专题03 完形填空（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语上学期

专题03 完形填空 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海高桥中学·期中) We did homework in the kitchen while my mom cooked. Usually, I complained about my classmates treating me 1 . “She didn’t even save me a seat.” or “He 2 my pencil.” One afternoon during my emotion-release time, my mom turned to me and said 3 , “If everyone around you is being a stupid person, then it is you who is 4 like the most stupid one of all.” I was 5 and argued that it was the faults of other kids. I felt so 6 that I didn’t think I could ever forgive my mother. But a week later, after a 7 day when my classmates refused to play with me, I decided to see if Mom was right in action. It was a(n) 8 with my own behavior. That Monday at school, I no longer 9 everyone there to change their behavior to fit me. 10 , I tried to change myself. Properly managing my emotions 11 everything. I no longer felt like I was a victim (受害者), but a victor. I 12 my classmates. Tolerance (宽容) in our own weakness helps us recognize and 13 the imperfections in others. Now I 14 my mom’s words in this way, “If everyone around you is 15 , chances are that you are the kindest of all.” 1．A．kindly B．commonly C．unfairly D．impatiently 2．A．borrowed B．liked C．returned D．broke 3．A．quickly B．seriously C．secretly D．happily 4．A．pretending B．behaving C．functioning D．struggling 5．A．satisfied B．ashamed C．shocked D．tired 6．A．angry B．afraid C．nervous D．shy 7．A．hot B．busy C．noisy D．rough 8．A．experiment B．experience C．game D．battle 9．A．forced B．advised C．allowed D．expected 10．A．Therefore B．Instead C．Though D．However 11．A．witnessed B．challenged C．destroyed D．changed 12．A．forgave B．welcomed C．scolded D．advised 13．A．find B．learn C．accept D．correct 14．A．doubt B．understand C．recall D．oppose 15．A．friendly B．lucky C．brave D．confident Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海外国语大学附属外国语学校松江云间中学·期中) People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a non-disabled woman. In another 1 , subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim (受害者) had a large red birthmark on his 2 ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to 3 aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In 4 these and other research findings, two themes are 5 : we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think 6 assistance. In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. 7 , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. The application was ready to be 8 , but had obviously been “lost”. The photo stuck to (粘贴在) the application was sometimes that of a very 9 person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to 10 the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive. The degree of 11 between the potential helper and the person in need is also important. For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n) 12 T-shirt than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words. Whether a person receives help depends in part on the “worth” of the case. For example, shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone 13 to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for 14 than cookies. Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be 15 rather than drunk. 1．A．word B．way C．study D．college 2．A．hand B．face C．leg D．back 3．A．refuse B．beg C．lose D．receive 4．A．pressing B．recording C．comprehending D．publishing 5．A．important B．possible C．amusing D．missing 6．A．seek B．deserve C．require D．accept 7．A．For instance B．Above all C．In addition D．As a result 8．A．printed B．mailed C．rewritten D．signed 9．A．talented B．hardworking C．helpful D．breathtaking 10．A．fill out B．throw away C．send in D．turn down 11．A．similarity B．friendship C．cooperation D．contact 12．A．expensive B．plain C．cheap D．strange 13．A．changes B．instructions C．costs D．chances 14．A．shoppers B．research C．health D．children 15．A．outgoing B．handsome C．pretty D．ill Passage 3 (24-25高一上·上海风华中学·期中) Reading living books You may know the saying, “Don’t judge a book by its cover.” It 1 the idea behind the Living Library project. Like 2 library, a Living Liberty offers readers books, except that these “books” can 3 to you. But these living books are not like anything from a(n) 4 movie — they are people, like you and me. The Living Library project was started in 2000 by a group of young people in Denmark. They wanted to reduce prejudice (偏见) and encourage 5 between people, and they had the idea of bringing together some very different people to communicate 6 . These living books were from different cultural backgrounds, nations, educational levels, religions and 7 . Reading living books is very 8 : Each book can talk with readers face to face, and sometimes a small group of readers can read one book together. The book and the reader(s) 9 and share different thoughts, ideas, lifestyles and so on. The project began to gain in 10 in other parts of the world and was introduced to China in 2009. This past April, a wave of Living Library events was held in more than 20 Chinese cities. In Guangzhou, for example, 50 living books were 11 to 200 readers. The event was divided into four rounds; each lasted 40 minutes. In each round, up to eight readers would read one book together. One of the living books, Tang, suffered from depression. She talked about her experience of fighting depression and also pointed out a problem: People’s 12 about mental illnesses was preventing many patients from getting treatment in time. In Living Library events like this one, it is not one person 13 another, but someone introducing others to a different idea or way of life. Everyone can raise questions and everyone is 14 . “Everyone is a book,” said Liu Qiongxiong, the organizer of the event in Guangzhou. “By reading others we can 15 understand each other and ourselves.” 1．A．challenges B．talks about C．makes use of D．sums up 2．A．the other B．any other C．another D．each other 3．A．convey B．relate C．talk D．donate 4．A．science-fiction B．comedy C．horror D．action 5．A．understanding B．difference C．violence D．change 6．A．fairly B．silently C．equally D．seriously 7．A．locations B．occasions C．schools D．professions 8．A．simple B．difficult C．complex D．shallow 9．A．test B．organize C．dismiss D．discuss 10．A．control B．popularity C．access D．time 11．A．presented B．lent C．borrow D．delivered 12．A．curiously B．questions C．hesitation D．misunderstanding 13．A．fighting B．challenging C．teaching D．criticizing 14．A．judged B．respected C．ranked D．numbered 15．A．dramatically B．significantly C．worsely D．better 主题02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海进才中学·期中) Why the Color Green Makes Us Feel Good Scientists have revealed a new theory into why the color green makes us feel good. It is already well known that being out in nature is good for a person’s mental health. But now, a new study published in the British Ecological Society 1 a new theory for this called the “greenery hypothesis (假说).” They suggest that our need for green spaces 2 evolution. The researchers suggest that when greenery disappears during times of drought, it triggers a signal in humans for environmental degradation (恶化). This can lead to 3 psychological response, and even lead to feelings of depression. 4 , when greenery returns, the researchers report that it triggers a positive mental response, which further encourages them to 5 positive activities, like searching for food. “These psycho-physiological 6 must be crucial for survival during environmental fluctuations (波动) that humans have experienced in evolutionary adaptive environments,” a summary of the study reports. “However, in modern urbanized societies with limited greenery, this psychological system may lead to non-adaptive negative effects, such as increased stress and depression, creating a 7 between our evolutionary past and current cultural evolution. This hypothesis can provide valuable insights into understanding how humans psychologically respond to nature exposure, with implications for 8 such as urban planning, biodiversity conservation, etc. The scientists created this new hypothesis by bringing together previous research into the 9 of nature on humans. And from this, they gather that ongoing loss of green spaces, 10 in urban environments, could have severe impacts on human health and well-being. They note that restoring natural environments in urban areas should be a matter of priority in order to 11 “mass psychological health problems in contemporary society.” They hope that the hypothesis outlined in the study provides a framework for improving conservation efforts and prioritizing green environments in urban areas. They also emphasize how nature and greenery must be 12 for human well-being. The greenery hypothesis also notes that humans are more likely to find a place beautiful or pleasing to look at if there is greenery. This is even more likely if a person is more used to urban environments that have a 13 amount of nature around. “Our proposed hypothesis states that humans have adapted to periodic severe 14 and re-watering cycles by developing both negative and positive psychological responses to the absence or 15 of greenery within the landscape as hints to optimize their own behavioral activities.” the authors write in the study. 1．A．has acknowledged B．has proposed C．has proved D．has supposed 2．A．is devoted to B．is rooted in C．is controlled by D．is denied by 3．A．despair B．positive C．neutral D．negative 4．A．However B．Therefore C．After all D．More over 5．A．continue B．cease C．consider D．change 6．A．mindsets B．transitions C．responses D．contradictions 7．A．connection B．similarity C．difference D．mismatch 8．A．experts B．technologies C．fields D．views 9．A．effects B．affections C．lessons D．shadows 10．A．definitely B．respectively C．partly D．particularly 11．A．distinguish B．address C．cancel D．assist 12．A．planned B．demonstrated C．prioritized D．produced 13．A．limited B．huge C．appropriate D．considerable 14．A．flood B．sandstorm C．disaster D．drought 15．A．disappearance B．presence C．defence D．endurance Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海建平中学·期中)The similarities between babies and scientists become particularly vivid when we consider how babies learn about things. In science, and even in ordinary life, we 1 the surfaces of the world and try to infer its deeper patterns. We look for the 2 causes of events. We try to figure out the nature of things. It’s not just that we human beings can do this, we need to do it. We seem to have a kind of explanatory drive, like our drive for food. When we’re presented with a puzzle, a mystery, a hint of a pattern, or something that doesn’t quite 3 , we work until we find a solution. As scientists, we may stay up all night to solve a problem, and it doesn’t seem rather likely that our salaries are the only 4 . We see this same drive to 5 the world in its purest form in children. Human children in the first three years of life are consumed by a desire to explore and 6 with objects. From the time human babies can move around, they are torn between the safety of a grown-up hug and the 7 drive to explore. Toddlers (学步儿童)in the park venture (冒险)out to explore and then, in a sudden panic, race back to the safe harbour, only to venture forth again some few minutes later. Seen from an evolutionary point of view, children’s exploratory behaviour is rather peculiar. Not only do babies invest enormous energy in exploring the world, their explorations often 8 their very survival. However, for our species, the dangers of exploration are 9 by the benefits of learning. The change in children’s understanding of the world seem related to the ways they explore and experiment. Children actively do things to 10 their understanding of disappearances, causes and categories. Fortunately, these aspects of the 11 world are so common that babies can do their experiments quite easily and for the most part safely. The bed, the house, the garden are excellent laboratories. 12 , we can see babies become interested in hiding-and-finding games when they are about a year old. We once recorded a baby putting the same ring under a cloth and finding it 17 times, saying “all gone” each time. In our experiments, babies often begin by 13 when we take the toy to hide it. But after one or two turns, they often start hiding the toy themselves or give the cloth and toy to us with instructions to hide it again. A key aspect of our developmental picture is that babies actively 14 looking for patterns in what is going on around them, in testing hypotheses (假设)and in seeking 15 . They aren’t just stamped(标识)by evolution or shaped by their environment or moulded (塑造)by adults. 1．A．reflect on B．judge from C．stand by D．look beyond 2．A．disappearing B．interesting C．conflicting D．underlying 3．A．serve any purpose B．draw any attention C．make sense D．take place 4．A．motivation B．reward C．requirement D．initiative 5．A．challenge B．understand C．transform D．access 6．A．cooperate B．communicate C．experiment D．interfere 7．A．desirable B．uniform C．original D．irresistible 8．A．endanger B．benefit C．feature D．indicate 9．A．dominated B．highlighted C．outweighed D．driven 10．A．feature B．record C．enhance D．organize 11．A．perceptible B．physical C．senseless D．familiar 12．A．For instance B．In addition C．In other words D．In all 13．A．cheering B．disapproving C．appealing D．cheating 14．A．call for B．object to C．think over D．engage in 15．A．purposes B．contributions C．explanations D．instructions 主题03人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海卢湾高级中学·期中)Geography is the study of the relationship between people and the land. Geographers compare and contrast 1 places on the earth. But they also go beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a 2 . The word geography comes from two Greek 3 , ge, the Greek word for “earth” and graphein, which means “to write”. The English word geography 4 “to describe the earth.” Some geography books focus on a small area like a town or city. Others deal with a state, a region, a nation, or an 5 continent. Many geography books deal with the whole 6 . Another way to 7 the study of geography is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former 8 on the natural world; the latter starts with human beings and 9 how human beings and their environment act upon each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, 10 branch can neglect the other. A geographer might be 11 as one who observes, records, and explains the 12 between places. If all places were 13 , there would be little need for geographers. We know, 14 that no two places are exactly the same. Geography, then, is a point of view, a 15 way of looking at places. 1．A．similar B．various C．distant D．famous 2．A．whole B．unit C．part D．ball 3．A．persons B．words C．places D．names 4．A．is B．has C．intends D．means 5．A．extensive B．entire C．overall D．enormous 6．A．city B．state C．nation D．earth 7．A．continue B．begin C．divide D．complete 8．A．relies B．holds C．focuses D．calls 9．A．learns B．studies C．realizes D．understands 10．A．neither B．either C．one D．each 11．A．treated B．described C．called D．employed 12．A．exceptions B．sameness C．differences D．divisions 13．A．important B．different C．alike D．unknown 14．A．therefore B．thus C．moreover D．however 15．A．special B．right C．wrong D．regular Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海第二中学·期中)What to Do With the Trash Mountain? I could count on one hand the number of times I ordered takeout or delivery in the pre-COVID-19 era. What a 1 a pandemic makes. Since the end of the COVID-19, I’ve ordered more takeout than before. Want to see my trash bin? For three weeks this summer, I saved every piece of takeout packaging. The stream of paper, plastic, and glass that came through my door from roughly 30 orders shocked and depressed me. I 2 enough waste to fill two recycling containers—not to mention a torrent of guilt. My friends, my problem is our problem. National Geographic last year highlighted the problem in 3 terms: The United States uses more than 36 billion disposable utensils(一次性餐具)a year. Laid end to end, they could wrap around the globe 139 times. Blame the global health crisis for our Godzilla- sized appetite for takeout. Few of us tend to cook three meals a day for ourselves. Takeout and delivery have come to our rescue 4 . Market research company NPD Group reports a 127 percent increase in digital orders compared with the same time last year. The problem is literally knocking at our door. We have to answer it. “Disposable may be convenient and inexpensive but it is highly 1 , ” says Matt Prindiville, CEO of Upstream. The nonprofit organization is dedicated to closing the chapter on our single- use culture. “ 2 , they cost whales and sea lions heavily, ” he says, referring to plastic and other materials that have hurt ocean life. Consider this a call to 3 plastic utensils and use your own cutlery(餐具) instead when you get takeout. Last month, Rose’s at Home in Washington 4 from using cardboard boxes to nylon bags. A note with the food delivery asks 5 to reuse or recycle that and other packaging. One of the smartest ideas I’ve encountered during seven months of takeout is the metal pan used to convey paella(海鲜饭) from Jaleo. I’m keeping the implement, but I’d get $10 off my next meal at the Spanish restaurant if I were to return it. My conscience tells me to reward restaurants that have the greater good in mind when it comes to 6 . 1．A．difference B．routine C．memory D．position 2．A．belonged B．labeled C．established D．gathered 3．A．senior B．unique C．alarming D．inspiring 4．A．in a limited capacity B．in advance C．on a large scale D．on occasion 5．A．inefficient B．illegal C．irregular D．incomplete 6．A．Hence B．Moreover C．Nevertheless D．Afterwards 7．A．hang on to B．get rid of C．put up with D．run out of 8．A．ranged B．expanded C．shifted D．reflected 9．A．customers B．delivery men C．shop owners D．visitors 10．A．trash B．crisis C．organization D．packaging Passage 3 (24-25高一上·上海同济大学第二附属中学·期中)Returning to School, Recovering Smiles When Xiaonuan looked back to Typhoon Gaemi, those terrible 1 came into her mind: “The rain was 2 heavy that day, and the water rose rapidly. We watched helplessly as the school walls fell, and the floodwater rushed in.” Typhoon Gaemi hit Zixing City hard in July 2024, where over 6,500 students in 41 schools and kindergartens were seriously 3 , including Xiaonuan’s school. Despite the government’s best efforts, the school failed to survive. 4 , more than 300 teachers and students were forced to settle in another school nearby. They hoped to restart their education there. But where would all the necessary school supplies come from? UNICEF’s response 1 , UNICEF came to the children’s help. Having established a strong 2 with the Chinese government, UNICEF 3 quickly when Zixing Education Bureau asked for help. “Once the most 4 needs had been identified, we set out to buy a wide range of teaching and learning supplies the school badly needed. We hope supplies can improve conditions in local schools 5 all children can return to school,” says Lou Chunfang, Education Officer at UNICEF China. Moreover,6,500 emergency hygiene kits (卫生用品包) were also 6 to the Zixing City. This has been important for the children from 4,000 most badly affected families. “If the UNICEF hadn’t reached out to us, we wouldn’t have been able to reopen any school.” Zhang Xuhui, an officer with Zixing Education Bureau, explains. But UNICEF’s help didn’t stop there. Children’s mental health was another 7 they were concerned about. Several long-term programs were already on the next year’s 8 to strengthen the local education, health, and protection systems. Hopefully, local children and families can return to normal learning and living conditions as soon as possible. Regaining Hope In the classroom, students sit at their new desks, fully 1 their studies. Yet, when they first moved to the new school, they were in a quite challenging position. “They looked 2 when they first arrived,” says Deng Changhao, a PE teacher from Zhoumensi School. “But now things have changed. With the sports equipment provided by UNICEF, our students are able to move beyond the shadows of the floods. The support has helped them 3 the new environment. Their smiles have returned.” The playground is filled with laughter and cheer once again. 1．A．bases B．scenes C．routines D．positions 2．A．typically B．incredibly C．naturally D．amazingly 3．A．impacted B．reduced C．decreased D．assumed 4．A．By contrast B．What’s more C．As a result D．On the contrary 5．A．Generally B．Normally C．Particularly D．Fortunately 6．A．location B．destination C．selection D．partnership 7．A．determined B．battled C．acquired D．responded 8．A．fancy B．unique C．basic D．original 9．A．rather than B．in case C．so that D．now that 10．A．contained B．delivered C．attached D．recorded 11．A．quality B．feature C．site D．aspect 12．A．schedule B．label C．conference D．menu 13．A．engaged in B．equipped with C．keen on D．ashamed of 14．A．shocked B．energetic C．determined D．depressed 15．A．refer to B．adapt to C．react to D．belong to 主题01人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海市西中学·期中)Being less than perfectly well-dressed in a business setting can result in a feeling of great discomfort and you have to be very careful as to what to wear. The truth is that “clothing mismatches” on the job can ruin the day of the person who is wearing the 1 attire (着装) — and the people with whom he or she comes in contact. Offices vary when it comes to dress codes. Some businesses have very high standards for their employees and set strict guidelines for office attire, while others maintain a more 2 attitude. However, it is always important to remember that no matter what your company’s 3 is regarding what you wear, you are working in a business environment and you should dress 4 . Certain items may be more appropriate for evening wear than for a business meeting, just as shorts and a T-shirt are better suited for the beach than for an office environment. Your attire should reflect both your environment and your 5 . A senior vice president has a different 6 to maintain than that of a secretary or sales assistant. Like it or not, you will be judged by your personal 7 . This is never more apparent than on “dress-down days”, when what you 8 can say more about you than any business suit ever could. 9 , people will pay more attention to what you wear on dress-down days than on “business professional” days. Thus, when dressing in “business casual” clothes, try to put some good 10 into your choices. Avoid jeans. For men, try wearing a neat pair of pants and buttoned shirt. For women, wear skirts or tailored pants with blouses. Remember, there are borders between your career and your 11 life. You should dress one way for play and another way when you mean 12 . Always ask yourself where you are going and how other people will be 13 when you get there. Is the final destination the opera, the beach, or the office? Dress properly and you will discover the truth in the principle that 14 make the man — and the women. When in doubt, it’s always safe on the side of dressing slightly more 15 than the situation demands. 1．A．fashionable B．magnificent C．moderate D．inappropriate 2．A．humble B．relaxed C．subtle D．unexpected 3．A．fame B．scale C．attitude D．determination 4．A．properly B．casually C．enormously D．extremely 5．A．education B．culture C．position D．experience 6．A．emotion B．knowledge C．interest D．image 7．A．background B．information C．charm D．appearance 8．A．think B．wear C．do D．believe 9．A．In fact B．On the contrary C．In addition D．For example 10．A．material B．pattern C．taste D．personality 11．A．normal B．mental C．academic D．social 12．A．leisure B．vacation C．business D．break 13．A．invited B．dressed C．paid D．treated 14．A．clothes B．abilities C．achievements D．choices 15．A．informally B．traditionally C．personally D．adequately Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海七宝中学·期中)Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This 1 seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds says, Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be 2 for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to 3 and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams. Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students' 4 to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they 5 a successful future for themselves. "The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially 6 in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness," explains Destin. "This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when 7 difficulty.” In two almost identical laboratory experiments -- one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students (including 101 women) -- participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future 8 . After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an imitated interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to 9 a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants' body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants' 10 the academic test. The results were in agreement with the theory of identity-based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from 11 during challenging academic situations. Specifically, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action 12 compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their 13 . "Stimulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a 14 pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors," says Destin. "The findings 15 suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid." 1．A．instruction B．strategy C．challenge D．psychology 2．A．disgraceful B．shameful C．harmful D．stressful 3．A．hesitation B．intention C．depression D．decision 4．A．willingness B．options C．responses D．applications 5．A．destroy B．imagine C．abandon D．substitute 6．A．powerful B．upright C．unique D．ambitious 7．A．avoiding B．overcoming C．surrendering D．encountering 8．A．experience B．suffering C．success D．failure 9．A．design B．complete C．comment D．revise 10．A．put away B．put on C．put out D．put into 11．A．withdrawing B．transforming C．advancing D．engaging 12．A．quantity B．dullness C．readiness D．inability 13．A．fascination B．ignorance C．dilemma D．performance 14．A．tolerable B．potential C．straight D．academic 15．A．therefore B．however C．otherwise D．meanwhile 主题02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海奉贤区·期中)Should You Listen to Music When You Work? Do you like to listen to music when you work? Ask this question at a party, and you’ll probably get 1 responses. Some will say they love it, claiming that it improves their performance; others will say they find it distracting (分散注意力的) and cannot work 2 with music playing in the background. Interestingly enough, our research has found that both of these viewpoints can be true. It just 3 on what sort of work you're doing. In a recent study, we brought participants into our lab to perform a variety of tasks. They included a (n) 4 task — searching through word lists and crossing out words containing the letter “a” and a more difficult task — memorizing word pairs and 5 word to its partner. Some participants completed all of the tasks in silence, 6 others completed the tasks with instrumental music that was either loud or soft, and either simple or complex, the latter meaning music with more instruments being played. Several key findings 7 from our study. We found that participants who listened to simple music or no music performed about the same on the easy task. However, participants who listened to 8 music performed best on the easy task. On the contrary, participants performed worse on the more difficult task when they listened to any music, regardless of complexity or volume, compared to those who didn’t listen to any music. How should we 1 these findings? We suggest that people have limited mental resources from which both 2 and tasks can draw. We can become 3 and our minds may wander when these resources are not fully used. But we also can become over-excited and 4 when these resources are used up. Not surprisingly, we typically need to use fewer of our mental resources when we perform easy tasks, whereas demanding tasks require more brainpower. However, because we might be less 5 during easier tasks, there’s a greater risk of drifting off. Music might give us the extra 6 we need to overcome the monotony (单调). However, difficult tasks already demand a lot of our resources. Listening to music can become too much. So best 7 should appear when we strike “sweet spot”, which may depend on the type of music and the type of task. 1．A．fixed B．similar C．positive D．various 2．A．immediately B．effectively C．exactly D．happily 3．A．carries B．focuses C．depends D．takes 4．A．easy B．familiar C．impossible D．unpleasant 5．A．realizing B．matching C．suggesting D．creating 6．A．until B．when C．since D．while 7．A．appeared B．faded C．survived D．responded 8．A．dull B．reliable C．complex D．necessary 9．A．make up for B．make up C．make use of D．make out 10．A．work B．music C．study D．culture 11．A．surprised B．proud C．afraid D．bored 12．A．interested B．worried C．attracted D．distracted 13．A．engaged B．embarrassed C．frightened D．disgusted 14．A．push B．obstacle C．opportunity D．rule 15．A．action B．performance C．programme D．problem Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海交通大学附属中学·期中)The scientific Nobel prizes have always, in their way, 1 human intelligence. This year, for the first time, the transformative 2 of artificial intelligence (AI) has been recognized as well. That recognition began on Tuesday October 8th 2024, when Sweden’s Royal Academy of Science awarded the physics prize to John Hopfield of Princeton University and Geoffrey Hinton of the University of Toronto for computer-science 3 essential to the development of many of today’s most powerful AI models. The next day, the developers of one such model also 4 the call from Stockholm. Demis Hassabis and John Jumper from DeepMind, Google’s AI company, received one half of the chemistry prize for their development of AlphaFold, a program 5 of predicting three-dimensional protein structure, a long-standing grand challenge in biochemistry. The prize’s other half went to David Baker, a biochemist at the University of Washington, for his computer-aided work designing new proteins. The AI focus was not the only thing this year’s Nobel Prize announcements had 6 . In both cases, the research being awarded would be seen as being outside the area of the prize-giving committees (AI research is computer science; protein research arguably counts as biology). Such flexibility is not unprecedented. In 1973 three pioneering students of animal behaviour, who worked on honeybees, geese, and sticklebacks, 7 , were categorized into the physiology field. Both researchers did their crucial work in the early 1980s. Dr Hopfield was responsible for what has become known as the Hopfield network—a type of artificial neural (神经的) network that 8 like a physical structure called a “spin glass”, which gave the academy a tenuous reason to call the field “physics”. Dr Hinton’s 9 was to use an algorithm (算法) to train neural networks. Artificial neural networks are computer programs 10 on the way in which real, biological networks of nerve cells or neurons are believed to work. In particular, the strengths of the connections (known as weights) between “nodes” (the equivalent of neurons) in such networks can be 11 . It is this nature of being able to be remodelled that gives a network the ability to 12 information differently in response to past performance; or, in other words, to learn. Hopfield networks, in which each node is connected to every other except itself, are particularly good at learning to 13 patterns from raw or noisy data. It is the activities of these two researchers which have made machine learning really sing. AI models can now not only learn, but 14 (or, for skepticism, reorganize in a most sophisticated manner). Such tools have thus gone from being able to perform highly 15 tasks to general jobs like writing essays for lazy undergraduates. 1．A．boosted B．attached C．supported D．honored 2．A．coverage B．potential C．distribution D．consultation 3．A．frequencies B．destinations C．breakthroughs D．foundations 4．A．missed B．received C．rejected D．anticipated 5．A．capable B．decent C．dynamic D．confident 6．A．for sure B．in doubt C．in common D．at odds 7．A．on the contrary B．as a result C．in particular D．for example 8．A．behaves B．infers C．facilitates D．formats 9．A．capacity B．explanation C．contribution D．failure 10．A．based B．launched C．expanded D．evaluated 11．A．reversed B．reshaped C．relieved D．refined 12．A．dominate B．establish C．process D．entitle 13．A．extract B．break C．connect D．interrupt 14．A．copy B．create C．repeat D．exist 15．A．chaotic B．common C．contradictory D．specific Passage 3 (24-25高一上·上海育才中学·期中)The term culture now is used to describe everything from the fine arts to the outlook of a business group or a sports team. In its original sense, however, culture 1 all identifying aspects of an ethnic (民族的) group, nation, or empire: its physical environment, history, and traditions; its social rules and economic structure; its religious beliefs and arts. The central beliefs and customs of a group are handed down from one generation to another. It is for this reason that most people regarded culture as 2 rather than inborn. People acquire a culture; they are not 3 with one. The process by which a person develops a 4 for regional foods, or an outlook on the world over time, 5 , is known as enculturation (文化适应). Cultures are often identified by their 6 — images that are familiar and have meanings. Totem (图腾) poles carved with animal and creative figures suggests aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest but more accurately 7 specific families. In Asia and India, the color of yellow is identified with Buddhist and Hindu priests; in ancient China it was a color only for the family of the 8 Thus, different cultures may respond to a symbol quite 9 . For example, to some a flag may represent pride, historical accomplishments, or ideals; to others, 10 , it can be an danger or oppression. To individuals unfamiliar with cultures outside their own, the beliefs, behaviors, and artistic expression of other groups can seem 11 and even threatening. A society that 12 all other cultures with its own standards is said to be ethnocentric (民族优越感的). A strongly ethnocentric society assumes also that what is different from its own culture is likely to be 13 and, possibly, wrong or evil. All people are ethnocentric to some degree, and aspects of ethnocentrism, such as national pride, 14 a well-functioning society. An appreciation for one’s own culture, however, does not preclude (排除) acceptance and respect for another culture. History documents the long-term vigor and success of multicultural groups in which people from numerous and diverse cultural backgrounds live and work together. Ethnocentrism, 15 , can lead to racism — the belief that it is race and ethnic origin that account for variations in human character or ability and that one’s own race is superior to all others. 1．A．benefits B．involves C．attracts D．neglects 2．A．learned B．created C．developed D．inherited 3．A．supplied B．exchanged C．carried D．born 4．A．style B．taste C．method D．culture 5．A．therefore B．besides C．otherwise D．nevertheless 6．A．religions B．symbols C．arts D．traditions 7．A．make up B．take over C．stand for D．bring up 8．A．minister B．maid C．prisoner D．emperor 9．A．appropriately B．positively C．differently D．similarly 10．A．furthermore B．however C．thus D．also 11．A．national B．normal C．pleasant D．strange 12．A．removes B．ranks C．controls D．abandons 13．A．inferior B．productive C．traditional D．industrial 14．A．belong to B．refer to C．turn to D．contribute to 15．A．in contrast B．in particular C．as a result D．on the whole 主题03人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海普陀区·期中)Hailing from Sweden, “plogging” is a fitness craze that sees participants pick up plastic litter while jogging adding a virtuous, environmentally driven element to the sport. Plogging appears to have started around 2016, but is now going global, due to increasing awareness and 1 over plastic levels in the ocean. The appeal of plogging is its 2 —all you need is running gear and a bin bag, and the feeling of getting fit while supporting a good cause. By adding regular squats(蹲) to pick up junk and carrying 3 to jogging. we can assume the health benefits are increased. Running and good causes have always gone 4 — just think of all the fundraising marathon runners do. But there couldn’t be a more on-trend way of keeping fit than plogging. Anything that’s getting people out in nature and connecting 5 with their environment is a good thing, says Lizzie Carr, an environmentalist who helped set up Plastic Patrol, a nationwide campaign to 6 our inland waterways of plastic pollution. There’s been a real 7 in the public mindset around plastics, helped by things like Blue Planet highlighting how disastrous the crisis is,” she says. We need to keep momentum high and the pressure up, and empower people through 8 like plogging and Plastic Patrol. The plastic Patrol app allows users to 9 plastic anywhere in the world by collecting discarded items, photographing them and 10 to the app, giving us a better knowledge of what sorts of plastic and which brands are being thrown out. “I’d urge all ploggers to get involved,” adds Carr. Plogging isn’t the first fitness trend to combine running with a good cause, Here are some of our favourites: Good Gym Its idea is simple: go for a run, visit an elderly person, have a chat and some tea, and run back. 11 among the elderly is a growing problem in the UK. With over 10,000 runs so far, 12 , Good Gym is finding a solution. Guide Running Guide runners volunteer their time to helping blind people get 13 . By linking themselves together, the 14 —impaired individual can feel safe while both work of a sweat. 15 for the Homeless Start-up Stuart Delivery and the Church Housing Trust collaborated last year in bringing clothing and healthy food to the homeless. Deliveries are mostly made by bike, so those who deliver keep fit while helping rough sleepers(无家可归者). 1．A．satisfaction B．hesitation C．fear D．control 2．A．complexity B．simplicity C．instrument D．expense 3．A．substance B．responsibility C．value D．weight 4．A．one on one B．head to toe C．hand in hand D．on and off 5．A．positively B．neutrally C．objectively D．fairly 6．A．accuse B．rid C．assure D．rob 7．A．shift B．interest C．aid D．delight 8．A．motives B．performances C．exercises D．initiatives 9．A．eliminate B．map C．seek D．degrade 10．A．leading B．devoting C．ending D．uploading 11．A．Disappointment B．Tiredness C．Sickness D．Loneliness 12．A．therefore B．moreover C．however D．instead 13．A．excited B．ready C．active D．smart 14．A．visually B．audibly C．visibly D．sensibly 15．A．Running B．Plogging C．Driving D．Cycling Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海卢湾中学·期中)What do you know about fashion? The fashion industry, which has become one of the most 1 to the planet, is having a moment of punishment. But which changes make a difference, and which ones just 2 in the wash? In fact, the fashion industry is second only to the oil industry, the most environmentally unfriendly industry. A friend of mine 3 an antique clothes store in the north of London. Business has been good for many years, which makes her acquire a large fortune. Every few weeks, she visits a vast storehouse on the edge of the city to go through piles of clothing. Most of it is 4 , but if you know what you are looking for, there are raw diamonds. The storehouse has a long history. It was once a clearing house for the low-quality wool scraps(碎料) that were used to make cheap clothing for the 5 in Victorian Britain. A century on, 6 has changed. Nowadays, it is full of modern-day inferior products, all 7 cheap clothing made for the masses around the world. Except that this stuff is going to be burned or buried, not being reused. The items are the products of an industry that, in the past 30 years, has become one of the most successful and also most 8 on the planet. Known as fast fashion, it has filled our wardrobes(衣柜) with cheap and cheerful clothes. But after three decades of continuous growth, the model is in 9 with fundamental environmental limits and there is widespread agreement – even from within the industry – that it is time to 10 . Otherwise, “Fast fashion” creates a mountain of unsellable, cheap clothing that ends up in a terrible place. “The fashion industry represents a key environmental 11 ,” says Kirsi Niinimäki at Aalto University in Espoo, Finland. “Eventually, the long-term stability of the fashion industry 12 the total abandonment of the fast-fashion model.” Like fast food, fast fashion is all about instant 13 on the cheap. One wonders: What can we do about it? Don’t you have any clothes on? It’s not that 14 . More importantly, don’t waste, learn to control your desires and 15 falling into this “Fast fashion” lifestyle. As the guardian columnist Lucy Seagal once said, the “Fast fashion” industry is profit-driven, but consumers who have experienced “over-consumption” will naturally grow tired of it, and the market will have its choice. 1．A．convincing B．interesting C．confusing D．damaging 2．A．carry out B．come out C．set out D．break out 3．A．builds B．runs C．supports D．controls 4．A．expensive B．useless C．worthless D．attractive 5．A．businessmen B．children C．locals D．masses 6．A．little B．few C．much D．many 7．A．on behalf of B．in the form of C．for the sake of D．in terms of 8．A．effective B．destructive C．preventive D．alternative 9．A．quarrel B．argument C．fight D．conflict 10．A．tell the truth B．hit the brakes C．pave the way D．break the ice 11．A．threat B．effect C．problem D．protection 12．A．results from B．consists of C．brings about D．relies on 13．A．ambition B．action C．satisfaction D．attraction 14．A．far B．extreme C．bad D．complex 15．A．enjoy B．imagine C．miss D．avoid / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 完形填空 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海高桥中学·期中) We did homework in the kitchen while my mom cooked. Usually, I complained about my classmates treating me 1 . “She didn’t even save me a seat.” or “He 2 my pencil.” One afternoon during my emotion-release time, my mom turned to me and said 3 , “If everyone around you is being a stupid person, then it is you who is 4 like the most stupid one of all.” I was 5 and argued that it was the faults of other kids. I felt so 6 that I didn’t think I could ever forgive my mother. But a week later, after a 7 day when my classmates refused to play with me, I decided to see if Mom was right in action. It was a(n) 8 with my own behavior. That Monday at school, I no longer 9 everyone there to change their behavior to fit me. 10 , I tried to change myself. Properly managing my emotions 11 everything. I no longer felt like I was a victim (受害者), but a victor. I 12 my classmates. Tolerance (宽容) in our own weakness helps us recognize and 13 the imperfections in others. Now I 14 my mom’s words in this way, “If everyone around you is 15 , chances are that you are the kindest of all.” 1．A．kindly B．commonly C．unfairly D．impatiently 2．A．borrowed B．liked C．returned D．broke 3．A．quickly B．seriously C．secretly D．happily 4．A．pretending B．behaving C．functioning D．struggling 5．A．satisfied B．ashamed C．shocked D．tired 6．A．angry B．afraid C．nervous D．shy 7．A．hot B．busy C．noisy D．rough 8．A．experiment B．experience C．game D．battle 9．A．forced B．advised C．allowed D．expected 10．A．Therefore B．Instead C．Though D．However 11．A．witnessed B．challenged C．destroyed D．changed 12．A．forgave B．welcomed C．scolded D．advised 13．A．find B．learn C．accept D．correct 14．A．doubt B．understand C．recall D．oppose 15．A．friendly B．lucky C．brave D．confident 【答案】 1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 5．C 6．A 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．B 11．D 12．A 13．C 14．B 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者抱怨同学对自己不公平，而妈妈的话让他很震惊，认为永远不会原谅母亲。后来作者改变了自己的想法，懂得了接受别人的不完美，终于理解了妈妈当初的话，认为宽容自己的弱点有助于我们认识和接受他人的不完美。 1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：通常，我抱怨我的同学对我不公平。A. kindly亲切地；B. commonly一般地，通常地；C. unfairly不公平地；D. impatiently不耐烦地。根据后文““She didn’t even save me a seat.” or “He　　2　　my pencil.””可知，同学不给我留座，还将我的铅笔弄坏，故此处指对我“不公平”。故选C。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“她甚至都没给我留个座位。或者“他把我的铅笔弄坏了。”A. borrowed借；B. liked喜欢；C. returned返回；D. broke弄坏。根据空前的“I complained about my classmates treating me”可知，我抱怨同学对我不好，故此处指“弄坏”铅笔。故选D。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：一天下午，在我情绪释放的时候，我妈妈转向我，严肃地说:“如果你周围的每个人都是愚蠢的人，那么你是最愚蠢的人。”A. quickly讯速地；B. seriously严重地，严肃地；C. secretly秘密地；D. happily快乐地。根据后文““If everyone around you is being a stupid person, then it is you who is 　　4　　 like the most stupid one of all.””可知，妈妈对我说，如果我觉得周围都是愚蠢的人，那么有可能我就是那个愚蠢的人，故妈妈是严肃地对我说这件事。故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. pretending假装；B. behaving行为；C. functioning发挥功能；D. struggling挣扎。根据后文的“It was a(n)　　8　　with my own behavior.”词义复现可知，我就自己的行为做实验，故此处指可能我的行为才是最愚蠢的那个。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我很震惊，争论道这是其他孩子的错。A. satisfied满意的；B. ashamed羞愧的；C. shocked震惊的；D. tired疲倦的。根据空后“argued that it was the faults of other kids”可知，我与妈妈争论，因此我对妈妈的说法感到很震惊，是不相信的。故选C。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我感到非常愤怒，我认为我永远不会原谅我的妈妈。A. angry生气的；B. afraid害怕的；C. nervous神经紧张的；D. shy害羞的。根据空后“I didn’t think I could ever forgive my mother.”可知，我决定不再原谅我的妈妈，因此我对妈妈的话感到很生气。故选A。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但一周后，在经历了同学们拒绝和我一起玩的艰难一天后，我决定看看妈妈的做法是否正确。A. hot热的；B. busy忙碌的；C. noisy吵闹的；D. rough艰难的，粗糙的。根据空后“when my classmates refused to play with me”可知，同学拒绝和我一起玩，因此这一天对我来说很艰难。故选D。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是我对自己行为的实验。A. experiment实验；B. experience经验，经历；C. game游戏；D. battle战役，斗争。根据前文“I decided to see if Mom was right in action.”可知，我决定看看妈妈是否是正确的，因此我用自己的行为做实验。故选A。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在学校的那个星期一，我不再期望那里的每个人都改变他们的行为来适应我。A. forced强迫；B. advised建议；C. allowed允许；D. expected期盼。根据后文“I tried to change myself.”可知，我试着改变自己，因此不再期盼他们改变行为来适应我。故选D。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，我试图改变自己。A. Therefore 因此；B. Instead相反，反而；C. Though不过；D. However然而。根据空前“I no longer　　9　　 everyone there to change their behavior to fit me.”和空后“I tried to change myself”可知，此处前后文是转折关系，我不再期盼别人来适应我，相反，我尝试着改变自己。故选B。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：正确地控制自己的情绪改变了一切。A. witnessed目睹；B. challenged挑战；C. destroyed毁掉；D. changed改变。根据后文“I no longer felt like I was a victim (受害者), but a victor.”可知，我感觉自己不再是受害者，而是胜利者了，故此处指正确地控制自己的情绪改变了一切。故选D。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我原谅了我的同学。A. forgave原谅；B. welcomed欢迎；C. scolded责备；D. advised建议。根据后文“Tolerance (宽容) in our own weakness helps us recognize and 　　13　　 the imperfections in others.”可知，后文提到宽容自己的缺点有助于认识并接受别人的不完美，因此此处指要宽容，从而原谅同学。故选A。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：宽容自己的弱点有助于我们认识和接受他人的不完美。A. find发现，找到；B. learn学习；C. accept接受；D. correct修改。根据前文“Tolerance (宽容) in our own weakness”可知，宽容自己的弱点可以帮助我们认识并接受别人的不完美，故此处指接受他人的不完美。故选C。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：现在我明白了妈妈的话，“如果你周围的每个人都很友好，那么你可能是最善良的。”A. doubt怀疑；B. understand 明白，理解；C. recall回想起；D. oppose反对，阻碍。根据空后“my mom’s words in this way”可知，作者之前不相信妈妈的话，但通过改变自己的行为后，终于明白了妈妈的话。故选B。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. friendly友好的；B. lucky幸运的；C. brave勇敢的；D. confident自信的。根据空后“chances are that you are the kindest of all”可知，很可能你是最善良的，那么你就会发现周围的人都是友好的。故选A。 Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海外国语大学附属外国语学校松江云间中学·期中) People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a non-disabled woman. In another 1 , subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim (受害者) had a large red birthmark on his 2 ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to 3 aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In 4 these and other research findings, two themes are 5 : we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think 6 assistance. In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. 7 , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. The application was ready to be 8 , but had obviously been “lost”. The photo stuck to (粘贴在) the application was sometimes that of a very 9 person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to 10 the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive. The degree of 11 between the potential helper and the person in need is also important. For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n) 12 T-shirt than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words. Whether a person receives help depends in part on the “worth” of the case. For example, shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone 13 to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for 14 than cookies. Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be 15 rather than drunk. 1．A．word B．way C．study D．college 2．A．hand B．face C．leg D．back 3．A．refuse B．beg C．lose D．receive 4．A．pressing B．recording C．comprehending D．publishing 5．A．important B．possible C．amusing D．missing 6．A．seek B．deserve C．require D．accept 7．A．For instance B．Above all C．In addition D．As a result 8．A．printed B．mailed C．rewritten D．signed 9．A．talented B．hardworking C．helpful D．breathtaking 10．A．fill out B．throw away C．send in D．turn down 11．A．similarity B．friendship C．cooperation D．contact 12．A．expensive B．plain C．cheap D．strange 13．A．changes B．instructions C．costs D．chances 14．A．shoppers B．research C．health D．children 15．A．outgoing B．handsome C．pretty D．ill 【答案】 1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．B 9．D 10．C 11．A 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过多个研究案例表明，人们更倾向于帮助自己出于某种原因喜欢的人，例如外表更有吸引力的人、与自己相似的人，也倾向于帮助自己认为值得帮助的人。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在另一项研究中，纽约的地铁乘客看到一名拿着拐杖的男子跌倒在地。A. word单词；B. way道路；C. study研究；D. college大学。根据下文“In ___4___ these and other research findings”可知，本段呈现的是研究结果，此处指在另一项研究中。故选C。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有时受害者的脸上有一大块红色胎记；有时他不会。A. hand手；B. face脸；C. leg腿；D. back背部。根据下文“if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark”可知，此处指受害者的脸上有一大块红色胎记。故选B。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这种情况下，如果受害者脸上没有斑点，而不是脸上有难看的胎记，那么他更有可能获得援助。A. refuse拒绝；B. beg乞讨；C. lose失去；D. receive得到。根据下文“In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid.”可知，那些外表有吸引力的人更有可能得到援助，由此可知，脸上没有斑点的受害者更有可能获得援助。故选D。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在理解这些和其他研究结果时，有两个主题很重要：我们更愿意帮助我们出于某种原因喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。A. pressing按压；B. recording记录；C. comprehending理解；D. publishing出版。根据下文“these and other research findings”以及接下来的段落主要对这两个主题进行解释，帮助读者进行理解可推知，此处指理解这些和其他研究结果。故选C。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在理解这些和其他研究结果时，有两个主题很重要：我们更愿意帮助我们出于某种原因喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。A. important重要的；B. possible可能的；C. amusing有趣的；D. missing失踪的。根据接下来的段落主要通过具体的事例对这两个主题进行进一步解释可知，这两个主题很重要，贯穿这些研究结果。故选A。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在理解这些和其他研究结果时，有两个主题很重要：我们更愿意帮助我们出于某种原因喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。A. seek寻找；B. deserve应得；C. require要求；D. accept接受。根据下文“Whether a person receives help depends in part on the “worth” of the case.”可知，人们给予帮助时会考虑具体情况的“价值”，也就是说，我们更愿意帮助我们认为值得帮助的人。故选B。 7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，在一项实地研究中，研究人员将一份填好的研究生院申请书放在机场的电话亭里。A. For instance例如；B. Above all首先；C. In addition另外；D. As a result结果。根据上文“In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid.”和下文“in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport”可知，此处是对上一句一般性的论述进行举例说明，应用For instance“例如”。故选A。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：申请表已经准备好要寄出了，但显然已经“丢了”。A. printed印刷；B. mailed邮寄；C. rewritten重写；D. signed签名。根据下文“The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not.”可知，帮助的衡量标准是发现信封的人是否真的寄出去了，由此可知，此处指申请表已经准备好要寄出了。故选B。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：贴在申请表的照片有时是一个非常令人惊叹的人，有时是一个不那么吸引人的人。A. talented有才华的；B. hardworking勤奋的；C. helpful有帮助的；D. breathtaking令人惊叹的。根据下文“sometimes that of a less attractive person”可推知，与一个不那么吸引人的人相对的应该是令人惊叹的人。故选D。 10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：结果显示，如果照片中的人长相出众，人们更有可能寄出申请表。A. fill out填写；B. throw away扔掉；C. send in寄去；D. turn down拒绝。根据上文“In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid.”和“The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not.”可知，某些情况下，外表有吸引力的人更有可能得到援助，且该研究中帮助的衡量标准是发现信封的人是否真的寄出去了，由此可知，如果照片中的人长相出众，人们更有可能帮助他寄出申请表。故选C。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：潜在的帮助者和需要帮助的人之间的相似程度也很重要。A. similarity相似性；B. friendship友谊；C. cooperation合作；D. contact联系。根据下文“For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner.”可知，人们更有可能帮助来自同一个国家的陌生人，而不是外国人，这表明潜在的帮助者和需要帮助的人之间的相似程度也很重要。故选A。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在一项研究中，在苏格兰一条繁忙的街道上，购物者更有可能帮助穿着简单T恤的人，而不是穿着印有冒犯性文字的T恤的人。A. expensive昂贵的；B. plain无装饰的,朴素的；C. cheap便宜的；D. strange奇怪的。根据下文“than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words”可推知，与穿着印有冒犯性文字的T恤的人相对的应该是穿着朴素的T恤的人。故选B。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，在超市里，购物者更有可能给别人零钱去买牛奶，而不是买饼干，这可能是因为人们认为牛奶比饼干对健康更重要。A. changes零钱；B. instructions指示；C. costs成本；D. chances机会。根据上文“Whether a person receives help depends in part on the “worth” of the case.”可知，这里依然讨论影响一个人得到帮助的因素，再结合上文“shoppers in a supermarket”可推知，超市里的购物者应该是给零钱去帮助他人买东西。故选A。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，在超市里，购物者更有可能给别人零钱去买牛奶，而不是买饼干，这可能是因为人们认为牛奶比饼干对健康更重要。A. shoppers购物者；B. research研究；C. health健康；D. children儿童。根据上文“because milk is thought more essential for”和下文“than cookies”可推知，通常我们会认为牛奶比饼干对健康更重要。故选C。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：纽约地铁上的乘客更有可能帮助倒在地上的人，如果他看起来像是生病了，而不是喝醉了。A. outgoing外向的；B. handsome英俊的；C. pretty漂亮的；D. ill生病的。根据上文“Whether a person receives help depends in part on the “worth” of the case.”可知，一个人是否得到帮助部分取决于具体情况的“价值”，再结合下文“rather than drunk”可推知，与帮助喝醉的人相比，帮助生病的人的价值更大。故选D。 Passage 3 (24-25高一上·上海风华中学·期中) Reading living books You may know the saying, “Don’t judge a book by its cover.” It 1 the idea behind the Living Library project. Like 2 library, a Living Liberty offers readers books, except that these “books” can 3 to you. But these living books are not like anything from a(n) 4 movie — they are people, like you and me. The Living Library project was started in 2000 by a group of young people in Denmark. They wanted to reduce prejudice (偏见) and encourage 5 between people, and they had the idea of bringing together some very different people to communicate 6 . These living books were from different cultural backgrounds, nations, educational levels, religions and 7 . Reading living books is very 8 : Each book can talk with readers face to face, and sometimes a small group of readers can read one book together. The book and the reader(s) 9 and share different thoughts, ideas, lifestyles and so on. The project began to gain in 10 in other parts of the world and was introduced to China in 2009. This past April, a wave of Living Library events was held in more than 20 Chinese cities. In Guangzhou, for example, 50 living books were 11 to 200 readers. The event was divided into four rounds; each lasted 40 minutes. In each round, up to eight readers would read one book together. One of the living books, Tang, suffered from depression. She talked about her experience of fighting depression and also pointed out a problem: People’s 12 about mental illnesses was preventing many patients from getting treatment in time. In Living Library events like this one, it is not one person 13 another, but someone introducing others to a different idea or way of life. Everyone can raise questions and everyone is 14 . “Everyone is a book,” said Liu Qiongxiong, the organizer of the event in Guangzhou. “By reading others we can 15 understand each other and ourselves.” 1．A．challenges B．talks about C．makes use of D．sums up 2．A．the other B．any other C．another D．each other 3．A．convey B．relate C．talk D．donate 4．A．science-fiction B．comedy C．horror D．action 5．A．understanding B．difference C．violence D．change 6．A．fairly B．silently C．equally D．seriously 7．A．locations B．occasions C．schools D．professions 8．A．simple B．difficult C．complex D．shallow 9．A．test B．organize C．dismiss D．discuss 10．A．control B．popularity C．access D．time 11．A．presented B．lent C．borrow D．delivered 12．A．curiously B．questions C．hesitation D．misunderstanding 13．A．fighting B．challenging C．teaching D．criticizing 14．A．judged B．respected C．ranked D．numbered 15．A．dramatically B．significantly C．worsely D．better 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．A 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．B 11．A 12．D 13．C 14．B 15．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了Living Library项目的活动理念和活动内容。 1．考查动词（短语）词义辨析。句意：它总结了Living Library项目背后的理念。A. challenges挑战；B. talks about讨论；C. makes use of利用；D. sums up总结。根据下文“behind the Living Library project”及上文“Don’t judge a book by its cover.”可知，这句俗语总结了Living Library项目背后的理念。故选D项。 2．考查代词词义辨析。句意：和其他图书馆一样，Living Liberty也为读者提供书籍，只不过这些“书”可以和你对话。A. the other用于两者之中的另一个；B. any other任何其他；C. another再一个；D. each other相互。根据下文“a Living Liberty offers readers books”可知，Living Library提供和其他图书馆一样的阅读服务，即，像任何其他的图书馆一样。故选B项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：和其他图书馆一样，Living Liberty也为读者提供书籍，只不过这些“书”可以和你对话。A. convey传达；B. relate联系；C. talk交谈；D. donate捐赠。根据下文“they are people, like you and me”可知，Living Liberty中的书就是普通人，这些人可以进行对话交谈。故选C项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这些活生生的书并不像科幻电影里的任何东西——他们是像你和我一样的人。A. science-fiction科幻；B. comedy喜剧；C. horror恐怖；D. action动作。根据上文“except that these “books” can  　3　 to you.”可知，这些书能说话，会让人以为像是科幻电影里的任何东西。故选A项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们想要减少偏见，鼓励人们之间的理解，他们有一个想法，让一些截然不同的人聚集在一起，平等地交流。A. understanding理解；B. difference差异；C. violence暴力；D. change改变。根据前文“They wanted to reduce prejudice”可知，减少偏见，应是想鼓励人们之间的理解。故选A项。 6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们想要减少偏见，鼓励人们之间的理解，他们有一个想法，让一些截然不同的人聚集在一起，平等地交流。A. fairly十分；B. silently无声地；C. equally平等地；D. seriously严肃地。根据上文“They wanted to reduce prejudice (偏见) and encourage 　5　 between people”可知，项目是为了减少偏见，鼓励人们之间的理解，也就是让一些截然不同的人聚集在一起，平等地交流。故选C项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些活着的书来自不同的文化背景、民族、教育水平、宗教和职业。A. locations位置；B. occasions场合；C. schools学校；D. professions职业。根据前文“These living books were from different cultural backgrounds, nations, educational levels, religions”可知，这些活着的书来自不同的地方，空处与cultural backgrounds, nations, educational levels, religions并列，应该是“职业”。故选D项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：读活书很简单：每本书都可以和读者面对面地交谈，有时一小群读者也可以一起读一本书。A. simple简单的；B. difficult困难的；C. complex复杂的；D. shallow浅的。根据后文“Each book can talk with readers face to face, and sometimes a small group of readers can read one book together.”可知，阅读这些活书是简单的。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：书和读者讨论和分享不同的想法、观念、生活方式等等。A. test测试；B. organize组织；C. dismiss抛弃；D. discuss讨论。根据上文“Each book can talk with readers face to face”可知，“书”和读者讨论不同的想法。故选D项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：该项目开始在世界其他地区受到欢迎，并于2009年被引入中国。A. control控制；B. popularity流行；C. access通道；D. time时间。根据下文“and was introduced to China in 2009”可知，该项目流行开来。故选B项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：以广州为例，50本“活体书籍”被呈现给了200名读者。A. presented展现；B. lent借出；C. borrow借来；D. delivered交付。根据前文“This past April, a wave of Living Library events was held in more than 20 Chinese cities.”可知，一股“Living Library”活动的热潮席卷了中国20多个城市，所以此处是在广州，有50本“活体书籍”被呈现给了200名读者。故选A项。 12．考查副词、名词词义辨析。句意：她谈到了自己与抑郁症作斗争的经历，并指出了一个问题：人们对精神疾病的误解使许多患者无法及时得到治疗。A. curiously好奇地；B. questions问题；C. hesitation犹豫；D. misunderstanding误解。根据后文“preventing many patients from getting treatment in time”可知，人们对于精神病有误解，使得病人无法及时治疗。故选D项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在像这样的Living Library活动中，不是一个人教另一个人，而是有人向其他人介绍不同的思想或生活方式。A. fighting斗争；B. challenging挑战；C. teaching教；D. criticizing批评。根据下文“Everyone can raise questions”可知，此处每个人都可以提问题，因此，不是一个人教另一个人。故选C项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：每个人都可以提出问题，每个人都受到尊重。A. judged评价；B. respected尊敬；C. ranked排名；D. numbered标号。根据前文“Everyone can raise questions”可知，在这个阅读项目中，每个人都受到尊敬。故选B项。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：通过阅读别人，我们可以更好地了解对方和自己。A. dramatically显著地；B. significantly明显地；C. worsely更糟糕的是；D. better更好地。根据前文“Everyone is a book”可知，每个人都是一本书，通过与别人交谈，我们能更好地了解自己。故选D项。 主题02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海进才中学·期中) Why the Color Green Makes Us Feel Good Scientists have revealed a new theory into why the color green makes us feel good. It is already well known that being out in nature is good for a person’s mental health. But now, a new study published in the British Ecological Society 1 a new theory for this called the “greenery hypothesis (假说).” They suggest that our need for green spaces 2 evolution. The researchers suggest that when greenery disappears during times of drought, it triggers a signal in humans for environmental degradation (恶化). This can lead to 3 psychological response, and even lead to feelings of depression. 4 , when greenery returns, the researchers report that it triggers a positive mental response, which further encourages them to 5 positive activities, like searching for food. “These psycho-physiological 6 must be crucial for survival during environmental fluctuations (波动) that humans have experienced in evolutionary adaptive environments,” a summary of the study reports. “However, in modern urbanized societies with limited greenery, this psychological system may lead to non-adaptive negative effects, such as increased stress and depression, creating a 7 between our evolutionary past and current cultural evolution. This hypothesis can provide valuable insights into understanding how humans psychologically respond to nature exposure, with implications for 8 such as urban planning, biodiversity conservation, etc. The scientists created this new hypothesis by bringing together previous research into the 9 of nature on humans. And from this, they gather that ongoing loss of green spaces, 10 in urban environments, could have severe impacts on human health and well-being. They note that restoring natural environments in urban areas should be a matter of priority in order to 11 “mass psychological health problems in contemporary society.” They hope that the hypothesis outlined in the study provides a framework for improving conservation efforts and prioritizing green environments in urban areas. They also emphasize how nature and greenery must be 12 for human well-being. The greenery hypothesis also notes that humans are more likely to find a place beautiful or pleasing to look at if there is greenery. This is even more likely if a person is more used to urban environments that have a 13 amount of nature around. “Our proposed hypothesis states that humans have adapted to periodic severe 14 and re-watering cycles by developing both negative and positive psychological responses to the absence or 15 of greenery within the landscape as hints to optimize their own behavioral activities.” the authors write in the study. 1．A．has acknowledged B．has proposed C．has proved D．has supposed 2．A．is devoted to B．is rooted in C．is controlled by D．is denied by 3．A．despair B．positive C．neutral D．negative 4．A．However B．Therefore C．After all D．More over 5．A．continue B．cease C．consider D．change 6．A．mindsets B．transitions C．responses D．contradictions 7．A．connection B．similarity C．difference D．mismatch 8．A．experts B．technologies C．fields D．views 9．A．effects B．affections C．lessons D．shadows 10．A．definitely B．respectively C．partly D．particularly 11．A．distinguish B．address C．cancel D．assist 12．A．planned B．demonstrated C．prioritized D．produced 13．A．limited B．huge C．appropriate D．considerable 14．A．flood B．sandstorm C．disaster D．drought 15．A．disappearance B．presence C．defence D．endurance 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．A 6．C 7．D 8．C 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．C 13．A 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了绿色为何能提升人类的心理健康，提出了“绿色假说”，并探讨了其对城市规划和生物多样性保护的意义。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但现在，一项发表在《英国生态学会》的新研究提出了一种新的理论，称为“绿化假说”。A. has acknowledged承认；B. has proposed提出；C. has proved证明；D. has supposed假设。根据下文的“a new theory for this called the “greenery hypothesis””可知，这是一个新提出的理论。故选B。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们认为我们对绿色空间的需求源于进化。A. is devoted to致力于；B. is rooted in源于；C. is controlled by被控制；D. is denied by被拒绝。根据下文的“evolution”以及语境可知，研究人员认为我们对绿色空间的需求是源于进化的。故选B。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这会导致消极的心理反应，甚至导致抑郁的感觉。A. despair绝望的；B. positive积极的；C. neutral中立的；D. negative消极的。根据下文的“and even lead to feelings of depression”可知，这甚至导致抑郁的感觉，推测此处表示这会导致消极的心理反应。故选D。 4．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，当绿色回归时，研究人员报告说，它会触发积极的心理反应，这进一步鼓励他们继续积极的活动，比如寻找食物。A. However然而；B. Therefore因此；C. After all毕竟；D. Moreover而且。根据上文的“This can lead to 3 psychological response, and even lead to feelings of depression”和下文的“when greenery returns, the researchers report that it triggers a positive mental response”可知，上文描述消极的心理反应，下文描述积极的心理反应，上下文为转折关系，应用however，位于句首，首字母大写。故选A。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，当绿色回归时，研究人员报告说，它会触发积极的心理反应，这进一步鼓励他们继续积极的活动，比如寻找食物。A. continue继续；B. cease停止；C. consider考虑；D. change改变。根据上文的“it triggers a positive mental response, which further encourages them to”和下文“positive activities”可知，这会进一步鼓励他们继续积极的活动。故选A。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究总结报告称：“这些心理生理反应对于人类在进化适应环境中经历的环境波动中生存至关重要。”A. mindsets心态；B. transitions过渡；C. responses反应；D. contradictions矛盾。根据上文的“it triggers a positive mental response”可知，这些心理生理反应很重要。故选C。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，在现代城市化社会中，由于绿色空间有限，这种心理系统可能导致非适应性的负面影响，如压力和抑郁增加，从而在我们的进化过去和当前的文化进化之间产生了不匹配。A. connection联系；B. similarity相似性；C. difference差异；D. mismatch不匹配。根据上文的“increased stress and depression”和下文的“between our evolutionary past and current cultural evolution”可知，在进化过去和当前的文化进化之间产生了不匹配。故选D。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一假设可以提供有价值的见解，以了解人类对自然暴露的心理反应，对城市规划、生物多样性保护等领域的含义。A. experts专家；B. technologies技术；C. fields领域；D. views观点。根据下文的“such as urban planning, biodiversity conservation, etc.”可知，这是指城市规划、生物多样性保护等领域。故选C。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：科学家们通过将以前对自然对人类影响的研究结合起来，提出了这个新的假设。A. effects影响；B. affections情感；C. lessons教训；D. shadows阴影。根据下文的“of nature on humans”以及“could have severe impacts on human health and well-being.”可知，这是指自然对人类的影响。故选A。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：从这一点出发，他们得出结论，正在进行的绿色空间的丧失，特别是在城市环境中，可能会对人类健康和福祉产生严重影响。A. definitely当然；B. respectively分别地；C. partly部分地；D. particularly特别地。根据上文的“they gather that ongoing loss of green spaces”和下文的“in urban environments”可知，这里强调城市环境中绿色空间的丧失，所以此处指特别是在城市环境中的绿色空间的丧失。故选D。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们指出，恢复城市地区的自然环境应该是解决“当代社会的大规模心理健康问题”的首要任务。A. distinguish区分；B. address解决；C. cancel取消；D. assist帮助。根据下文的“mass psychological health problems in contemporary society”可知，这是指解决当代社会的大规模心理健康问题。故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们还强调，为了人类福祉，自然和绿色必须被优先考虑。A. planned计划；B. demonstrated证明；C. prioritized优先考虑；D. produced生产。根据上文的“They note that restoring natural environments in urban areas should be a matter of priority”、“They also emphasize how nature and greenery must be”和下文“for human well-being”可知，这是指自然和绿色必须被优先考虑。故选C。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果一个人更习惯于周围有有限自然环境的城市环境，这甚至更有可能。A. limited有限的；B. huge巨大的；C. appropriate适当的；D. considerable相当大的。根据上文的“urban environments that have a”和下文“amount of nature around”可知，此处指城市环境中的有限的自然环境。故选A。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我们提出的假说认为，人类已经适应了周期性的严重干旱和再湿润循环，通过发展对景观中绿色植物缺失或存在的负面和正面心理反应，来作为优化自身行为活动的提示。”研究作者在文中写道。A. flood洪水；B. sandstorm沙尘暴；C. disaster灾难；D. drought干旱。根据上文的“The researchers suggest that when greenery disappears during times of drought”和下文的“and re-watering cycles”可知，这是指适应周期性的严重干旱和再湿润循环。故选D。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我们提出的假说认为，人类已经适应了周期性的严重干旱和再湿润循环，通过发展对景观中绿色植物缺失或存在的负面和正面心理反应，来作为优化自身行为活动的提示。”研究作者在文中写道。A. disappearance消失；B. presence存在；C. defence防御；D. endurance耐力。根据上文的“negative and positive psychological responses to the absence or”可知，这是指对绿色缺失或存在的反应。故选B。 Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海建平中学·期中)The similarities between babies and scientists become particularly vivid when we consider how babies learn about things. In science, and even in ordinary life, we 1 the surfaces of the world and try to infer its deeper patterns. We look for the 2 causes of events. We try to figure out the nature of things. It’s not just that we human beings can do this, we need to do it. We seem to have a kind of explanatory drive, like our drive for food. When we’re presented with a puzzle, a mystery, a hint of a pattern, or something that doesn’t quite 3 , we work until we find a solution. As scientists, we may stay up all night to solve a problem, and it doesn’t seem rather likely that our salaries are the only 4 . We see this same drive to 5 the world in its purest form in children. Human children in the first three years of life are consumed by a desire to explore and 6 with objects. From the time human babies can move around, they are torn between the safety of a grown-up hug and the 7 drive to explore. Toddlers (学步儿童)in the park venture (冒险)out to explore and then, in a sudden panic, race back to the safe harbour, only to venture forth again some few minutes later. Seen from an evolutionary point of view, children’s exploratory behaviour is rather peculiar. Not only do babies invest enormous energy in exploring the world, their explorations often 8 their very survival. However, for our species, the dangers of exploration are 9 by the benefits of learning. The change in children’s understanding of the world seem related to the ways they explore and experiment. Children actively do things to 10 their understanding of disappearances, causes and categories. Fortunately, these aspects of the 11 world are so common that babies can do their experiments quite easily and for the most part safely. The bed, the house, the garden are excellent laboratories. 12 , we can see babies become interested in hiding-and-finding games when they are about a year old. We once recorded a baby putting the same ring under a cloth and finding it 17 times, saying “all gone” each time. In our experiments, babies often begin by 13 when we take the toy to hide it. But after one or two turns, they often start hiding the toy themselves or give the cloth and toy to us with instructions to hide it again. A key aspect of our developmental picture is that babies actively 14 looking for patterns in what is going on around them, in testing hypotheses (假设)and in seeking 15 . They aren’t just stamped(标识)by evolution or shaped by their environment or moulded (塑造)by adults. 1．A．reflect on B．judge from C．stand by D．look beyond 2．A．disappearing B．interesting C．conflicting D．underlying 3．A．serve any purpose B．draw any attention C．make sense D．take place 4．A．motivation B．reward C．requirement D．initiative 5．A．challenge B．understand C．transform D．access 6．A．cooperate B．communicate C．experiment D．interfere 7．A．desirable B．uniform C．original D．irresistible 8．A．endanger B．benefit C．feature D．indicate 9．A．dominated B．highlighted C．outweighed D．driven 10．A．feature B．record C．enhance D．organize 11．A．perceptible B．physical C．senseless D．familiar 12．A．For instance B．In addition C．In other words D．In all 13．A．cheering B．disapproving C．appealing D．cheating 14．A．call for B．object to C．think over D．engage in 15．A．purposes B．contributions C．explanations D．instructions 【答案】 1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．A 10．C 11．B 12．A 13．B 14．D 15．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类探索行为的本质，从科学家到儿童，都展现出对探索和学习的强烈渴望。 1．考查短语辨析。句意：在科学中，甚至在日常生活中，我们透过世界的表面，试图推断其更深层次的模式。A. reflect on思考；B. judge from根据……判断；C. stand by支持；D. look beyond考虑更多。根据下文“try to infer its deeper patterns(试着推断出更深层次的模式)”可知，此处是指“透过、超越”世界的表面。此处故选D项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们寻找事件的根本原因。A. disappearing消失的；B. interesting有趣的；C. conflicting冲突的；D. underlying潜在的、根本的。根据下文“We try to figure out the nature of things(我们试图弄清事物的本质)”可知，此处是指寻找事件的“根本的”原因。故选D项。 3．考查短语辨析。句意：当我们面对一个谜题，一个谜团，一个模式的暗示，或者一些不太有意义的事情时，我们会一直努力，直到找到解决办法。A. serve any purpose服务于任何目的；B. draw any attention引起注意；C. make sense有意义； D. take place发生。根据上文“a puzzle, a mystery, a hint of a pattern,(一个谜题，一个谜团，一个模式的暗示，) ”可知，此处应该和上文并列，所以指“不太有意义”的事情。故选C项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为科学家，我们可能会为了解决一个问题而熬夜，而且工资似乎不太可能是我们唯一的动力。A. motivation动力；B. reward奖励；C. requirement要求；D. initiative倡议。根据上文的 salaries可知，此处是指工资不大可能使我们唯一的“动力”。故选A项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们在孩子身上看到了同样的动力，想要以最纯粹的形式去理解世界。A. challenge挑战；B. understand理解；C. transform转化；D. access接近。根据上文“We see this same drive(我们看到了同样的动力)”可知，此处是指看到了同样的动力去“理解”世界。故选B项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人类儿童在生命的前三岁被探索和试验物体的欲望所消耗。A. cooperate合作；B. communicate交流；C. experiment试验；D. interfere干涉。根据and前的explore可知，此处用动词experiment和explore并列表示探索和“试验”物体。故选C项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从人类婴儿能四处走动的时候起，他们就在成年人的拥抱和不可抗拒的探索动力之间摇摆不定。A. desirable向往的；B. uniform全部相同的；C. original起初的；D. irresistible无法抗拒的。根据下文“Toddlers(学步儿童)in the park venture(冒险)out to explore and then, in a sudden panic, race back to the safe harbour, only to venture forth again some few minutes later.(在公园里蹒跚学步的孩子们冒险出去探索，然后突然惊慌失措地跑回安全港，几分钟后又冒险出来。)”可知，此处是指在安全港和“不可抗拒的”探索之间摇摆不定。故选D项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：婴儿不仅在探索世界上投入了巨大的精力，而且他们的探索常常危及他们的生存。A. endanger危及；B.benefit使受益；C. feature以……为特色；D. indicate表明。根据下文the dangers of exploration可知，此处是指探索会“危及”他们的生存。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，对于人类来说，探索的危险被学习的好处所控制。A. dominated控制、支配；B. highlighted突出、强调；C. outweighed比……重要；D. driven驱使。根据上文的 However可知，上下文之间是转折关系，所以此处是指探索的危险被学习的好处所“控制”。故选A项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：孩子们积极地做一些事情来增强他们对失踪、原因和类别的理解。A. feature以……为特色；B. record记录；C. enhance提高；D. organize组织。根据下文“their understanding of disappearances, causes and categories(他们对失踪、原因和类别的理解)”可知，此处是指“增强”对这些的理解。故选C项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，物质世界的这些方面是如此普遍，婴儿可以很容易地做他们的实验，而且在很大程度上是安全的。床、房子、花园都是极好的实验室。A. perceptible可察觉的；B. physical物质的；C. senseless无意识的；D. familiar熟悉的。根据空格后的world可知，此处是指“物质”世界。故选B项。 12．考查短语辨析。句意：床、房子、花园都是极好的实验室。例如，我们可以看到婴儿在大约一岁时开始对捉迷藏游戏感兴趣。A. For instance例如；B. In addition另外；C. In other words换句话说；D. In all总共。根据下文“we can see babies become interested in hiding-and-finding games when they are about a year old.(我们可以看到婴儿在大约一岁的时候开始对捉迷藏游戏感兴趣。)”可知，此处是指举例说明情况。故选A项。 13．考查动名词词义辨析。句意：在我们的实验中，当我们把玩具拿起来藏起来时，婴儿通常一开始就不赞成。但在一两个回合后，他们经常开始自己藏玩具，或者把布和玩具交给我们，并指示我们再藏起来。A. cheering欢呼；B. disapproving不赞成；C. appealing呼吁；D. cheating欺骗。根据下文“when we take the toy to hide it(当我们把玩具拿起来藏起来时)”可知，藏起玩具时婴儿通常应该是“不赞成的”。故选B项。 14．考查短语辨析。句意：我们的发展图景的一个关键方面是婴儿积极地寻找他们周围发生的事情的模式，测试假设并寻求解释。A. call for要求；B. object to反对；C. think over仔细考虑；D. engage in参与。根据下文“looking for patterns in what is going on around them,(寻找他们周围发生的事情的模式)”可知，此处是指“参与”寻找。故选D项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. purposes目的；B. contributions贡献；C. explanations解释；D. instructions指示。根据上文testing hypotheses可知，此处是和上文并列，指测试假设并寻求“解释”。故选C项。 主题03人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海卢湾高级中学·期中)Geography is the study of the relationship between people and the land. Geographers compare and contrast 1 places on the earth. But they also go beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a 2 . The word geography comes from two Greek 3 , ge, the Greek word for “earth” and graphein, which means “to write”. The English word geography 4 “to describe the earth.” Some geography books focus on a small area like a town or city. Others deal with a state, a region, a nation, or an 5 continent. Many geography books deal with the whole 6 . Another way to 7 the study of geography is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former 8 on the natural world; the latter starts with human beings and 9 how human beings and their environment act upon each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, 10 branch can neglect the other. A geographer might be 11 as one who observes, records, and explains the 12 between places. If all places were 13 , there would be little need for geographers. We know, 14 that no two places are exactly the same. Geography, then, is a point of view, a 15 way of looking at places. 1．A．similar B．various C．distant D．famous 2．A．whole B．unit C．part D．ball 3．A．persons B．words C．places D．names 4．A．is B．has C．intends D．means 5．A．extensive B．entire C．overall D．enormous 6．A．city B．state C．nation D．earth 7．A．continue B．begin C．divide D．complete 8．A．relies B．holds C．focuses D．calls 9．A．learns B．studies C．realizes D．understands 10．A．neither B．either C．one D．each 11．A．treated B．described C．called D．employed 12．A．exceptions B．sameness C．differences D．divisions 13．A．important B．different C．alike D．unknown 14．A．therefore B．thus C．moreover D．however 15．A．special B．right C．wrong D．regular 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．B 6．D 7．C 8．C 9．B 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．C 14．D 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了地理学的定义和研究范围。地理学是研究人与土地之间关系的学科，涉及对地球各地的比较与分析。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：地理学家比较和对比地球上的不同地方。A. similar相似的；B. various不同的；C. distant遥远的；D. famous有名的。根据下文“But they also go beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a ___2___.”提到他们也超越了个别的地方，由此可知，此处应表示地理学家比较和对比地球上的不同地方。故选B项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但他们也超越了个别的地方，把地球作为一个整体来考虑。A. whole整体；B. unit单元；C. part部分；D. ball球。根据上文“But they also go beyond the individual places”提到他们也超越了个别的地方，由此可推知，此处应表示把地球作为一个整体来考虑。故选A项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“地理”一词来自两个希腊单词：“ge”和“graphein”。“ge”是“地球”的意思，“graphein”是“书写”的意思。A. persons人；B. words单词；C. places地方；D. names名字。根据下文“ge, the Greek word for “earth” and graphein, which means “to write”.”分别提到两个单词ge和graphein，由此可知，此处应表示“地理”一词来自两个希腊单词。故选B项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：英语单词geography的意思是“描述地球”。A. is是；B. has有；C. intends打算；D. means意思是。根据句意以及下文““to describe the earth.””由此可知，此处应表示英语单词geography的意思是“描述地球”。故选D项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另一些则涉及一个州、一个地区、一个民族或整个大陆。A. extensive广泛的；B. entire整个的；C. overall全部的；D. enormous巨大的。根据句意以及上文“Others deal with a state, a region, a nation, or an…”由此可知，此处应表示另一些则涉及一个州、一个地区、一个民族或整个大陆。故选B项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多地理书涉及整个地球。A. city城市；B. state州；C. nation国家；D. earth地球。根据上文““to describe the earth.””由此可知，此处应表示许多地理书涉及整个地球。故选D项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：另一种划分地理研究的方法是区分自然地理和文化地理。A. continue继续；B. begin开始；C. divide划分；D. complete完成。根据下文“…to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography.”提到区分自然地理和文化地理。由此可知，此处应表示另一种划分地理研究的方法是区分自然地理和文化地理。故选C项。 8．考查名词词义辨析、句意：前者关注自然世界；后者从人类出发，研究人类和环境如何相互作用。A. relies依靠；B. holds握着，持有；C. focuses关注；D. calls打电话。根据下文“the latter starts with human beings”提到后者从人类出发，由此可知，此处应表示前者关注自然世界。故选C项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：前者关注自然世界；后者从人类出发，研究人类和环境如何相互作用。A. learns学习；B. studies研究；C. realizes意识到；D. understands理解。根据句意以及下文“how human beings and their environment act upon each other”由此可知，此处应表示后者从人类出发，研究人类和环境如何相互作用。故选B项。 10．考查代词词义辨析。句意：但是，当地理被视为一门单独的学科时，任何一个分支都不能忽视另一个分支。A. neither两者都不；B. either（两者之中）任意一个；C. one一个；    D. each每一个。根据上文“when geography is considered as a single subject”以及下文“branch can neglect the other”由此可知，此处应表示当地理被视为一门单独的学科时，任何一个分支都不能忽视另一个分支。故选A项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：地理学家可以被描述为观察、记录和解释地方之间差异的人。A. treated对待；B. described描述；C. called称作；D. employed雇佣。根据下文“…as one who observes, records, and explains”由此可知，此处应表示地理学家可以被描述为观察、记录和解释地方之间差异的人。故选B项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：地理学家可以被描述为观察、记录和解释地方之间差异的人。A. exceptions期待；B. sameness相同；C. differences差异；D. divisions分歧。根据下文“between places”以及下一句“If all places were ___13___ there would be little need for geographers.”由此可知，此处应表示地理学家可以被描述为观察、记录和解释地方之间差异的人。故选C项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果所有的地方都一样，那就不需要地理学家了。A. important重要的；B. different不同的；C. alike相似的；D. unknown未知的。根据上文提到的地理学家可以被描述为观察、记录和解释地方之间差异的人。以及下文“there would be little need for geographers.”由此可知，此处应表示如果所有的地方都一样，那就不需要地理学家了。故选C项。 14．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们知道没有两个地方是完全相同的。A. therefore因此；B. thus因此；C. moreover此外；D. however然而。根据上文提到的如果所有的地方都一样，那就不需要地理学家了，以及下文“that no two places are exactly the same”由此可知，上下文形成转折关系。故选D项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：地理学是一种观点，一种观察地方的特殊方式。A. special    特殊的；B. right正确的；C. wrong错误的；D. regular有规律的。根据上下文语境以及下文“…way of looking at places”由此可知，此处应表示地理学是一种观点，一种观察地方的特殊方式。故选A项。 Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海第二中学·期中)What to Do With the Trash Mountain? I could count on one hand the number of times I ordered takeout or delivery in the pre-COVID-19 era. What a 1 a pandemic makes. Since the end of the COVID-19, I’ve ordered more takeout than before. Want to see my trash bin? For three weeks this summer, I saved every piece of takeout packaging. The stream of paper, plastic, and glass that came through my door from roughly 30 orders shocked and depressed me. I 2 enough waste to fill two recycling containers—not to mention a torrent of guilt. My friends, my problem is our problem. National Geographic last year highlighted the problem in 3 terms: The United States uses more than 36 billion disposable utensils(一次性餐具)a year. Laid end to end, they could wrap around the globe 139 times. Blame the global health crisis for our Godzilla- sized appetite for takeout. Few of us tend to cook three meals a day for ourselves. Takeout and delivery have come to our rescue 4 . Market research company NPD Group reports a 127 percent increase in digital orders compared with the same time last year. The problem is literally knocking at our door. We have to answer it. “Disposable may be convenient and inexpensive but it is highly 1 , ” says Matt Prindiville, CEO of Upstream. The nonprofit organization is dedicated to closing the chapter on our single- use culture. “ 2 , they cost whales and sea lions heavily, ” he says, referring to plastic and other materials that have hurt ocean life. Consider this a call to 3 plastic utensils and use your own cutlery(餐具) instead when you get takeout. Last month, Rose’s at Home in Washington 4 from using cardboard boxes to nylon bags. A note with the food delivery asks 5 to reuse or recycle that and other packaging. One of the smartest ideas I’ve encountered during seven months of takeout is the metal pan used to convey paella(海鲜饭) from Jaleo. I’m keeping the implement, but I’d get $10 off my next meal at the Spanish restaurant if I were to return it. My conscience tells me to reward restaurants that have the greater good in mind when it comes to 6 . 1．A．difference B．routine C．memory D．position 2．A．belonged B．labeled C．established D．gathered 3．A．senior B．unique C．alarming D．inspiring 4．A．in a limited capacity B．in advance C．on a large scale D．on occasion 5．A．inefficient B．illegal C．irregular D．incomplete 6．A．Hence B．Moreover C．Nevertheless D．Afterwards 7．A．hang on to B．get rid of C．put up with D．run out of 8．A．ranged B．expanded C．shifted D．reflected 9．A．customers B．delivery men C．shop owners D．visitors 10．A．trash B．crisis C．organization D．packaging 【答案】 1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 5．A 6．B 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲的是一次性塑料虽然给我们的生活带来很大的方便，但却对环境有害处，因此文章呼吁我们在叫外卖的时候，应尽量使用自己的餐具而不是一次性餐具。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：疫情带来了多么大的变化啊。A. difference不同；差异；B. routine常规；惯例；C. memory记忆力，回忆；D. position位置，职位，立场。make a difference“有影响；起作用”，固定搭配，故选A项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我收集的垃圾足够装满两个回收箱——更不用说我内心的负罪感了。A. belonged属于；B. labeled贴标签于……，把……称为；C. established建立，设立；D. gathered集中，聚集。根据上文“For three weeks this summer, I saved every piece of takeout packaging. The stream of paper, plastic, and glass that came through my door from roughly 30 orders shocked and depressed me.”可知此处指的是作者将外卖的包装都收集了起来，故选D项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：《国家地理》去年以令人担忧的措辞强调了这个问题：美国每年使用超过360亿个一次性餐具。A. senior年长的，高级的；B. unique独特的，独一无二的；C. alarming令人担忧的，令人惊慌的；D. inspiring鼓舞人心的。根据后文“The United States uses more than 36 billion disposable utensils(一次性餐具)a year. Laid end to end, they could wrap around the globe 139 times.”可知一次性餐具的问题比较严重，所以可以推测《国家地理》的措辞应该是令人担忧的，故选C项。 4．考查介词短语辨析。句意：外卖和快递在很大规模上帮助了我们。A. in a limited capacity以有限的能力；B. in advance提前，预先；C. on a large scale在很大规模上；D. on occasion偶尔，有时候。根据空前“Few of us tend to cook three meals a day for ourselves.”及空后“Market research company NPD Group reports a 127 percent increase in digital orders compared with the same time last year.”可知外卖和快递的增长幅度很大，因此可以推测外卖和快递在很大规模上帮了我们的忙，故选C项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Upstream公司的首席执行官马特•普林迪维尔表示：“一次性使用可能很方便，也不贵，但使用效率非常低。”A. inefficient不充分的，效率低的；B. illegal不合法的；C. irregular不定期的，无规律的；D. incomplete不完整的，不完善的。根据前文“ I ___2___ enough waste to fill two recycling containers”可知一次性材料虽然既方便又便宜，但使用效率低，很浪费，不能被很好使用。故选A项。 6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：“此外，它们让鲸鱼和海狮付出了沉重的代价，”他说，他指的是伤害海洋生物的塑料和其他材料。A. Hence因此；B. Moreover而且，此外；C. Nevertheless然而，不过；D. Afterwards过后，后来。根据空前“but it is highly ___5___  ,”以及空后“they cost whales and sea lions heavily,”可知，空处引出一次性产品另外的坏处，为递进关系。故选B项。 7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：把这看作是一个号召，让你在叫外卖的时候扔掉塑料餐具，用自己的餐具代替。A. hang on to紧握，保留；B. get rid of摆脱，丢弃；C. put up with忍受，容忍；D. run out of用完。根据空后“plastic utensils and use your own cutlery(餐具) instead when you get takeout.”可知此处指的是在叫外卖时我们应该用自己的餐具，即舍弃一次性餐具，故选B项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：上个月，华盛顿的Rose’s at Home从使用硬纸板箱改为使用尼龙袋。A. ranged排列，变化；B. expanded扩大，膨胀；C. shifted转移，转换；D. reflected反射，反映。根据空后“from using cardboard boxes to nylon bags.”可知此处指的是从纸板箱改为使用尼龙袋，shift from…to…“从……转变到……”，故选C项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：外卖上的一张纸条要求顾客重复使用或回收这种包装和其他包装。A. customers顾客；B. delivery men快递员，送货员；C. shop owners商店老板；D. visitors游客。根据空前“A note with the food delivery asks”以及空后“to reuse or recycle that and other packaging. ”可知此处指的是针对订外卖的顾客，故选A项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：说到包装，我的良知告诉我应该奖励那些考虑到更大利益的餐馆。A. trash垃圾；B. crisis危机；C. organization组织，机构；D. packaging包装材料，外包装。根据前文“I’m keeping the implement, but I’d get $10 off my next meal at the Spanish restaurant if I were to return it.”以及空前“reward restaurants that have the greater good in mind”可知此处指的是我们应该奖励那些心中装有环保意识所以在外卖包装材料方面使用环保材料的餐馆，故选D项。 Passage 3 (24-25高一上·上海同济大学第二附属中学·期中)Returning to School, Recovering Smiles When Xiaonuan looked back to Typhoon Gaemi, those terrible 1 came into her mind: “The rain was 2 heavy that day, and the water rose rapidly. We watched helplessly as the school walls fell, and the floodwater rushed in.” Typhoon Gaemi hit Zixing City hard in July 2024, where over 6,500 students in 41 schools and kindergartens were seriously 3 , including Xiaonuan’s school. Despite the government’s best efforts, the school failed to survive. 4 , more than 300 teachers and students were forced to settle in another school nearby. They hoped to restart their education there. But where would all the necessary school supplies come from? UNICEF’s response 1 , UNICEF came to the children’s help. Having established a strong 2 with the Chinese government, UNICEF 3 quickly when Zixing Education Bureau asked for help. “Once the most 4 needs had been identified, we set out to buy a wide range of teaching and learning supplies the school badly needed. We hope supplies can improve conditions in local schools 5 all children can return to school,” says Lou Chunfang, Education Officer at UNICEF China. Moreover,6,500 emergency hygiene kits (卫生用品包) were also 6 to the Zixing City. This has been important for the children from 4,000 most badly affected families. “If the UNICEF hadn’t reached out to us, we wouldn’t have been able to reopen any school.” Zhang Xuhui, an officer with Zixing Education Bureau, explains. But UNICEF’s help didn’t stop there. Children’s mental health was another 7 they were concerned about. Several long-term programs were already on the next year’s 8 to strengthen the local education, health, and protection systems. Hopefully, local children and families can return to normal learning and living conditions as soon as possible. Regaining Hope In the classroom, students sit at their new desks, fully 1 their studies. Yet, when they first moved to the new school, they were in a quite challenging position. “They looked 2 when they first arrived,” says Deng Changhao, a PE teacher from Zhoumensi School. “But now things have changed. With the sports equipment provided by UNICEF, our students are able to move beyond the shadows of the floods. The support has helped them 3 the new environment. Their smiles have returned.” The playground is filled with laughter and cheer once again. 1．A．bases B．scenes C．routines D．positions 2．A．typically B．incredibly C．naturally D．amazingly 3．A．impacted B．reduced C．decreased D．assumed 4．A．By contrast B．What’s more C．As a result D．On the contrary 5．A．Generally B．Normally C．Particularly D．Fortunately 6．A．location B．destination C．selection D．partnership 7．A．determined B．battled C．acquired D．responded 8．A．fancy B．unique C．basic D．original 9．A．rather than B．in case C．so that D．now that 10．A．contained B．delivered C．attached D．recorded 11．A．quality B．feature C．site D．aspect 12．A．schedule B．label C．conference D．menu 13．A．engaged in B．equipped with C．keen on D．ashamed of 14．A．shocked B．energetic C．determined D．depressed 15．A．refer to B．adapt to C．react to D．belong to 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．D 6．D 7．D 8．C 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．A 13．A 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了2024年7月台风“格美”重创资兴市后，当地多所学校及幼儿园受灾严重，UNICEF及时伸出援手提供教学用品、卫生用品包等物资援助，并关注儿童心理健康，开展长期项目以帮助当地孩子和家庭尽快恢复正常学习和生活状态的事情。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当小暖回想起台风“格美”时，那些可怕的场景浮现在她的脑海中：“那天雨下得特别大，水位迅速上涨。我们眼睁睁地看着学校的围墙倒塌，洪水涌了进来。”A. bases基础；B. scenes场景；C. routines常规；D. positions位置。根据下文“the water rose rapidly. We watched helplessly as the school walls fell, and the floodwater rushed in.”描述的台风来袭时的情景可知，是可怕的场景。故选B。 2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：当小暖回想起台风“格美”时，那些可怕的场景浮现在她的脑海中：“那天雨下得特别大，水位迅速上涨。我们眼睁睁地看着学校的围墙倒塌，洪水涌了进来。A. typically典型地；B. incredibly极其，非常；C. naturally自然地；D. amazingly惊人地。此处修饰heavy，形容雨下得很大。故选B。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：2024年7月，台风“格美”重创资兴市，该市41所学校和幼儿园的6500多名学生受到严重影响，小暖所在的学校也在其中。A. impacted影响；B. reduced减少；C. decreased降低；D. assumed假设。学校受灾，学生自然是受到影响。故选A。 4．考查短语辨析。句意：因此，300 多名师生被迫在附近的另一所学校安顿下来。A. By contrast相比之下；B. What’s more而且；C. As a result因此；D. On the contrary相反。根据上文“Despite the government’s best efforts, the school failed to survive. ”与下文“more than 300 teachers and students were forced to settle in another school nearby.”可知，学校没能挺过台风，所以导致师生们被迫去另一所学校，是因果关系所。故选C。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，联合国儿童基金会 (UNICEF) 来帮助这些孩子们了。A. Generally一般地；B. Normally正常地；C. Particularly尤其；D. Fortunately幸运地。在学校受灾师生面临困难的情况下，UNICEF来帮忙，是幸运的事。故选D。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：联合国儿童基金会 (UNICEF) 与中国政府建立了牢固的合作关系，在资兴市教育局求助时迅速做出了回应。A. location地点；B. destination目的地；C. selection选择；D. partnership合作关系。结合语境，UNICEF与中国政府应是建立合作关系来开展援助工作。故选D。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：联合国儿童基金会 (UNICEF) 与中国政府建立了牢固的合作关系，在资兴市教育局求助时迅速做出了回应。A. determined决定；B. battled战斗；C. acquired获得；D. responded回应。根据下文“we set out to buy a wide range of teaching and learning supplies the school badly needed.”提到开展援助工作可知，此处指做出回应。故选D。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一旦确定了最基本的需求，我们就着手购买学校急需的各种各样的教学和学习用品。A. fancy花哨的；B. unique独特的；C. basic基本的；D. original最初的。先确定基本需求，再购买相应用品，符合逻辑。故选C。 9．考查短语辨析。句意：联合国儿童基金会中国教育项目官员娄春芳说，“我们希望这些用品能改善当地学校的条件，以便所有孩子都能重返校园。”A. rather than而不是；B. in case以防万一；C. so that以便；D. now that既然。此处表示目的，用so that引导目的状语从句。故选C。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，6500个紧急卫生用品包也被送到了资兴市。A. contained包含；B. delivered递送；C. attached附上；D. recorded记录。卫生用品包是被送到受灾地区。故选B。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：儿童的心理健康是他们关注的另一个方面。A. quality质量；B. feature特点；C. site地点；D. aspect方面。心理健康是援助工作关注的另一个方面。故选D。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：几个长期项目已经列入明年的计划，以加强当地的教育、卫生和保护系统。A. schedule计划，日程安排；B. label标签；C. conference会议；D. menu菜单。项目列入计划，符合语境。故选A。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在教室里，学生们坐在新书桌前，全神贯注地学习。A. engaged in从事，忙于；B. equipped with配备；C. keen on热衷于；D. ashamed of为……感到羞耻。此处表示学生们专注于学习。故选A。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“他们刚来的时候看起来很沮丧，”周门司学校的体育老师邓昌浩说。A. shocked震惊的；B. energetic精力充沛的；C. determined有决心的；D. depressed沮丧的。根据上文“Yet, when they first moved to the new school, they were in a quite challenging position.”提到他们刚搬到新学校时处境艰难可知，此处指他们看起来沮丧。故选D。 15．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这些支持帮助他们适应了新环境。A. refer to参考，涉及；B. adapt to适应；C. react to对……作出反应；D. belong to属于。根据后文“Their smiles have returned.”可知，是适应了新环境。故选B。 主题01人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海市西中学·期中)Being less than perfectly well-dressed in a business setting can result in a feeling of great discomfort and you have to be very careful as to what to wear. The truth is that “clothing mismatches” on the job can ruin the day of the person who is wearing the 1 attire (着装) — and the people with whom he or she comes in contact. Offices vary when it comes to dress codes. Some businesses have very high standards for their employees and set strict guidelines for office attire, while others maintain a more 2 attitude. However, it is always important to remember that no matter what your company’s 3 is regarding what you wear, you are working in a business environment and you should dress 4 . Certain items may be more appropriate for evening wear than for a business meeting, just as shorts and a T-shirt are better suited for the beach than for an office environment. Your attire should reflect both your environment and your 5 . A senior vice president has a different 6 to maintain than that of a secretary or sales assistant. Like it or not, you will be judged by your personal 7 . This is never more apparent than on “dress-down days”, when what you 8 can say more about you than any business suit ever could. 9 , people will pay more attention to what you wear on dress-down days than on “business professional” days. Thus, when dressing in “business casual” clothes, try to put some good 10 into your choices. Avoid jeans. For men, try wearing a neat pair of pants and buttoned shirt. For women, wear skirts or tailored pants with blouses. Remember, there are borders between your career and your 11 life. You should dress one way for play and another way when you mean 12 . Always ask yourself where you are going and how other people will be 13 when you get there. Is the final destination the opera, the beach, or the office? Dress properly and you will discover the truth in the principle that 14 make the man — and the women. When in doubt, it’s always safe on the side of dressing slightly more 15 than the situation demands. 1．A．fashionable B．magnificent C．moderate D．inappropriate 2．A．humble B．relaxed C．subtle D．unexpected 3．A．fame B．scale C．attitude D．determination 4．A．properly B．casually C．enormously D．extremely 5．A．education B．culture C．position D．experience 6．A．emotion B．knowledge C．interest D．image 7．A．background B．information C．charm D．appearance 8．A．think B．wear C．do D．believe 9．A．In fact B．On the contrary C．In addition D．For example 10．A．material B．pattern C．taste D．personality 11．A．normal B．mental C．academic D．social 12．A．leisure B．vacation C．business D．break 13．A．invited B．dressed C．paid D．treated 14．A．clothes B．abilities C．achievements D．choices 15．A．informally B．traditionally C．personally D．adequately 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．C 6．D 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．C 11．D 12．C 13．B 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在职场环境中着装的重要性，不同公司对着装要求的不同态度，以及个人着装如何反映其环境和职位，同时给出了一些着装建议。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实是，工作中的“服装不匹配”可能会让穿着不当的人以及与他或她接触的人的一天都毁掉。A. fashionable时尚的；B. magnificent壮丽的；C. moderate适度的；D. inappropriate不适当的。根据上文“Being less than perfectly well-dressed in a business setting can result in a feeling of great discomfort”和“clothing mismatches”可知，文中谈论的是穿不恰当的服装带来的影响。故选D。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一些企业对员工有着很高的要求，并为办公着装制定了严格的指导方针，而其他企业则持更为宽松的态度。A. humble谦卑的；B. relaxed放松的，宽松的；C. subtle微妙的；D. unexpected出乎意料的。根据上文“Some businesses have very high standards for their employees and set strict guidelines office for attire”和“while others”可知，前后形成对比，一些公司对员工着装有着很高的要求，而其他公司对此持更宽松的态度。故选B。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，重要的是要记住，无论你的公司对你穿什么持什么态度，你都是在一个商业环境中工作，你应该穿着得体。A. fame名声；B. scale规模；C. attitude态度；D. determination决心。根据上文“Some businesses have very high standards for their employees and set strict guidelines for office attire, while others maintain a more 2 attitude.”和“company’s ”可知，文中说的公司对员工穿着的态度。故选C。 4．考查副词词义辨析。句意同上。A. properly适当地；B. casually随意地；C. enormously巨大地；D. extremely极其。根据上文“you are working in a business environment”和下文“Certain items may be more appropriate for evening wear than for a business meeting, just as shorts and a T-shirt are better suited for the beach than for an office environment. ”可知，商业环境与其它非正式环境不同，应该穿着得体。故选A。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你的着装应该反映出你的环境和你的职位。A. education教育；B. culture文化；C. position职位；D. experience经验。根据下文“A senior vice president has a different 6 to maintain than that of a secretary or sales assistant.”可知，着装应该反映出个人的职位。故选C。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：高级副总裁需要保持的形象与秘书或销售代表不同。A. emotion情感；B. knowledge知识；C. interest兴趣；D. image形象。根据上文“A senior vice president”和下文“than that of a secretary or sales assistant”可推知，高级副总裁与秘书或销售代表身份不同，需要保持的形象不一样。故选D。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不管你喜不喜欢，人们都会根据你的外表来评判你。A. background背景；B. information信息；C. charm魅力；D. appearance外表。根据上文“A senior vice president has a different 6 to maintain than that of a secretary or sales assistant.”和“you will be judged by”可r推知，不同身份有不同的形象，人们会根据你的外表来对你进行评判。故选D。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这一点在“便装日”表现得最为明显，此时你的穿着比任何商务套装都更能体现你的个性。A. think思考；B. wear穿；C. do做；D. believe相信。根据上文“on ‘dress-down days’”和下文“than any business suit”可知，便装日穿什么比任何商务套装都能说明你的个性。故选B。 9．考查介词短语辨析。句意：事实上，在便装日，人们会比在“商务专业”日更关注你的穿着。A. In fact事实上；B. On the contrary相反；C. In addition此外；D. For example例如。根据下文“people will pay more attention...”可知，这中揭示了一个事实，in fact用于引出与之前不一样的表述。故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，当穿着“商务休闲”服装时，试着在你的选择中融入一些好的品味。A. material材料；B. pattern模式；C. taste品味；D. personality个性。根据上文“try to put some good”和下文“For men, try wearing a neat pair of pants and buttoned shirt. For women, wear skirts or tailored pants with blouses.”可知，文中建议选择服装时要融入好的品味。故选C。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：记住，你的事业和社交生活之间是有界限的。A. normal正常的；B. mental精神的；C. academic学术的；D. social社交的。根据下文“You should dress one way for play and another way...”可知，与play相对应，指社交生活。故选D。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你玩乐的时候穿一种衣服，从事商务活动的时候穿另一种衣服。A. leisure休闲；B. vacation假期；C. business生意；D. break休息。根据上文“there are borders between your career and your 11 life.”可知，与your career相对应，指从事商务活动的时候穿另一种衣服。故选C。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：总是问自己要去哪里，以及你到达那里时其他人会穿什么。A. invited邀请；B. dressed穿着；C. paid支付；D. treated对待。根据上文“Always ask yourself where you are going”可知，要弄清楚自己去哪里，那里的其他人会穿什么。故选B。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：穿着得体，你就会发现“人靠衣装”这一原则的真谛。A. clothes衣服；B. abilities能力；C. achievements成就；D. choices选择。根据上文“Dress properly”可推知，衣着要得体，因为衣服会显示个人的个性和特征，人要靠衣装。故选A。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果有疑问，穿得比场合要求稍微正式一点总是安全的。A. informally非正式地；B. traditionally传统地，正式地；C. personally亲自地；D. adequately充分地。结合常识和上文“When in doubt”可知，在不确定的情况下，穿得比场合要求稍微正式一点总是安全的。故选B。 Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海七宝中学·期中)Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This 1 seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds says, Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be 2 for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to 3 and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams. Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students' 4 to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they 5 a successful future for themselves. "The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially 6 in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness," explains Destin. "This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when 7 difficulty.” In two almost identical laboratory experiments -- one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students (including 101 women) -- participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future 8 . After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an imitated interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to 9 a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants' body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants' 10 the academic test. The results were in agreement with the theory of identity-based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from 11 during challenging academic situations. Specifically, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action 12 compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their 13 . "Stimulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a 14 pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors," says Destin. "The findings 15 suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid." 1．A．instruction B．strategy C．challenge D．psychology 2．A．disgraceful B．shameful C．harmful D．stressful 3．A．hesitation B．intention C．depression D．decision 4．A．willingness B．options C．responses D．applications 5．A．destroy B．imagine C．abandon D．substitute 6．A．powerful B．upright C．unique D．ambitious 7．A．avoiding B．overcoming C．surrendering D．encountering 8．A．experience B．suffering C．success D．failure 9．A．design B．complete C．comment D．revise 10．A．put away B．put on C．put out D．put into 11．A．withdrawing B．transforming C．advancing D．engaging 12．A．quantity B．dullness C．readiness D．inability 13．A．fascination B．ignorance C．dilemma D．performance 14．A．tolerable B．potential C．straight D．academic 15．A．therefore B．however C．otherwise D．meanwhile 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B 6．A 7．D 8．C 9．B 10．D 11．A 12．C 13．D 14．B 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究发现想象自己的成功未来这一策略会让大学生受益。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一策略似乎对社会经济地位相对较低的女学生特别有效。A. instruction指令；B. strategy策略、战略；C. challenge挑战；D. psychology心理。空前说对自己的未来有一个清晰的认识可以激励学生在大学生活的挑战中继续前进，此处指的就是这个策略，文章最后一句话中的“strategies”也是提示，故B项正确。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：大学对一些人来说是一个很好的机会，但对另一些人来说可能会有压力。A. disgraceful可耻的；B. shameful不体面的；C. harmful有害的；D. stressful有压力的、紧张的。空后说这往往是许多学生第一次远离家人和朋友经常和熟悉的支持，社会地位较低的弱势学生往往比其他人遇到更大的经济和心理挑战，这可能导致犹豫，甚至从困难的情况下退缩，这说明大学对一些人来说可能是有压力的，故D项正确。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这可能导致犹豫，甚至从困难的情况下退缩。A. hesitation犹豫；B. intention目的；C. depression沮丧；D. decision决定。空前说社会地位较低的弱势学生往往比其他人遇到更大的经济和心理挑战，因此这可能导致他们犹豫，甚至从困难的情况下退缩，故A项正确。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Destin和他的同事们希望了解学生在展望未来时，对学术挑战的反应是否有所改善。A. willingness乐意；B. options选择；C. responses反应、回应；D. applications应用。根据空后的“to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future.”可知，他们想知道学生在展望未来时，对学术挑战的反应是否有所改善，故C项正确。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它认为，当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动。A. destroy破坏；B. imagine想象、憧憬；C. abandon放弃；D. substitute替代。空前说这个想法是建立在基于身份的动机理论的基础上的，此处是对这个理论的解释，即：当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动，故B项正确。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识。A. powerful强大的、有力量的；B. upright正直的；C. unique独特的；D. ambitious有抱负的。上文说这个理论认为当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动，所以激发对成功的未来身份的关注会特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，be powerful in表示“在……方面是有力的”，故A项正确。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这包括在遇到困难时感到准备好并能够采取适当的行动。 A. avoiding避免；B. overcoming克服；C. surrendering投降；D. encountering遇到。根据空前的“feeling ready and able to take appropriate action”可知，感到准备好并能够采取适当的行动是遇到困难时的反应，故D项正确。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：参与者首先被要求写下他们的过去或未来的成功。A. experience经历、经验；B. suffering苦难；C. success成功；D. failure失败。上文说基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，这个理论的核心就是“成功的身份”，所以参与者被要求写下他们的过去或未来的成功，故C项正确。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：经过深思熟虑后，参与者在模拟采访一位所谓讲师的过程中被拍摄下来，然后完成一次困难的学术测试。A. design设计；B. complete完成；C. comment评论；D. revise修正。根据空后说的研究团队衡量了参与者在学术测试中投入的努力程度可知，参与者需要完成一次困难的学术测试，故B项正确。 10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：研究团队记录了参与者的肢体语言是否大胆自信，并衡量了参与者在学术测试中投入的努力程度。A. put away放好；B. put on穿上；C. put out熄灭；D. put into放进、放到。根据空前的“measured the amount of effort”可知，研究团队衡量了参与者在学术测试中投入的努力程度，故D项正确。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Destin和他的团队发现，拥有一个成功的未来身份可以防止特别是来自较低社会地位背景的女学生在充满挑战的学习环境中退缩。A. withdrawing退缩、撤离；B. transforming转换；C. advancing推动；D. engaging从事。上文说基于身份的动机理论认为当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动，所以此处是说拥有一个成功的未来身份可以防止特别是来自较低社会地位背景的女学生在充满挑战的学习环境中退缩，故A项正确。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：具体来说，社会经济地位较低的女性在写自己未来身份时，比那些考虑过去身份的女性表现出更强的行动准备。A. quantity数量；B. dullness迟钝；C. readiness准备就绪、愿意；D. inability无能。上文说基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，所以社会经济地位较低的女性在写自己未来身份时，比那些考虑过去身份的女性表现出更强的行动准备，故C项正确。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这帮助她们更加努力地应对考试，并对她们的表现产生了间接影响。A. fascination魅力；B. ignorance无知；C. dilemma    困境；D. performance表现。空前说她们表现出更加自信的肢体语言，这间接影响了她们的表现，故D项正确、 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：激发想象中的成功的未来身份似乎提供了一条潜在的途径，使弱势学生能够有效应对日常压力。A. tolerable可容忍的；B. potential潜在的；C. straight直的；D. academic学术的。根据空后的“___ pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors”可知，激发想象中的成功的未来身份提供了一条使弱势学生能够有效应对日常压力的潜在途径，故B项正确。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，研究结果表明，某些学生可能会从一些策略中受益，这些策略提醒他们在完成任何困难而重要的任务之前，先想象自己成功的未来，否则他们可能会逃避这些任务。A. therefore因此；B. however然而；C. otherwise否则；D. meanwhile同时。此处总结上文，说的是这个研究结果的意义，前后是因果关系，此处表示结果，故A项正确。 【点睛】本篇第8题难度较大，对基于身份的动机理论的理解是关键，根据上文中的“The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially ___6___ in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness”可知，基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，这个理论的核心就是“成功的身份”，所以参与者被要求写下他们的过去或未来的成功，故C项正确。 主题02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海奉贤区·期中)Should You Listen to Music When You Work? Do you like to listen to music when you work? Ask this question at a party, and you’ll probably get 1 responses. Some will say they love it, claiming that it improves their performance; others will say they find it distracting (分散注意力的) and cannot work 2 with music playing in the background. Interestingly enough, our research has found that both of these viewpoints can be true. It just 3 on what sort of work you're doing. In a recent study, we brought participants into our lab to perform a variety of tasks. They included a (n) 4 task — searching through word lists and crossing out words containing the letter “a” and a more difficult task — memorizing word pairs and 5 word to its partner. Some participants completed all of the tasks in silence, 6 others completed the tasks with instrumental music that was either loud or soft, and either simple or complex, the latter meaning music with more instruments being played. Several key findings 7 from our study. We found that participants who listened to simple music or no music performed about the same on the easy task. However, participants who listened to 8 music performed best on the easy task. On the contrary, participants performed worse on the more difficult task when they listened to any music, regardless of complexity or volume, compared to those who didn’t listen to any music. How should we 1 these findings? We suggest that people have limited mental resources from which both 2 and tasks can draw. We can become 3 and our minds may wander when these resources are not fully used. But we also can become over-excited and 4 when these resources are used up. Not surprisingly, we typically need to use fewer of our mental resources when we perform easy tasks, whereas demanding tasks require more brainpower. However, because we might be less 5 during easier tasks, there’s a greater risk of drifting off. Music might give us the extra 6 we need to overcome the monotony (单调). However, difficult tasks already demand a lot of our resources. Listening to music can become too much. So best 7 should appear when we strike “sweet spot”, which may depend on the type of music and the type of task. 1．A．fixed B．similar C．positive D．various 2．A．immediately B．effectively C．exactly D．happily 3．A．carries B．focuses C．depends D．takes 4．A．easy B．familiar C．impossible D．unpleasant 5．A．realizing B．matching C．suggesting D．creating 6．A．until B．when C．since D．while 7．A．appeared B．faded C．survived D．responded 8．A．dull B．reliable C．complex D．necessary 9．A．make up for B．make up C．make use of D．make out 10．A．work B．music C．study D．culture 11．A．surprised B．proud C．afraid D．bored 12．A．interested B．worried C．attracted D．distracted 13．A．engaged B．embarrassed C．frightened D．disgusted 14．A．push B．obstacle C．opportunity D．rule 15．A．action B．performance C．programme D．problem 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．B 6．D 7．A 8．C 9．D 10．B 11．D 12．D 13．A 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了听音乐对工作的影响取决于工作类型。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在聚会上问这个问题，你可能会得到各种各样的回答。A. fixed固定的；B. similar相似的；C. positive积极的；D. various各种各样的。根据后文“Some will say they love it, claiming that it improves their performance; others will say they find it distracting (分散注意力的) and cannot work  ___2___  with music playing in the background.”可知，对于工作时是否听音乐，人们的回答是各种各样的。故选D。 2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：其他人会说他们觉得这会分散注意力，在背景中播放音乐时无法有效工作。A. immediately立即；B. effectively有效地；C. exactly恰好地；D. happily快乐地。根据前文“others will say they find it distracting”可知，有些人认为听音乐会影响工作，即无法有效地工作。故选B。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这取决于你在做什么样的工作。A. carries携带；B. focuses集中；C. depends取决于；D. takes带走。根据前文“Interestingly enough, our research has found that both of these viewpoints can be true.”可知，两种观点都可能正确，取决于做的工作类型。故选C。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们包括一项简单的任务——在单词列表中搜索并划掉包含字母“a”的单词，以及一项更困难的任务——记忆单词对并将单词与其搭档匹配。A. easy简单的；B. familiar熟悉的；C. impossible不可能的；D. unpleasant不愉快的。根据后文“a more difficult task”可知，此处指简单的任务。故选A。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们包括一项简单的任务——在单词列表中搜索并划掉包含字母“a”的单词，以及一项更困难的任务——记忆词对并将单词与其搭档匹配。A. realizing意识到；B. matching匹配；C. suggesting建议；D. creating创造。根据前文“memorizing word pairs”可知，是记住词对并进行匹配。故选B。 6．考查连词词义辨析。句意：一些参与者在安静中完成了所有任务，而另一些参与者则在响亮或柔和、简单或复杂的器乐声中完成了任务，后者意味着演奏了更多乐器的音乐。A. until直到；B. when当……时候；C. since自从；D. while然而。根据前文“Some participants completed all of the tasks in silence”和后文“others completed the tasks with instrumental music”可知，这里是在对比两种不同的情况，一些人在沉默中完成任务，而另一些人在有音乐的情况下完成任务。表示“对比”应用连词while。故选D。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们的研究得出了几个关键发现。A. appeared出现；B. faded褪色；C. survived幸存；D. responded回应。根据后文“from our study”可知，从研究中出现了几个关键发现。appear from表示“从……中出现”。故选A。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，听复杂音乐的参与者在简单任务上表现最好。A. dull迟钝的；B. reliable可靠的；C. complex复杂的；D. necessary必要的。根据前文“We found that participants who listened to simple music or no music performed about the same on the easy task.”和转折词However可知，此处指听复杂音乐的参与者在简单任务上表现最好。故选C。 9．考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们应该如何理解这些发现？A. make up for弥补；B. make up组成；编造；C. make use of利用；D. make out理解；辨认出。根据后文“these findings”以及下文对这些发现的解释可知，这里问的是如何理解这些发现。故选D。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们认为，人们的精神资源有限，音乐和任务都可以从中汲取。A. work工作；B. music音乐；C. study学习；D. culture文化。根据本句“We suggest that people have limited mental resources from which both …and tasks can draw.”可知，此处指音乐和任务都可以从有限的精神资源中汲取。故选B。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当这些资源没有被充分利用时，我们可能会感到无聊，我们的思想可能会走神。A. surprised惊讶的；B. proud自豪的；C. afraid害怕的；D. bored无聊的。根据后文“our minds may wander when these resources are not fully used”可知，资源没被充分利用时会感到无聊。故选D。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是，当这些资源耗尽时，我们也可能会变得过于兴奋和分心。A. interested感兴趣的；B. worried担心的；C. attracted被吸引的；D. distracted分心的。根据 前文“become over-excited”以及前文提到音乐可能会分散注意力可知，资源耗尽时会过度兴奋和分心。故选D。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，因为我们在更简单的任务中可能不太投入，所以更容易走神。A. engaged忙碌的；投入的；B. embarrassed尴尬的；C. frightened害怕的；D. disgusted厌恶的。根据后文“there’s a greater risk of drifting off”可知，在更简单的任务中可能不太投入，所以更容易走神。故选A。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：音乐可能会给我们额外的推动，以克服单调。A. push推动；B. obstacle障碍；C. opportunity机会；D. rule规则。根据后文“we need to overcome the monotony”可知，此处指音乐可以给人额外的推动来克服单调。故选A。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以，当我们达到“最佳点”时，最好的表现应该会出现，这可能取决于音乐的类型和任务的类型。A. action行动；B. performance表现；C. programme节目；D. problem问题。根据前文“However, participants who listened to  ___8___  music performed best on the easy task.”可知，这里说的是找到平衡点时会有最佳表现。故选B。 Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海交通大学附属中学·期中)The scientific Nobel prizes have always, in their way, 1 human intelligence. This year, for the first time, the transformative 2 of artificial intelligence (AI) has been recognized as well. That recognition began on Tuesday October 8th 2024, when Sweden’s Royal Academy of Science awarded the physics prize to John Hopfield of Princeton University and Geoffrey Hinton of the University of Toronto for computer-science 3 essential to the development of many of today’s most powerful AI models. The next day, the developers of one such model also 4 the call from Stockholm. Demis Hassabis and John Jumper from DeepMind, Google’s AI company, received one half of the chemistry prize for their development of AlphaFold, a program 5 of predicting three-dimensional protein structure, a long-standing grand challenge in biochemistry. The prize’s other half went to David Baker, a biochemist at the University of Washington, for his computer-aided work designing new proteins. The AI focus was not the only thing this year’s Nobel Prize announcements had 6 . In both cases, the research being awarded would be seen as being outside the area of the prize-giving committees (AI research is computer science; protein research arguably counts as biology). Such flexibility is not unprecedented. In 1973 three pioneering students of animal behaviour, who worked on honeybees, geese, and sticklebacks, 7 , were categorized into the physiology field. Both researchers did their crucial work in the early 1980s. Dr Hopfield was responsible for what has become known as the Hopfield network—a type of artificial neural (神经的) network that 8 like a physical structure called a “spin glass”, which gave the academy a tenuous reason to call the field “physics”. Dr Hinton’s 9 was to use an algorithm (算法) to train neural networks. Artificial neural networks are computer programs 10 on the way in which real, biological networks of nerve cells or neurons are believed to work. In particular, the strengths of the connections (known as weights) between “nodes” (the equivalent of neurons) in such networks can be 11 . It is this nature of being able to be remodelled that gives a network the ability to 12 information differently in response to past performance; or, in other words, to learn. Hopfield networks, in which each node is connected to every other except itself, are particularly good at learning to 13 patterns from raw or noisy data. It is the activities of these two researchers which have made machine learning really sing. AI models can now not only learn, but 14 (or, for skepticism, reorganize in a most sophisticated manner). Such tools have thus gone from being able to perform highly 15 tasks to general jobs like writing essays for lazy undergraduates. 1．A．boosted B．attached C．supported D．honored 2．A．coverage B．potential C．distribution D．consultation 3．A．frequencies B．destinations C．breakthroughs D．foundations 4．A．missed B．received C．rejected D．anticipated 5．A．capable B．decent C．dynamic D．confident 6．A．for sure B．in doubt C．in common D．at odds 7．A．on the contrary B．as a result C．in particular D．for example 8．A．behaves B．infers C．facilitates D．formats 9．A．capacity B．explanation C．contribution D．failure 10．A．based B．launched C．expanded D．evaluated 11．A．reversed B．reshaped C．relieved D．refined 12．A．dominate B．establish C．process D．entitle 13．A．extract B．break C．connect D．interrupt 14．A．copy B．create C．repeat D．exist 15．A．chaotic B．common C．contradictory D．specific 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．A 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．A 14．B 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了2024年诺贝尔科学奖首次认可AI变革潜力，多位科学家因相关突破获奖，体现奖项灵活性，AI已从处理特定任务迈向通用领域。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：科学领域的诺贝尔奖一直以来都在以自己的方式表彰人类的智慧。A. boosted促进；B. attached附加；C. supported支持；D. honored表彰。根据上文“The scientific Nobel prizes”可知，诺贝尔科学奖的本质是表彰人类智慧，故选D。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：今年，人工智能（AI）的变革潜力首次得到了认可。A. coverage新闻报道；B. potential潜能；C. distribution分发；D. consultation咨询。根据后文“of artificial intelligence (AI) has been recognized as well”指人工智能的变革性潜力被认可，“potential”（潜力）与“transformative”呼应，体现AI的发展前景。故选B。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一认可始于2024年10月8日星期二，当时瑞典皇家科学院将物理学奖授予了普林斯顿大学的约翰·霍普菲尔德和多伦多大学的杰弗里·辛顿，以表彰他们在计算机科学领域取得的突破性成果，这些成果对于当今许多最强大的人工智能模型的发展至关重要。A. frequencies频率；B. destinations目的地；C. breakthroughs突破；D. foundations基础。根据后文“essential to the development of many of today’s most powerful AI models”指两位科学家的贡献是计算机科学领域的突破，对AI模型发展至关重要，故选C。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：第二天，其中一款模型的开发者也接到了来自斯德哥尔摩的电话。A. missed错过；B. received收到；C. rejected拒绝；D. anticipated预期。前文提到Hopfield和Hinton获奖，此处承接 “第二天，某模型开发者也‘收到’斯德哥尔摩的来电（即获奖）”，“received”与前文“awarded”呼应，符合逻辑。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：来自谷歌人工智能公司DeepMind的德米斯·哈萨比斯和约翰·贾默因开发出“阿尔法折叠”程序而共同获得化学奖的一半奖金，该程序能够预测蛋白质的三维结构，这是生物化学领域长期以来的一个重大难题。A. capable有能力的；B. decent体面的；C. dynamic动态的；D. confident自信的。根据后文“of predicting three-dimensional protein structure, a long-standing grand challenge in biochemistry”指程序能够预测蛋白质结构，“be capable of”为固定搭配，意为“能够”，故选A。 6．考查介词短语辨析。句意：今年诺贝尔奖的获奖成果所共有的并非仅仅是人工智能这一主题。A. for sure确定地；B. in doubt怀疑地；C. in common共同的；D. at odds不同意彼此。后文“In both cases, the research being awarded would be seen as being outside the area of the prize-giving committees (AI research is computer science; protein research arguably counts as biology).”指出两项研究均超出传统奖项范畴，说明这是今年诺奖的“共同点”，故选C。 7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，在1973年，三位研究动物行为的开创性学者（他们分别研究蜜蜂、鹅和棘鱼）被归入了生理学领域。A. on the contrary相反；B. as a result因此；C. in particular特别；D. for example例如。前文“Such flexibility is not unprecedented.”提到这种灵活性并非前所未有，此处以1973年的例子佐证，“for example”（例如）符合举例逻辑。故选D。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：霍普菲尔德博士负责开发了后来被称为“霍普菲尔德网络”的一种人工神经网络，这种网络的运作方式类似于一种被称为“自旋玻璃”的物理结构，这使得该学院有了一点理由将这一领域称为“物理学”。A. behaves表现，行动；B. infers推断；C. facilitates促进；D. formats格式。根据后文“like a physical structure called a “spin glass””指Hopfield 网络表现得像物理结构“自旋玻璃”，“behaves”（表现）描述其特性，故选A。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：希顿博士的贡献在于他利用一种算法来训练神经网络。A. capacity能力；B. explanation解释；C. contribution贡献；D. failure失败。根据后文“use an algorithm to train neural networks”可知，Hinton博士的贡献是用算法训练神经网络，“contribution”（贡献）对应科研成就。故选C。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人工神经网络是基于真实生物神经细胞或神经元网络的运作方式而设计的计算机程序。A. based基于；B. launched启动；C. expanded扩大；D. evaluated评估。根据后文“on the way in which real, biological networks of nerve cells or neurons are believed to work”可知，人工神经网络基于生物神经网络的工作原理，“be based on”为固定搭配，意为“基于”，故选A。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：特别是，此类网络中“节点”（相当于神经元）之间连接的强度（即所谓的权重）是可以被重新调整的。A. reversed逆转；B. reshaped重塑；C. relieved安慰；D. refined改进。后文提到“being able to be remodelled”（可重塑），此处“reshaped”（重塑）与之呼应，指网络节点连接强度可被改变，故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：正是这种可被重新构建的特性，使网络能够根据过往的表现对信息进行不同的处理；换句话说，就是能够“学习”。A. dominate控制；B. establish建立；C. process处理；D. entitle授权。根据后文“information differently in response to past performance”指网络通过重塑处理信息，以响应过往表现，“process”（处理）符合计算机领域对信息的操作描述。故选C。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：霍普菲尔德网络中，每个节点都与其他节点（自身除外）相连，这种网络特别擅长从原始或有噪声的数据中学习提取模式。A. extract提取；B. break打破；C. connect联系；D. interrupt打断。根据后文“patterns from raw or noisy data”可知，Hopfield网络擅长从原始或嘈杂数据中提取模式，“extract”（提取）符合数据处理逻辑。故选A。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如今，人工智能模型不仅能学习，还能创造（或者，对于持怀疑态度的人来说，也能以极其复杂的方式重新组织）。A. copy复制；B. create创造；C. repeat重复；D. exist存在。根据上文“AI models can now not only learn, but”可知，AI 模型不仅能学习，还能创造（或重组信息），“create”（创造）体现AI的高级能力，与“sophisticated manner”呼应。故选B。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，这类工具的功能已从能够执行极其特定的任务，发展到了诸如为懒惰的大学生撰写论文这类一般性的工作。A. chaotic混乱的；B. common共同的；C. contradictory矛盾的；D. specific特别的。根据后文“tasks to general jobs”可知，AI工具从能执行特定任务发展到处理通用工作（如写论文），“specific”（特定的）与“general”（通用的）形成对比，符合发展逻辑。故选D。 Passage 3 (24-25高一上·上海育才中学·期中)The term culture now is used to describe everything from the fine arts to the outlook of a business group or a sports team. In its original sense, however, culture 1 all identifying aspects of an ethnic (民族的) group, nation, or empire: its physical environment, history, and traditions; its social rules and economic structure; its religious beliefs and arts. The central beliefs and customs of a group are handed down from one generation to another. It is for this reason that most people regarded culture as 2 rather than inborn. People acquire a culture; they are not 3 with one. The process by which a person develops a 4 for regional foods, or an outlook on the world over time, 5 , is known as enculturation (文化适应). Cultures are often identified by their 6 — images that are familiar and have meanings. Totem (图腾) poles carved with animal and creative figures suggests aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest but more accurately 7 specific families. In Asia and India, the color of yellow is identified with Buddhist and Hindu priests; in ancient China it was a color only for the family of the 8 Thus, different cultures may respond to a symbol quite 9 . For example, to some a flag may represent pride, historical accomplishments, or ideals; to others, 10 , it can be an danger or oppression. To individuals unfamiliar with cultures outside their own, the beliefs, behaviors, and artistic expression of other groups can seem 11 and even threatening. A society that 12 all other cultures with its own standards is said to be ethnocentric (民族优越感的). A strongly ethnocentric society assumes also that what is different from its own culture is likely to be 13 and, possibly, wrong or evil. All people are ethnocentric to some degree, and aspects of ethnocentrism, such as national pride, 14 a well-functioning society. An appreciation for one’s own culture, however, does not preclude (排除) acceptance and respect for another culture. History documents the long-term vigor and success of multicultural groups in which people from numerous and diverse cultural backgrounds live and work together. Ethnocentrism, 15 , can lead to racism — the belief that it is race and ethnic origin that account for variations in human character or ability and that one’s own race is superior to all others. 1．A．benefits B．involves C．attracts D．neglects 2．A．learned B．created C．developed D．inherited 3．A．supplied B．exchanged C．carried D．born 4．A．style B．taste C．method D．culture 5．A．therefore B．besides C．otherwise D．nevertheless 6．A．religions B．symbols C．arts D．traditions 7．A．make up B．take over C．stand for D．bring up 8．A．minister B．maid C．prisoner D．emperor 9．A．appropriately B．positively C．differently D．similarly 10．A．furthermore B．however C．thus D．also 11．A．national B．normal C．pleasant D．strange 12．A．removes B．ranks C．controls D．abandons 13．A．inferior B．productive C．traditional D．industrial 14．A．belong to B．refer to C．turn to D．contribute to 15．A．in contrast B．in particular C．as a result D．on the whole 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．D 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．B 13．A 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了文化的含义、特点以及文化适应、文化多元性和民族优越感等相关内容。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，从其原始意义上来说，文化包含一个民族、国家或帝国的所有可识别的方面：其自然环境、历史和传统；其社会规则和经济结构；其宗教信仰和艺术。A. benefits有益于；B. involves包含；C. attracts吸引；D. neglects忽视。根据后文“all identifying aspects of an ethnic (民族的) group, nation, or empire: its physical environment, history, and traditions; its social rules and economic structure; its religious beliefs and arts”可知，这些是文化这一概念所包含的内容。故选B项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：正因为如此，大多数人认为文化是后天学习的，而不是天生的。A. learned学习；B. created创造；C. developed发展；D. inherited继承。根据前文“handed down from one generation to another”和后文“People acquire a culture”可知，文化是从一代传到另一代的，即文化是后天学习到的。故选A项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们获得文化；他们不是天生就有的。A. supplied供应；B. exchanged交换；C. carried携带；D. born出生。根据前文“rather than inborn”和“People acquire a culture”可知，人们不是天生就带有文化。故选D项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个人随着时间的推移对地区性食物的品味或对世界的看法的发展过程，被称为文化适应。A. style风格；B. taste品味；C. method方法；D. culture文化。根据前文“The process by which a person develops”和后文“for regional foods”可知，指对食物品味的形成过程。故选B项。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，一个人随着时间的推移对地区性食物的品味或对世界的看法的发展过程，被称为文化适应。A. therefore因此；B. besides此外；C. otherwise否则；D. nevertheless然而。根据前文“People acquire a culture”和后文“known as enculturation”可知，文化是通过学习获得的，所以人们获得文化的过程就是适应的过程，被称为文化适应，前后文之间是因果关系。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化通常通过其符号来识别——这些符号是熟悉的，并且有意义。A. religions宗教；B. symbols符号；C. arts艺术；D. traditions传统。根据后文“images that are familiar and have meanings”和“Totem (图腾) poles carved with animal and creative figures suggests aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest”可知，通过符号来识别文化。故选B项。 7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：刻有动物和创意人物的图腾柱表明了太平洋西北地区美洲原住民的一些方面，但更准确地代表了特定的家族。A. make up组成；B. take over接管；C. stand for代表；D. bring up抚养。根据前文“Totem (图腾) poles carved with animal and creative figures suggests aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest”可知，图腾柱能表明太平洋西北地区美洲原住民的一些方面，所以此处指图腾柱更准确地代表了特定的家族。故选C项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在亚洲和印度，黄色与佛教和印度教祭司有关；在中国古代，它是皇帝家族专用的颜色。A. minister部长；B. maid女仆；C. prisoner囚犯；D. emperor皇帝。根据后文“Thus, different cultures may respond to a symbol quite 9 .”可知，不同文化对同一符号的反应可能不同，结合常识可知，此处举例说明，在中国古代黄色是皇帝家族专用的颜色。故选D项。 9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，不同文化对同一符号的反应可能截然不同。A. appropriately适当地；B. positively积极地；C. differently不同地；D. similarly相似地。根据前文举例可知在亚洲和印度，黄色与佛教和印度教祭司有关，而在中国古代，黄色是皇帝家族专用的颜色，说明不同文化对同一符号的反应可能不同。故选C项。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：例如，对一些人来说，旗帜可能代表骄傲、历史成就或理想；然而，对其他人来说，它可能意味着危险或压迫。A. furthermore而且；B. however然而；C. thus因此；D. also也。根据前文“to some a flag may represent pride, historical accomplishments, or ideals”和后文“it can mean danger or oppression”可知，前后文之间为转折关系，所以应用however连接。故选B项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于不熟悉自身以外文化的人来说，其他群体的信仰、行为和艺术表达可能看起来很奇怪，甚至具有威胁性。A. national国家的；B. normal正常的；C. pleasant愉快的；D. strange奇怪的。根据前文“unfamiliar with cultures outside their own”可知，对其他群体的文化不熟悉，所以它们会看起来很奇怪。故选D项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个用自己的标准来给所有其他文化分等级的社会被认为具有民族优越感。A. removes移除；B. ranks把……分等级；C. controls控制；D. abandons抛弃。根据后文“with its own standards”可知，用自己的标准来衡量所有其他文化；rank...with...为固定短语，意为“用……给……分等级”。故选B项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个强烈民族优越感的社会也假设，与其自身文化不同的东西很可能是低劣的，而且可能是错误的或邪恶的。A. inferior低劣的；B. productive多产的；C. traditional传统的；D. industrial工业的。根据后文“and, possibly, wrong or evil”可知，有强烈民族优越感的社会会认为与其自身文化不同的东西是低劣的。故选A项。 14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：所有人在一定程度上都是民族优越的，民族优越感的某些方面，如民族自豪感，对社会的良好运转做出了贡献。A. belong to属于；B. refer to参考；C. turn to转向；D. contribute to有助于。根据前文“All people are ethnocentric”和后文“a well-functioning society”可推知，民族优越感对社会的良好运转做出了贡献。故选D项。 15．考查介词短语辨析。句意：相反，民族优越感可能导致种族主义——认为种族和民族起源是人类性格或能力差异的原因，并且认为自己的种族优于其他所有种族。A. in contrast相比之下；B. in particular特别；C. as a result结果；D. on the whole总的来说。前文“All people are ethnocentric to some degree, and aspects of ethnocentrism, such as national pride, 14 a well-functioning society.”说明民族优越感对社会的良好运转做出了贡献，后文“can lead to racism — the belief that it is race and ethnic origin that account for variations in human character or ability and that one’s own race is superior to all others.”讲民族主义会导致种族主义，前后文之间形成对比关系，所以应用in contrast连接。故选A项。 主题03人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高一上·上海普陀区·期中)Hailing from Sweden, “plogging” is a fitness craze that sees participants pick up plastic litter while jogging adding a virtuous, environmentally driven element to the sport. Plogging appears to have started around 2016, but is now going global, due to increasing awareness and 1 over plastic levels in the ocean. The appeal of plogging is its 2 —all you need is running gear and a bin bag, and the feeling of getting fit while supporting a good cause. By adding regular squats(蹲) to pick up junk and carrying 3 to jogging. we can assume the health benefits are increased. Running and good causes have always gone 4 — just think of all the fundraising marathon runners do. But there couldn’t be a more on-trend way of keeping fit than plogging. Anything that’s getting people out in nature and connecting 5 with their environment is a good thing, says Lizzie Carr, an environmentalist who helped set up Plastic Patrol, a nationwide campaign to 6 our inland waterways of plastic pollution. There’s been a real 7 in the public mindset around plastics, helped by things like Blue Planet highlighting how disastrous the crisis is,” she says. We need to keep momentum high and the pressure up, and empower people through 8 like plogging and Plastic Patrol. The plastic Patrol app allows users to 9 plastic anywhere in the world by collecting discarded items, photographing them and 10 to the app, giving us a better knowledge of what sorts of plastic and which brands are being thrown out. “I’d urge all ploggers to get involved,” adds Carr. Plogging isn’t the first fitness trend to combine running with a good cause, Here are some of our favourites: Good Gym Its idea is simple: go for a run, visit an elderly person, have a chat and some tea, and run back. 11 among the elderly is a growing problem in the UK. With over 10,000 runs so far, 12 , Good Gym is finding a solution. Guide Running Guide runners volunteer their time to helping blind people get 13 . By linking themselves together, the 14 —impaired individual can feel safe while both work of a sweat. 15 for the Homeless Start-up Stuart Delivery and the Church Housing Trust collaborated last year in bringing clothing and healthy food to the homeless. Deliveries are mostly made by bike, so those who deliver keep fit while helping rough sleepers(无家可归者). 1．A．satisfaction B．hesitation C．fear D．control 2．A．complexity B．simplicity C．instrument D．expense 3．A．substance B．responsibility C．value D．weight 4．A．one on one B．head to toe C．hand in hand D．on and off 5．A．positively B．neutrally C．objectively D．fairly 6．A．accuse B．rid C．assure D．rob 7．A．shift B．interest C．aid D．delight 8．A．motives B．performances C．exercises D．initiatives 9．A．eliminate B．map C．seek D．degrade 10．A．leading B．devoting C．ending D．uploading 11．A．Disappointment B．Tiredness C．Sickness D．Loneliness 12．A．therefore B．moreover C．however D．instead 13．A．excited B．ready C．active D．smart 14．A．visually B．audibly C．visibly D．sensibly 15．A．Running B．Plogging C．Driving D．Cycling 【答案】 1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．D 11．D 12．C 13．C 14．A 15．D 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了拾荒慢跑和其他几项把锻炼和公益结合起来的运动方式。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但由于人们对海洋中的塑料含量越来越敏感和恐惧，拾荒慢跑正在走向全球。A. satisfaction满意；B. hesitation犹豫；C. fear害怕、恐惧；D. control控制。上文说拾荒慢跑是在跑步的同时捡塑料垃圾，因此世界各地的人参与到这项运动中来是因为他们对海洋中越来越多的塑料感到敏感和恐惧，故C项正确。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：拾荒慢跑的吸引力在于它的简单（简易行），你所需要的只是跑步装备和垃圾袋，以及在支持一项公益事业的同时获得健康的感觉。A. complexity复杂性；B. simplicity简单、简易；C. instrument仪器；D. expense开支。根据破折号后的解释说明可知，拾荒慢跑的吸引力在于它的简单（简易行），故B项正确。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过经常下蹲来捡垃圾和负重慢跑，我们锻炼身体的效果也增强了。A. substance实质；B. responsibility责任；C. value价值；D. weight重量。带着捡起来的垃圾一起跑自然是在跑步的同时负重，故D项正确。 4．考查介词短语辨析。句意：跑步和公益事业总是相辅相成的，想想马拉松选手们的筹款活动就知道了。A. one on one一对一；B. head to toe从头到脚；C. hand in hand手拉手、相辅相成；D. on and off断断续续。根据空后所说的马拉松选手们通过跑马拉松来筹款可知，跑步和公益事业是相辅相成的，故C项正确。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：任何能让人们融入大自然并与周围环境保持积极联系的事情都是件好事。A. positively积极地；B. neutrally中立地；C. objectively客观地；D. fairly公平地。根据空前的“getting people out in nature”可知此处指“让人们融入大自然并与周围环境保持积极联系”，故A项正确。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：利齐·卡尔是一个环保主义者，他帮助发起塑料侦查运动，它是一项全国性的运动，旨在消除我们内陆水域的塑料污染。A. accuse控告；B. rid摆脱、去掉；C. assure担保；D. rob抢夺。塑料侦查运动的目的自然是要消除塑料污染，故B项正确。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：公众对塑料的观念有了真正的转变，这得益于《蓝色星球》等影片突显出这场危机的灾难性。A. shift转变；B. interest兴趣；C. aid援助；D. delight高兴。《蓝色星球》等影片突显出这场危机的灾难性，这让公众对塑料的观念有了真正的转变，故A项正确。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们需要保持良好的势头，让人们感受到环保的压力，并通过拾荒慢跑和塑料侦查等举措（活动）让人们切实参与进来。A. motives动机；    B. performances表演；C. exercises锻炼；D. initiatives举措。根据上文的介绍可知，拾荒慢跑和塑料侦查是清除塑料污染的两个举措（活动），故D项正确。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这款名为“塑料侦查”的应用程序能让全球的用户把收集的废弃塑料标注在地图上、用户可以拍照上传，让我们更好地了解哪些塑料以及哪些品牌正在被丢弃。A. eliminate消除；B. map在地图上标注；C. seek寻找；D. degrade贬低。根据空后的“plastic anywhere in the world by collecting discarded items, photographing them and 　　10　　 to the app”可知，“塑料侦查”能让全球的用户把收集的废弃塑料标注在地图上、用户可以拍照上传，故B项正确。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. leading导致；B. devoting致力于；C. ending结束；D. uploading上传。根据空前的“photographing them”可知，用户拍完照后把照片上传到应用程序上，故D项正确。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在英国，老年人的孤独感是一个日益严重的问题。但目前随着超过一万人参加这项跑步活动，“好健身”找到了解决之道。A. Disappointment失望；B. Tiredness劳累；C. Sickness虚弱；D. Loneliness孤独、寂寞。根据常识可知，孤独感是老年人面临的一大严重问题，故D项正确。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意同上。A. therefore因此；B. moreover此外；C. however然而；D. instead相反。根据句意可知前后是转折关系，故C项正确。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：导盲跑者自愿抽出时间帮助盲人活动起来（参与体育活动），通过将他们联系在一起，视力受损的人可以感到安全。A. excited兴奋的；B. ready准备好的；C. active活跃的、活动的；D. smart聪明的。根据常识可知，盲人是无法独自进行跑步这样的活动的，而导盲跑者可以帮助他们参与体育活动，故C项正确。 14．考查副词词义辨析。句意同上。A. visually视觉上；B. audibly听觉上；C. visibly明显地；D. sensibly明显地。根据常识可知，盲人在视力上受损，故A项正确。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为无家可归者骑行。A. Running跑步；B. Plogging拾荒慢跑；    C. Driving驾驶；D. Cycling骑行。本段主要讲的是去年，Stuart Delivery和Church Housing Trust合作，为无家可归者提供衣物和健康食品，送货大多是骑自行车，所以送货的人在帮助无家可归者的同时保持健康，因此此处是指“为无家可归者骑行”，故D项正确。 【点睛】在完形填空的解题过程中，破折号后起解释说明或举例说明的句子往往是重要线索，例如本篇第2空，根据破折号后的“all you need is running gear and a bin bag, and the feeling of getting fit while supporting a good cause.”可知，你所需要的只是跑步装备和垃圾袋，以及在支持一项公益事业的同时获得健康的感觉，这是对空处的解释说明，旨在说明拾荒慢跑的吸引力在于它很简单，没有太多繁琐的要求，故B项simplicity正确。 Passage 2 (24-25高一上·上海卢湾中学·期中)What do you know about fashion? The fashion industry, which has become one of the most 1 to the planet, is having a moment of punishment. But which changes make a difference, and which ones just 2 in the wash? In fact, the fashion industry is second only to the oil industry, the most environmentally unfriendly industry. A friend of mine 3 an antique clothes store in the north of London. Business has been good for many years, which makes her acquire a large fortune. Every few weeks, she visits a vast storehouse on the edge of the city to go through piles of clothing. Most of it is 4 , but if you know what you are looking for, there are raw diamonds. The storehouse has a long history. It was once a clearing house for the low-quality wool scraps(碎料) that were used to make cheap clothing for the 5 in Victorian Britain. A century on, 6 has changed. Nowadays, it is full of modern-day inferior products, all 7 cheap clothing made for the masses around the world. Except that this stuff is going to be burned or buried, not being reused. The items are the products of an industry that, in the past 30 years, has become one of the most successful and also most 8 on the planet. Known as fast fashion, it has filled our wardrobes(衣柜) with cheap and cheerful clothes. But after three decades of continuous growth, the model is in 9 with fundamental environmental limits and there is widespread agreement – even from within the industry – that it is time to 10 . Otherwise, “Fast fashion” creates a mountain of unsellable, cheap clothing that ends up in a terrible place. “The fashion industry represents a key environmental 11 ,” says Kirsi Niinimäki at Aalto University in Espoo, Finland. “Eventually, the long-term stability of the fashion industry 12 the total abandonment of the fast-fashion model.” Like fast food, fast fashion is all about instant 13 on the cheap. One wonders: What can we do about it? Don’t you have any clothes on? It’s not that 14 . More importantly, don’t waste, learn to control your desires and 15 falling into this “Fast fashion” lifestyle. As the guardian columnist Lucy Seagal once said, the “Fast fashion” industry is profit-driven, but consumers who have experienced “over-consumption” will naturally grow tired of it, and the market will have its choice. 1．A．convincing B．interesting C．confusing D．damaging 2．A．carry out B．come out C．set out D．break out 3．A．builds B．runs C．supports D．controls 4．A．expensive B．useless C．worthless D．attractive 5．A．businessmen B．children C．locals D．masses 6．A．little B．few C．much D．many 7．A．on behalf of B．in the form of C．for the sake of D．in terms of 8．A．effective B．destructive C．preventive D．alternative 9．A．quarrel B．argument C．fight D．conflict 10．A．tell the truth B．hit the brakes C．pave the way D．break the ice 11．A．threat B．effect C．problem D．protection 12．A．results from B．consists of C．brings about D．relies on 13．A．ambition B．action C．satisfaction D．attraction 14．A．far B．extreme C．bad D．complex 15．A．enjoy B．imagine C．miss D．avoid 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C 5．D 6．C 7．B 8．B 9．D 10．B 11．A 12．D 13．C 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了时尚行业已经成为地球上最具有破坏性的行业之一，是仅次于石油行业的最不环保的行业，现在正面临惩罚。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：时尚行业已经成为地球上最具有破坏性的行业之一，现在正面临惩罚。A. convincing说服；B. interesting使感兴趣；C. confusing混淆；D. damaging破坏。根据后文“In fact, the fashion industry is second only to the oil industry, the most environmentally unfriendly industry.”可知时尚行业对地球具有破坏性。故选D项。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在这个冲刷的过程中,但是哪些变化会产生影响呢？哪些会脱颖而出？A. carry out执行；B. come out出来；C. set out出发；D. break out爆发。根据上文“The fashion industry, which has become one of the most  ____1____  to the planet, is having a moment of punishment. But which changes make a difference”可知时尚行业已经成为地球上最具有破坏性的行业之一，在这个冲刷过程中，要么留下来，站住脚，要么被淘汰。故选B项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的一个朋友在伦敦北部经营一家古董服装店。A. builds构建；B. runs经营；C. supports支撑；D. controls控制。根据后文“Business has been good for many years, which makes her acquire a large fortune.”可知这个朋友是经营服装店的。故选B项。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：大部分是毫无价值的。A. expensive昂贵的；B. useless无用的；C. worthless没有价值的；D. attractive有吸引力的。根据后文的“but if you know what you are looking for, there are raw diamonds.”可知此处和diamonds形成对比，表示“虽然看起来毫无价值”。故选C项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在维多利亚时代的英国，它曾经是为大众制造廉价服装的劣质羊毛废料的清理场。A. businessmen商人；B. children儿童；C. locals当地人；D. masses群众。根据后文的“all_7_ cheap clothing made for the masses around the world.”可知，此处是the masses同义词再现。故选D项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个世纪过去了，已经发生了许多改变。A. little小的；B. few很少的；C. much很多（不可数名词）；D. many许多（可数名词复数）。根据后文的“Nowadays, it is full of modern-day inferior products, all  ____7____  cheap clothing made for the masses around the world”可知发生了许多改变，应使用much。故选C项。 7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：如今，这里充斥着现代的劣质产品，所有的廉价服装都是为世界各地的大众制造的。A. on behalf of代表；B. in the form of以……的形式；C. for the sake of为了；D. in terms of在……方面。根据上文“Nowadays, it is full of modern-day inferior products”所有的这些服饰都是“以廉价服装的形式”生产出来的。故选B项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这个行业已经成为世界上最成功也是最具破坏性的行业之一。A. effective有效的；B. destructive破坏性的；C. preventive预防性的；D. alternative可供替代的。根据前文“The fashion industry, which has become one of the most  ____1____  to the planet, is having a moment of punishment”以及后文“But after three decades of continuous growth, the model is in  ____9____  with fundamental environmental limits”可知虽然服装成功地占据了人们的衣柜，但是对环境造成的影响是破坏性的。故选B项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但经过三十年的持续增长，该模式与基本环境限制相冲突，而且业界普遍认为，是时候踩刹车了。A. quarrel争吵；B. argument论点；C. fight战斗；D. conflict冲突。根据后文“there is widespread agreement – even from within the industry – that it is time to  ____10____ . Otherwise, “Fast fashion” creates a mountain of unsellable, cheap clothing that ends up in a terrible place”可知时尚行业的快速发展和环境保护有冲突。故选D项。 10．考查动词短语辨析。句意同上题。A. tell the truth.说实话；B. hit the brakes踩下制动器；C. pave the way铺设道路；D. break the ice打破僵局。根据后文“Otherwise, ‘Fast fashion’ creates a mountain of unsellable, cheap clothing that ends up in a terrible place”可知是时候停止时尚行业这样的快速发展。故选B项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：时尚产业代表了一个关键的环境威胁。A. threat威胁；B. effect效果；C. problem问题；D. protection保护。根据前文“Otherwise, ‘Fast fashion’ creates a mountain of unsellable, cheap clothing that ends up in a terrible place.”可知快时尚产业对环境造成造成的影响已经不仅仅是环境问题那么简单，已经严重到成为一个巨大的威胁。故选A项。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：最终，时尚行业的长期稳定依赖于对快速时尚模式的彻底抛弃。A. results from由……产生；B. consists of由……组成；C. brings about导致；D. relies on依赖。根据下文“ the total abandonment of the fast-fashion model.”可知，时尚行业的长期稳定依赖于对快速时尚模式的彻底抛弃。故选D项。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：和快餐一样，快速时尚也都是廉价的即时满足感。A. ambition野心；B. action动作；C. satisfaction满足；D. attraction吸引力。根据下文“learn to control your desires and _15_falling into this ‘Fast fashion’ lifestyle”可知这种欲望得到廉价的满足。故选C项。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们能做些什么？你没有穿衣服吗？不是那么糟糕。A. far远的；B. extreme极端的；C. bad坏的；D. complex复杂的。根据前文“Don’t you have any clothes on?”可知不穿衣服很糟糕。故选C项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：更重要的是，不要浪费，学会控制自己的欲望，避免陷入这种“快时尚”的生活方式。A. enjoy享受；B. imagine想象；C. miss错过；D. avoid避免。根据前文“learn to control your desires”可知要控制自己的欲望，避免陷入这种生活方式。故选D项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $