie intake. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Diet products should be limited. B．Snacking is a big no-no for health. C．Keeping a diet with various nutrients is ideal. D．Going on a diet should be stopped immediately. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕减肥这一话题展开论述，先指出很多人选择节食减肥以及市面上流行的节食产品等现象，接着分析了流行节食方法存在的弊端，随后阐述了有效减肥的方式，最后得出结论并给出建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, such popular products and diets are often found to be extremely unhealthy. (然而，这类受欢迎的产品和饮食常常被发现极其不健康。)”可知，作者认为这些流行的节食产品和节食方法是非常不健康的，故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Of course, some foods can be eaten in moderation as an occasional snack. For example, a bar of chocolate every once in a while won’t cause you any problems. (当然，有些食物可以……食用，作为偶尔的零食。例如，偶尔吃一块巧克力不会给你带来任何问题。)”可知，有些食物可以作为偶尔的零食适度食用，in moderation在句中意为“合理地；适度地”，故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Generally, one of the most effective ways of losing weight is to cut down on calories. (一般来说，最有效的减肥方法之一是减少卡路里的摄入。)”可知，作者认为最有效的减肥方法之一是减少卡路里的摄入，故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“So, instead of spending money on popular diet pills or special weight loss foods, try to eat healthy balanced meals containing foods from all food groups. So, next time your friends tell you that they are going on a diet, tell them that eating a healthy balanced diet is a much better choice. (减肥药或特殊的减肥食品，尝试食用包含所有食物种类的健康均衡膳食。所以，下次你的朋友告诉你他们正在节食时，告诉他们食用健康均衡的饮食是更好的选择。)”可知，作者建议人们不要花钱买流行的减肥药或特殊的减肥食品，而是要尝试吃包含所有食物种类的健康均衡的膳食，由此可推断出保持含有各种营养的饮食是理想的，故选C项。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海华东师范大学附属天山学校·期中)The idea that richer countries are happier may seem obvious. However, in 1974, research by economist Richard Easterlin found otherwise, he discovered that while individuals with higher incomes were more likely to be happy, this did not hold at a national level. In the United States, for example, average income per person rose steadily between 1946 and 1970, but reported happiness levels showed no positive long-term trend; in fact, they declined between 196050 and 1970. These differences between nation-level and individual results s gave rise to the term “Easterlin paradox (矛盾)”: the idea that a higher rate of economic growth does not result in higher long-term happiness. Having access to additional income seems to only provide a temporary surge (激增) in happiness. Since a certain minimum income is needed for basic necessities, it’s possible that the happiness boost from extra cash isn’t that great once you rise above the poverty line. This would explain Easterlin’s findings in the United States and other developed countries. He argued that life satisfaction does rise with average incomes but only in the short term. Recent research has challenged the Easternlin paradox, however. In 2013, sociologists Ruut Veenhoven and Floris Vergunst conducted a study using statistics from the World Database of Happiness. Their analysis revealed a positive correlation between economic growth and happiness. Another study by the University of Michigan found that there is no maximum wealth threshold at which more money stops to contribute to your happiness: “If there is a satiation point, we are yet to reach it.” The study’s findings suggested that every extra dollar you earn makes you happier. With a much debate about the relationship between money and happiness, it’s clear that happiness itself is a complex concept and depends on many factors. According to psychologists Selin Kesebir and Shigehiro Oishi, happiness also depends on how your income compares to the people around you. They argue that a country’s economic growth only makes its citizens happier if wealth is evenly divided. In emerging countries with high income inequality — where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer — average happiness tends to drop because only relatively few people benefit from the economic prosperity (繁荣). This suggests that governments should consider implementing policies to ensure more equal distribution of wealth. The happier people are, the more productive they are likely to become, thus leading to improved economic outcomes at the individual and national levels. There is continuing debate about the link between wealth and happiness, with arguments both for and against the notion that richer countries are happier. However, it is clear that wealth alone isn’t enough to make us happy. The effect of income inequality on happiness shows that happiness is a social responsibility. We need to remember the positive effects of generosity, altruism (利他主义), and building social connections. Perhaps our focus should be less on how much money we have, and more on how we use it. 1．According to the passage, Easterlin Paradox refers to . A．the fact that the more money, the happier people will feel B．the suggestion that money should be given the top priority C．the question how economic outcomes are distributed nationwide D．the opinion that higher income doesn’t necessarily lead to happiness 2．The word “satiation” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “ ”. A．satisfaction B．questioned C．central D．sensitive 3．What is the major reason for people’s unhappiness related to money? A．Money not enough. B．Money not fairly divided. C．Rich people richer. D．Unequal money paid for equal work. 4．Which of the following might be best title of this passage? A．It’s all relative B．Easternlin paradox C．The economics of happiness D．Rising income, rising happiness 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。对于金钱和幸福的关系，不同的学者有不同的看法，作者认为，我们应该少关注我们有多少钱，而多关注我们应该如何使用它。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“These differences between nation-level and individual results gave rise to the term “ Easterlin paradox”: the idea that a higher rate of economic growth does not result in higher long-term happiness. (国家水平和个人结果之间的这些差异导致了“伊斯特林悖论”一词的出现：即较高的经济增长率并不会带来较高的长期幸福感。)”可知，伊斯特林悖论指的是高收入不一定带来幸福的观点。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Another study by the University of Michigan found that there is no maximum wealth threshold at which more money stops to contribute to your happiness: “If there is a satiation point, we are yet to reach it.” (密歇根大学的另一项研究发现，没有什么财富上限能让更多的钱不再给你带来幸福：“如果有一个satiation点，我们还没有达到。”)”可知，没有最大财富门槛，在该门槛上，更多的钱不再为您的幸福做出贡献。指还没有一个临界点，在这个点上钱将不会使人开心。可推知如果有这样一个让人满足的点，我们还没有达到。故划线单词意思为“满足”，A. satisfaction满意；B. questioned质疑；C. central中心；D. sensitive敏感的人。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“They argue that a country’s economic growth only makes its citizens happier if wealth is evenly divided. In emerging countries with high income inequality — where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer — average happiness tends to drop because only relatively few people benefit from the economic prosperity (繁荣). (他们认为，一个国家的经济增长只有在财富得到平均分配的情况下才会让国民更幸福。在收入高度不平等的新兴国家——富人越来越富，穷人越来越穷——平均幸福感往往会下降，因为只有相对较少的人能从经济繁荣中受益。)”可知，只有财富平均分配了人才会开心，即金钱分配不均是造成人们对金钱不快乐的主要原因。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段中“There is continuing debate about the link between wealth and happiness, with arguments both for and against the notion that richer countries are happier. However, it is clear that wealth alone isn’t enough to make us happy. (关于财富与幸福之间的联系，人们仍在争论不休，有人支持，有人反对富裕国家更幸福的观点。然而，很明显，财富本身并不足以使我们幸福。)”可知，文章主要围绕着经济与幸福相关的话题，所以短文的最佳标题是“The economics of happiness (幸福的经济学)”。故选C。 Passage 2 (23-24高一上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中)I wanted the pleasure of being in Africa again. Feeling that the place was so large that it contained many untold tales and some hope and comedy and sweetness too, I aimed to reinsert myself in the bundy, as we used to call the bush, and to wander around. There I had lived and worked, happily, almost forty years ago, in the heart of the greenest continent. In those old undramatic days of my school teaching in the bundu, folks lived their lives on bush paths at the end of unpaved roads of red clay, in villages of grass-roofed huts. They had a new national flag, they had just gotten the vote, some had bikes, many talked about buying their first pair of shoes. They were hopeful, and, so was I, a schoolteacher living near a settlement of mud-huts among trees and fields—children shouting at play; and women bent double—most with infants on their backs—hoeing(锄地) the corn beans; and the men sitting in the shade. The Swahili word safari means “journey”, it has nothing to do with animals, someone “on safari” is just away and unobtainable and out of touch. Out of touch in Africa was where I wanted to be. The wish to disappear sends many travellers away. If you are thoroughly sick of being kept waiting at home or at work, travel is perfect: let other people wait for a change. Travel is a sort of revenge(报复) for having been put on hold, or having to leave messages on answering machines, not knowing your party’s extension, being kept waiting all your working life. But also being kept waiting is the human condition. Travel in the African bush can also be a sort of revenge on mobile phones and email, on telephones and the daily paper, on the aspects of globalization that allow anyone who chooses to get their hands on you. I desired to be unobtainable. I was going to Africa for the best of reasons—in a spirit of discovery—simply to disappear, to light out, with a suggestion of I dare you to try to find me. Home had become a routine, and routine made time pass quickly. I was a sitting duck in this predictable routine: people knew when to call me, they knew when I would be at my desk. I was in such regular touch that it was like having a job, a mode of life I hated. I was sick of being called up and asked for favors, hit up for money. You stick around too long and people begin to impose their own deadlines on you. 1．What did the writer expect from his journey? A．To have a variety of enjoyable experiences. B．To see how Africa had changed. C．To see impressive scenery. D．To meet some old friend. 2．Forty years ago, how did the writer feel about the future of the country where he was living? A．Little was likely to change. B．Things were likely to improve. C．Women would do most of the work. D．People’s expectations were too limited. 3．In Paragraph 3, what reason does the writer give for wanting to travel to Africa? A．He wanted a change of activity. B．He wanted people to be unable to contact him. C．His health was suffering from staying at home. D．He had been waiting to return to Africa for long. 4．The writer says “I was a sitting duck” in Paragraph 5 to show that _______. A．he was boring B．he was easy to find C．he is fond of ducks D．he was always lending money 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了大约四十年前作者在非洲教书的经历，那里的人和事让作者想要再次体会在非洲的快乐，并讲述了旅行的意义。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Feeling that the place was so large that it contained many untold tales and some hope and comedy and sweetness too, I aimed to reinsert myself in the bundy, as we used to call the bush, and to wander around.(我觉得这个地方太大了，里面有很多不为人知的故事，也有一些希望、喜剧和甜蜜，于是我打算重新融入我们过去所说的灌木丛中，四处闲逛。)”可知，作者打算去非洲旅行，在那里四处逛逛，去探索那里不为人知的故事，以及希望、喜剧和甜蜜。由此可推测出，作者希望自己在旅行中可以有各种各样的愉快经历。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“They had a new national flag, they had just gotten the vote, some had bikes, many talked about buying their first pair of shoes.(他们有了一面新国旗，他们刚刚获得了选票，有些人有自行车，许多人谈到要买他们的第一双鞋。)”和“They were hopeful, and, so was I(他们满怀希望，我也是)”可知，四十年前，作者所在的那个国家有了新国旗，人们有了选票权，有的人有了自行车，没鞋的人打算买鞋穿，人人都满怀希望。由此可推测出，这个国家的情况得到了改善。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Out of touch in Africa was where I wanted to be.(在非洲失去联系是我想达到的目的。)”和“Travel is a sort of revenge(报复) for having been put on hold, or having to leave messages on answering machines, not knowing your party’s extension, being kept waiting all your working life.(旅行是对你被搁置，或者不得不在答录机上留言、不知道你的派对延期、在你的工作生涯中一直在等待这些情况的一种报复。)”可知，作者想去非洲旅行时因为他不想让人们能够联系上他。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据冒号后的“people knew when to call me, they knew when I would be at my desk.(人们知道什么时候该给我打电话，他们知道我什么时候会在办公桌前。)”可知，人们清楚地了解作者，知道何时给他打电话可以打得通，知道他何时可以处理工作事务。由此可推测出，作者说“I was a sitting duck(我是一个易受攻击者)”是想说明他很容易被人找到。故选B。 Passage 3 (24-25高一上·上海松浦中学·期中)The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying—first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can boss around your appliances. Children are likely to grow up thinking everything is sentient, or at least interactive: One app developer told The Washington Post that after interacting with Amazon’s Alexa, his kid started talking to coasters. But even without chatty gadgets, research suggests that under certain circumstances, people anthropomorphize everyday products. We personify things because we’re lonely. In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to give free will and consciousness to various devices. In turn, feeling attached to objects can reduce loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they’d been excluded socially, they made up by lying about their number of friends on social networks—unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. The phone apparently stood in for real friends. When we personify products, they become harder to cast off. After being asked to evaluate their car's personality, people were less likely to say they intended to replace it soon. And anthropomorphizing objects is associated with a tendency to accumulate. So how do people assign characteristics to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are associated with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them—especially in competitive situations. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with grilles(格栅) that were upturned like smiles and headlights that were slanted（倾斜的）like narrowed eyes sold best. The purchasers saw these features as increasing a car’s friendliness and aggressiveness, respectively. It’s little wonder so many companies use mascots（吉祥物）to bring brands to life. An analysis of 1,151 brand characters found symbols that were human or humanlike to be common. Personifying products and brands can backfire, however. When a coffee maker was anthropomorphized in an ad (“I am Aroma” versus just “Aroma”)，consumers felt betrayed by increases in its price. Now that speech-enabled coffee makers are on the market, maybe the machines can sweet-talk their way back into consumers, hearts. 1．The word “anthropomorphize”（in paragraph 1) most probably means_________. A．think highly of something B．find a better way to rate something C．see something as humans D．use something as often as possible 2．For the college students, the interaction with the phone served as a reminder that_________ . A．they were not lonely B．the phone had human qualities C．they needed real friends D．the phone was not always necessary 3．The writer mentions an analysis of car sales in Germany in order to_________. A．show that friendliness is better received than aggressiveness B．highlight that a symbol looking like a smile appeals more to people C．explain why so many companies use mascots to promote their brands D．illustrate that people will judge something according to its appearance 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Consumers should know more about a product before it is on the market. B．Products with a mascot are more likely to win consumers' hearts. C．Increases in a produces price may be accepted with a good ad. D．The personification of a product may not always work. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了，我们把日常生活中很多东西拟人化是因为孤独，商家通过把产品拟人化来提高销售，但是拟人化并不总是凑效。 1．词意猜测题。根据文章第一段最后和第二段开头But even without chatty gadgets, research suggests that under certain circumstances, people anthropomorphize everyday products. We personify things because we’re lonely.（但，研究表明即使没有可以聊天的小玩意儿，人们也会把日常用品拟人化。我们把东西拟人化是因为我们很孤独）可知，前句中的anthropomorphize和下句中的personify是同义词，personify意为“赋予…人性”，则anthropomorphize也是此意。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段的When college students were reminded of a time they’d been excluded socially, they made up by lying about their number of friends on social networks—unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. The phone apparently stood in for real friends.（当大学生被告知在某个时间他们是被社会排斥时，他们会通过在社交媒体上谎报朋友的数量来弥补，除非一开始给他们的任务是让他们和手机互动，就好像手机有人性。很明显手机是他们真正的朋友）可知，有了手机大学生们可以欣然接受被社会排斥，这是因为他们把手机当成了朋友，有了朋友就不再感到孤单。A. they were not lonely（他们不是孤独的）符合以上说法。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据本段的中心句So how do people assign characteristics to an object? In part, we rely on looks.（那么人们如何给一个物体赋予特征呢？在某种程度上，我们依赖于外表）可知，本段陈述的例子都是为中心句服务的。D. illustrate that people will judge something according to its appearance（阐明人们会通过外表来判断某些东西）符合以上说法。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据本段第一句Personifying products and brands can backfire, however.（然而，将产品和品牌拟人化也可能适得其反）可知，把产品拟人化不是总能行得通的。D. The personification of a product may not always work.（一个产品的拟人化不一定总有效）符合题意。故选D项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 阅读理解之议论文或夹叙夹议 主题01人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海青浦区·期中)I’m a huge fan of the Pacific Northwest and its bright green forests, rough coastline, and beaches decorated with wood, but visiting a top national park in summer often brings the opposite of what I come for — being alone — as huge crowds try hard to park and take photos. So, my last visit to Olympic National Park was in mid-September. I ended up bathing in the peace and quiet of forest among ancient trees and staying close enough to nearby communities to feel safe. I thought that taking the jump from my comfortable hotel room in the park into the great outdoors was unpleasant at first. However, once I began walking slowly and aimlessly along the Hoh River Trail there and slowing down to observe beautiful sunlight and tiny mushrooms that looked like colorful umbrellas, I felt my breath deepen and my nervous system begin to relax for the first time in a long time. What I want to say is that just because the world seems obviously set up for twosomes doesn’t mean you have to let such a standard keep you from living your dreams right now. Solo travel has made me stronger and braver than I ever thought possible. It has opened up my worldview by throwing me out of my comfort zone again and again. When it comes to living conditions, the national park not only offers 15 campgrounds across its huge area, it’s also home to five other choices for guests who would prefer not to sleep alone inside a tent — the small national park houses. Although I enjoy being alone, I have to admit that one of the coolest things about these small houses is that they are there to strengthen connection among strangers, and as such, there is usually a big fireplace next to excellent armchairs and sofas where guests can move around and make small talks at night. In one small house called Lake Quinault, I talked with grey-haired seniors about the best old-growth forest walks and asked hotel workers about the Roosevelt Dining Room (so named after Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the president during 1933-1945, came to visit), right next door. 1．What made the author avoid visiting Olympic National Park in summer? A．The wish to stay close to communities. B．The likelihood to meet crowds of people. C．The quiet environment in an ancient forest. D．The rough coastlines and the woody beaches. 2．According to paragraph 2, the author thinks that traveling alone can ______. A．keep opening up her worldview B．slow her down in living her dreams C．stop her leaving her comfortable zone D．give her a chance to stay in hotel rooms 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Seniors in Lake Quinault are the best forest walkers there. B．The park offers five completely different places to stay in. C．Big fireplaces in houses are meant to strengthen connection. D．The author stayed in a house next door to a famous president. 4．The passage is mainly about ______. A．the author’s love for the Pacific Northwest B．the author’s solo trip to Olympic National Park C．the greatest tourist attractions in Olympic National Park D．the brief comparison between group travel and solo ones Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海南汇中学·期中)Last semester in my creative writing class, I asked 18 high school students if one of them would share something they’d written. After several minutes’ deadly silence, from her seat in the corner, a quiet senior, who usually hid behind a curtain of lovely hair, raised her hand and said, “I’ll read mine.” As we sat in the sleepy, airless room, the girl’s essay woke us up. She described the colour of white light, then a dirty street, then a personal encounter. Every word mattered. Though her voice was soft, I could feel her words striking my insides like a hammer. From their facial expressions, I could tell the other students were as surprised as I was. When the girl finished, she looked up at us, her eyes worried. But no one could speak. Envy had made us speechless. One critic once called envy in his book, the hardest thing to acknowledge. Indeed, I don’t like talking about my own envy. I am ashamed of the ill will I occasionally bear towards women who enjoy what I don’t (shining fingernails, spring vacations...). However, Aristotle referred to envy as the close cousin of imitation. The good nature of imitation allows us to turn our distress into a pursuit of greatness. In practical terms, that means reading is an essential part of my writing process. To drag myself out of my predictable tendencies, I pick a volume of something so good that it stimulates me to become unstuck. With any project I undertake, I try to break up my time at the keyboard with time in a soft chair, consuming the words of others without allowing my envy of them to turn me to stone. That day in my creative writing class after the silence following the student’s reading, there were a few “wows”. Then someone said, “I hate you! How can it be so good?” Just as the girl made herself an easy target in sharing this intense, artful essay, the rest of my students also took risks in exposing their admiration. And everyone’s work grew from the experience. At the very heart of envy is desire—a force that ought to be at the heart of every human moment, ugly and beautiful, and that we attempt to set down in words. 1．In paragraph 2, why are the girl’s words described as “striking my insides like a hammer”? A．To highlight how brave the girl was. B．To stress how impressive the girl’s essay was. C．To develop a contrast against the silence of the class. D．To show the author’s disappointment with the girl’s story. 2．The critic mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 4 is most likely to agree that _________. A．women bear more ill will than men B．imitation drives people into distress C．people are reluctant to admit their envy D．envy keeps writers stuck in their own style 3．In paragraph 4, “time in a soft chair” refers to the time the author spends in _________. A．waiting B．writing C．reading D．resting 4．According to the author, envy is something _________. A．that can be inspiring B．that we should be ashamed of C．that we need to overcome D．that results from imitation 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海松江区·期中)During the school year many parents take on the role of driver as they drive their children from one lesson to another .Understandably so. Many of us want our children to have a little taste of everything, from organized sports to music, dance and more. But we can overdo it, leaving our children feeling a little burnt out, and according to parent educator Diane Loisie ,it’s their school work which suffers the most. “After school, if they’re busy in a number of sporting events, besides they need to do their homework, then the time they’ll feel sleepy is in the classroom. Your child needs free time. So if you’re filling up that after school time, then it’s during the day that they’re going to be taking a break.” Professor Claire McDermott agrees that there’s a lot to be gained from sometimes putting those scheduled lessons and activities away. “Relaxing time is important for children. It’s time just to do the things they want to do. A child can go up to their room, or they can play around. It doesn’t look like productive time; parents certainly wouldn’t be saying ‘Wow, are they ever learning things now?’ But this relaxing time gives both the body and the brain just a wonderful chance to relax after a day. It helps a child prepare for sleep, but it also helps to understand the learning that’s gone on that day.” It’s hard to prevent signing our kids up for some activities and lessons. After all, many of us want our children to have a head start in life and the chance to join in great activities in the arts or sports is a part of that. However, Loisie feels that in the long run most children feel better with just a few key activities because it gives them an opportunity to master them. “When we get our children in too many activities because we want our children to experience everything, then what we’re doing is setting them up not to be good at one thing or gaining a skill.” So choose your children’s activities wisely. It may be one of the best things you’ve ever done for your kids… and for the family drivers! 1．What is the biggest disadvantage for children to attend too many lessons after school? A．They can get bored easily about everything. B．They might have no time to do the homework. C．They might not pay much attention to learning. D．They cannot easily focus on learning during the day. 2．What should we think of children’s playing around aimlessly? A．It is productive. B．It is helpful. C．It is a bad habit. D．It is a waste of time. 3．Why should parents limit the activities our children attend? A．Because children have no time. B．Because children cannot learn many things. C．Because children do not have enough sleep. D．Because children cannot focus on too many activities. 4．What is the main idea of this passage? A．Don’t be children’s drivers after school. B．Choose activities for your children wisely. C．Make your children learn as much as possible. D．Let children learn something from various subjects. Passage 2 (23-24高一上·上海第四中学·期中)Alex Elman runs a big business --- something hard to imagine after she lost her sight in her twenties. But Elman says that losing her sight helped her focus on finding success. Elman’s father planted a hillside vineyard Massachusetts in 1981. It’s where Elman fled during the darkest period of her life. When she was 27 years old, she went blind due to complications from Juvenile diabetes (青少年糖尿病) 17 years ago. She recalled, “I hid in my home. I hid in the place, to me, that was the safest place in the world.” Elman is now the founder of Alex Elman Wines, a growing collection of organic wines from all around the world: Chianti from Italy, Torrontes from Argentina. Elman doesn’t work alone. Her assistant, a guide dog named Hanley, is something of a wine taster, and quite a beggar. Hanley travels to all the wineries that Elman does, from South America to Europe. At first, Elman resisted the idea of a seeing-eye dog. Now it’s hard to imagine her life, or her business, without him. She said, “When someone tells me something is organic and I don’t really believe it because I taste something funny on it, I’ll put it in front of his face and if he likes the wine, he’ll actually go in and sniff it. If it’s not right, he’ll turn his head away … He gets in the dirt with me. He scratches around. He makes sure that we see earthworms and butterflies. That’s how we know that the soil is actually organic, that there are no chemicals.” Elman told CBS News she believes the loss of her vision was a gift. She said, “It allowed me to pay attention to what I thought was important and also to be able to teach people that the broken hang nail is not a big deal, you know what I mean? Don’t sweat the small stuff. Don’t sweat the big stuff either.” 1．From Para. 2, we know that Elman ________. A．got through her hard days in the vineyard B．liked playing hide-and-seek during her childhood C．suffered from Juvenile diabetes from 27 years old D．lost her sight while helping with farm work in 1981 2．Whenever Elman couldn’t judge the wine exactly, she would ________. A．make Hanley drink it B．turn to Hanley for advice C．order Hanley to head away D．have another taste herself 27．The underlined phrase “the broken hang nail (para. 5) probably refers to ________. A．a nail which is of no use B．a disadvantage you have in your life C．a person who is hard to deal with D．a take that is not easy to accomplish 1．This passage mainly tells us that ________. A．there is no royal road to success B．a single tree does not make a forest C．the eye is blind if the mind is absent D．when life gives you lemons, make lemonade Passage 3 (23-24高一上·上海嘉定区·期中)We recently went to a friend’s backyard to meet her new puppy. He was lovely beyond words. Our friend was wearing smiles as she told us about his first days at home. It was truly puppy love. Later that night, I walked behind my own dog to help her climb up the stairs, and heated up the homemade food that helps control her kidney (肾) disease. You can’t imagine these extra cares when you began raising a puppy. For me, I am lucky to know this more “mature” love. To love, and to be loved, by an old dog is truly an honor. For a long time, I denied the fact that our dog was getting old, or I really didn’t notice that Skyler was getting older. But these days, there is no denying the fact. Sometimes, she will fall while eating from her bowl and wait patiently for someone to help her up. I still remember the first days of Skyler. In the home, she always needed to be beside someone, with at least one part of her touching one part of you. At the park, it was different. If we started running toward the end of a field, she would cross the finish line before we had even made it halfway. Now, at 15, Skyler still needs to be right beside you on the couch. But it is hard. It is sad to see this once fast, strong dog struggle to walk up the front steps or to see her begging eyes whenever she needs help to get up on the couch. Over the past few years, we have had to forgo certain family trips because we wanted to take care of her at home. However, I know this experience has taught our children about sacrifice and unconditional love. It has taught me the same. Dogs give us unconditional love. The least we can do is give it back. There will likely be times of great sadness and hardship, but in the end, you will feel very lucky for the time you have together. 1．In paragraph 2, why does the author mention what he did late that night? A．To complain about the troubles of raising a dog. B．To show her regret of meeting her friend’s new puppy. C．To tell readers that she is taking care of an old sick dog. D．To illustrate the correct way of caring for dogs. 2．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．When the author first got Skyler, she was always running in the house. B．Skyler has always been eager to have people beside her. C．Skyler will beg for some food before she gets up. D．To take care of Skyler, the author often brings her during the journey. 3．What does the underlined word forgo in paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．cancel B．forget C．organize D．delay 4．According to the passage, what does the author think of keeping a dog? A．She is strongly against keeping a dog. B．She considers it a double-edged sword to keep a dog. C．She suggests we should think twice before keeping a dog. D．She thinks keeping a dog is worthwhile for the whole family. 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海七宝中学·期中)I passed one of my US colleagues and gave her a friendly greeting. Her reply was anything but friendly. “What?" “Er. You all right? ", I tried again. She looked at me blankly. Then suddenly the cloud seemed to lift from her mind. "Oh", she said, "You mean, how am I doing?" I thought you meant I had something on my face!” As a British person coming to Beijing, I knew there would be cultural and language barriers between Chinese people and myself. What I wasn't expecting were the cultural and language barriers between other English-speaking foreigners and myself. Before the 2012 London Olympic Games, the Daily Mail newspaper published a guide to British English for Americans. Some of their examples were: Those are 'chips that go with your burger, instead of fries. You'd like some potato chips? Those are crisps. And: The best way to travel around the city during the Olympics will be by the underground, the rail network commonly known as the tube. It is not the subway ---that is a pedestrian(行人的) underpass.” Any conversation I have with an American is proof of why a guide like this is necessary. British people usually know the American versions of words from TV or films (sorry-movies), but Americans never seem to have enough knowledge about British English. The trouble is, it's not just Americans. When I speak English to non-English speakers I never know whether they have learned British or American English. When they say “chips”, for example, do they mean “French fries” or “potato chips”? I can't help thinking back to the Daily Mail article: When you talk about pant in Britain， that means underwear. Trousers is the more appropriate term. However, even though British English may have come first, around the world, the American way of spelling is getting more popular Last month a survey released by US social media platform Steemit showed that English publications now largely use the American spelling, swapping words like “centre” for “center”. So it comes as no surprise that everyone I know just says “pants”. 1．The author mentioned her conversation with an American co-worker at the beginning to ________. A．show how she gets along with American colleagues in the office B．explain how to clear up misunderstandings between colleagues C．introduce the differences between British and American English D．describe what her life looked like after she came to Beijing 2．The underlined sentence "the cloud seemed to lift from her mind" means________. A．she became confident of herself B．she was not sure what to do next C．she felt excited for what she heard D．she came to understand the situation 3．Which of the following is most probably the author's idea? A．British people don't care much about American English B．Non-English speakers can't tell British English from American English C．Non-native speakers seem to prefer American English to British English D．A knowledge of differences between American and British English is very important in communication 4．The author is__________ language differences A．pleased at B．troubled by C．careless about D．fascinated with Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海华二附中·期中)One morning late last autumn, I took off from London’s Heathrow Airport, and landed the next morning at Haneda Airport in Tokyo. By early afternoon, I was walking under the turning leaves of a Japanese garden, where I paused by a wooden sign at the edge of a stream. Despite having studied Japanese for years, the text on the sign - something about slippery stones ahead - included several characters I didn’t recognize, so I fired up an app I’d recently discovered. It scanned and translated all of them instantly. Such tools - and others that can translate speech - are astonishing. But with this magic at our fingertips, is the study of foreign languages now pointless? Not at all. There are still reasons for us to invest in foreign language studies. In fact, foreign languages are more rewarding than ever, in part because technology has made them easier than ever to learn. It’s true that many people don’t need language skills to travel these days, especially with smartphones that can translate a menu in real time. But few people would argue that the existence of calculators means we needn’t study math. Language learning is associated with enhanced memory, creativity, and concentration. It boosts overall academic performance and may also delay neurological decline as you age. For all of us, language learning is a gym for the brain. For me, the benefits of learning a language go beyond chatting with customers on my flights to Tokyo or more easily navigating the world’s largest metropolis after touchdown. Wherever I am in the world, Japanese is a reliable and seemingly endless source of fascination and fun. I love, for example, its onomatopoeia (拟声词). A Japanese speaker might describe snowflakes, for example, as falling hara hara (twirling down like petals) or shin shin (steadily on a cold night). Had I ever before considered the different ways snow might fall? Wonders like these are obscured by translation tools, which can’t easily convey the marvelous subtleties through which meaning is formed.   Every language is also a doorway to new worlds of stories, poems and songs. And, when you take a new language on the road, it reliably brightens your journey and deepens your experiences. As more of us focus on traveling with awareness and sensitivity, the offering of a few words, however mangled (蹩脚的), is an easy courtesy. Last month, for example, my wife and I traveled around Lithuania (立陶宛). While I won’t be dipping into a Lithuanian novel anytime Soon, I’ll never forget the word for thank you - ašiū, best remembered as “achoo” - which we deployed each time we stopped for kibinai, or traditionally savory pastries. After a vacation, such far-born words are often among my favorite Souvenirs. My love of languages has fostered enduring connections. My friendship with my college buddy Jamie, for example, was forged in our grueling first-year Japanese classes. Thirty-two years after we first struggled to master the complex Japanese grammar, I asked him what those early efforts mean to him now. In response, he likened learning a language to reading fiction. Both, Jamie said, expand our horizons by compelling us to consider the minds of others. In this way, he explained, learning a new language “is an exercise in empathy”. I couldn’t agree more. And there’s never been a better time to take the plunge. This semester, pick a language and dive in. 1．The underlined word obscured in the sixth paragraph probably means _________. A．reflected B．acquired C．ignored D．divided 2．Which of the following statements about the author’s learning of Japanese is NOT true? A．Learning Japanese helps the author keep him sharp-minded. B．Learning Japanese deepens the author’s understanding of the culture. C．The author primarily learns Japanese to facilitate communication with passengers. D．The author’s passion for languages has cultivated lifelong friendships with like-minded individuals. 3．What does the underlined sentence in the second to last paragraph imply about both activities? A．Both can serve as a means of entertainment. B．Both require time and effort to master. C．Both are beneficial for brain development. D．Both can help people put themselves in others’ shoes. 4．The author wrote this article to _________. A．explain his reasons for studying Japanese B．illustrate the limitations of translation tools C．highlight the important link between language and culture D．demonstrate the lasting value of learning a foreign language Passage 3 (24-25高一上·上海高桥中学·期中)Many people who want to lose weight often choose to go on a diet. But is this really the best way? With celebrities speaking about new diets that have helped them become slim in advertisements, more and more people are turning to dieting. Some shops begin to sell diet products such as diet milkshakes, snack bars and even diet pills. However, such popular products and diets are often found to be extremely unhealthy. Most of these popular diets work by cutting down on a certain nutrient from your food intake. For example, some diets work by cutting down on carbohydrates (碳水化合物). This means the body must use its fat reserves for energy. This might help you lose weight. However, by cutting a particular food group out of your diet, you are starving your body of a nutrient that it needs, which could leave you feeling weak, tired or even bad-tempered. Besides, these diets are often unsuccessful in the long run. Generally, one of the most effective ways of losing weight is to cut down on calories. The recommended calorie intake for an adult male is 2,500. If a man consumes more than 2,500 calories each day, then he is likely to gain weight. However, if he consumes less, then he is likely to lose weight. In fact, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals all play an important role in staying healthy, which is why they all should be included in your meals. Of course, some foods can be eaten in moderation as an occasional snack. For example, a bar of chocolate every once in a while won’t cause you any problems. So, instead of spending money on popular diet pills or special weight loss foods, try to eat healthy balanced meals containing foods from all food groups. So, next time your friends tell you that they are going on a diet, tell them that eating a healthy balanced diet is a much better choice. 1．What is the author’s opinion about the popular diets mentioned in the passage? A．They are useful for losing weight. B．They are welcomed by celebrities. C．They are not as healthy as people think. D．They are replacing people’s everyday meals. 2．The underline phrase is closest in meaning to . A．regularly B．reasonably C．immediately D．frequently 3．How can we lose weight effectively according to the author? A．By having diet pills. B．By following a strict diet. C．By taking regular exercise. D．By reducing calorie intake. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Diet products should be limited. B．Snacking is a big no-no for health. C．Keeping a diet with various nutrients is ideal. D．Going on a diet should be stopped immediately. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海华东师范大学附属天山学校·期中)The idea that richer countries are happier may seem obvious. However, in 1974, research by economist Richard Easterlin found otherwise, he discovered that while individuals with higher incomes were more likely to be happy, this did not hold at a national level. In the United States, for example, average income per person rose steadily between 1946 and 1970, but reported happiness levels showed no positive long-term trend; in fact, they declined between 196050 and 1970. These differences between nation-level and individual results s gave rise to the term “Easterlin paradox (矛盾)”: the idea that a higher rate of economic growth does not result in higher long-term happiness. Having access to additional income seems to only provide a temporary surge (激增) in happiness. Since a certain minimum income is needed for basic necessities, it’s possible that the happiness boost from extra cash isn’t that great once you rise above the poverty line. This would explain Easterlin’s findings in the United States and other developed countries. He argued that life satisfaction does rise with average incomes but only in the short term. Recent research has challenged the Easternlin paradox, however. In 2013, sociologists Ruut Veenhoven and Floris Vergunst conducted a study using statistics from the World Database of Happiness. Their analysis revealed a positive correlation between economic growth and happiness. Another study by the University of Michigan found that there is no maximum wealth threshold at which more money stops to contribute to your happiness: “If there is a satiation point, we are yet to reach it.” The study’s findings suggested that every extra dollar you earn makes you happier. With a much debate about the relationship between money and happiness, it’s clear that happiness itself is a complex concept and depends on many factors. According to psychologists Selin Kesebir and Shigehiro Oishi, happiness also depends on how your income compares to the people around you. They argue that a country’s economic growth only makes its citizens happier if wealth is evenly divided. In emerging countries with high income inequality — where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer — average happiness tends to drop because only relatively few people benefit from the economic prosperity (繁荣). This suggests that governments should consider implementing policies to ensure more equal distribution of wealth. The happier people are, the more productive they are likely to become, thus leading to improved economic outcomes at the individual and national levels. There is continuing debate about the link between wealth and happiness, with arguments both for and against the notion that richer countries are happier. However, it is clear that wealth alone isn’t enough to make us happy. The effect of income inequality on happiness shows that happiness is a social responsibility. We need to remember the positive effects of generosity, altruism (利他主义), and building social connections. Perhaps our focus should be less on how much money we have, and more on how we use it. 1．According to the passage, Easterlin Paradox refers to . A．the fact that the more money, the happier people will feel B．the suggestion that money should be given the top priority C．the question how economic outcomes are distributed nationwide D．the opinion that higher income doesn’t necessarily lead to happiness 2．The word “satiation” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “ ”. A．satisfaction B．questioned C．central D．sensitive 3．What is the major reason for people’s unhappiness related to money? A．Money not enough. B．Money not fairly divided. C．Rich people richer. D．Unequal money paid for equal work. 4．Which of the following might be best title of this passage? A．It’s all relative B．Easternlin paradox C．The economics of happiness D．Rising income, rising happiness Passage 2 (23-24高一上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中)I wanted the pleasure of being in Africa again. Feeling that the place was so large that it contained many untold tales and some hope and comedy and sweetness too, I aimed to reinsert myself in the bundy, as we used to call the bush, and to wander around. There I had lived and worked, happily, almost forty years ago, in the heart of the greenest continent. In those old undramatic days of my school teaching in the bundu, folks lived their lives on bush paths at the end of unpaved roads of red clay, in villages of grass-roofed huts. They had a new national flag, they had just gotten the vote, some had bikes, many talked about buying their first pair of shoes. They were hopeful, and, so was I, a schoolteacher living near a settlement of mud-huts among trees and fields—children shouting at play; and women bent double—most with infants on their backs—hoeing(锄地) the corn beans; and the men sitting in the shade. The Swahili word safari means “journey”, it has nothing to do with animals, someone “on safari” is just away and unobtainable and out of touch. Out of touch in Africa was where I wanted to be. The wish to disappear sends many travellers away. If you are thoroughly sick of being kept waiting at home or at work, travel is perfect: let other people wait for a change. Travel is a sort of revenge(报复) for having been put on hold, or having to leave messages on answering machines, not knowing your party’s extension, being kept waiting all your working life. But also being kept waiting is the human condition. Travel in the African bush can also be a sort of revenge on mobile phones and email, on telephones and the daily paper, on the aspects of globalization that allow anyone who chooses to get their hands on you. I desired to be unobtainable. I was going to Africa for the best of reasons—in a spirit of discovery—simply to disappear, to light out, with a suggestion of I dare you to try to find me. Home had become a routine, and routine made time pass quickly. I was a sitting duck in this predictable routine: people knew when to call me, they knew when I would be at my desk. I was in such regular touch that it was like having a job, a mode of life I hated. I was sick of being called up and asked for favors, hit up for money. You stick around too long and people begin to impose their own deadlines on you. 1．What did the writer expect from his journey? A．To have a variety of enjoyable experiences. B．To see how Africa had changed. C．To see impressive scenery. D．To meet some old friend. 2．Forty years ago, how did the writer feel about the future of the country where he was living? A．Little was likely to change. B．Things were likely to improve. C．Women would do most of the work. D．People’s expectations were too limited. 3．In Paragraph 3, what reason does the writer give for wanting to travel to Africa? A．He wanted a change of activity. B．He wanted people to be unable to contact him. C．His health was suffering from staying at home. D．He had been waiting to return to Africa for long. 4．The writer says “I was a sitting duck” in Paragraph 5 to show that _______. A．he was boring B．he was easy to find C．he is fond of ducks D．he was always lending money Passage 3 (24-25高一上·上海松浦中学·期中)The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying—first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can boss around your appliances. Children are likely to grow up thinking everything is sentient, or at least interactive: One app developer told The Washington Post that after interacting with Amazon’s Alexa, his kid started talking to coasters. But even without chatty gadgets, research suggests that under certain circumstances, people anthropomorphize everyday products. We personify things because we’re lonely. In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to give free will and consciousness to various devices. In turn, feeling attached to objects can reduce loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they’d been excluded socially, they made up by lying about their number of friends on social networks—unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. The phone apparently stood in for real friends. When we personify products, they become harder to cast off. After being asked to evaluate their car's personality, people were less likely to say they intended to replace it soon. And anthropomorphizing objects is associated with a tendency to accumulate. So how do people assign characteristics to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are associated with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them—especially in competitive situations. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with grilles(格栅) that were upturned like smiles and headlights that were slanted（倾斜的）like narrowed eyes sold best. The purchasers saw these features as increasing a car’s friendliness and aggressiveness, respectively. It’s little wonder so many companies use mascots（吉祥物）to bring brands to life. An analysis of 1,151 brand characters found symbols that were human or humanlike to be common. Personifying products and brands can backfire, however. When a coffee maker was anthropomorphized in an ad (“I am Aroma” versus just “Aroma”)，consumers felt betrayed by increases in its price. Now that speech-enabled coffee makers are on the market, maybe the machines can sweet-talk their way back into consumers, hearts. 1．The word “anthropomorphize”（in paragraph 1) most probably means_________. A．think highly of something B．find a better way to rate something C．see something as humans D．use something as often as possible 2．For the college students, the interaction with the phone served as a reminder that_________ . A．they were not lonely B．the phone had human qualities C．they needed real friends D．the phone was not always necessary 3．The writer mentions an analysis of car sales in Germany in order to_________. A．show that friendliness is better received than aggressiveness B．highlight that a symbol looking like a smile appeals more to people C．explain why so many companies use mascots to promote their brands D．illustrate that people will judge something according to its appearance 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Consumers should know more about a product before it is on the market. B．Products with a mascot are more likely to win consumers' hearts. C．Increases in a produces price may be accepted with a good ad. D．The personification of a product may not always work. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $